Materiały źródłowe

• #1 The Epidemiology of Adult Obstructive Sleep Apnea

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2645248/

  Obstructive sleep apnea is a chronic condition characterized by frequent episodes of upper airway collapse during sleep. Its effect on nocturnal sleep quality and ensuing daytime fatigue and sleepiness are widely acknowledged. Increasingly, obstructive sleep apnea is also being recognized as an independent risk factor for several clinical consequences, including systemic hypertension, cardiovascular disease, stroke, and abnormal glucose metabolism. Estimates of disease prevalence are in the range of 3% to 7%, with certain subgroups of the population bearing higher risk. Factors that increase vulnerability for the disorder include age, male sex, obesity, family history, menopause, craniofacial abnormalities, and certain health behaviors such as cigarette smoking and alcohol use. Despite the numerous advancements in our understanding of the pathogenesis and clinical consequences of the disorder, a majority of those affected remain undiagnosed.

• #2 The Epidemiology of Adult Obstructive Sleep Apnea

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2645248/

  Obstructive sleep apnea is being increasingly recognized as an important cause of medical morbidity and mortality. It is a relatively common sleep disorder that is characterized by recurrent episodes of partial or complete collapse of the upper airway during sleep. The ensuing reduction of airflow often leads to acute derangements in gas exchange and recurrent arousals from sleep. The health consequences of obstructive sleep apnea are numerous. If left untreated, it leads to excessive daytime sleepiness, cognitive dysfunction, impaired work performance, and decrements in health-related quality of life. […] In this article various epidemiologic aspects of adult obstructive sleep apnea are considered, with a particular emphasis on issues related to the population prevalence, natural history, and factors that increase the predisposition for the disorder.

• #3 Epidemiology of Obstructive Sleep Apnea: a Population-based Perspective

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2727690/

  This review summarizes the recent literature on the epidemiology of adult obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) from various population-based studies. Despite methodologic differences, comparisons have yielded similar prevalence rates of the OSA syndrome in various geographic regions and amongst a number of ethnic groups. […] Several population-based studies across various geographical regions and ethnic groups have established a high prevalence of OSA. This epidemic of OSA is closely related to the obesity epidemic—an important public health related condition facing adults globally. […] OSA, characterized by recurrent episodes of complete or partial obstruction of the upper airway during sleep, has widely gained interest since its initial description more than 40 years ago. A multitude of studies have estimated the prevalence of OSA in the general population and in the process, uncovered the despairingly large proportion of those unrecognized. In fact, up to 80% of cases of moderate or severe OSA have gone undiagnosed despite adequate access to health care.

• #4 The Epidemiology of Adult Obstructive Sleep Apnea

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2645248/

  Despite the increasing recognition that obstructive sleep apnea is a relatively common condition, population data sets to estimate disease prevalence in the United States and abroad did not exist until about 15 years ago. […] Based on available population-based studies that are summarized in Table 1, the prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea associated with accompanying daytime sleepiness is approximately 3 to 7% for adult men and 2 to 5% for adult women in the general population. Disease prevalence is higher in different population subsets, including overweight or obese people, those of a minority race, and older individuals. […] The fact that prevalence estimates of obstructive sleep apnea from North America, Europe, Australia, and Asia are not substantially different suggests that this disease is common not only in developed but also in developing countries.

• #5 Clinical presentation and diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnea in adults – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/clinical-presentation-and-diagnosis-of-obstructive-sleep-apnea-in-adults

  Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a disorder that is characterized by obstructive apneas, hypopneas, and/or respiratory effort-related arousals caused by repetitive collapse of the upper airway during sleep. […] The epidemiology, clinical presentation, diagnostic approach, and complications of OSA are reviewed here. […] OSA is the most common sleep-related breathing disorder. OSA is most common among older males, but it can also affect females and children. The incidence rises following menopause such that rates are similar in postmenopausal individuals. […] The estimated prevalence in North America is approximately 15 to 30 percent in males and 10 to 15 percent in females, when OSA is defined broadly as an apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) greater than five events per hour of sleep. […] When more stringent definitions are used (eg, AHI ≥5 events per hour plus symptoms or AHI ≥15 events per hour), the estimated prevalence is approximately 15 percent in males and 5 percent in females.

• #6 Clinical presentation and diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnea in adults – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/clinical-presentation-and-diagnosis-of-obstructive-sleep-apnea-in-adults

  Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a disorder that is characterized by obstructive apneas, hypopneas, and/or respiratory effort-related arousals caused by repetitive collapse of the upper airway during sleep. […] The epidemiology, clinical presentation, diagnostic approach, and complications of OSA are reviewed here. […] OSA is the most common sleep-related breathing disorder. OSA is most common among older males, but it can also affect females and children. The incidence rises following menopause such that rates are similar in postmenopausal individuals. […] The estimated prevalence in North America is approximately 15 to 30 percent in males and 10 to 15 percent in females, when OSA is defined broadly as an apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) greater than five events per hour of sleep. […] When more stringent definitions are used (eg, AHI ≥5 events per hour plus symptoms or AHI ≥15 events per hour), the estimated prevalence is approximately 15 percent in males and 5 percent in females.

• #7 Obstructive sleep apnea is a common disorder in the population—a review on the epidemiology of sleep apnea – Franklin – Journal of Thoracic Disease

  https://jtd.amegroups.org/article/view/4797/5202

  Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a common disorder in the populationa review on the epidemiology of sleep apnea. The prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) defined at an apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) 5 was a mean of 22% (range, 9-37%) in men and 17% (range, 4-50%) in women in eleven published epidemiological studies published between 1993 and 2013. OSA with excessive daytime sleepiness occurred in 6% (range, 3-18%) of men and in 4% (range, 1-17%) of women. The prevalence increased with time and OSA was reported in 37% of men and in 50% of women in studies from 2008 and 2013 respectively. OSA is more prevalent in men than in women and increases with age and obesity. […] It is concluded that OSA is highly prevalent in the population. It is related to age and obesity. Only a part of subjects with OSA in the population have symptoms of daytime sleepiness. The prevalence of OSA has increased in epidemiological studies over time.

• #8 Obstructive sleep apnea is a common disorder in the population—a review on the epidemiology of sleep apnea – Franklin – Journal of Thoracic Disease

  https://jtd.amegroups.org/article/view/4797/5202

  Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a common disorder in the populationa review on the epidemiology of sleep apnea. The prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) defined at an apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) 5 was a mean of 22% (range, 9-37%) in men and 17% (range, 4-50%) in women in eleven published epidemiological studies published between 1993 and 2013. OSA with excessive daytime sleepiness occurred in 6% (range, 3-18%) of men and in 4% (range, 1-17%) of women. The prevalence increased with time and OSA was reported in 37% of men and in 50% of women in studies from 2008 and 2013 respectively. OSA is more prevalent in men than in women and increases with age and obesity. […] It is concluded that OSA is highly prevalent in the population. It is related to age and obesity. Only a part of subjects with OSA in the population have symptoms of daytime sleepiness. The prevalence of OSA has increased in epidemiological studies over time.

• #9 Obstructive sleep apnea is a common disorder in the population—a review on the epidemiology of sleep apnea – Franklin – Journal of Thoracic Disease

  https://jtd.amegroups.org/article/view/4797/5202

  Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a common disorder in the populationa review on the epidemiology of sleep apnea. The prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) defined at an apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) 5 was a mean of 22% (range, 9-37%) in men and 17% (range, 4-50%) in women in eleven published epidemiological studies published between 1993 and 2013. OSA with excessive daytime sleepiness occurred in 6% (range, 3-18%) of men and in 4% (range, 1-17%) of women. The prevalence increased with time and OSA was reported in 37% of men and in 50% of women in studies from 2008 and 2013 respectively. OSA is more prevalent in men than in women and increases with age and obesity. […] It is concluded that OSA is highly prevalent in the population. It is related to age and obesity. Only a part of subjects with OSA in the population have symptoms of daytime sleepiness. The prevalence of OSA has increased in epidemiological studies over time.

• #10 Obstructive sleep apnea is a common disorder in the population—a review on the epidemiology of sleep apnea – Franklin – Journal of Thoracic Disease

  https://jtd.amegroups.org/article/view/4797/5202

  The prevalence of OSA defined at an AHI 5 were a mean of 22% (range, 9-37%) in men and 17% (range, 4-50%) in women. The prevalence in different studies has increased with time and OSA in the last studies was reported in 37% of men and in 50% of women. […] The differences and the increase in prevalence of sleep apnea are probably due to different diagnostic equipment, definitions, study design and characteristics of included subjects including effects of the obesity epidemic.

• #11 Clinical presentation and diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnea in adults – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/clinical-presentation-and-diagnosis-of-obstructive-sleep-apnea-in-adults

  Global estimates using five or more events per hour suggest rates of 936 million people worldwide with mild to severe OSA, and 425 million people worldwide with moderate to severe OSA, between the ages of 30 and 69 years of age. […] The prevalence of OSA also varies by race. OSA is more prevalent in Black Americans who are younger than 35 years old compared with White Americans of the same age group, independent of body weight. […] The prevalence of OSA in Asia is similar to that in the United States, despite lower rates of obesity.

• #12 Obstructive Sleep Apnea: Epidemiology, Risk Factors, and Pathophysiology | Thoracic Key

  https://thoracickey.com/obstructive-sleep-apnea-epidemiology-risk-factors-and-pathophysiology/

  Most population-based studies have found a two- to three-fold higher prevalence of OSA in males than in females. […] An important finding from epidemiologic studies is that gender disparities in prevalence seem to decrease with age, and when women reach postmenopausal status (and are not receiving hormonal replacement treatment), incidence rates for men and women become similar. […] The prevalence of OSA in adults increases with age as a result of greater collapsibility of the upper airway and probably reaches a plateau after the age of 65. […] It is estimated that 65% of older men and 56% of older women between 65 and 95 have OSA as defined by AHI of 10 or greater, and 26% of men and 21% of women between 71 and 100 years have an AHI of 30 or greater. […] With age comes an increase in the frequency of both obstructive and central respiratory events.

• #13 Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/295807-overview

  The male-to-female ratio in community-based studies is 2-3:1. Androgenic patterns of body fat distribution (deposition in the trunk, including the neck area) predispose men to OSA. In general, sex hormones may affect neurologic control of UA-dilating muscles and ventilation. […] In population studies that have examined the incidence of OSA, women were not only less likely than men to have OSA but also less likely to be diagnosed early in the disease process. Survival rates are lower for women than for men, after an OSA diagnosis has been established by PSG, presumably due to the delayed OSA diagnosis. […] Three large epidemiologic studies have demonstrated that the prevalence of OSA in women appears to increase after menopause. In these studies, women on hormone replacement therapy (HRT) had a prevalence similar to that of premenopausal women. Postmenopausal women are 3 times more likely to have moderate-to-severe OSA compared with premenopausal women. Women who are on HRT are half as likely to have OSA compared with postmenopausal women who are not on HRT.

• #14 Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/295807-overview

  The male-to-female ratio in community-based studies is 2-3:1. Androgenic patterns of body fat distribution (deposition in the trunk, including the neck area) predispose men to OSA. In general, sex hormones may affect neurologic control of UA-dilating muscles and ventilation. […] In population studies that have examined the incidence of OSA, women were not only less likely than men to have OSA but also less likely to be diagnosed early in the disease process. Survival rates are lower for women than for men, after an OSA diagnosis has been established by PSG, presumably due to the delayed OSA diagnosis. […] Three large epidemiologic studies have demonstrated that the prevalence of OSA in women appears to increase after menopause. In these studies, women on hormone replacement therapy (HRT) had a prevalence similar to that of premenopausal women. Postmenopausal women are 3 times more likely to have moderate-to-severe OSA compared with premenopausal women. Women who are on HRT are half as likely to have OSA compared with postmenopausal women who are not on HRT.

• #15 Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/295807-overview

  The male-to-female ratio in community-based studies is 2-3:1. Androgenic patterns of body fat distribution (deposition in the trunk, including the neck area) predispose men to OSA. In general, sex hormones may affect neurologic control of UA-dilating muscles and ventilation. […] In population studies that have examined the incidence of OSA, women were not only less likely than men to have OSA but also less likely to be diagnosed early in the disease process. Survival rates are lower for women than for men, after an OSA diagnosis has been established by PSG, presumably due to the delayed OSA diagnosis. […] Three large epidemiologic studies have demonstrated that the prevalence of OSA in women appears to increase after menopause. In these studies, women on hormone replacement therapy (HRT) had a prevalence similar to that of premenopausal women. Postmenopausal women are 3 times more likely to have moderate-to-severe OSA compared with premenopausal women. Women who are on HRT are half as likely to have OSA compared with postmenopausal women who are not on HRT.

• #16 Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/295807-overview

  The male-to-female ratio in community-based studies is 2-3:1. Androgenic patterns of body fat distribution (deposition in the trunk, including the neck area) predispose men to OSA. In general, sex hormones may affect neurologic control of UA-dilating muscles and ventilation. […] In population studies that have examined the incidence of OSA, women were not only less likely than men to have OSA but also less likely to be diagnosed early in the disease process. Survival rates are lower for women than for men, after an OSA diagnosis has been established by PSG, presumably due to the delayed OSA diagnosis. […] Three large epidemiologic studies have demonstrated that the prevalence of OSA in women appears to increase after menopause. In these studies, women on hormone replacement therapy (HRT) had a prevalence similar to that of premenopausal women. Postmenopausal women are 3 times more likely to have moderate-to-severe OSA compared with premenopausal women. Women who are on HRT are half as likely to have OSA compared with postmenopausal women who are not on HRT.

• #17 Obstructive Sleep Apnea: Epidemiology, Risk Factors, and Pathophysiology | Thoracic Key

  https://thoracickey.com/obstructive-sleep-apnea-epidemiology-risk-factors-and-pathophysiology/

  Most population-based studies have found a two- to three-fold higher prevalence of OSA in males than in females. […] An important finding from epidemiologic studies is that gender disparities in prevalence seem to decrease with age, and when women reach postmenopausal status (and are not receiving hormonal replacement treatment), incidence rates for men and women become similar. […] The prevalence of OSA in adults increases with age as a result of greater collapsibility of the upper airway and probably reaches a plateau after the age of 65. […] It is estimated that 65% of older men and 56% of older women between 65 and 95 have OSA as defined by AHI of 10 or greater, and 26% of men and 21% of women between 71 and 100 years have an AHI of 30 or greater. […] With age comes an increase in the frequency of both obstructive and central respiratory events.

• #18 Obstructive Sleep Apnea: Epidemiology, Risk Factors, and Pathophysiology | Thoracic Key

  https://thoracickey.com/obstructive-sleep-apnea-epidemiology-risk-factors-and-pathophysiology/

  Most population-based studies have found a two- to three-fold higher prevalence of OSA in males than in females. […] An important finding from epidemiologic studies is that gender disparities in prevalence seem to decrease with age, and when women reach postmenopausal status (and are not receiving hormonal replacement treatment), incidence rates for men and women become similar. […] The prevalence of OSA in adults increases with age as a result of greater collapsibility of the upper airway and probably reaches a plateau after the age of 65. […] It is estimated that 65% of older men and 56% of older women between 65 and 95 have OSA as defined by AHI of 10 or greater, and 26% of men and 21% of women between 71 and 100 years have an AHI of 30 or greater. […] With age comes an increase in the frequency of both obstructive and central respiratory events.

• #19 Obstructive Sleep Apnea: Epidemiology, Risk Factors, and Pathophysiology | Thoracic Key

  https://thoracickey.com/obstructive-sleep-apnea-epidemiology-risk-factors-and-pathophysiology/

  Data also suggest that the interaction between body weight and OSA in elderly persons may be different from that in younger adults. […] Because of the population-wide increase in longevity, the proportion of elderly persons being treated at sleep units also is increasing; currently one in four sleep studies are performed in patients older than 65 years of age. […] Obesity, aging, and male gender are the main risk factors for the development of OSA. […] The prevalence of OSA in obese subjects is as high as 45%. […] Several researchers have speculated that obesity and OSA may share a common genotype, and linkage analysis identified candidate regions at least on chromosomal arms 2p and 19p, but further studies are needed to confirm these results. […] The critical closing pressure of the upper airway in older people is 8.3 2.3 cm H2O, whereas in middle-aged people it is 16 6.9 cm H2O, independent of BMI. […] Aging in itself is associated with numerous physiologic changes, one of them being an increase in upper airway collapsibility, leading to a higher prevalence of OSA. […] It is not known which mechanisms explain the finding that OSA risk is twice as high in men as in women.

• #20 Obstructive Sleep Apnea: Epidemiology, Risk Factors, and Pathophysiology | Thoracic Key

  https://thoracickey.com/obstructive-sleep-apnea-epidemiology-risk-factors-and-pathophysiology/

  Data also suggest that the interaction between body weight and OSA in elderly persons may be different from that in younger adults. […] Because of the population-wide increase in longevity, the proportion of elderly persons being treated at sleep units also is increasing; currently one in four sleep studies are performed in patients older than 65 years of age. […] Obesity, aging, and male gender are the main risk factors for the development of OSA. […] The prevalence of OSA in obese subjects is as high as 45%. […] Several researchers have speculated that obesity and OSA may share a common genotype, and linkage analysis identified candidate regions at least on chromosomal arms 2p and 19p, but further studies are needed to confirm these results. […] The critical closing pressure of the upper airway in older people is 8.3 2.3 cm H2O, whereas in middle-aged people it is 16 6.9 cm H2O, independent of BMI. […] Aging in itself is associated with numerous physiologic changes, one of them being an increase in upper airway collapsibility, leading to a higher prevalence of OSA. […] It is not known which mechanisms explain the finding that OSA risk is twice as high in men as in women.

• #21 Clinical presentation and diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnea in adults – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/clinical-presentation-and-diagnosis-of-obstructive-sleep-apnea-in-adults

  Global estimates using five or more events per hour suggest rates of 936 million people worldwide with mild to severe OSA, and 425 million people worldwide with moderate to severe OSA, between the ages of 30 and 69 years of age. […] The prevalence of OSA also varies by race. OSA is more prevalent in Black Americans who are younger than 35 years old compared with White Americans of the same age group, independent of body weight. […] The prevalence of OSA in Asia is similar to that in the United States, despite lower rates of obesity.

• #22 Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/295807-overview

  African American individuals appear to be more predisposed to SDB than white persons. This increased predisposition varies according to age. The odds ratio is greater than 3 in children younger than 13 years and is 1.88 in persons younger than 25 years. In elderly African Americans, the risk is increased 2-fold. Examination of craniofacial morphology found that brachycephaly is associated with an increased AHI in whites but not in African Americans.

• #23 Clinical presentation and diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnea in adults – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/clinical-presentation-and-diagnosis-of-obstructive-sleep-apnea-in-adults

  Global estimates using five or more events per hour suggest rates of 936 million people worldwide with mild to severe OSA, and 425 million people worldwide with moderate to severe OSA, between the ages of 30 and 69 years of age. […] The prevalence of OSA also varies by race. OSA is more prevalent in Black Americans who are younger than 35 years old compared with White Americans of the same age group, independent of body weight. […] The prevalence of OSA in Asia is similar to that in the United States, despite lower rates of obesity.

• #24 Obstructive Sleep Apnea: Epidemiology, Causes, and Consequences – University of Miami

  https://scholarship.miami.edu/esploro/outputs/journalArticle/Obstructive-Sleep-Apnea-Epidemiology-Causes-and/991031757913102976

  As part one of the three chapters on sleep-disordered breathing, this chapter reviews obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) epidemiology, causes, and consequences. When comparing OSA prevalence between 1988 to 1994 and 2007 to 2010, we observe that OSA is rapidly on the rise, paralleling increasing rates in obesity. Global epidemiologic studies indicate that there are differences specific to ethnicity with Asians presenting with OSA at a lower body mass index than Caucasians. […] The consequences of OSA include daytime sleepiness and exacerbation of many underlying diseases. OSA has been associated with cardiovascular diseases including hypertension, coronary heart disease, stroke, atrial fibrillation, and other cardiac arrhythmias; pulmonary hypertension; metabolic disorders such as type 2 diabetes, hypothyroidism, acromegaly, Cushing syndrome, and polycystic ovarian syndrome; mild cognitive impairment or dementia; and cancer.

• #25 Epidemiology of Obstructive Sleep Apnea: a Population-based Perspective

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2727690/

  Taken together, the results of several population-based studies across various geographical regions and ethnic groups demonstrate a similar prevalence rate of OSA syndrome despite differences in study designs and technical aspects for identifying respiratory events. […] The incidence of OSA in adults can be estimated from 3 population-based longitudinal studies. […] Several risk factors have been identified in the development of OSA but undoubtedly, the strongest risk factor is obesity reflected by several markers including BMI, neck circumference, and waist-to-hip ratio. […] Obesity has been well established as a risk factor for OSA in multiple population-based studies and in fact there is direct relationship between the OSA epidemic and the obesity epidemic. […] OSA remains highly prevalent in the elderly and the gender differences diminish significantly after menopause.

• #26 Obstructive Sleep Apnea: Epidemiology, Risk Factors, and Pathophysiology | Thoracic Key

  https://thoracickey.com/obstructive-sleep-apnea-epidemiology-risk-factors-and-pathophysiology/

  Data also suggest that the interaction between body weight and OSA in elderly persons may be different from that in younger adults. […] Because of the population-wide increase in longevity, the proportion of elderly persons being treated at sleep units also is increasing; currently one in four sleep studies are performed in patients older than 65 years of age. […] Obesity, aging, and male gender are the main risk factors for the development of OSA. […] The prevalence of OSA in obese subjects is as high as 45%. […] Several researchers have speculated that obesity and OSA may share a common genotype, and linkage analysis identified candidate regions at least on chromosomal arms 2p and 19p, but further studies are needed to confirm these results. […] The critical closing pressure of the upper airway in older people is 8.3 2.3 cm H2O, whereas in middle-aged people it is 16 6.9 cm H2O, independent of BMI. […] Aging in itself is associated with numerous physiologic changes, one of them being an increase in upper airway collapsibility, leading to a higher prevalence of OSA. […] It is not known which mechanisms explain the finding that OSA risk is twice as high in men as in women.

• #27 Obstructive Sleep Apnea: Epidemiology, Risk Factors, and Pathophysiology | Thoracic Key

  https://thoracickey.com/obstructive-sleep-apnea-epidemiology-risk-factors-and-pathophysiology/

  Data also suggest that the interaction between body weight and OSA in elderly persons may be different from that in younger adults. […] Because of the population-wide increase in longevity, the proportion of elderly persons being treated at sleep units also is increasing; currently one in four sleep studies are performed in patients older than 65 years of age. […] Obesity, aging, and male gender are the main risk factors for the development of OSA. […] The prevalence of OSA in obese subjects is as high as 45%. […] Several researchers have speculated that obesity and OSA may share a common genotype, and linkage analysis identified candidate regions at least on chromosomal arms 2p and 19p, but further studies are needed to confirm these results. […] The critical closing pressure of the upper airway in older people is 8.3 2.3 cm H2O, whereas in middle-aged people it is 16 6.9 cm H2O, independent of BMI. […] Aging in itself is associated with numerous physiologic changes, one of them being an increase in upper airway collapsibility, leading to a higher prevalence of OSA. […] It is not known which mechanisms explain the finding that OSA risk is twice as high in men as in women.

• #28 Obstructive sleep apnoea and obesity

  https://www.racgp.org.au/afp/2017/july/obstructive-sleep-apnoea-and-obesity

  Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) is one of the most common medical disorders in the general population. Prevalence in adults ranges from 9% to 38% (higher in men and older people) when OSA is defined as disordered breathing present on a sleep study, although prevalence is in the range of 4% to 6% when OSA on sleep study is combined with symptoms of excessive daytime sleepiness. […] Recent evidence suggests that the putative cardiovascular benefits of continuous positive airways pressure (CPAP) treatment may be overstated. […] Obesity is the strongest risk factor for developing OSA. Several large epidemiological studies have demonstrated a strong association between weight gain and an increase in the odds of developing OSA. It is estimated that 58% of moderate-to-severe OSA is due to obesity.

• #29 Obstructive sleep apnoea and obesity

  https://www.racgp.org.au/afp/2017/july/obstructive-sleep-apnoea-and-obesity

  Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) is one of the most common medical disorders in the general population. Prevalence in adults ranges from 9% to 38% (higher in men and older people) when OSA is defined as disordered breathing present on a sleep study, although prevalence is in the range of 4% to 6% when OSA on sleep study is combined with symptoms of excessive daytime sleepiness. […] Recent evidence suggests that the putative cardiovascular benefits of continuous positive airways pressure (CPAP) treatment may be overstated. […] Obesity is the strongest risk factor for developing OSA. Several large epidemiological studies have demonstrated a strong association between weight gain and an increase in the odds of developing OSA. It is estimated that 58% of moderate-to-severe OSA is due to obesity.

• #30 Obstructive Sleep Apnoea: Epidemiology, quality of life, and management – implications for dentists. A review

  http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0011-85162015000500003

  The risk factors for OSA include obesity, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, hypertension, smoking and alcohol making this condition a significant public health problem, and a cause of morbidity and mortality. […] OSA impacts greatly on the patient’s social, psychological, economic, physical and overall quality of life. […] The aim of this study was to review the literature in order to understand (i) the epidemiology of OSA and its impact on health related quality of life and (ii) to clarify the role of dentists in the management of OSA. […] OSA is more prevalent in males than in females, the mild form afflicting 3% to 28% of sufferers, whilst the moderate form is diagnosed in 1 %-14% of the affected population. […] The risk of progression from mild to severe OSA (AHI30) is six-fold in patients who gain 10% in weight.

• #31 Obstructive Sleep Apnea: Epidemiology, Risk Factors, and Pathophysiology | Thoracic Key

  https://thoracickey.com/obstructive-sleep-apnea-epidemiology-risk-factors-and-pathophysiology/

  Data also suggest that the interaction between body weight and OSA in elderly persons may be different from that in younger adults. […] Because of the population-wide increase in longevity, the proportion of elderly persons being treated at sleep units also is increasing; currently one in four sleep studies are performed in patients older than 65 years of age. […] Obesity, aging, and male gender are the main risk factors for the development of OSA. […] The prevalence of OSA in obese subjects is as high as 45%. […] Several researchers have speculated that obesity and OSA may share a common genotype, and linkage analysis identified candidate regions at least on chromosomal arms 2p and 19p, but further studies are needed to confirm these results. […] The critical closing pressure of the upper airway in older people is 8.3 2.3 cm H2O, whereas in middle-aged people it is 16 6.9 cm H2O, independent of BMI. […] Aging in itself is associated with numerous physiologic changes, one of them being an increase in upper airway collapsibility, leading to a higher prevalence of OSA. […] It is not known which mechanisms explain the finding that OSA risk is twice as high in men as in women.

• #32 Obstructive Sleep Apnea: Epidemiology, Risk Factors, and Pathophysiology | Clinical Gate

  https://clinicalgate.com/obstructive-sleep-apnea-epidemiology-risk-factors-and-pathophysiology/

  It is not known which mechanisms explain the finding that OSA risk is twice as high in men as in women. […] Several studies have confirmed the role of inheritance and familial factors in the genesis of OSA. […] Genetic factors explain more than 30% to 40% of the variance in disease severity, although confounding factors must be taken into account. […] The epidemiologic studies related to racial predisposition to OSA have to be interpreted carefully. […] On the other hand, some epidemiologic studies show that both active smoking and second-hand smoke exposure have been independently associated with habitual snoring and even with an increase in OSA prevalence in some subjects, especially in active smokers. […] The frequency and duration of OSA events and the extent of associated desaturation may increase in the supine compared with the side-lying sleep position. […] Pregnancy also is associated with a higher prevalence of OSA, particularly in the third trimester.

• #33 Obstructive Sleep Apnea: Epidemiology, Risk Factors, and Pathophysiology | Clinical Gate

  https://clinicalgate.com/obstructive-sleep-apnea-epidemiology-risk-factors-and-pathophysiology/

  It is not known which mechanisms explain the finding that OSA risk is twice as high in men as in women. […] Several studies have confirmed the role of inheritance and familial factors in the genesis of OSA. […] Genetic factors explain more than 30% to 40% of the variance in disease severity, although confounding factors must be taken into account. […] The epidemiologic studies related to racial predisposition to OSA have to be interpreted carefully. […] On the other hand, some epidemiologic studies show that both active smoking and second-hand smoke exposure have been independently associated with habitual snoring and even with an increase in OSA prevalence in some subjects, especially in active smokers. […] The frequency and duration of OSA events and the extent of associated desaturation may increase in the supine compared with the side-lying sleep position. […] Pregnancy also is associated with a higher prevalence of OSA, particularly in the third trimester.

• #34 Obstructive Sleep Apnea: Epidemiology, Risk Factors, and Pathophysiology | Clinical Gate

  https://clinicalgate.com/obstructive-sleep-apnea-epidemiology-risk-factors-and-pathophysiology/

  It is not known which mechanisms explain the finding that OSA risk is twice as high in men as in women. […] Several studies have confirmed the role of inheritance and familial factors in the genesis of OSA. […] Genetic factors explain more than 30% to 40% of the variance in disease severity, although confounding factors must be taken into account. […] The epidemiologic studies related to racial predisposition to OSA have to be interpreted carefully. […] On the other hand, some epidemiologic studies show that both active smoking and second-hand smoke exposure have been independently associated with habitual snoring and even with an increase in OSA prevalence in some subjects, especially in active smokers. […] The frequency and duration of OSA events and the extent of associated desaturation may increase in the supine compared with the side-lying sleep position. […] Pregnancy also is associated with a higher prevalence of OSA, particularly in the third trimester.

• #35 Obstructive Sleep Apnea: Epidemiology, Risk Factors, and Pathophysiology | Clinical Gate

  https://clinicalgate.com/obstructive-sleep-apnea-epidemiology-risk-factors-and-pathophysiology/

  It is not known which mechanisms explain the finding that OSA risk is twice as high in men as in women. […] Several studies have confirmed the role of inheritance and familial factors in the genesis of OSA. […] Genetic factors explain more than 30% to 40% of the variance in disease severity, although confounding factors must be taken into account. […] The epidemiologic studies related to racial predisposition to OSA have to be interpreted carefully. […] On the other hand, some epidemiologic studies show that both active smoking and second-hand smoke exposure have been independently associated with habitual snoring and even with an increase in OSA prevalence in some subjects, especially in active smokers. […] The frequency and duration of OSA events and the extent of associated desaturation may increase in the supine compared with the side-lying sleep position. […] Pregnancy also is associated with a higher prevalence of OSA, particularly in the third trimester.

• #36 Childhood Sleep Apnea: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1004104-overview

  Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in children is characterized by episodic upper airway obstruction that occurs during sleep. The airway obstruction may be complete or partial. […] In nonobese and otherwise healthy children younger than 8 years, the prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea is estimated to be 1-3%. […] In children and adolescents with coexisting medical conditions such as trisomy 21, the prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea may be as high as 80%. […] In the United Kingdom, approximately 1.75-2.25% of children aged 4-5 years are thought to have obstructive sleep apnea. […] Obstructive sleep apnea occurs more commonly among Black and Hispanic individuals than among White adults and children. […] In patients younger than 18 years, Blacks are 3.5 times more likely to develop obstructive sleep apnea than Whites.

• #37 Childhood Sleep Apnea: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1004104-overview

  Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in children is characterized by episodic upper airway obstruction that occurs during sleep. The airway obstruction may be complete or partial. […] In nonobese and otherwise healthy children younger than 8 years, the prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea is estimated to be 1-3%. […] In children and adolescents with coexisting medical conditions such as trisomy 21, the prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea may be as high as 80%. […] In the United Kingdom, approximately 1.75-2.25% of children aged 4-5 years are thought to have obstructive sleep apnea. […] Obstructive sleep apnea occurs more commonly among Black and Hispanic individuals than among White adults and children. […] In patients younger than 18 years, Blacks are 3.5 times more likely to develop obstructive sleep apnea than Whites.

• #38 Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome in children: Epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis and sequelae

  https://www.e-cep.org/journal/view.php?number=2010531001

  The prevalence of pediatric obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is approximately 3% in children. […] OSAS has been estimated to affect about 2-3.5% of children. […] OSAS prevalence has 2 peak periods. The first peak occurs in children from 2 to 8 years of age, with the presence of enlarged adenoid and/or tonsils. A second peak arises during adolescence in relation with weight gain. […] In an epidemiologic study for Korean adolescents from 15 to 18 years of age, the prevalence of snoring and OSAS were 11.2% and 0.9%, respectively. […] The prevalence of sleep-disordered breathing in Korean children has not been reported.

• #39 Childhood Sleep Apnea: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1004104-overview

  The high frequency of obstructive sleep apnea in adult Asian populations indicates that the anthropometric characteristics of the craniofacial structures in this racial group also predispose to higher obstructive sleep apnea rates in children. […] Obstructive sleep apnea is observed in children of all ages and may develop even in infancy. […] Most children with obstructive sleep apnea are aged 2-10 years (coinciding with adenotonsillar lymphatic tissue growth).

• #40 The Epidemiology of Adult Obstructive Sleep Apnea

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2645248/

  Finally, it is now apparent that the available estimates of disease prevalence are likely to be lower than the true burden considering that even subtle breathing abnormalities during sleep (i.e., respiratory effort-related arousals) may be of clinical significance. […] The consistency of the effects of body weight on disease progression across different cohorts confirms the general clinical impression that many patients with obstructive sleep apnea present with a history of recent weight gain. Given the epidemic of obesity, the temporal coherence between weight change and disease progression heightens the concern that obstructive sleep apnea and its plethora of associated complications will inevitably impose an enormous burden on health care systems worldwide. […] It is remarkable that despite all of the clinical and scientific advancements regarding obstructive sleep apnea in the last two decades, a great majority (70-80%) of those affected remain undiagnosed. […] Knowledge of risk factors for obstructive sleep apnea is therefore crucial to properly direct diagnostic attention at those with the highest risk.

• #41 Epidemiology of Obstructive Sleep Apnea: a Population-based Perspective

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2727690/

  Several large population-based epidemiologic studies have found an independent association between snoring or OSA and stroke. […] The Sleep Heart Health Study, a large population-based study, documented a modest association between OSA and self-reported coronary artery disease. […] Limited data from population-based studies have demonstrated an independent association between OSA and congestive heart failure. […] Several studies have shown that patients with the OSA syndrome utilize healthcare resources almost 2 fold higher compared with control patients matched for age, gender, and area of residency. […] Evidence suggests that a large proportion of individuals with OSA remain undiagnosed. Analysis of two large population-based studies estimated that up to 80% of individuals with moderate or severe OSA enrolled in these studies more than a decade ago had remained undiagnosed by their physicians despite adequate access to health care.

• #42 Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/295807-overview

  SDB is common in the United States. The National Commission on Sleep Disorders Research estimated that minimal SDB (RDI 5) affects 7-18 million people in the United States and that relatively severe cases (RDI 15) affect 1.8-4 million people. The prevalence increases with age. SDB remains undiagnosed in approximately 92% of affected women and 80% of affected men. […] OSA is increasingly prevalent, in both adults and children, in modern society. The estimated prevalence has been 2% for women and 4% for men. Similar data have been found in an epidemiologic study from Pennsylvania. More recent research indicates a prevalence of 4% for women and 9% for men. Data from the Wisconsin Cohort Study indicate that the prevalence of OSA in people aged 30-60 years is 9-24% for men and 4-9% for women.

• #43 Obstructive sleep apnea – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obstructive_sleep_apnea

  However, OSA is underdiagnosed as it is not always accompanied by daytime sleepiness which can leave the sleep-disordered breathing unnoticed. […] The prevalence of OSA with daytime sleepiness is thus estimated to affect 3% to 7% of men and 2% to 5% of women, and the disease is common in both developed and developing countries. […] OSA prevalence increases with age and is most commonly diagnosed in individuals over 65 years old, with estimations ranging from 22.1% to 83.6%. […] The prevalence has drastically increased in recent decades due to the incidence of obesity.

• #44 Obstructive Sleep Apnea: Epidemiology, Risk Factors, and Pathophysiology | Clinical Gate

  https://clinicalgate.com/obstructive-sleep-apnea-epidemiology-risk-factors-and-pathophysiology/

  The real prevalence of OSA probably is underestimated, because a majority of studies used subjective sleepiness as the sole self-reported symptom for definition, although OSA is well known to be associated with other negative outcomes, such as sleep disruption, deterioration of quality of life, cognitive impairment, or cardiovascular disease, which also should be included in the definition of the syndrome. […] It is estimated that 24% of men and 9% of women have OSA, as defined by an AHI of 5 or greater, and that 15% of men and 5% of women between 30 and 60 years have an AHI of 10 or higher. […] The overall incidence of moderate to severe OSA (defined by an AHI of 15 or higher) occurring over a 5-year period is 11% and 5% in men and in women, respectively, which persists even after adjustment for confounding variables.

• #45 Obstructive sleep apnea is a common disorder in the population—a review on the epidemiology of sleep apnea – Franklin – Journal of Thoracic Disease

  https://jtd.amegroups.org/article/view/4797/5202

  The prevalence of OSA defined at an AHI 5 were a mean of 22% (range, 9-37%) in men and 17% (range, 4-50%) in women. The prevalence in different studies has increased with time and OSA in the last studies was reported in 37% of men and in 50% of women. […] The differences and the increase in prevalence of sleep apnea are probably due to different diagnostic equipment, definitions, study design and characteristics of included subjects including effects of the obesity epidemic.

• #46 Epidemiology of Obstructive Sleep Apnea: a Population-based Perspective

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2727690/

  Although clinic-based studies had previously reported a significant gender gap in the prevalence of OSA, more recent large population-based studies have demonstrated that the prevalence of OSA is only 1.5 to 3 times higher in men than women and this gender gap narrows even further after menopause. […] In summary, there are ethnic differences in the prevalence and severity of OSA. However, in some of these studies the ethnicity is self-reported, which may be inaccurate and may not incorporate the genetic heterogeneity amongst populations. […] In certain medical disorders, the prevalence of OSA exceeds that seen in the general population. […] Population-based cross-sectional and prospective longitudinal studies have shown a strong and independent association of various measures of OSA severity (AHI and measures of oxygenation) with hypertension.

• #47 Epidemiology of Obstructive Sleep Apnea: a Population-based Perspective

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2727690/

  Although clinic-based studies had previously reported a significant gender gap in the prevalence of OSA, more recent large population-based studies have demonstrated that the prevalence of OSA is only 1.5 to 3 times higher in men than women and this gender gap narrows even further after menopause. […] In summary, there are ethnic differences in the prevalence and severity of OSA. However, in some of these studies the ethnicity is self-reported, which may be inaccurate and may not incorporate the genetic heterogeneity amongst populations. […] In certain medical disorders, the prevalence of OSA exceeds that seen in the general population. […] Population-based cross-sectional and prospective longitudinal studies have shown a strong and independent association of various measures of OSA severity (AHI and measures of oxygenation) with hypertension.

• #48 Epidemiology of Obstructive Sleep Apnea: a Population-based Perspective

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2727690/

  Several large population-based epidemiologic studies have found an independent association between snoring or OSA and stroke. […] The Sleep Heart Health Study, a large population-based study, documented a modest association between OSA and self-reported coronary artery disease. […] Limited data from population-based studies have demonstrated an independent association between OSA and congestive heart failure. […] Several studies have shown that patients with the OSA syndrome utilize healthcare resources almost 2 fold higher compared with control patients matched for age, gender, and area of residency. […] Evidence suggests that a large proportion of individuals with OSA remain undiagnosed. Analysis of two large population-based studies estimated that up to 80% of individuals with moderate or severe OSA enrolled in these studies more than a decade ago had remained undiagnosed by their physicians despite adequate access to health care.

• #49 Epidemiology of Obstructive Sleep Apnea: a Population-based Perspective

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2727690/

  Several large population-based epidemiologic studies have found an independent association between snoring or OSA and stroke. […] The Sleep Heart Health Study, a large population-based study, documented a modest association between OSA and self-reported coronary artery disease. […] Limited data from population-based studies have demonstrated an independent association between OSA and congestive heart failure. […] Several studies have shown that patients with the OSA syndrome utilize healthcare resources almost 2 fold higher compared with control patients matched for age, gender, and area of residency. […] Evidence suggests that a large proportion of individuals with OSA remain undiagnosed. Analysis of two large population-based studies estimated that up to 80% of individuals with moderate or severe OSA enrolled in these studies more than a decade ago had remained undiagnosed by their physicians despite adequate access to health care.

• #50 Epidemiology of Obstructive Sleep Apnea: a Population-based Perspective

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2727690/

  Several large population-based epidemiologic studies have found an independent association between snoring or OSA and stroke. […] The Sleep Heart Health Study, a large population-based study, documented a modest association between OSA and self-reported coronary artery disease. […] Limited data from population-based studies have demonstrated an independent association between OSA and congestive heart failure. […] Several studies have shown that patients with the OSA syndrome utilize healthcare resources almost 2 fold higher compared with control patients matched for age, gender, and area of residency. […] Evidence suggests that a large proportion of individuals with OSA remain undiagnosed. Analysis of two large population-based studies estimated that up to 80% of individuals with moderate or severe OSA enrolled in these studies more than a decade ago had remained undiagnosed by their physicians despite adequate access to health care.

• #51 Medicina | Special Issue : Obstructive Sleep Apnea: Epidemiology, Pathomechanism and Treatment

  https://www.mdpi.com/journal/medicina/special_issues/Obstructive_Sleep_Apnea

  Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a common disease that may affect up to 50% of the adult population; however, the exact prevalence in different communities is unknown. […] OSA is associated with the development of cardiometabolic and mood disorders, and cognitive dysfunction. Hence, it leads to impaired quality of life and work performance, car accidents, and heightened morbidity and mortality. […] We invite you to contribute an original research or review article on OSA. We are particularly interested in epidemiological studies from countries that have not been represented in previous publications.

• #52 Obstructive sleep apnoea and obesity

  https://www.racgp.org.au/afp/2017/july/obstructive-sleep-apnoea-and-obesity

  Severe OSA (apnoea-hypopnoea index [AHI] 30 events/hour) has also been strongly associated with an increased risk of stroke, ischaemic heart disease, atrial fibrillation and excess mortality. […] The potential cardiometabolic benefits of OSA treatment are controversial and will be discussed in subsequent sections; however, there is no doubt that severe OSA is an important biomarker of increased cardiovascular and cerebrovascular risk. […] Given that CPAP neither contributes to weight loss nor convincingly improves cardiovascular morbidity, aggressive management of obesity is crucial in patients with OSA. The benefits of weight loss on improving blood pressure, insulin resistance, lipid profile and vascular inflammation are well established. […] The effectiveness of weight loss on OSA itself is critically dependent on the severity of the underlying OSA at diagnosis. […] OSA diagnosis in patients who are obese (particularly when actively gaining weight) is a critical time for intervention for the obesity and OSA.

• #53 Rising prevalence of sleep apnea in U.S. threatens public health – American Academy of Sleep Medicine – Association for Sleep Clinicians and Researchers

  https://aasm.org/rising-prevalence-of-sleep-apnea-in-u-s-threatens-public-health/

  DARIEN, IL – Sept. 29, 2014 – Public health and safety are threatened by the increasing prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea, which now afflicts at least 25 million adults in the U.S., according to the National Healthy Sleep Awareness Project. […] Data previously published in the American Journal of Epidemiology show that the estimated prevalence rates of obstructive sleep apnea have increased substantially over the last two decades, most likely due to the obesity epidemic. It is now estimated that 26 percent of adults between the ages of 30 and 70 years have sleep apnea. […] The Healthy Sleep Project addresses the sleep health focus area of Healthy People 2020, which provides science-based, 10-year national objectives for improving the health of all Americans. The sleep health objectives are to increase the medical evaluation of people with symptoms of obstructive sleep apnea, reduce vehicular crashes due to drowsy driving and ensure more Americans get sufficient sleep.

• #54 Rising prevalence of sleep apnea in U.S. threatens public health – American Academy of Sleep Medicine – Association for Sleep Clinicians and Researchers

  https://aasm.org/rising-prevalence-of-sleep-apnea-in-u-s-threatens-public-health/

  DARIEN, IL – Sept. 29, 2014 – Public health and safety are threatened by the increasing prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea, which now afflicts at least 25 million adults in the U.S., according to the National Healthy Sleep Awareness Project. […] Data previously published in the American Journal of Epidemiology show that the estimated prevalence rates of obstructive sleep apnea have increased substantially over the last two decades, most likely due to the obesity epidemic. It is now estimated that 26 percent of adults between the ages of 30 and 70 years have sleep apnea. […] The Healthy Sleep Project addresses the sleep health focus area of Healthy People 2020, which provides science-based, 10-year national objectives for improving the health of all Americans. The sleep health objectives are to increase the medical evaluation of people with symptoms of obstructive sleep apnea, reduce vehicular crashes due to drowsy driving and ensure more Americans get sufficient sleep.

• #55 Epidemiology of Obstructive Sleep Apnea: a Population-based Perspective

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2727690/

  Several large population-based epidemiologic studies have found an independent association between snoring or OSA and stroke. […] The Sleep Heart Health Study, a large population-based study, documented a modest association between OSA and self-reported coronary artery disease. […] Limited data from population-based studies have demonstrated an independent association between OSA and congestive heart failure. […] Several studies have shown that patients with the OSA syndrome utilize healthcare resources almost 2 fold higher compared with control patients matched for age, gender, and area of residency. […] Evidence suggests that a large proportion of individuals with OSA remain undiagnosed. Analysis of two large population-based studies estimated that up to 80% of individuals with moderate or severe OSA enrolled in these studies more than a decade ago had remained undiagnosed by their physicians despite adequate access to health care.

• #56 Obstructive Sleep Apnoea: Epidemiology, quality of life, and management – implications for dentists. A review

  http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0011-85162015000500003

  The risk factors for OSA include obesity, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, hypertension, smoking and alcohol making this condition a significant public health problem, and a cause of morbidity and mortality. […] OSA impacts greatly on the patient’s social, psychological, economic, physical and overall quality of life. […] The aim of this study was to review the literature in order to understand (i) the epidemiology of OSA and its impact on health related quality of life and (ii) to clarify the role of dentists in the management of OSA. […] OSA is more prevalent in males than in females, the mild form afflicting 3% to 28% of sufferers, whilst the moderate form is diagnosed in 1 %-14% of the affected population. […] The risk of progression from mild to severe OSA (AHI30) is six-fold in patients who gain 10% in weight.

• #57 Obstructive Sleep Apnea: Epidemiology, Causes, and Consequences – University of Miami

  https://scholarship.miami.edu/esploro/outputs/journalArticle/Obstructive-Sleep-Apnea-Epidemiology-Causes-and/991031757913102976

  As part one of the three chapters on sleep-disordered breathing, this chapter reviews obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) epidemiology, causes, and consequences. When comparing OSA prevalence between 1988 to 1994 and 2007 to 2010, we observe that OSA is rapidly on the rise, paralleling increasing rates in obesity. Global epidemiologic studies indicate that there are differences specific to ethnicity with Asians presenting with OSA at a lower body mass index than Caucasians. […] The consequences of OSA include daytime sleepiness and exacerbation of many underlying diseases. OSA has been associated with cardiovascular diseases including hypertension, coronary heart disease, stroke, atrial fibrillation, and other cardiac arrhythmias; pulmonary hypertension; metabolic disorders such as type 2 diabetes, hypothyroidism, acromegaly, Cushing syndrome, and polycystic ovarian syndrome; mild cognitive impairment or dementia; and cancer.

• #58 Obstructive Sleep Apnea: Epidemiology, Pathomechanism and Treatment: 9783039360789: Medicine & Health Science Books @ Amazon.com

  https://www.amazon.com/Obstructive-Sleep-Apnea-Epidemiology-Pathomechanism/dp/3039360787

  Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a common disease that may affect up to 50% of the adult population and whose incidence, as well as its health and socio-economic burden, continues to rise. […] The aim of this Special Issue is to focus on the characteristics of OSA in special populations that are less frequently investigated. […] The content of these articles, which include the latest knowledge about the epidemiology, pathophysiology and comorbidities of OSA in special populations, will support all physicians who endeavor to improve their understanding of this disease and can serve as a basis for future research.

• #59 Obstructive sleep apnea – Knowledge @ AMBOSS

  https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/obstructive-sleep-apnea/

  Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is the most common sleep-related breathing disorder and is typically associated with obesity. […] Epidemiological data refers to the US, unless otherwise specified. […] Prevalence: 20-30% in men and 10-15% in women. […] Obstructive sleep apnea is one of the most common causes of secondary hypertension. […] OSA is a red flag for a difficult airway and is associated with increased patient morbidity and mortality in perioperative and emergency settings, especially in patients with obesity. […] The mortality rate is higher in patients with severe OSA who do not receive adequate treatment.

• #60 Obstructive sleep apnea – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obstructive_sleep_apnea

  However, OSA is underdiagnosed as it is not always accompanied by daytime sleepiness which can leave the sleep-disordered breathing unnoticed. […] The prevalence of OSA with daytime sleepiness is thus estimated to affect 3% to 7% of men and 2% to 5% of women, and the disease is common in both developed and developing countries. […] OSA prevalence increases with age and is most commonly diagnosed in individuals over 65 years old, with estimations ranging from 22.1% to 83.6%. […] The prevalence has drastically increased in recent decades due to the incidence of obesity.

• #61 Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) – Market Insight,

  https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2023/04/06/2642331/28124/en/Obstructive-Sleep-Apnea-OSA-Market-Insight-Epidemiology-And-Market-Forecast-2032.html

  Most Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) patients either remain undiagnosed or get misdiagnosed, leading to the progression of the disease to severe conditions. […] Despite the high prevalence, with total diagnosed cases of around 24 million in 2022 in the 7MM, the treatment market of OSA lacks approved therapy specific to OSA treatment. […] The total prevalent cases of Obstructive Sleep Apnea in the 7MM comprised approximately 24 million cases in 2022 and are projected to increase during the forecasted period. […] The total diagnosed prevalent cases of OSA in the United States were around 13 million cases in 2022. […] The United States contributed to the largest diagnosed prevalent population of OSA, acquiring ~53% of the 7MM in 2022. […] A higher number of diagnosed cases were estimated in the 65+ age group, suggesting that the prevalence of OSA increases with age.

• #62 Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) – Market Insight,

  https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2023/04/06/2642331/28124/en/Obstructive-Sleep-Apnea-OSA-Market-Insight-Epidemiology-And-Market-Forecast-2032.html

  Most Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) patients either remain undiagnosed or get misdiagnosed, leading to the progression of the disease to severe conditions. […] Despite the high prevalence, with total diagnosed cases of around 24 million in 2022 in the 7MM, the treatment market of OSA lacks approved therapy specific to OSA treatment. […] The total prevalent cases of Obstructive Sleep Apnea in the 7MM comprised approximately 24 million cases in 2022 and are projected to increase during the forecasted period. […] The total diagnosed prevalent cases of OSA in the United States were around 13 million cases in 2022. […] The United States contributed to the largest diagnosed prevalent population of OSA, acquiring ~53% of the 7MM in 2022. […] A higher number of diagnosed cases were estimated in the 65+ age group, suggesting that the prevalence of OSA increases with age.

• #63 Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) – Market Insight,

  https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2023/04/06/2642331/28124/en/Obstructive-Sleep-Apnea-OSA-Market-Insight-Epidemiology-And-Market-Forecast-2032.html

  According to the publisher estimates, based on severity, there were around 5 million cases of severe OSA cases, while mild and moderate cases of OSA were estimated to be around 4 million and 3 million, respectively, in the United States in 2022. […] The total market size of OSA in the 7MM is approximately USD 408 million in 2022 and is projected to increase during the forecast period (2022-2032). […] The market size in the 7MM will increase at a constant CAGR due to increasing awareness of the disease, better diagnosis, and the launch of the emerging target therapy for OSA.

• #64 The Epidemiology of Adult Obstructive Sleep Apnea

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2645248/

  Finally, it is now apparent that the available estimates of disease prevalence are likely to be lower than the true burden considering that even subtle breathing abnormalities during sleep (i.e., respiratory effort-related arousals) may be of clinical significance. […] The consistency of the effects of body weight on disease progression across different cohorts confirms the general clinical impression that many patients with obstructive sleep apnea present with a history of recent weight gain. Given the epidemic of obesity, the temporal coherence between weight change and disease progression heightens the concern that obstructive sleep apnea and its plethora of associated complications will inevitably impose an enormous burden on health care systems worldwide. […] It is remarkable that despite all of the clinical and scientific advancements regarding obstructive sleep apnea in the last two decades, a great majority (70-80%) of those affected remain undiagnosed. […] Knowledge of risk factors for obstructive sleep apnea is therefore crucial to properly direct diagnostic attention at those with the highest risk.

• #65 Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) – Market Insight,

  https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2023/04/06/2642331/28124/en/Obstructive-Sleep-Apnea-OSA-Market-Insight-Epidemiology-And-Market-Forecast-2032.html

  According to the publisher estimates, based on severity, there were around 5 million cases of severe OSA cases, while mild and moderate cases of OSA were estimated to be around 4 million and 3 million, respectively, in the United States in 2022. […] The total market size of OSA in the 7MM is approximately USD 408 million in 2022 and is projected to increase during the forecast period (2022-2032). […] The market size in the 7MM will increase at a constant CAGR due to increasing awareness of the disease, better diagnosis, and the launch of the emerging target therapy for OSA.

• #66 Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) – Market Insight,

  https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2023/04/06/2642331/28124/en/Obstructive-Sleep-Apnea-OSA-Market-Insight-Epidemiology-And-Market-Forecast-2032.html

  Most Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) patients either remain undiagnosed or get misdiagnosed, leading to the progression of the disease to severe conditions. […] Despite the high prevalence, with total diagnosed cases of around 24 million in 2022 in the 7MM, the treatment market of OSA lacks approved therapy specific to OSA treatment. […] The total prevalent cases of Obstructive Sleep Apnea in the 7MM comprised approximately 24 million cases in 2022 and are projected to increase during the forecasted period. […] The total diagnosed prevalent cases of OSA in the United States were around 13 million cases in 2022. […] The United States contributed to the largest diagnosed prevalent population of OSA, acquiring ~53% of the 7MM in 2022. […] A higher number of diagnosed cases were estimated in the 65+ age group, suggesting that the prevalence of OSA increases with age.

• #67 Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) – Market Insight,

  https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2023/04/06/2642331/28124/en/Obstructive-Sleep-Apnea-OSA-Market-Insight-Epidemiology-And-Market-Forecast-2032.html

  Most Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) patients either remain undiagnosed or get misdiagnosed, leading to the progression of the disease to severe conditions. […] Despite the high prevalence, with total diagnosed cases of around 24 million in 2022 in the 7MM, the treatment market of OSA lacks approved therapy specific to OSA treatment. […] The total prevalent cases of Obstructive Sleep Apnea in the 7MM comprised approximately 24 million cases in 2022 and are projected to increase during the forecasted period. […] The total diagnosed prevalent cases of OSA in the United States were around 13 million cases in 2022. […] The United States contributed to the largest diagnosed prevalent population of OSA, acquiring ~53% of the 7MM in 2022. […] A higher number of diagnosed cases were estimated in the 65+ age group, suggesting that the prevalence of OSA increases with age.

• #68 The Epidemiology of Adult Obstructive Sleep Apnea

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2645248/

  Finally, it is now apparent that the available estimates of disease prevalence are likely to be lower than the true burden considering that even subtle breathing abnormalities during sleep (i.e., respiratory effort-related arousals) may be of clinical significance. […] The consistency of the effects of body weight on disease progression across different cohorts confirms the general clinical impression that many patients with obstructive sleep apnea present with a history of recent weight gain. Given the epidemic of obesity, the temporal coherence between weight change and disease progression heightens the concern that obstructive sleep apnea and its plethora of associated complications will inevitably impose an enormous burden on health care systems worldwide. […] It is remarkable that despite all of the clinical and scientific advancements regarding obstructive sleep apnea in the last two decades, a great majority (70-80%) of those affected remain undiagnosed. […] Knowledge of risk factors for obstructive sleep apnea is therefore crucial to properly direct diagnostic attention at those with the highest risk.

• #69 Obstructive Sleep Apnoea: Epidemiology, quality of life, and management – implications for dentists. A review

  http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0011-85162015000500003

  OSA is an independent risk factor for coronary artery disease among adults, resulting in increased morbidity and mortality. […] There is an established etiologic causal relation between OSA, hypertension and CAD, which underpins the possible association of OSA and heart failure, stroke and arrhythmia. […] OSA is a societal epidemic with far reaching consequences both medically and psychologically as well as carrying an enormous economic burden. […] OSA is arguably more prevalent than diabetes, and carries significant medical morbidities. […] Dentists are uniquely positioned to diagnose OSA and related diseases at an early stage since they see patients on a regular maintenance schedule. […] It is further critical for dentists to be in partnership with physician colleagues to help address this epidemic health issue.

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