Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Obstructive Sleep Apnea – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459252/

  Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is characterized by episodes of complete (apnea) or partial (hypopnea) collapse of the upper airway, leading to decreased oxygen desaturation or arousal from sleep. This disruption results in fragmented and nonrestorative sleep. Other symptoms include loud and disruptive snoring, witnessed apneas during sleep, and excessive daytime sleepiness. OSA significantly affects cardiovascular health, behavioral conditions, quality of life, and driving safety. […] Pharyngeal narrowing and closure during sleep is a complex phenomenon influenced by multiple factors. Sleep-related reductions in ventilatory drive, neuromuscular factors, and anatomical risk factors all contribute significantly to upper airway obstruction during sleep. Anatomical factors that promote pharyngeal narrowing include a large neck circumference, excess soft tissue, bony structures, or blood vessels. Many of these structures can increase pressure around the upper airway, leading to pharyngeal collapsibility and insufficient space for airflow in part of the upper airway during sleep.

• #2 Obstructive sleep apnea – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/obstructive-sleep-apnea/symptoms-causes/syc-20352090

  Obstructive sleep apnea occurs when the muscles that support the soft tissues in your throat, such as your tongue and soft palate, temporarily relax. When these muscles relax, your airway is narrowed or closed, and breathing is momentarily cut off. […] Obstructive sleep apnea occurs when the throat muscles relax and block the airway. This happens off and on many times during sleep. […] Obstructive sleep apnea occurs when the muscles in the back of the throat relax too much to allow for proper breathing. These muscles support the back of the roof of the mouth, known as the soft palate. The muscles also support the tongue and side walls of the throat. […] When the muscles relax, the airway narrows or closes as you breathe in. This can lower the level of oxygen in the blood and cause a buildup of carbon dioxide.

• #3 Sleep apnea – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sleep-apnea/symptoms-causes/syc-20377631

  Obstructive sleep apnea occurs when the muscles that support the soft tissues in your throat, such as your tongue and soft palate, temporarily relax. When these muscles relax, your airway is narrowed or closed, and breathing is momentarily cut off. […] This type of sleep apnea happens when the muscles in the back of the throat relax. These muscles support the soft palate, the triangular piece of tissue hanging from the soft palate called the uvula, the tonsils, the side walls of the throat and the tongue. […] When the muscles relax, your airway narrows or closes as you breathe in. You can’t get enough air, which can lower the oxygen level in your blood. Your brain senses that you can’t breathe, and briefly wakes you so that you can reopen your airway. This awakening is usually so brief that you don’t remember it.

• #4 Obstructive Sleep Apnea – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459252/

  In addition, the upper airway muscle tone is crucial; when muscle tone decreases, it leads to a repetitive total or partial airway collapse. OSA in adults is most commonly associated with obesity, male sex, and advancing age. […] Obstructive sleep apnea is a common condition with significant adverse consequences. Using the definition of 5 or more events per hour, OSA affects almost 1 billion people globally, with 425 million adults aged between 30 to 69 having moderate-to-severe OSA (15 or more events per hour). […] Upper airway obstruction during sleep is often caused by negative collapsing pressure during inspiration; however, progressive expiratory narrowing in the retropalatal area also has a significant role. The magnitude of upper airway narrowing during sleep is often related to body mass index (BMI), indicating that both anatomical and neuromuscular factors contribute to airway obstruction. […] These associations between OSA and various medical disorders are primarily based on observational studies rather than randomized clinical trials.

• #5 Obstructive sleep apnea – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/obstructive-sleep-apnea/symptoms-causes/syc-20352090

  Your brain senses this impaired breathing and briefly rouses you from sleep so that you can reopen your airway. This awakening is usually so brief that you don’t remember it. […] People with obstructive sleep apnea might not be aware of their interrupted sleep. Many people with this type of sleep apnea don’t realize they haven’t slept well all night.

• #6 Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/295807-overview

  The etiology of OSA involves both structural and nonstructural factors, including genetic factors. […] Structural factors related to craniofacial bony anatomy that predispose patients with OSA to pharyngeal collapse during sleep include the following: Innate anatomic variations (facial elongation, posterior facial compression), retrognathia and micrognathia, mandibular hypoplasia, brachycephalic head form – Associated with an increased AHI in whites but not in African Americans, inferior displacement of the hyoid, adenotonsillar hypertrophy, particularly in children and young adults, Pierre Robin syndrome, Down syndrome, Marfan syndrome, Prader-Willi syndrome, high, arched palate (particularly in women). […] Structural factors related to nasal obstruction that predispose patients with OSA to pharyngeal collapse during sleep include polyps, septal deviation, tumors, trauma, and stenosis.

• #7 Sleep apnea – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sleep-apnea/symptoms-causes/syc-20377631

  Factors that increase the risk of this form of sleep apnea include: Excess weight. Obesity greatly increases the risk of OSA. Fat deposits around your upper airway can obstruct your breathing. […] Neck circumference. People with thicker necks might have narrower airways. […] A narrowed airway. You might have inherited a narrow throat. Tonsils or adenoids also can enlarge and block the airway, particularly in children. […] Being male. Men are 2 to 3 times more likely to have sleep apnea than are women. However, women increase their risk if they’re overweight or if they’ve gone through menopause. […] Being older. Sleep apnea occurs significantly more often in older adults. […] Family history. Having family members with sleep apnea might increase your risk. […] Use of alcohol, sedatives or tranquilizers. These substances relax the muscles in your throat, which can worsen obstructive sleep apnea.

• #8 Obstructive sleep apnea Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/report/obstructive-sleep-apnea

  Some people have specific abnormalities in the soft area (palate) at the back of the mouth and throat that may lead to sleep apnea. These abnormalities include: The soft palate is stiffer, larger than normal, or both. An enlarged soft palate may be a significant risk factor for sleep apnea. […] Abnormalities or weakness in the muscles that surround the airway can also contribute to obstructive sleep apnea. […] Sleep apnea occurs in about 2% of children and can occur even in very young children. The most likely causes include: Facial or skull abnormalities in infants such as brachycephaly, Overgrown tonsils, adenoids, or both in small children, Neuromuscular disorders such as cerebral palsy that affect the muscles in the airways.

• #9 Pathophysiological mechanisms and therapeutic approaches in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome | Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41392-023-01496-3

  The reduction in upper airway volume caused by obesity or craniofacial structural abnormalities and soft tissue changes is an important factor in upper airway collapse. […] Upper airway anatomical abnormalities are a key factor in the pathogenesis of OSAS. […] Enlargement of soft-tissue structures in and around the airways is an important cause of pharyngeal airway narrowing in most cases of OSAS. […] Fluid retention may contribute to the pathogenesis of OSAS, and nocturnal rostral fluid shift refers to the nighttime redistribution of fluid accumulated in the legs to the upper parts of the body while lying in bed. […] Although upper airway obstruction may be due to a variety of factors, such as obesity, there is increasing evidence that individual collapsibility is also a key factor in upper airway obstruction.

• #10 Pediatric Obstructive Sleep Apnea > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/pediatric-obstructive-sleep-apnea

  If your child snores, sleeps with his or her mouth open, has a poor attention span and/or behavioral issues, obstructive sleep apnea may be the problem. […] Obstructive sleep apnea affects 3 to 6 percent of children and is associated with repetitive narrowing of the airways, which is the breathing tube from the mouth and the nose down to the lungs, explains Yale Medicine’s Craig A. Canapari, MD, director of the Pediatric Sleep Medicine Program. This can happen multiple times in the night, and results in significant sleep disruption. A common consequence is problems paying attention the next day. Some children might also be sleepy, while others will be hyperactive. […] Obesity is a common factor associated with obstructive sleep apnea in adults. In children, however, the most common cause of the problem is enlarged tonsils and adenoids. […] Additional causes of obstructive sleep apnea in children include „low airway tone as in cerebral palsy or Down syndrome,” Dr. Canapari notes.

• #11 Sleep apnea – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sleep-apnea/symptoms-causes/syc-20377631

  Smoking. Smokers are three times more likely to have obstructive sleep apnea than are people who’ve never smoked. Smoking can increase the amount of inflammation and fluid retention in the upper airway. […] Nasal congestion. If you have trouble breathing through your nose whether from an anatomical problem or allergies you’re more likely to develop obstructive sleep apnea. […] Medical conditions. Congestive heart failure, high blood pressure and type 2 diabetes are some of the conditions that may increase the risk of obstructive sleep apnea. Polycystic ovary syndrome, hormonal disorders, prior stroke and chronic lung diseases such as asthma also can increase risk.

• #12 Obstructive Sleep Apnea (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/apnea.html

  Sleep apnea is when a person stops breathing during sleep. It usually happens because something obstructs, or blocks, the upper airway. This is called obstructive sleep apnea (AP-nee-uh). […] Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) interrupts sleep and can make the body’s oxygen levels fall or carbon dioxide levels rise. This can make kids miss out on healthy, restful sleep. Untreated obstructive sleep apnea can lead to learning, behavior, growth, and heart problems. […] In obstructive sleep apnea, these muscles can relax too much and block the airway, making it hard to breathe. […] This is especially true if someone has large tonsils or adenoids, which can block the airway during sleep. […] Other things that can make a child likely to have OSA include: a family history of OSA, being overweight, medical conditions such as Down syndrome or cerebral palsy, problems of the mouth, jaw, or throat that narrow the airway, a large tongue, which can fall back and block the airway during sleep.

• #13 What are the Most Common Causes of Sleep Apnea? – Houston Sleep Solutions

  https://houstonsleepsolutions.com/blog/what-are-the-most-common-causes-of-sleep-apnea/

  If you have sleep apnea, you will often stop breathing during sleep. The two main forms of the disease are obstructive sleep apnea (due to physical airway obstruction) and central sleep apnea (due to loss of signal in the brain). Understanding the risk factors of the condition can also help. Here are some common causes of sleep apnea. […] The most common cause of obstructive sleep apnea is mechanical obstruction due to obesity. If you overeat, there is an increase in fat stores in the soft tissues of the neck. This excess tissue temporarily blocks your airways, causing sleep apnea, according to the Cleveland Clinic. […] There are many structures in the oral cavity that can cause obstructive sleep apnea, even if you are not fit, according to Penn Medicine. These anatomy features include: Irregularly shaped airways: Certain airway abnormalities may predict collapse. It can also appear on the roof of the mouth, also known as the palate. Small jaw: A small jaw compared to the upper jaw may increase the risk of developing obstructive sleep apnea. Hypertrophy of the tongue: The medical term hypertrophy means enlarged tongue. A large tongue can fall back into the airways and cause obstruction. Hypertrophy of the tonsils and adenoids: large tonsils and adenoids can also block the airways and cause a disorder. […] There is a significant association between smoking and obstructive sleep apnea. According to the Mayo Clinic, people who smoke are 3 times more likely to have obstructive sleep apnea than those who have never smoked.

• #14 Sleep Apnea Causes

  https://www.webmd.com/sleep-disorders/sleep-apnea/obstructive-sleep-apnea-causes

  Obstructive sleep apnea, or OSA, happens when theres a problem with the mechanics of your breathing. […] In adults, the most common cause of obstructive sleep apnea is excess weight and obesity, which is associated with the soft tissue of the mouth and throat. During sleep, when throat and tongue muscles are more relaxed, this soft tissue can cause the airway to become blocked. […] More than half of people with obstructive sleep apnea are either overweight (body mass index, or BMI, of 25-29.9) or obese (BMI of 30.0 or above). […] A 10% weight gain raises your risk of OSA by six times, though the effect goes down after age 60. […] Other possible causes or risk factors for OSA include: A narrow throat, A round head, Hypothyroidism, Excess growth due to hormones (acromegaly), Allergies, Deviated septum (problem with nose structure), Medical conditions that congest upper airways, Smoking, Alcohol or drug abuse.

• #15 Sleep Apnea – Causes and Risk Factors | NHLBI, NIH

  https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/sleep-apnea/causes

  Obstructive sleep apnea is caused by conditions that block airflow through your upper airway during sleep. For example, your tongue may fall backward and block your airway. […] Many conditions can cause obstructive sleep apnea. Some factors, such as unhealthy lifestyle habits, can be changed. Other factors, such as age and family history, cannot be changed. […] Age: Sleep apnea can occur at any age, but your risk increases as you get older. As you age, fatty tissue can build up in your neck and tongue. […] Obesity: People with obesity can have increased fat deposits in their neck that can block their upper airway. Maintaining a healthy weight can help prevent or treat sleep apnea caused by obesity. […] Large tonsils, neck, or tongue: These features can narrow your upper airway or make it more likely for your tongue to block your airway while you sleep.

• #16 What Are The Main Causes Of Sleep Apnea? – Sleep Care Online

  https://www.sleepcareonline.com/articles/what-is-the-main-cause-of-sleep-apnea/?srsltid=AfmBOor0ODjc80LTCXLTLmu_3Llqay8629mJ7IJKLndl8Wm37WKojBMS

  According to the Obesity Medicine Association, sleep apnea affects as many as 45% of individuals with obesity. The reason is an increased number of fat tissue deposits around the upper airway and the chest. This results in restricted airway function and an increased risk of collapse. […] Smoking significantly increases your risk of sleep apnea. According to the Mayo Clinic, obstructive sleep apnea is 3 times more likely to occur in people who smoke than the people who don’t smoke. Studies show that people who smoke tend to retain fluid in the upper airway, making it more difficult for oxygen to move through. This in turn contributes to an increased risk of apneas. […] While most instances of sleep apnea are rooted in lifestyle, there are some cases that are genetic in nature. Some sleep apnea patients may be born with an abnormal airway that can lead to occurrences of sleep apnea. […] The genetic background to sleep apnea can lead to certain individuals being born with abnormalities in the airway and throat muscles.

• #17 Obstructive sleep apnea – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obstructive_sleep_apnea

  Obesity is a major risk factor for OSA. […] The recent epidemic increase of obesity prevalence has thus contributed to changes in the prevalence and in the characteristics of pediatric OSA, the severity of OSA being proportional to the degree of obesity. […] Obesity leads to the narrowing of upper airway structure due to fatty infiltration and fat deposits in the anterior neck region and cervical structures.

• #18 American Thoracic Society | What Is Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Adults?

  https://site.thoracic.org/advocacy-patients/patient-resources/what-is-obstructive-sleep-apnea-in-adults

  Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a common problem that affects a persons breathing during sleep. A person with OSA has times during sleep in which air cannot flow normally into the lungs. The block in airflow (obstruction) is usually caused by the collapse of the soft tissues in the back of the throat (upper airway) and tongue during sleep. […] OSA is more common in men, women after menopause and people who are over the age of 65. OSA can also occur in children. People who are at higher risk of developing sleep apnea include those with: Enlarged tonsils and/or adenoids. A family history of OSA. Excessive weightobesity. Jaw problems such as micrognathia (small jaw) or retrognathia (a pulled back jaw). […] If your OSA is from being overweight, weight loss may cause the apnea to go away completely.

• #19 Evolution & Root Causes of Sleep Apnea Epidemic – MyApnea

  https://myapnea.org/forum/evolution-root-causes-of-sleep-apnea-epidemic

  Is there something about our modern diet and the resultant metabolic dysfunction that may be causing OSA, aside from obesity? […] Is it possible that some level of hypoxia during sleep is normal and good for us? […] To Ascribe OSA mostly to obesity really over-simplifies the issue. There are huge numbers of people who are not obese who have OSA, even severe OSA. One of the main causes is anatomical. Many people are born with overly large tongues(macroglossia) and overly large soft palates that hang way down into the airway. […] Simple aging can cause or worsen OSA. As we age, the airway tends to sage and lose muscle tone. This can cause it to collapse into the airway and cause OSA. […] For the purpose of this thought exercise, this assumes that our bodies evolved over hundreds of thousands of years, weeding out maladaptations to arrive at its current form, fairly well-adapted to live a long, healthy life on this planet, assuming conditions similar to most of human history, and not the environment and lifestyle we have been living for past couple/few centuries.

• #20 Sleep Apnea: Signs & Symptoms, Causes, Treatment

  https://resources.healthgrades.com/right-care/sleep-disorders/sleep-apnea

  CSA causes of sleep apnea include any brain disorder, disease or condition that decreases the brain’s signals to the respiratory system to breathe. […] The natural aging process can also limit the ability of brain signals to keep the throat muscles stiff during sleep. This increases the likelihood that the airway will narrow or collapse.

• #21 Sleep Apnea – Causes and Risk Factors | NHLBI, NIH

  https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/sleep-apnea/causes

  Endocrine disorders or changes in your hormone levels: Your hormone levels can affect the size and shape of your face, tongue, and upper airway. […] Family history and genetics: Sleep apnea can be inherited. Your genes help determine the size and shape of your skull, face, and upper airway. […] Heart or kidney failure: These conditions can cause fluid to build up in your neck, which can block your upper airway. […] Lifestyle habits: Drinking alcohol and smoking can raise your risk for sleep apnea. […] Sex: Sleep apnea is more common in men than women. Men are more likely to have serious sleep apnea and to be diagnosed with sleep apnea at a younger age than women.

• #22 Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) – Pulmonary Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pulmonary-disorders/sleep-apnea/obstructive-sleep-apnea-osa

  Other identified risk factors include postmenopausal status, aging, overweight or obesity, and alcohol or sedative use (1). Medical disorders that can cause or contribute to OSA include nocturnal gastroesophageal reflux, acromegaly, hypothyroidism, and prior stroke. OSA and obesity-hypoventilation syndrome frequently coexist. […] […] A family history of OSA is present in 25 to 40% of adult cases, reflective of polygenic risks affecting ventilatory drive or anatomy; genetic risks may vary by ethnicity (2). Likelihood of OSA in a given family member is proportional to the number of other affected family members. […] […] Obesity, anatomic abnormalities in the upper airway passages, family history, certain disorders (eg, hypothyroidism, stroke), and use of alcohol or sedatives increase the risk of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA).

• #23 Sleep Apnea: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatments

  https://sleepdoctor.com/pages/sleep-apnea

  Health issues related to the heart or kidneys, as well as certain conditions that affect hormone levels, increase the likelihood of developing sleep apnea. […] People who use tobacco products and consume alcohol are more at risk of OSA. […] Certain risk factors for obstructive sleep apnea are genetic. Compared to those without a family history of OSA, people who have an immediate relative with OSA are two times more likely to develop this condition. Researchers believe that patterns of OSA within families are at least partially linked to shared facial and body structure, as well as a family’s eating habits and patterns of physical activity.

• #24 Obstructive sleep apnea: MedlinePlus GeneticsLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/obstructive-sleep-apnea/

  Obstructive sleep apnea often occurs on its own, without signs and symptoms affecting other parts of the body. However, it can also occur as part of a syndrome, such as mucopolysaccharidosis type I or polycystic ovary syndrome. […] The inheritance pattern of obstructive sleep apnea is unclear. Overall, the risk of developing this condition is about 50 percent greater for first-degree relatives (such as siblings or children) of affected individuals as compared to the general public.

• #25 Risk Factors for Obstructive Sleep Apnea | Stanford Health Care

  https://stanfordhealthcare.org/medical-conditions/sleep/obstructive-sleep-apnea/causes.html

  Obstructive sleep apnea usually occurs when the throat muscles and tongue relax during sleep and partly or completely block the airway. […] Obstructive sleep apnea can also occur if you have enlarged tissues in your nose, mouth, or throat. For example, you may have enlarged tonsils. […] In children, a common cause of sleep apnea is large tonsils or adenoids. […] Obstructive sleep apnea may occur if you have a facial bone deformity or a jaw problem. […] Fat in the neck area can press down on the tissues around the airways. This narrows the airways and can cause sleep apnea. […] Medicines such as sleeping pills and sedatives can relax the muscles and tissues in the throat, causing it to narrow. […] Alcohol affects the part of the brain that controls breathing. This may relax the breathing muscles and cause narrowing of the airway. […] Sleeping on your back and using one or more pillows may make sleep apnea worse.

• #26 Causes Complications of Sleep Apnea – Fort Worth ENT & Sinus

  https://fortworthent.net/ear-nose-throat/snoring-obstructive-sleep-apnea-osa/sleep-medicine-snoring-or-sleep-apnea/causes-complications-of-sleep-apnea/

  Obstructive sleep apnea typically occurs due to throat muscles relaxing causing the patients airway to narrow or close, whereby an adequate amount of air cannot be taken in. […] Because sleep apnea causes sudden drops in oxygen levels, OSA sufferers are at risk for many other serious health conditions: […] OSA can cause complications with certain medications or general anesthesia, and is generally a concern when sedation or surgery is required. […] The risk of having OSA significantly increases with age, and does develop more frequently when certain risk factors are present: […] People who carry excess weight are 4 times more likely to have sleep apnea than those considered to be of normal weight. […] Smoking can increase inflammation and fluid retention in the throat. People who smoke are 3 times more likely to experience OSA than those who dont smoke.

• #27 Uncover Sleep Apnea Causes and Learn Preventative Measures

  https://sleepmattersllc.com/blog/sleep-apnea-causes/

  A narrow throat may cause the muscles in the upper throat to relax during sleep, closing tissues and blocking the airway. […] Abnormally low activity of the thyroid gland – known medically as Hypothyroidism, increases the risk of developing sleep apnea, due to damage in the nerve and muscles involved in breathing. […] Although abnormalities in the airways (nose, throat, muscles in the respiratory system) will not always cause the development of sleep apnea, it can increase the severity of symptoms as it reduces airflow, leading to pressure building in the airways. […] Obstructive Sleep Apnea is the most commonly diagnosed of the three types recognized by sleep experts. This type of apnea results from intermittent relaxation in the throat muscles, which narrows and obstructs the airways during sleep. […] Patients with an increased likelihood of developing sleep apnea due to lifestyle factors, family history, or medical conditions can take several preventative measures to reduce their chances of developing the condition or managing the severity of symptoms.

• #28 Obstructive Sleep Apnea: Causes & Treatments

  https://www.healthline.com/health/sleep/obstructive-sleep-apnea

  Obstructive sleep apnea is caused by the collapse of the upper airway during sleep. […] The following are some conditions associated with OSA: obesity hypoventilation syndrome, a breathing disorder in people with obesity, who also underbreathe during the daytime; endocrine conditions, such as hypothyroidism, acromegaly, and polycystic ovary syndrome, which may affect your breathing when you’re asleep; chronic lung diseases, such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and pulmonary fibrosis; neuromuscular conditions, such as a stroke, which can interfere with brain signals to your chest muscles and airway; heart or kidney failure, which may cause fluid to build up in your neck and obstruct the upper airway; pregnancy. […] The risk for OSA increases if you have physical features that narrow your upper airway. Risk factors of OSA include: obesity; large tonsils; a large tongue, which can block the airway; retrognathia, which is when your lower jaw is shorter than your upper jaw; a narrow palate or airway that collapses more easily; smoking; drinking large quantities of alcohol; family history of OSA.

• #29 Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA):Causes, Symptoms and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/sleep-disorders/sleep-apnea/understanding-obstructive-sleep-apnea-syndrome

  Large or swollen tonsils, tongue, or adenoids. These structural issues can block your airway, making it hard to breathe. The risk for apnea also increases if your neck circumference is greater than 16 inches. […] Genetics. Your genes affect many things, including the size and shape of your head. Because of this, sleep apnea can run in families. In addition, genetic conditions such as Down syndrome and Prader-Willi syndrome can affect the way your head and neck are shaped. […] Endocrine problems. Hormones influence the shape of your face, airway, and skull. For example, low thyroid hormones, high insulin, or high growth factor levels can contribute to sleep apnea. […] Heart or kidney failure. These problems can lead to fluid settling in your neck, disrupting your airway. […] Drinking or smoking. Alcohol causes the muscles in your upper airway to relax, causing it to narrow. Meanwhile, smoking can lead to redness and swelling (inflammation) in your airway.

• #29 Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA):Causes, Symptoms and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/sleep-disorders/sleep-apnea/understanding-obstructive-sleep-apnea-syndrome

  Obstructive sleep apnea usually happens when the muscles that control your airway relax too much, narrowing your throat. This reduces your oxygen levels, so your brain wakes you up to reopen your airway. Youll probably wake up for such a short time that you wont even remember it, although some people will have shortness of breath, snorting, or gasping. This usually goes away in one or two breaths. These breathing problems, or apnea events, might happen dozens of times each hour, preventing you from getting a good nights sleep, even if you dont notice it. […] Causes of obstructive sleep apnea include: […] Obesity. The extra weight in your neck can press down on your airway, causing breathing problems. […] Age. As you get older, fat can build around your airway and cause apnea. […] Jaw issues. An underbite or very small lower jaw can affect your airway, increasing your risk for apnea.

• #30 Obstructive sleep apnoea – symptoms and treatment | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/obstructive-sleep-apnoea

  Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) is a problem with your breathing while you are asleep. […] If you have OSA, your airway is partly or completely blocked at times while you’re asleep. This can cause you to stop breathing for short periods. […] OSA can affect anyone, but your risk is higher if you: are overweight or obese, are male, are a post-menopausal female, have a thick neck, have a naturally narrow airway, have large adenoids, tonsils or a large tongue. […] Other factors that can increase your risk of sleep apnoea are: having a family history of OSA, being middle aged or older, drinking alcohol, smoking. […] Children can also have OSA, but OSA in children is usually caused by having large tonsils or adenoids. […] As well as making you tired, untreated OSA can increase your risk of health problems, such as: high blood pressure, heart arrhythmias, coronary heart disease, heart failure, stroke.

• #31 Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) – Pulmonary Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pulmonary-disorders/sleep-apnea/obstructive-sleep-apnea-osa

  Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is common, and the prevalence is increasing with the increased prevalence of obesity. An estimated 1 billion people are affected worldwide (1), most of whom are undiagnosed and untreated. Some degree of OSA with symptoms is present in 8 to 16% of adults (2). OSA is up to 4 times more common among males (3) and 7 times more common among people with obesity (ie, body mass index [BMI] 30), although one-third of patients with OSA do not have overweight or obesity (1). […] […] Obstructive sleep apnea is due to repetitive collapse of the upper airway during sleep. Sleep destabilizes patency of the upper airway, leading to partial or complete obstruction of the nasopharynx, oropharynx, or both. Airway patency tends to oscillate causing recurrent periods of apnea and recovery. Dynamic factors, including redistribution of dependent edema to the neck during the night while the patient is recumbent, may contribute to upper airway anatomy narrowing (1). Other factors thought to be important include upper airway muscle responsiveness, sleep stability, and ventilatory control (2). […]

• #32 What Causes Sleep Apnea?

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/sleep-apnea/causes/

  People who have persistent nasal congestion at night are more likely to develop obstructive sleep apnea, probably because of the narrowed airways. […] People who smoke are 3 times more likely to have obstructive sleep apnea than are people who’ve never smoked. […] Having asthma is also a risk factor for obstructive sleep apnea. […] The neurological communication that happens between the brain and body to regulate breathing can be numbed by benzodiazepines and opioids, which can contribute to sleep apnea. […] Sleep apnea can occur at any age, but being a male and getting older both put you at increased risk of developing obstructive sleep apnea and central sleep apnea. […] Having hypertension may increase your risk of having obstructive sleep apnea, and untreated sleep apnea can also lead to hypertension. […] Prior stroke is linked to both obstructive sleep apnea and central sleep apnea. […] Congestive heart failure can also increase your risk for obstructive sleep apnea and central sleep apnea.

• #33 Sleep Apnea Causes

  https://www.webmd.com/sleep-disorders/sleep-apnea/obstructive-sleep-apnea-causes

  In children, causes of obstructive sleep apnea often include enlarged tonsils or adenoids and dental conditions such as a large overbite. […] Less common causes include a tumor or growth in the airway, and birth defects such as Down syndrome and Pierre-Robin syndrome. […] Regardless of age, untreated obstructive sleep apnea can lead to serious complications, including cardiovascular disease, accidents, and premature death.

• #34 Clinical presentation and diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnea in adults – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/clinical-presentation-and-diagnosis-of-obstructive-sleep-apnea-in-adults

  Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a disorder that is characterized by obstructive apneas, hypopneas, and/or respiratory effort-related arousals caused by repetitive collapse of the upper airway during sleep. […] The estimated prevalence in North America is approximately 15 to 30 percent in males and 10 to 15 percent in females, when OSA is defined broadly as an apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) greater than five events per hour of sleep. […] The prevalence of OSA also varies by race. OSA is more prevalent in Black Americans who are younger than 35 years old compared with White Americans of the same age group, independent of body weight.

• #35 Diagnosis and Treatment of Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Adults | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2016/0901/p355.html

  Obstructive sleep apnea is a common disorder that causes patients to temporarily stop or decrease their breathing repeatedly during sleep. […] The exact prevalence is unknown but is estimated to be between 2% and 14%. […] These breathing disruptions can awaken a person or prevent deep, restful sleep. […] The effects of fragmented sleep on daytime fatigue and sleepiness are widely recognized. […] The prevalence of OSA increases with age, especially in persons older than 60 years. OSA is also more prevalent among persons who are obese. […] Both an aging population and a growing rate of obesity contribute to the increasing rate of OSA. […] OSA has been associated with increased morbidity and mortality rates and decreased quality-of-life scores, as well as numerous health problems; however, a causal relationship has not been established via randomized controlled trials or large meta-analyses.

• #36 Pathophysiological mechanisms and therapeutic approaches in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome | Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41392-023-01496-3

  Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is a common breathing disorder in sleep in which the airways narrow or collapse during sleep, causing obstructive sleep apnea. The mechanism of upper airway collapse is incompletely understood but is associated with several factors, including obesity, craniofacial changes, altered muscle function in the upper airway, pharyngeal neuropathy, and fluid shifts to the neck. […] The pathophysiological mechanisms underlying OSAS are complex and multifactorial, and furthermore, the underlying causes of OSAS vary substantially between afflicted individuals, with many unknown and poorly understood aspects. […] Based on the involvement of anatomical and nonanatomical factors in the pathogenesis of OSAS, a model of PALM pathogenesis was proposed, which can be summarized as pharyngeal critical closing pressure (Pcrit, P), decreased respiratory arousal threshold (arousal threshold, A), increased loop gain (loop gain, L), and upper airway dilator muscle activity (muscle responsiveness, M).

• #37 The pathogenesis of obstructive sleep apnea – Pham – Journal of Thoracic Disease

  https://jtd.amegroups.org/article/view/4971/html

  Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a major source of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, and represents an increasing burden on health care resources. Understanding underlying pathogenic mechanisms of OSA will ultimately allow for the development of rational therapeutic strategies. […] OSA is characterized by recurrent periods of upper airway occlusion during sleep. […] Current evidence suggests that disturbances in PCRIT play a primary role in OSA pathogenesis. […] The role of pharyngeal obstruction in OSA pathogenesis can be considered in light of Kochs postulates, which establish criteria for demonstrating a causal relationship between pathogenic factors that promote upper airway obstruction and the overt polysomnographic manifestation of the disease. […] Additional evidence for the primacy of upper airway collapse in OSA pathogenesis is provided by studies demonstrating a dose-response relationship between pharyngeal collapsibility and severity of OSA.

• #38 The pathogenesis of obstructive sleep apnea – Pham – Journal of Thoracic Disease

  https://jtd.amegroups.org/article/view/4971/html

  Studies inducing experimental upper airway collapse during sleep also implicate pharyngeal obstruction in OSA pathogenesis. […] Conversely, OSA can be treated with interventions designed to restore upper airway patency, further fulfilling Kochs postulate that upper airway collapse is necessary for disease pathogenesis. […] Elevations in PCRIT can be attributed to passive structural defects in the upper airway and disturbances in neuromuscular control. […] Investigators have identified a variety of anatomic factors that contribute to increases in airway collapsibility. […] Although structural defects play a clear role in the pathogenesis of OSA, these defects may only account for one-third of the variability in OSA severity, leaving neuromuscular responses accounting for much of the balance of OSA variability.

• #39 Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/295807-overview

  Nonstructural risk factors for OSA include the following: Obesity, central fat distribution, male sex, age, postmenopausal state, alcohol use, sedative use, smoking, habitual snoring with daytime somnolence, supine sleep position, rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. […] Familial factors also play a role. Families with a high incidence of OSA are reported. Relatives of patients with SDB have a 2- to 4-fold increased risk of SDB compared with control subjects. […] Other conditions associated with the development of OSA are as follows: Hypothyroidism, neurologic syndromes, stroke, acromegaly, environmental exposures.

• #40 The pathogenesis of obstructive sleep apnea – Pham – Journal of Thoracic Disease

  https://jtd.amegroups.org/article/view/4971/html

  Current evidence also suggests that endogenous neurohumoral agents can modulate upper airway neuromuscular responses. […] Upper airway obstruction is essential in the pathogenesis of OSA. […] Therefore, upper airway obstruction alone constitutes both a necessary and sufficient condition for the development of OSA.

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