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• #1 Pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum – Overview – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pulmonary-atresia-intact-ventricular-septum/cdc-20396714

  Treatment for pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum may include medicines and one or more procedures or surgeries to fix the heart. […] Babies with pulmonary atresia need treatment right away. It’s best to get treatment at a medical center with surgeons and other healthcare professionals who have experience with complex heart conditions present at birth. […] Treatment for pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum, also called PA/IVS, may include medicines and one or more procedures or surgeries. […] Medicine may be given through an IV to keep the ductus arteriosus open. This is not a permanent treatment for pulmonary atresia. But it keeps the baby stable until a surgery or procedure can be done to permanently fix blood flow. […] A baby with pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum needs one or more surgeries or procedures to improve blood flow and fix the heart.

• #2 Pulmonary atresia with ventricular septal defect – Augusta HealthSearchClose SearchSearch IconSearch IconClose Search IconMobile Menu IconMobile Menu Close IconInstagramFacebookTwitterYoutube

  https://www.augustahealth.com/disease/pulmonary-atresia-with-ventricular-septal-defect/

  Babies with pulmonary atresia with ventricular septal defect need immediate treatment. Treatment may include medications and one or more surgeries or procedures. […] A baby with pulmonary atresia with ventricular septal defect (VSD) typically needs one or more surgeries or procedures to improve blood flow and heart function. Treatment depends on the structure of the pulmonary arteries and whether or not there are major aortopulmonary collateral arteries (MAPCAs). […] Surgeries or other procedures to treat pulmonary atresia with ventricular septal defect may include: […] Catheter procedures for the pulmonary artery branches. This procedure is done to look at the baby’s heart and possibly reconstruct the blood vessels coming off the pulmonary artery. A balloon on the tip of the catheter may be used to widen any narrowed areas. A rigid tube (stent) may be placed in a vessel between the aorta and pulmonary artery (ductus arteriosus) to keep it open and let blood flow into the lungs.

• #3 Pulmonary atresia – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pulmonary-atresia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350733

  Babies need emergency medical care for pulmonary atresia symptoms. The choice of surgeries or procedures depends on how severe the condition is. […] Medicine may be given through an IV to keep the ductus arteriosus open. This is not a long-term treatment for pulmonary atresia. But it gives healthcare professionals more time to decide what type of surgery or procedure might be best. […] Sometimes, pulmonary atresia treatment can be done using a long, thin tube called a catheter. A doctor places the tube into a large blood vessel in a baby’s groin and guides it to the heart. Catheter-based procedures for pulmonary atresia include: […] Babies with pulmonary atresia often need many heart surgeries over time. The type of heart surgery depends on the size of the child’s lower right heart chamber and pulmonary artery. […] Types of surgery for pulmonary atresia include: […] If the baby also has a ventricular septal defect (VSD), surgery is done to patch the hole. Then the surgeon makes a connection from the right pumping chamber to the pulmonary artery. This repair may use an artificial valve.

• #4 Pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum – Overview – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pulmonary-atresia-intact-ventricular-septum/cdc-20396714

  Treatment for pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum may include medicines and one or more procedures or surgeries to fix the heart. […] Babies with pulmonary atresia need treatment right away. It’s best to get treatment at a medical center with surgeons and other healthcare professionals who have experience with complex heart conditions present at birth. […] Treatment for pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum, also called PA/IVS, may include medicines and one or more procedures or surgeries. […] Medicine may be given through an IV to keep the ductus arteriosus open. This is not a permanent treatment for pulmonary atresia. But it keeps the baby stable until a surgery or procedure can be done to permanently fix blood flow. […] A baby with pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum needs one or more surgeries or procedures to improve blood flow and fix the heart.

• #5 Pulmonary Atresia: Symptoms, Causes and Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/14779-pulmonary-atresia

  Usually, children with pulmonary valve atresia will need surgery to improve blood flow to their lungs. […] Pulmonary atresia treatment depends on how the condition affects your child and on their: […] Temporary treatments include medication and balloon atrial septostomy. Most children will probably need more surgery to improve blood flow to their lungs. […] Newborns with pulmonary atresia usually receive an IV drug (injected into a vein) called alprostadil. This drug prevents the ductus arteriosus (which connects the aorta to the pulmonary artery) from starting to close as it normally would within a few hours to days after birth. […] Your childs healthcare provider can use cardiac catheterization to enlarge the opening in their septum (the wall between the right atrium and left atrium). This improves blood flow to your babys lungs.

• #6 Content – Health Encyclopedia – University of Rochester Medical Center

  https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content.aspx?contenttypeid=90&contentid=P01809

  A pediatric cardiologist will treat your baby. This healthcare provider has special training to treat heart problems in children. Your baby will most likely be in the intensive care unit (ICU). At first, your baby may be put on oxygen, and possibly on a machine (ventilator), to help with breathing. Your child may get IV medicines to help their heart and lungs work better. […] The below treatments allow time for the oxygen levels in your baby’s heart to even out while other repairs are planned: […] An IV medicine called prostaglandin E1 is often given to keep the ductus arteriosus from closing. This lets blood get to the lungs for oxygen. […] A cardiac catheterization may be done to diagnose the defect. In some cases, the pulmonary valve may be able to be opened with catheterization to prevent the need for open heart surgery. This is only an option if the tricuspid valve and the right ventricle are normal size. A procedure can also be done to open or keep open the ductus arteriosus.

• #7 Pulmonary atresia | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/pulmonary-atresia?content_id=CON-20155225

  Pulmonary atresia is a life-threatening condition that needs emergency treatment. Treatment includes surgery to repair the heart and medicines to help the heart work better. […] Babies need emergency medical care for pulmonary atresia symptoms. The choice of surgeries or procedures depends on how severe the condition is. […] Medicine may be given through an IV to keep the ductus arteriosus open. This is not a long-term treatment for pulmonary atresia. But it gives healthcare professionals more time to decide what type of surgery or procedure might be best. […] Sometimes, pulmonary atresia treatment can be done using a long, thin tube called a catheter. A doctor places the tube into a large blood vessel in a baby’s groin and guides it to the heart. Catheter-based procedures for pulmonary atresia include: Balloon atrial septostomy. A balloon is used to enlarge the natural hole in the wall between the upper chambers of the heart. This hole, called the foramen ovale, most often closes soon after birth. Making the hole larger lets blood move easily from the right side of the heart to the left side. Stent placement. A doctor may put a rigid tube called a stent in the ductus arteriosus to prevent it from closing. This keeps blood flowing to the lungs.

• #8 Pulmonary Atresia | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/conditions-diseases/pulmonary-atresia

  If your baby is diagnosed with pulmonary atresia before birth, the Fetal Heart Program at Children’s Hospital can prepare a plan for delivery and care immediately after birth. Your baby will be admitted to our Evelyn and Daniel M. Tabas Cardiac Intensive Care Unit (CICU) and may require a ventilator for help breathing. In the CICU, your baby will receive round-the-clock attention from a team of dedicated cardiac critical care medicine specialists. […] The exact treatment for pulmonary atresia depends on each child’s heart anatomy. Many cases can be treated with a cardiac catheterization technique called balloon valvuloplasty. In this procedure, doctors advance a thin tube (catheter) to the heart through a vein in the leg. A special catheter is used to create a hole in the closed-off pulmonary valve. Then, another catheter, which has a balloon on the end of it, is advanced across the valve. The balloon is briefly inflated to open up the valve, and then deflated and withdrawn.

• #9 Pediatric Pulmonary Atresia – Conditions and Treatments | Children’s National Hospital

  https://www.childrensnational.org/get-care/health-library/pulmonary-atresia

  Your child will get special care in the hospital until surgery can be done. […] A pediatric cardiologist will treat your baby. This healthcare provider has special training to treat heart problems in children. Your baby will most likely be in the intensive care unit (ICU). At first, your baby may be put on oxygen, and possibly on a machine (ventilator), to help with breathing. Your child may get IV medicines to help their heart and lungs work better. […] The below treatments allow time for the oxygen levels in your baby’s heart to even out while other repairs are planned: An IV medicine called prostaglandin E1 is often given to keep the ductus arteriosus from closing. This lets blood get to the lungs for oxygen. A cardiac catheterization may be done to diagnose the defect. In some cases, the pulmonary valve may be able to be opened with catheterization to prevent the need for open heart surgery. This is only an option if the tricuspid valve and the right ventricle are normal size. A procedure can also be done to open or keep open the ductus arteriosus.

• #10 Pulmonary atresia – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pulmonary-atresia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350733

  Babies need emergency medical care for pulmonary atresia symptoms. The choice of surgeries or procedures depends on how severe the condition is. […] Medicine may be given through an IV to keep the ductus arteriosus open. This is not a long-term treatment for pulmonary atresia. But it gives healthcare professionals more time to decide what type of surgery or procedure might be best. […] Sometimes, pulmonary atresia treatment can be done using a long, thin tube called a catheter. A doctor places the tube into a large blood vessel in a baby’s groin and guides it to the heart. Catheter-based procedures for pulmonary atresia include: […] Babies with pulmonary atresia often need many heart surgeries over time. The type of heart surgery depends on the size of the child’s lower right heart chamber and pulmonary artery. […] Types of surgery for pulmonary atresia include: […] If the baby also has a ventricular septal defect (VSD), surgery is done to patch the hole. Then the surgeon makes a connection from the right pumping chamber to the pulmonary artery. This repair may use an artificial valve.

• #11 Pulmonary Atresia: Symptoms, Causes and Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/14779-pulmonary-atresia

  Usually, children with pulmonary valve atresia will need surgery to improve blood flow to their lungs. […] Pulmonary atresia treatment depends on how the condition affects your child and on their: […] Temporary treatments include medication and balloon atrial septostomy. Most children will probably need more surgery to improve blood flow to their lungs. […] Newborns with pulmonary atresia usually receive an IV drug (injected into a vein) called alprostadil. This drug prevents the ductus arteriosus (which connects the aorta to the pulmonary artery) from starting to close as it normally would within a few hours to days after birth. […] Your childs healthcare provider can use cardiac catheterization to enlarge the opening in their septum (the wall between the right atrium and left atrium). This improves blood flow to your babys lungs.

• #12 Pulmonary atresia | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/pulmonary-atresia?content_id=CON-20155225

  Pulmonary atresia is a life-threatening condition that needs emergency treatment. Treatment includes surgery to repair the heart and medicines to help the heart work better. […] Babies need emergency medical care for pulmonary atresia symptoms. The choice of surgeries or procedures depends on how severe the condition is. […] Medicine may be given through an IV to keep the ductus arteriosus open. This is not a long-term treatment for pulmonary atresia. But it gives healthcare professionals more time to decide what type of surgery or procedure might be best. […] Sometimes, pulmonary atresia treatment can be done using a long, thin tube called a catheter. A doctor places the tube into a large blood vessel in a baby’s groin and guides it to the heart. Catheter-based procedures for pulmonary atresia include: Balloon atrial septostomy. A balloon is used to enlarge the natural hole in the wall between the upper chambers of the heart. This hole, called the foramen ovale, most often closes soon after birth. Making the hole larger lets blood move easily from the right side of the heart to the left side. Stent placement. A doctor may put a rigid tube called a stent in the ductus arteriosus to prevent it from closing. This keeps blood flowing to the lungs.

• #13 Pulmonary atresia | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/pulmonary-atresia?content_id=CON-20155225

  Pulmonary atresia is a life-threatening condition that needs emergency treatment. Treatment includes surgery to repair the heart and medicines to help the heart work better. […] Babies need emergency medical care for pulmonary atresia symptoms. The choice of surgeries or procedures depends on how severe the condition is. […] Medicine may be given through an IV to keep the ductus arteriosus open. This is not a long-term treatment for pulmonary atresia. But it gives healthcare professionals more time to decide what type of surgery or procedure might be best. […] Sometimes, pulmonary atresia treatment can be done using a long, thin tube called a catheter. A doctor places the tube into a large blood vessel in a baby’s groin and guides it to the heart. Catheter-based procedures for pulmonary atresia include: Balloon atrial septostomy. A balloon is used to enlarge the natural hole in the wall between the upper chambers of the heart. This hole, called the foramen ovale, most often closes soon after birth. Making the hole larger lets blood move easily from the right side of the heart to the left side. Stent placement. A doctor may put a rigid tube called a stent in the ductus arteriosus to prevent it from closing. This keeps blood flowing to the lungs.

• #14 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Treatment-for-Pulmonary-Atresia.aspx

  Treatment will start with the administration of prostaglandin E1 medication to keep the ductus arteriosus open post the birth of the baby. The administration of the intravenous medication will ensure that blood circulates through the alternative route in the baby’s heart till surgical intervention takes place. […] Heart catheterization may be used to solve the problem of blood flow in the right direction by inserting a thin, flexible tube into the heart. A small balloon may be used to expand the pulmonary valve during this process. A stent may be placed to ensure that the ductus arteriosus stays open till corrective surgery takes place. […] During the surgery, a patch may be placed over the ventricular septal defect to close the hole between the left and right ventricles of the heart. The passage to the pulmonary artery may be enlarged to allow better blood flow. The pulmonary valve may be repaired or replaced based on the condition it is in.

• #15 Management algorithm in pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16572430/

  Pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum (PAIVS) is a disease with remarkable morphologic variability, affecting not only the pulmonary valve but also the tricuspid valve, the RV cavity and coronary arteries. With advances in interventional techniques and congenital heart surgery, the management of PAIVS continues to evolve. This review is an attempt at providing a practical approach to the management of this disease. The basis of our approach is morphologic classification as derived from echocardiography and angiography. Group A, patients with good sized RV and membranous atresia, the primary procedure at presentation is radiofrequency (RF) valvotomy. Often it is the only procedure required in this group with the most favourable outcome. Patients with severely hypoplastic RV (Group C) are managed along the lines of hearts with single ventricle physiology. The treatment at presentation is patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) stenting with balloon atrial septostomy or conventional modified Blalock Taussig (BT) shunt. Bidirectional Glenn shunt may be done 6-12 months later followed by Fontan completion after a suitable interval. Patients in Group B, the intermediate group, are those with borderline RV size, usually with attenuated trabecular component but well developed infundibulum. The treatment at presentation is RF valvotomy and PDA stenting +/- balloon atrial septostomy. Surgical re-interventions are not uncommonly required viz. bidirectional Glenn shunt when the RV fails to grow adequately (11/2 – ventricle repair) and right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) reconstruction for subvalvar obstruction or small pulmonary annulus. Catheter based interventions viz. repeat balloon dilatation or device closure of patent foramen ovale (PFO) may also be required in some patients.

• #16 Children’s Heart Federation | Pulmonary Atresia

  https://chfed.org.uk/how-we-help/information-service/heart-conditions/pulmonary-atresia/

  Another way of increasing blood to the lungs is to make part of the foetal circulation system, bigger. This involves threading a fine tube a catheter through a vein into the heart and through the hole between the atria. A balloon on the end is then inflated and pulled back to make the hole bigger. Blue (deoxygenated) blood will then pass from the right atria to the left, into the left ventricle, from where it will be pumped into the aorta, the ductus arteriosus, and so to the lungs. […] In some cases it may be possible to burn a way through the blocked pulmonary artery. A fine tube is inserted into a vein and passed through the heart. A hot wire is used to burn into the pulmonary artery. A balloon is then inserted and used to stretch the pulmonary valve and artery. This does not leave any scar. […] A series of operations may be necessary to bypass the blocked pulmonary artery. These are open heart surgeries the heart will need to be stopped and opened to repair it. This means that a machine will have to take over the job that the heart normally does the heart bypass machine.

• #17 Pulmonary Atresia Surgery | Norton Children’s

  https://nortonchildrens.com/services/cardiology/conditions/treatments/surgical/pulmonary-atresia-treatment/

  Pulmonary atresia surgery will be needed to repair the condition. […] Initial treatment of pulmonary atresia focuses on keeping the ductus arteriosus open with a medication called prostaglandins. […] Pulmonary atresia surgery will be needed to permanently create a way to get blood flow to the lungs. […] After pulmonary atresia surgery, the child will need to see a pediatric cardiologist regularly. […] The board-certified and fellowship-trained specialists at Norton Children’s Heart Institute can identify the best surgical options for your child with pulmonary atresia.

• #18 Pulmonary Atresia with Intact Ventricular Septum (IVS) | Texas Children’s

  https://www.texaschildrens.org/content/conditions/pulmonary-atresia-with-intact-ventricular-septum-ivs

  Babies born with pulmonary atresia don’t have enough oxygen in their blood to support the body’s needs. Treatment at birth is necessary for survival. […] Treatment is required after birth to improve blood flow to the lungs and meet the baby’s oxygen needs. A medication to prevent the closure of the ductus arteriosus, called prostaglandins (PGE), is started as soon as the baby is born. This medication enables blood to continue to flow to the lungs for oxygen until a more permanent treatment strategy is determined. […] Possible treatment strategies include: […] Heart surgery to enable blood flow to reach the lungs. At birth, a surgery called a Blalock-Taussig shunt (BT shunt) is performed. A BT shunt is a small tube made out of synthetic material called Gore-Tex. It attaches a section of the aorta to the pulmonary artery, creating a sort of detour. This allows enough blood to pass through the lungs and pick up more oxygen. In cases where the right ventricle is too small, a series of two additional surgeries (three surgeries total) will be required during the first few years of life to enable the child’s heart to function with only one ventricle, also known as a single ventricle palliation.

• #19 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Treatment-for-Pulmonary-Atresia.aspx

  A series of three different surgical procedures will be performed on the baby to treat the condition. Starting with re-routing blood flow for the baby immediately after birth and eventually repairing the pulmonary valve when the baby is older. […] A Blalock- Taussing, otherwise known as BT, shunt is placed to redirect the flow of blood towards the lungs once the ductus arteriosus closes. This is the first surgery to palliate the heart by connecting an artery from the arm to the pulmonary arteries. […] The second surgery is known as a Glenn procedure in which the superior vena cava is connected directly to the right lung artery. The superior vena cava is a large vein that carries blood from the upper body into the heart. […] The Fontan procedure is the final part of the trio of operations. In this surgery, the inferior vena cava is connected to the right lung artery. The inferior vena cava is the vein that carries oxygen poor blood from the lower parts of the body to the heart.

• #20 Pulmonary atresia | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/pulmonary-atresia?content_id=CON-20155225

  Babies with pulmonary atresia often need many heart surgeries over time. The type of heart surgery depends on the size of the child’s lower right heart chamber and pulmonary artery. […] Types of surgery for pulmonary atresia include: Shunting. This involves making a new route for blood to flow, called a bypass shunt. The shunt goes from the main blood vessel leading out of the heart, called the aorta, to the pulmonary arteries. This lets enough blood flow to the lungs. But most babies outgrow this shunt within a few months. Glenn procedure. In this surgery, one of the large veins that returns blood to the heart is joined to the pulmonary artery. Another large vein keeps blood flowing to the right side of the heart. The heart then pumps it through the pulmonary valve that’s been repaired. This can help the right ventricle grow. Fontan procedure. If the right lower heart chamber stays too small to do its work, surgeons may use this procedure to make a pathway. The pathway lets most, if not all, of the blood coming to the heart to flow into the pulmonary artery. Heart transplant. In some cases, the heart is too damaged to fix. Then a heart transplant may be needed. […] If the baby also has a ventricular septal defect (VSD), surgery is done to patch the hole. Then the surgeon makes a connection from the right pumping chamber to the pulmonary artery. This repair may use an artificial valve.

• #21 Pulmonary Atresia (PA) | Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/patients/child/encyclopedia/defects/pa

  Specific treatment for pulmonary atresia will be determined by your child’s doctor based on: […] After birth, it is important to make sure the ductus arteriosus stays open to allow blood to get to the lungs to pick up oxygen. An IV medicine called prostaglandin (PGE-1) is used to keep the ductus arteriosus open. […] Many babies will then undergo a procedure to provide more stable blood flow to the lungs and allow them to grow before they undergo further surgeries. This procedure can be done either with surgery or with a catheter-based procedure. […] Some patients, particularly those who had a pulmonary valve that did not form normally but do not have a lot of muscle under the valve, may be eligible for another procedure. […] After this initial procedure, the next steps are determined by the size of the right side of the heart, including the tricuspid valve between the atrium (collecting chamber) and the ventricle, the right ventricle itself, and any other associated abnormalities.

• #22 Pulmonary Atresia (PA) | Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/patients/child/encyclopedia/defects/pa

  If the tricuspid valve and right ventricle are normal sized, the child should be able to have surgery to bring blood from the right ventricle to the lungs. […] If the tricuspid valve and right ventricle size is in between (not very small, but not normal sized), then the child may require a combination of the above surgeries so the right ventricle does not have to handle all the blood that would normally go through it to the lungs. […] Finally, in some patients with significant coronary abnormalities who do not have good blood supply to their heart muscle, a heart transplant may be required.

• #23 Content – Health Encyclopedia – University of Rochester Medical Center

  https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content.aspx?contenttypeid=90&contentid=P01809

  Your child will need surgery to improve blood flow to the lungs. The type of surgery your child has will depend on whether the tricuspid valve or right ventricle can send enough blood to the lungs. Usually, the surgeon will do a series of surgeries to reroute the blood flow to allow oxygen-poor blood to reach the lungs and pick up oxygen. The first surgery may be done shortly after birth. The final surgery is done when the child is a few years old. […] Without surgery, the heart cant pump oxygenated blood to the body and cant support life. Surgery can be very successful in those with normal sized tricuspid valves and right ventricles. […] Your child will need regular follow-up care at a center offering pediatric or adult congenital heart care for the rest of their life.

• #24 Pulmonary Atresia

  https://library.sarahbush.org/Conditions/Pregnancy/90,P01809

  Your child will need surgery to improve blood flow to the lungs. The type of surgery your child has will depend on whether the tricuspid valve or right ventricle can send enough blood to the lungs. Usually, the surgeon will do a series of surgeries to reroute the blood flow to allow oxygen-poor blood to reach the lungs and pick up oxygen. The first surgery may be done shortly after birth. The final surgery is done when the child is a few years old. […] Without surgery, the heart cant pump oxygenated blood to the body and cant support life. Surgery can be very successful in those with normal sized tricuspid valves and right ventricles. […] Your child will need regular follow-up care at a center offering pediatric or adult congenital heart care for the rest of their life.

• #25 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Treatment-for-Pulmonary-Atresia.aspx

  A series of three different surgical procedures will be performed on the baby to treat the condition. Starting with re-routing blood flow for the baby immediately after birth and eventually repairing the pulmonary valve when the baby is older. […] A Blalock- Taussing, otherwise known as BT, shunt is placed to redirect the flow of blood towards the lungs once the ductus arteriosus closes. This is the first surgery to palliate the heart by connecting an artery from the arm to the pulmonary arteries. […] The second surgery is known as a Glenn procedure in which the superior vena cava is connected directly to the right lung artery. The superior vena cava is a large vein that carries blood from the upper body into the heart. […] The Fontan procedure is the final part of the trio of operations. In this surgery, the inferior vena cava is connected to the right lung artery. The inferior vena cava is the vein that carries oxygen poor blood from the lower parts of the body to the heart.

• #26 Pulmonary Atresia – Tiny Tickers

  https://www.tinytickers.org/support-info/what-is-chd/pulmonary-atresia/

  This will be followed by several stages of surgery during the first few years of the child’s life to balance and optimise blood flow to the lungs and the body. […] Other surgeries may include: Glenn procedure: The second surgery is usually done when the baby is around 6-12 months of age and the surgeons move the superior vena cava from the heart and attach it to the pulmonary artery so that the blood can collect oxygen from the lungs without having to go through the heart. […] Fontan procedure: The third stage of surgery, usually done when the child is 2 – 6 years old. The timing of this surgery is dependent on oxygen levels and the child’s general well-being. This surgery involves a tube being attached from the inferior vena cava to the pulmonary artery, so most of the blood from the body now flows directly to the lungs-the surgeon will normally leave a little hole between the tube and the right atrium-this is called a fenestration. This procedure does not create a normal blood circulation in the body but it does improve the circulation.

• #27 Pulmonary Valve Atresia

  https://www.rwjbh.org/treatment-care/heart-and-vascular-care/diseases-conditions/congenital-heart-disease/pulmonary-valve-atresia/

  Your baby will need urgent medical attention once pulmonary atresia symptoms develop. The choice of surgeries or procedures will depend on the severity of your child’s condition. Some treatment options include: […] An intravenous drug called prostaglandin will prevent closure of the natural connection (ductus arteriosus) between the pulmonary artery and the aorta. […] Modified Blalock Taussig shunt […] Rastelli procedure […] Glenn operation […] Fontan procedure […] Pulmonary valve repair or replacement […] Heart transplantation.

• #28 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Treatment-for-Pulmonary-Atresia.aspx

  A series of three different surgical procedures will be performed on the baby to treat the condition. Starting with re-routing blood flow for the baby immediately after birth and eventually repairing the pulmonary valve when the baby is older. […] A Blalock- Taussing, otherwise known as BT, shunt is placed to redirect the flow of blood towards the lungs once the ductus arteriosus closes. This is the first surgery to palliate the heart by connecting an artery from the arm to the pulmonary arteries. […] The second surgery is known as a Glenn procedure in which the superior vena cava is connected directly to the right lung artery. The superior vena cava is a large vein that carries blood from the upper body into the heart. […] The Fontan procedure is the final part of the trio of operations. In this surgery, the inferior vena cava is connected to the right lung artery. The inferior vena cava is the vein that carries oxygen poor blood from the lower parts of the body to the heart.

• #29 Pulmonary Atresia – Tiny Tickers

  https://www.tinytickers.org/support-info/what-is-chd/pulmonary-atresia/

  This will be followed by several stages of surgery during the first few years of the child’s life to balance and optimise blood flow to the lungs and the body. […] Other surgeries may include: Glenn procedure: The second surgery is usually done when the baby is around 6-12 months of age and the surgeons move the superior vena cava from the heart and attach it to the pulmonary artery so that the blood can collect oxygen from the lungs without having to go through the heart. […] Fontan procedure: The third stage of surgery, usually done when the child is 2 – 6 years old. The timing of this surgery is dependent on oxygen levels and the child’s general well-being. This surgery involves a tube being attached from the inferior vena cava to the pulmonary artery, so most of the blood from the body now flows directly to the lungs-the surgeon will normally leave a little hole between the tube and the right atrium-this is called a fenestration. This procedure does not create a normal blood circulation in the body but it does improve the circulation.

• #30 Tricuspid Atresia Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Surgical Care, Diet and Activity

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/158359-treatment

  Recurrence of the cyanosis, progressive polycythemia, decreasing exercise tolerance, shunt failure, or increasing pulmonary obstruction are indications for re-evaluation and consideration of a second operative procedure. […] A Fontan procedure is undertaken if the criteria are met; otherwise, a second palliative procedure should be performed. […] The Fontan operation excludes the right ventricle through the formation of a right atrial-to-pulmonary artery connection or an extracardiac cavopulmonary anastomosis using a synthetic graft. […] In a subset of patients with a single functional ventricle and cardiac abnormalities, including tricuspid atresia, pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum, and double outlet right ventricle, a 3-stage Fontan pathway without cardiopulmonary bypass may be achievable and safe.

• #31 Pulmonary atresia – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pulmonary-atresia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350733

  Babies need emergency medical care for pulmonary atresia symptoms. The choice of surgeries or procedures depends on how severe the condition is. […] Medicine may be given through an IV to keep the ductus arteriosus open. This is not a long-term treatment for pulmonary atresia. But it gives healthcare professionals more time to decide what type of surgery or procedure might be best. […] Sometimes, pulmonary atresia treatment can be done using a long, thin tube called a catheter. A doctor places the tube into a large blood vessel in a baby’s groin and guides it to the heart. Catheter-based procedures for pulmonary atresia include: […] Babies with pulmonary atresia often need many heart surgeries over time. The type of heart surgery depends on the size of the child’s lower right heart chamber and pulmonary artery. […] Types of surgery for pulmonary atresia include: […] If the baby also has a ventricular septal defect (VSD), surgery is done to patch the hole. Then the surgeon makes a connection from the right pumping chamber to the pulmonary artery. This repair may use an artificial valve.

• #32 Pulmonary atresia with ventricular septal defect – Augusta HealthSearchClose SearchSearch IconSearch IconClose Search IconMobile Menu IconMobile Menu Close IconInstagramFacebookTwitterYoutube

  https://www.augustahealth.com/disease/pulmonary-atresia-with-ventricular-septal-defect/

  Systemic-to-pulmonary artery shunt. This surgery may be needed in the first few days of life to increase blood flow to the lungs. It creates a connection (shunt) for blood to flow using a small synthetic tube. An example is the Blalock-Taussig shunt (BT shunt). […] Neonatal complete repair. If a baby’s heart has well-developed pulmonary arteries and no MAPCAs, a surgeon can perform a complete repair at one time during the first 4 weeks of life. During the complete repair surgery, the ventricular septal defect is closed and a tube with an artificial valve is placed between the right lower heart chamber (ventricle) and the pulmonary artery. […] One-stage complete repair. Also called unifocalization, this procedure is done to connect all the MAPCAs together to create new pulmonary arteries. The surgeon then completes the repair with closure of the VSD. A tube graft (with or without a valve) is used to make a connection between the right lower heart chamber and the pulmonary artery. This procedure is usually done between 4 and 6 months of age.

• #33 Pulmonary atresia with ventricular septal defect – Augusta HealthSearchClose SearchSearch IconSearch IconClose Search IconMobile Menu IconMobile Menu Close IconInstagramFacebookTwitterYoutube

  https://www.augustahealth.com/disease/pulmonary-atresia-with-ventricular-septal-defect/

  Staged unifocalization. If the MAPCAs are small or have multiple areas of narrowing, surgery to connect them may be done in stages. This allows the arteries to grow before the complete repair. A small shunt from the aorta to the newly created pulmonary arteries allows the blood to flow to the lungs. After a few months, cardiac imaging tests are done to determine whether the baby is ready for the complete repair. […] Babies with pulmonary atresia with ventricular septal defect (VSD) need regular checkups by a cardiologist with training in pediatric congenital heart disease.

• #34

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11936-003-0047-3

  It has been nearly 40 years since Kirklin, at the Mayo Clinic in 1964, performed the first surgical repair of pulmonary atresia with ventricular septal defect using a nonvalved extracardiac conduit, which he created out of the patients pericardium, and this patient continues to do well. […] Unifocalization procedures have permitted eventual complete correction in patients with nonconfluent pulmonary artery segments, and advances in infant surgery have enabled most patients to achieve correction in the early childhood years. […] Continued advances in surgery and interventional catheterization techniques hold great promise for ever-improving outcomes in children being born with this complex congenital cardiovascular malformation.

• #35 Pulmonary Atresia (PA) | Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/patients/child/encyclopedia/defects/pa

  If the tricuspid valve and right ventricle are normal sized, the child should be able to have surgery to bring blood from the right ventricle to the lungs. […] If the tricuspid valve and right ventricle size is in between (not very small, but not normal sized), then the child may require a combination of the above surgeries so the right ventricle does not have to handle all the blood that would normally go through it to the lungs. […] Finally, in some patients with significant coronary abnormalities who do not have good blood supply to their heart muscle, a heart transplant may be required.

• #36 Pulmonary Atresia with Intact Ventricular Septum (IVS) | Texas Children’s

  https://www.texaschildrens.org/content/conditions/pulmonary-atresia-with-intact-ventricular-septum-ivs

  Heart transplant, in severe cases where the baby’s heart is too damaged to repair or if additional high-risk heart defects are present. […] Depending on the severity of the condition, your baby’s postnatal care team may include: […] Babies born with pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum require lifelong monitoring by cardiologists experienced in the treatment of congenital heart defects.

• #37 Pulmonary Atresia: Symptoms, Causes and Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/14779-pulmonary-atresia

  The type of surgery your baby needs for a pulmonary atresia repair will depend on several factors, including: […] Surgery involves: […] In this case, your babys right ventricle is usually poorly developed. They need a series of three operations during the first few years of their lives. […] After heart surgery, your child will need to spend a week or two in the hospital, with some of that time in the intensive care unit. […] Without treatment, pulmonary atresia is fatal because it makes your oxygen level low. However, when your healthcare provider makes a diagnosis before or shortly after your babys birth, they can treat your newborn to improve their oxygen circulation. […] Pulmonary atresia life expectancy varies depending on how severe your childs condition is and other individual factors.

• #38 Pulmonary Atresia | Loma Linda University Children’s Health

  https://lluch.org/conditions/pulmonary-atresia

  Your child will need surgery to improve blood flow to the lungs. The type of surgery your child has will depend on whether the tricuspid valve or right ventricle can send enough blood to the lungs. Usually, the surgeon will do a series of surgeries to reroute the blood flow to allow oxygen-poor blood to reach the lungs and pick up oxygen. The first surgery may be done shortly after birth. The final surgery is done when the child is a few years old. […] Without surgery, the heart cant pump oxygenated blood to the body and cant support life. Surgery can be very successful in those with normal sized tricuspid valves and right ventricles. […] Your child’s healthcare provider may advise pain medicines such as acetaminophen or ibuprofen to keep your baby comfortable. Your child’s heart care team will talk about pain control before your child goes home. […] Your child will need regular follow-up care at a center offering pediatric or adult congenital heart care for the rest of their life.

• #39 Pulmonary Atresia: Symptoms, Causes and Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/14779-pulmonary-atresia

  No. Medical procedures and surgeries can improve your childs condition, but they arent cures. […] Your child will have regular follow-up appointments with their pediatric cardiologist. […] People with pulmonary atresia must remain under the care of a cardiologist for their entire lives. […] Regular follow-up care can reduce or prevent these complications. […] We know what it takes to treat their pulmonary atresia.

• #40 Pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum – Overview – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pulmonary-atresia-intact-ventricular-septum/cdc-20396714

  Some of these treatments are done in the first days to weeks of a baby’s life. Others are done later. The type of surgery or procedure depends on many things. These include the size of the right lower heart chamber and heart valves and whether the baby has other heart conditions. […] After treatment, babies with pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum, also called PA/IVS, should have regular health checkups with a heart doctor trained to treat children. This type of healthcare professional is called a pediatric cardiologist. Due to advances in treatment and technology, many people with PA/IVS live into adulthood. Adults with the condition should be followed by a doctor with training in adult congenital heart diseases.

• #41 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Treatment-for-Pulmonary-Atresia.aspx

  The outlook is quite positive for a baby who has undergone corrective surgery for pulmonary atresia. Most children recover from the birth defect and will go on to meet all regular developmental milestones. Special attention should be paid to the nutrition and hygiene of the baby post surgery. […] Immediately after surgery, the baby will be given a course of preventive antibiotics for possible infections. Parents will be encouraged to ensure that the child stays active and plays. A regulated routine for health care as well as follow ups with the doctor are provided. […] Replacement valves and shunts may need to be replaced with larger versions as the child grows older. This will entail more surgeries at a later date.

• #42 Get Pulmonary Valve Atresia Treatment | Cleveland Clinic Children’s

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/pediatrics/services/pulmonary-valve-atresia-treatment

  Pulmonary valve atresia treatment focuses on your babys immediate health needs and their long-term quality of life. At Cleveland Clinic Childrens, we provide the most advanced treatments for this condition and use these therapies in your babys personalized care plan. […] Our specialists will usually give newborns with pulmonary valve atresia medicine that temporarily helps their blood get more oxygen. This medicine supports your baby in their early days and weeks of life, but its not a permanent treatment. […] Babies with pulmonary valve atresia need surgery, usually within the first weeks of life. Cleveland Clinic Childrens heart surgeons are some of the best in the country and are highly successful at repairing pulmonary valve atresia. […] After surgery, your child will need regular follow-up appointments with their pediatric cardiologist. And theyll need lifelong cardiac care. As they grow, they may need more procedures, surgeries or special medications.

• #43 Pulmonary Atresia: Symptoms, Causes and Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/14779-pulmonary-atresia

  No. Medical procedures and surgeries can improve your childs condition, but they arent cures. […] Your child will have regular follow-up appointments with their pediatric cardiologist. […] People with pulmonary atresia must remain under the care of a cardiologist for their entire lives. […] Regular follow-up care can reduce or prevent these complications. […] We know what it takes to treat their pulmonary atresia.

• #44 Pulmonary Atresia: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment – Longmore Clinic

  https://longmoreclinic.org/pulmonary-atresia-causes-symptoms-and-treatment/

  Heart Transplant: In rare cases, a heart transplant may be necessary. […] Children who have been treated for pulmonary atresia need lifelong follow-up care with a cardiologist. They may have activity restrictions, need medications, and require additional surgeries or procedures in the future. Regular check-ups are crucial for monitoring heart function, detecting complications, and ensuring optimal long-term outcomes.

• #45 Tricuspid Atresia Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Surgical Care, Diet and Activity

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/158359-treatment

  Complications from the Fontan procedure include pulmonary edema, congestive hepatopathy, pleural effusions, ascites, protein-losing enteropathy, and cardiac arrhythmias. […] After a palliative procedure, perform echocardiographic assessments to determine the patency of the shunt. […] For patients who have had the Fontan procedure, maintain follow-up care to ensure a stable cardiac rhythm.

• #46 Tricuspid Atresia Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Surgical Care, Diet and Activity

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/158359-treatment

  Complications from the Fontan procedure include pulmonary edema, congestive hepatopathy, pleural effusions, ascites, protein-losing enteropathy, and cardiac arrhythmias. […] After a palliative procedure, perform echocardiographic assessments to determine the patency of the shunt. […] For patients who have had the Fontan procedure, maintain follow-up care to ensure a stable cardiac rhythm.

• #47 What is Pulmonary Atresia? – Healthis Assistance

  https://healthis.com.tr/en/what-is-pulmonary-atresia/

  In certain cases of pulmonary atresia, medication may be used as part of the treatment plan. Drugs like prostaglandins help to keep blood vessels open and improve blood flow, increasing the baby’s chances of survival. Medications to manage heart failure may also be included in the treatment process. […] Even after treatment, patients with pulmonary atresia require lifelong follow-up care. Monitoring heart function is essential to detect any new issues early. Regular check-ups are especially important during childhood growth periods to ensure the heart develops appropriately. […] The medical field is continually advancing, and new treatment options for pulmonary atresia offer hope for the future. Gene therapy, stem cell treatments, and improved surgical techniques are just a few of the promising developments. These innovations have the potential to further extend life expectancy and improve the quality of life for patients.

• #48 Pulmonary Atresia: Symptoms, Causes and Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/14779-pulmonary-atresia

  The type of surgery your baby needs for a pulmonary atresia repair will depend on several factors, including: […] Surgery involves: […] In this case, your babys right ventricle is usually poorly developed. They need a series of three operations during the first few years of their lives. […] After heart surgery, your child will need to spend a week or two in the hospital, with some of that time in the intensive care unit. […] Without treatment, pulmonary atresia is fatal because it makes your oxygen level low. However, when your healthcare provider makes a diagnosis before or shortly after your babys birth, they can treat your newborn to improve their oxygen circulation. […] Pulmonary atresia life expectancy varies depending on how severe your childs condition is and other individual factors.

• #49 Content – Health Encyclopedia – University of Rochester Medical Center

  https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content.aspx?contenttypeid=90&contentid=P01809

  Your child will need surgery to improve blood flow to the lungs. The type of surgery your child has will depend on whether the tricuspid valve or right ventricle can send enough blood to the lungs. Usually, the surgeon will do a series of surgeries to reroute the blood flow to allow oxygen-poor blood to reach the lungs and pick up oxygen. The first surgery may be done shortly after birth. The final surgery is done when the child is a few years old. […] Without surgery, the heart cant pump oxygenated blood to the body and cant support life. Surgery can be very successful in those with normal sized tricuspid valves and right ventricles. […] Your child will need regular follow-up care at a center offering pediatric or adult congenital heart care for the rest of their life.

• #50 Pulmonary Atresia | Loma Linda University Children’s Health

  https://lluch.org/conditions/pulmonary-atresia

  Your child will need surgery to improve blood flow to the lungs. The type of surgery your child has will depend on whether the tricuspid valve or right ventricle can send enough blood to the lungs. Usually, the surgeon will do a series of surgeries to reroute the blood flow to allow oxygen-poor blood to reach the lungs and pick up oxygen. The first surgery may be done shortly after birth. The final surgery is done when the child is a few years old. […] Without surgery, the heart cant pump oxygenated blood to the body and cant support life. Surgery can be very successful in those with normal sized tricuspid valves and right ventricles. […] Your child’s healthcare provider may advise pain medicines such as acetaminophen or ibuprofen to keep your baby comfortable. Your child’s heart care team will talk about pain control before your child goes home. […] Your child will need regular follow-up care at a center offering pediatric or adult congenital heart care for the rest of their life.

• #51 Pulmonary Atresia: Overview, Causes, Treatment

  https://www.healthline.com/health/pulmonary-atresia

  In general, the goal of treatment is to improve blood flow to the lungs and alleviate symptoms. […] A common approach is surgery to create a pathway for blood to reach the lungs. This can involve creating a connection between the right ventricle and the pulmonary arteries (a shunt) or enlarging the pulmonary valve. In some cases, a series of surgeries may be necessary over time to further improve blood flow. […] Management of pulmonary atresia typically requires lifelong care, especially in complex cases or with associated heart irregularities. […] The success rates of surgery for pulmonary atresia depend on various factors, including the specific type of pulmonary atresia, the presence of other heart irregularities, and the overall health of the infant. […] A study of 107 infants with PA-VSD who underwent surgery between 1989 and 2019 found that most (85%) had a complete repair at around 1 year old. Survival rates were 90% at 6 months, 85% at 20 months, and 81% at 10 years after surgery.

• #52 Pulmonary Atresia: Overview, Causes, Treatment

  https://www.healthline.com/health/pulmonary-atresia

  In general, the goal of treatment is to improve blood flow to the lungs and alleviate symptoms. […] A common approach is surgery to create a pathway for blood to reach the lungs. This can involve creating a connection between the right ventricle and the pulmonary arteries (a shunt) or enlarging the pulmonary valve. In some cases, a series of surgeries may be necessary over time to further improve blood flow. […] Management of pulmonary atresia typically requires lifelong care, especially in complex cases or with associated heart irregularities. […] The success rates of surgery for pulmonary atresia depend on various factors, including the specific type of pulmonary atresia, the presence of other heart irregularities, and the overall health of the infant. […] A study of 107 infants with PA-VSD who underwent surgery between 1989 and 2019 found that most (85%) had a complete repair at around 1 year old. Survival rates were 90% at 6 months, 85% at 20 months, and 81% at 10 years after surgery.

• #53 Pulmonary Atresia: Overview, Causes, Treatment

  https://www.healthline.com/health/pulmonary-atresia

  Using smaller shunts during surgery led to quicker complete repairs but also increased the risk of complications between surgeries. Overall, staged repair for PA-VSD showed high success rates for complete repair and long-term survival. […] Pulmonary atresia is a congenital heart irregularity in which the pulmonary valve doesn’t form properly, blocking blood flow from the heart to the lungs. Treatment often involves surgery to create a pathway for blood flow. […] With modern medical and surgical advancements, most infants born with pulmonary atresia now survive into adulthood. The exact survival rate varies, but overall, there has been a significant improvement in survival rates in recent years.

• #54 Pulmonary atresia | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/pulmonary-atresia?content_id=CON-20155225

  Pulmonary atresia is a life-threatening condition that needs emergency treatment. Treatment includes surgery to repair the heart and medicines to help the heart work better. […] Babies need emergency medical care for pulmonary atresia symptoms. The choice of surgeries or procedures depends on how severe the condition is. […] Medicine may be given through an IV to keep the ductus arteriosus open. This is not a long-term treatment for pulmonary atresia. But it gives healthcare professionals more time to decide what type of surgery or procedure might be best. […] Sometimes, pulmonary atresia treatment can be done using a long, thin tube called a catheter. A doctor places the tube into a large blood vessel in a baby’s groin and guides it to the heart. Catheter-based procedures for pulmonary atresia include: Balloon atrial septostomy. A balloon is used to enlarge the natural hole in the wall between the upper chambers of the heart. This hole, called the foramen ovale, most often closes soon after birth. Making the hole larger lets blood move easily from the right side of the heart to the left side. Stent placement. A doctor may put a rigid tube called a stent in the ductus arteriosus to prevent it from closing. This keeps blood flowing to the lungs.

• #55 Content – Health Encyclopedia – University of Rochester Medical Center

  https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content.aspx?contenttypeid=90&contentid=P01809

  A pediatric cardiologist will treat your baby. This healthcare provider has special training to treat heart problems in children. Your baby will most likely be in the intensive care unit (ICU). At first, your baby may be put on oxygen, and possibly on a machine (ventilator), to help with breathing. Your child may get IV medicines to help their heart and lungs work better. […] The below treatments allow time for the oxygen levels in your baby’s heart to even out while other repairs are planned: […] An IV medicine called prostaglandin E1 is often given to keep the ductus arteriosus from closing. This lets blood get to the lungs for oxygen. […] A cardiac catheterization may be done to diagnose the defect. In some cases, the pulmonary valve may be able to be opened with catheterization to prevent the need for open heart surgery. This is only an option if the tricuspid valve and the right ventricle are normal size. A procedure can also be done to open or keep open the ductus arteriosus.

• #56 Content – Health Encyclopedia – University of Rochester Medical Center

  https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content.aspx?contenttypeid=161&contentid=107

  Pulmonary atresia is a condition where the pulmonary valve didn’t form in the heart. The goal of surgery is to improve blood flow through the heart and to the lungs. […] For children who have pulmonary atresia without VSD, treatments vary based on if the right ventricle is working as it should. […] There are 3 ways a surgeon may treat this condition: Biventricular repair. This is done to keep both the left and right ventricles working. Single-ventricle repair. A series of procedures, often 3, is done to keep only the left ventricle working. These procedures may include a Glenn and Fontan palliation. One-and-a-half ventricle repair. This hybrid approach keeps the left ventricle working fully. The right ventricle only works enough to pump a small amount of blood. […] Your childs provider will carefully study your childs heart before deciding on the best type of surgery. If possible, they will likely choose to do a biventricular repair. It needs fewer surgeries and often leads to fewer long-term complications.

• #57 Pulmonary Atresia

  https://library.sarahbush.org/Conditions/Pregnancy/90,P01809

  Your child will need surgery to improve blood flow to the lungs. The type of surgery your child has will depend on whether the tricuspid valve or right ventricle can send enough blood to the lungs. Usually, the surgeon will do a series of surgeries to reroute the blood flow to allow oxygen-poor blood to reach the lungs and pick up oxygen. The first surgery may be done shortly after birth. The final surgery is done when the child is a few years old. […] Without surgery, the heart cant pump oxygenated blood to the body and cant support life. Surgery can be very successful in those with normal sized tricuspid valves and right ventricles. […] Your child will need regular follow-up care at a center offering pediatric or adult congenital heart care for the rest of their life.

• #58 Pulmonary atresia

  https://www.aboutkidshealth.ca/pulmonary-atresia

  With pulmonary atresia, the pulmonary valve cannot open properly, meaning blood can’t flow from the right ventricle to the lungs as it normally would. […] Treatment options include giving oxygen in the intensive care unit, drugs, catheterization, and surgery. […] Full surgical repair allows most children to live a long and normal life. […] Treatment might involve giving your child oxygen in the intensive care unit to help them breathe, and possibly drugs to help ease the hearts work. Another drug, called prostaglandin, which is given by IV, can help keep the ductus arteriosus open. This opening allows blood to flow to the lungs. […] Cardiac catheterization can sometimes be done to help correct a problem. The procedure may involve a balloon atrial septostomy to improve the mix of oxygen-rich blood and oxygen-poor blood between the atria.

• #59 Pulmonary atresia

  https://www.aboutkidshealth.ca/pulmonary-atresia

  Surgery is another option. This is typically done in stages, starting with the insertion of a Blalock-Thomas-Taussig (BTT) shunt, followed by the bi-directional Glenn procedure and removal of the BTT shunt, and then, when the child is a bit older, the Fontan procedure. […] Surgical repair of this condition has an excellent outcome, though this depends on whether the surgery was corrective or palliative. Full repair enables most children to lead full, normal lives.

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