Materiały źródłowe

• #1

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/anaemia

  Iron deficiency, primarily due to inadequate dietary iron intake, is considered the most common nutritional deficiency leading to anaemia. Deficiencies in vitamin A, folate, vitamin B12 and riboflavin can also result in anaemia due to their specific roles in the synthesis of haemoglobin and/or erythrocyte production. […] Anaemia reduction is included as one of six World Health Assembly Global Nutrition Targets within the Comprehensive implementation plan on maternal, infant and young child nutrition. Additionally, anaemia in women 1549 years of age is one of the targets for the United Nations 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.

• #2 Vitamin deficiency anemia – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/vitamin-deficiency-anemia/symptoms-causes/syc-20355025

  Vitamin deficiency anemia is a lack of healthy red blood cells caused by lower than usual amounts of vitamin B-12 and folate. […] Vitamin deficiency anemia can occur if you don’t eat enough foods containing vitamin B-12 and folate, or if your body has trouble absorbing or processing these vitamins. […] Being deficient in vitamin B-12 or folate increases your risk of many health problems, including: […] A developing fetus that doesn’t get enough folate from its mother can develop birth defects of the brain and spinal cord. […] Untreated, vitamin B-12 deficiency can lead to neurological problems, such as persistent tingling in the hands and feet or problems with balance. It can lead to mental confusion and forgetfulness because vitamin B-12 is necessary for healthy brain function. […] You can prevent some forms of vitamin deficiency anemia by choosing a healthy diet that includes a variety of foods.

• #3

  https://www.who.int/health-topics/anaemia

  Anaemia is a serious global public health problem that particularly affects young children, menstruating adolescent girls and women, and pregnant and postpartum women. WHO estimates that 40% of children 659 months of age, 37% of pregnant women, and 30% of women 1549 years of age worldwide are anaemic. […] Accurate characterization of anaemia is critical to understand the burden and epidemiology of this problem, for planning public health interventions, and for clinical care of people across the life course. […] WHO has guidance that covers all WHO Regions to help reduce the prevalence of anaemia through prevention and treatment. These guidelines aim to increase dietary diversity, improve infant feeding practices and improve the bioavailability and intake of micronutrients through fortification or supplementation with iron, folic acid and other vitamins and mineral.

• #4

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/anaemia

  Anemia is major public health concern, mainly affecting young children, pregnant and postpartum women, and menstruating adolescent girls and women. […] Low- and lower-middle income countries bear the greatest burden of anaemia, particularly affecting populations living in rural settings, in poorer households and who have received no formal education. […] Globally, it is estimated that 40% of all children aged 659 months, 37% of pregnant women and 30% of women 1549 years of age are affected by anaemia. […] Anaemia is estimated to affect half a billion women 1549 years of age and 269 million children 659 months of age worldwide. In 2019, 30% (539 million) of non-pregnant women and 37% (32 million) of pregnant women aged 1549 years were affected by anaemia. […] The WHO Regions of Africa and South-East Asia are most affected with an estimated 106 million women and 103 million children affected by anaemia in Africa and 244 million women and 83 million children affected in South-East Asia.

• #5

  https://www.who.int/health-topics/anaemia

  Anaemia is a serious global public health problem that particularly affects young children, menstruating adolescent girls and women, and pregnant and postpartum women. WHO estimates that 40% of children 659 months of age, 37% of pregnant women, and 30% of women 1549 years of age worldwide are anaemic. […] Accurate characterization of anaemia is critical to understand the burden and epidemiology of this problem, for planning public health interventions, and for clinical care of people across the life course. […] WHO has guidance that covers all WHO Regions to help reduce the prevalence of anaemia through prevention and treatment. These guidelines aim to increase dietary diversity, improve infant feeding practices and improve the bioavailability and intake of micronutrients through fortification or supplementation with iron, folic acid and other vitamins and mineral.

• #6

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/anaemia

  Anemia is major public health concern, mainly affecting young children, pregnant and postpartum women, and menstruating adolescent girls and women. […] Low- and lower-middle income countries bear the greatest burden of anaemia, particularly affecting populations living in rural settings, in poorer households and who have received no formal education. […] Globally, it is estimated that 40% of all children aged 659 months, 37% of pregnant women and 30% of women 1549 years of age are affected by anaemia. […] Anaemia is estimated to affect half a billion women 1549 years of age and 269 million children 659 months of age worldwide. In 2019, 30% (539 million) of non-pregnant women and 37% (32 million) of pregnant women aged 1549 years were affected by anaemia. […] The WHO Regions of Africa and South-East Asia are most affected with an estimated 106 million women and 103 million children affected by anaemia in Africa and 244 million women and 83 million children affected in South-East Asia.

• #7

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/anaemia

  Iron deficiency, primarily due to inadequate dietary iron intake, is considered the most common nutritional deficiency leading to anaemia. Deficiencies in vitamin A, folate, vitamin B12 and riboflavin can also result in anaemia due to their specific roles in the synthesis of haemoglobin and/or erythrocyte production. […] Anaemia reduction is included as one of six World Health Assembly Global Nutrition Targets within the Comprehensive implementation plan on maternal, infant and young child nutrition. Additionally, anaemia in women 1549 years of age is one of the targets for the United Nations 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.

• #8

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/anaemia

  Anemia is major public health concern, mainly affecting young children, pregnant and postpartum women, and menstruating adolescent girls and women. […] Low- and lower-middle income countries bear the greatest burden of anaemia, particularly affecting populations living in rural settings, in poorer households and who have received no formal education. […] Globally, it is estimated that 40% of all children aged 659 months, 37% of pregnant women and 30% of women 1549 years of age are affected by anaemia. […] Anaemia is estimated to affect half a billion women 1549 years of age and 269 million children 659 months of age worldwide. In 2019, 30% (539 million) of non-pregnant women and 37% (32 million) of pregnant women aged 1549 years were affected by anaemia. […] The WHO Regions of Africa and South-East Asia are most affected with an estimated 106 million women and 103 million children affected by anaemia in Africa and 244 million women and 83 million children affected in South-East Asia.

• #9

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/anaemia

  Anemia is major public health concern, mainly affecting young children, pregnant and postpartum women, and menstruating adolescent girls and women. […] Low- and lower-middle income countries bear the greatest burden of anaemia, particularly affecting populations living in rural settings, in poorer households and who have received no formal education. […] Globally, it is estimated that 40% of all children aged 659 months, 37% of pregnant women and 30% of women 1549 years of age are affected by anaemia. […] Anaemia is estimated to affect half a billion women 1549 years of age and 269 million children 659 months of age worldwide. In 2019, 30% (539 million) of non-pregnant women and 37% (32 million) of pregnant women aged 1549 years were affected by anaemia. […] The WHO Regions of Africa and South-East Asia are most affected with an estimated 106 million women and 103 million children affected by anaemia in Africa and 244 million women and 83 million children affected in South-East Asia.

• #10

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/anaemia

  Anemia is major public health concern, mainly affecting young children, pregnant and postpartum women, and menstruating adolescent girls and women. […] Low- and lower-middle income countries bear the greatest burden of anaemia, particularly affecting populations living in rural settings, in poorer households and who have received no formal education. […] Globally, it is estimated that 40% of all children aged 659 months, 37% of pregnant women and 30% of women 1549 years of age are affected by anaemia. […] Anaemia is estimated to affect half a billion women 1549 years of age and 269 million children 659 months of age worldwide. In 2019, 30% (539 million) of non-pregnant women and 37% (32 million) of pregnant women aged 1549 years were affected by anaemia. […] The WHO Regions of Africa and South-East Asia are most affected with an estimated 106 million women and 103 million children affected by anaemia in Africa and 244 million women and 83 million children affected in South-East Asia.

• #11 Vitamin B12 deficiency – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_B12_deficiency

  Vitamin B12 deficiency is common and occurs worldwide. In the US and UK, around 6 percent of the general population have the deficiency; in those over the age of sixty, around 20 percent are deficient. In under-developed countries, the rates are even higher: across Latin America 40 percent are deficient; in some parts of Africa, 70 percent; and in some parts of India, 70 to 80 percent. […] According to the World Health Organization (WHO), vitamin B12 deficiency may be considered a global public health problem affecting millions of individuals. However, the incidence and prevalence of vitamin B12 deficiency worldwide is unknown due to the limited population-based data available. […] Developed countries such as the United States, Germany and the United Kingdom have relatively constant mean vitamin B12 concentrations. The data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) reported the prevalence of serum vitamin B12 concentrations in the United States population between 1999 and 2002.

• #12 The anemia of vitamin A deficiency: epidemiology and pathogenesis – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11965502/

  Although vitamin A deficiency is recognized to cause anemia, 'vitamin A deficiency anemia’ lacks complete characterization as a distinct clinical entity. […] Epidemiological surveys show that the prevalence of anemia is high in populations affected by vitamin A deficiency in developing countries. […] Improvement of vitamin A status has generally been shown to reduce anemia, but the actual public health impact on anemia is unclear. […] The inclusion of anemia as an outcome measure in future micronutrient intervention studies should help provide further insight into the anemia of vitamin A deficiency.

• #13 The anemia of vitamin A deficiency: epidemiology and pathogenesis. – Document – Gale Academic OneFile

  https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA197929365&sid=sitemap&v=2.1&it=r&p=AONE&sw=w

  Although vitamin A deficiency is recognized to cause anemia, 'vitamin A deficiency anemia’ lacks complete characterization as a distinct clinical entity. […] Epidemiological surveys show that the prevalence of anemia is high in populations affected by vitamin A deficiency in developing countries. […] Improvement of vitamin A status has generally been shown to reduce anemia, but the actual public health impact on anemia is unclear.

• #14 The anemia of vitamin A deficiency: epidemiology and pathogenesis – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11965502/

  Although vitamin A deficiency is recognized to cause anemia, 'vitamin A deficiency anemia’ lacks complete characterization as a distinct clinical entity. […] Epidemiological surveys show that the prevalence of anemia is high in populations affected by vitamin A deficiency in developing countries. […] Improvement of vitamin A status has generally been shown to reduce anemia, but the actual public health impact on anemia is unclear. […] The inclusion of anemia as an outcome measure in future micronutrient intervention studies should help provide further insight into the anemia of vitamin A deficiency.

• #15 The anemia of vitamin A deficiency: epidemiology and pathogenesis. – Document – Gale Academic OneFile

  https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA197929365&sid=sitemap&v=2.1&it=r&p=AONE&sw=w

  Although vitamin A deficiency is recognized to cause anemia, 'vitamin A deficiency anemia’ lacks complete characterization as a distinct clinical entity. […] Epidemiological surveys show that the prevalence of anemia is high in populations affected by vitamin A deficiency in developing countries. […] Improvement of vitamin A status has generally been shown to reduce anemia, but the actual public health impact on anemia is unclear.

• #16 The anemia of vitamin A deficiency: epidemiology and pathogenesis – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11965502/

  Although vitamin A deficiency is recognized to cause anemia, 'vitamin A deficiency anemia’ lacks complete characterization as a distinct clinical entity. […] Epidemiological surveys show that the prevalence of anemia is high in populations affected by vitamin A deficiency in developing countries. […] Improvement of vitamin A status has generally been shown to reduce anemia, but the actual public health impact on anemia is unclear. […] The inclusion of anemia as an outcome measure in future micronutrient intervention studies should help provide further insight into the anemia of vitamin A deficiency.

• #17 Micronutrient Deficiency – Our World in Data

  https://ourworldindata.org/micronutrient-deficiency

  Pregnant women and young children are most vulnerable to micronutrient deficiency. […] Anemia (iron or vitamin B12 deficiency). […] Anemia has important implications for general productivity and development, reducing peoples ability to work and perform daily activities. […] In the chart, we see the prevalence of anemia in pregnant women. Globally, around a third of pregnant women worldwide are anemic. […] The prevalence of anemia in pregnant women is typically lower in higher-income regions, being lowest in North America, and Europe Central Asia. Rates are particularly high across South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. […] Globally, around four-in-ten children have anemia. […] Vitamin A deficiency is the leading cause of preventable blindness in children globally. […] Vitamin A deficiency also exacerbates serious disease and illness, leading to increased rates of maternal and childhood mortality.

• #18

  https://samajournals.co.za/index.php/sajch/article/view/72

  Data on iron and vitamin A deficiency are scarce in school-aged children living with HIV (HIV+) compared with children without HIV (HIV). Both deficiencies can contribute to anaemia. […] HIV+ children had higher prevalences of anaemia (29% v. 14%; odds ratio (OR) = 2.6; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.4 – 4.9; p=0.002), iron-deficient erythropoiesis (20% v. 9%; OR=2.5; 95% CI 1.2 – 5.0; p=0.013) and iron deficiency anaemia (11% v. 4%; OR=2.9; 95% CI 1.1 – 7.7; p=0.035) than HIV children. […] Anaemia, iron-deficient erythropoiesis and iron deficiency anaemia were more prevalent in HIV+ than HIV children. Prevalence of marginal vitamin A deficiency was high in both groups. Efforts to improve micronutrient status and mitigate nutritional determinants of anaemia in HIV+ children from resource-limited settings should be prioritised.

• #19 Epidemiology of Vitamin B12 Deficiency | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/50982

  Vitamin B12 deficiency is one of the most frequent vitamin deficiencies worldwide. […] This deficiency is a highly important public health issue because of its serious complications if it is not detected and treated appropriately, although its treatment is very simple. […] Epidemiological studies in this field are, therefore, of great value. […] Vitamin B12 deficiency is still a public health problem in these regions. […] The main reasons for vitamin B12 deficiency are nutritional deficiencies that affect large sectors of the population including vegetarians and their children who are affected during and after pregnancy, the elderly, frequent drug users as well as nutritional deficiency linked to low socioeconomic level. […] Vitamin B12 deficiency among vegetarians was found to be between 21 and 85% regardless of age, address, type of vegetarianism, and demographics of the individuals concerned.

• #20 Vitamin B12-Associated Neurological Diseases: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1152670-overview

  The prevalence of vitamin B12 deficiency is difficult to ascertain because of diverse etiologies and different assays (ie, radioassay or chemiluminescence). According to reports, approximately 1.5% to 15% of people have vitamin B12 deficiency. […] Most people in the United States consume adequate amounts of vitamin B12. Data from the 2017-2020 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) survey show average daily intakes of 5.84 mcg for men and 3.69 mcg for women aged 20 and older, with only 5% of men and 11% of women consuming less than the Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) of 2 mcg. […] However, those at higher risk of deficiency include individuals with low socioeconomic status, women, and non-Hispanic Blacks. […] Approximately 24% of men and 29% of women report using B12 supplements, with higher usage seen in children and adolescents, especially among younger age groups.

• #21 Vitamin B12 deficiency – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_B12_deficiency

  Vitamin B12 deficiency is common and occurs worldwide. In the US and UK, around 6 percent of the general population have the deficiency; in those over the age of sixty, around 20 percent are deficient. In under-developed countries, the rates are even higher: across Latin America 40 percent are deficient; in some parts of Africa, 70 percent; and in some parts of India, 70 to 80 percent. […] According to the World Health Organization (WHO), vitamin B12 deficiency may be considered a global public health problem affecting millions of individuals. However, the incidence and prevalence of vitamin B12 deficiency worldwide is unknown due to the limited population-based data available. […] Developed countries such as the United States, Germany and the United Kingdom have relatively constant mean vitamin B12 concentrations. The data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) reported the prevalence of serum vitamin B12 concentrations in the United States population between 1999 and 2002.

• #22 Vitamin B12 deficiency – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_B12_deficiency

  Vitamin B12 deficiency is common and occurs worldwide. In the US and UK, around 6 percent of the general population have the deficiency; in those over the age of sixty, around 20 percent are deficient. In under-developed countries, the rates are even higher: across Latin America 40 percent are deficient; in some parts of Africa, 70 percent; and in some parts of India, 70 to 80 percent. […] According to the World Health Organization (WHO), vitamin B12 deficiency may be considered a global public health problem affecting millions of individuals. However, the incidence and prevalence of vitamin B12 deficiency worldwide is unknown due to the limited population-based data available. […] Developed countries such as the United States, Germany and the United Kingdom have relatively constant mean vitamin B12 concentrations. The data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) reported the prevalence of serum vitamin B12 concentrations in the United States population between 1999 and 2002.

• #23 Vitamin B12 Deficiency

  https://mobile.fpnotebook.com/HemeOnc/Anemia/VtmnBDfcncy.htm

  Prevalence […] U.S.: 6% in patients under age 60 years (20% in those over age 60 years) […] Latin America: 40% […] Kenya: 70% […] East India: 70-80% […] […] […] Vitamin B12 Deficiency is preceded by Iron Deficiency by 20 years, and asymptomatic Gastritis by 30 years […] […] […] Elderly with atrophic Gastritis (10-30% over age 60 years) […] […] […] Inadequate Vitamin B12 intake […] […] […] Consider B12 supplementation in longterm Metformin or Antacid use

• #24 Pernicious anemia – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pernicious_anemia

  Pernicious anemia is the most common cause of clinically evident vitamin B12 deficiency worldwide. […] Pernicious anemia due to autoimmune problems occurs in about one per 1000 people in the US. Among those over the age of 60, about 2% have the condition. […] PA is estimated to affect 0.1% of the general population and 1.9% of those over 60, accounting for 2050% of B12 deficiency in adults. […] A review of literature shows that the prevalence of PA is higher in Northern Europe, especially in Scandinavian countries, and among people of African descent, and that increased awareness of the disease and better diagnostic tools might play a role in apparently higher rates of incidence.

• #25 Pernicious anemia | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/pernicious-anaemia?lang=us

  Pernicious anemia is the commonest cause of hypovitaminosis B12 globally. Its prevalence in the US has been determined as ~150/100,000. […] Pernicious anemia is the commonest cause of vitamin B12 deficiency (or hypocobalaminemia) in the world and is due to an autoantibody against intrinsic factor, the cofactor required for absorption of this vitamin.

• #26 Pernicious anemia – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pernicious_anemia

  Pernicious anemia is the most common cause of clinically evident vitamin B12 deficiency worldwide. […] Pernicious anemia due to autoimmune problems occurs in about one per 1000 people in the US. Among those over the age of 60, about 2% have the condition. […] PA is estimated to affect 0.1% of the general population and 1.9% of those over 60, accounting for 2050% of B12 deficiency in adults. […] A review of literature shows that the prevalence of PA is higher in Northern Europe, especially in Scandinavian countries, and among people of African descent, and that increased awareness of the disease and better diagnostic tools might play a role in apparently higher rates of incidence.

• #27 Pernicious Anaemia and B12 Deficiency | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/pernicious-anaemia-and-b12-deficiency

  How common is pernicious anaemia? (Epidemiology)1 […] The prevalence of pernicious anaemia varies geographically but overall has been estimated at 0.1% in the general population and 1.9% in those aged 60 years and over. […] Adult pernicious anaemia (the most common cause of B12 deficiency and megaloblastic anaemia) occurs most commonly in people aged 40-70 years, with a mean age of onset of 60 years among white people. In black people the mean age is 50 years, with a bimodal distribution due to an increased occurrence in young black females. […] Pernicious anaemia accounts for 80% of cases of megaloblastic anaemia due to impaired absorption of vitamin B12. […] Pernicious anaemia affects more women than men, with a ratio of 1.6:1, and a peak occurrence in those aged 60 years.

• #28 Pernicious Anaemia and B12 Deficiency | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/pernicious-anaemia-and-b12-deficiency

  How common is pernicious anaemia? (Epidemiology)1 […] The prevalence of pernicious anaemia varies geographically but overall has been estimated at 0.1% in the general population and 1.9% in those aged 60 years and over. […] Adult pernicious anaemia (the most common cause of B12 deficiency and megaloblastic anaemia) occurs most commonly in people aged 40-70 years, with a mean age of onset of 60 years among white people. In black people the mean age is 50 years, with a bimodal distribution due to an increased occurrence in young black females. […] Pernicious anaemia accounts for 80% of cases of megaloblastic anaemia due to impaired absorption of vitamin B12. […] Pernicious anaemia affects more women than men, with a ratio of 1.6:1, and a peak occurrence in those aged 60 years.

• #29 Pernicious anemia – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pernicious_anemia

  Pernicious anemia is the most common cause of clinically evident vitamin B12 deficiency worldwide. […] Pernicious anemia due to autoimmune problems occurs in about one per 1000 people in the US. Among those over the age of 60, about 2% have the condition. […] PA is estimated to affect 0.1% of the general population and 1.9% of those over 60, accounting for 2050% of B12 deficiency in adults. […] A review of literature shows that the prevalence of PA is higher in Northern Europe, especially in Scandinavian countries, and among people of African descent, and that increased awareness of the disease and better diagnostic tools might play a role in apparently higher rates of incidence.

• #30 Pernicious anemia – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pernicious_anemia

  Pernicious anemia is the most common cause of clinically evident vitamin B12 deficiency worldwide. […] Pernicious anemia due to autoimmune problems occurs in about one per 1000 people in the US. Among those over the age of 60, about 2% have the condition. […] PA is estimated to affect 0.1% of the general population and 1.9% of those over 60, accounting for 2050% of B12 deficiency in adults. […] A review of literature shows that the prevalence of PA is higher in Northern Europe, especially in Scandinavian countries, and among people of African descent, and that increased awareness of the disease and better diagnostic tools might play a role in apparently higher rates of incidence.

• #31 Pernicious anemia – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pernicious_anemia

  Pernicious anemia is the most common cause of clinically evident vitamin B12 deficiency worldwide. […] Pernicious anemia due to autoimmune problems occurs in about one per 1000 people in the US. Among those over the age of 60, about 2% have the condition. […] PA is estimated to affect 0.1% of the general population and 1.9% of those over 60, accounting for 2050% of B12 deficiency in adults. […] A review of literature shows that the prevalence of PA is higher in Northern Europe, especially in Scandinavian countries, and among people of African descent, and that increased awareness of the disease and better diagnostic tools might play a role in apparently higher rates of incidence.

• #32 Vitamin B12 Deficiency – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441923/

  Epidemiology of vitamin B12 deficiency varies based on the etiology. In the general population, some studies have shown that among patients with anemia, approximately 1% to 2% is due to B12 deficiency. Other studies have shown that among patients with clinical macrocytosis (defined as a mean corpuscular volume, MCV, 100), 18% to 20% were due to B12 deficiency. Vitamin B12 deficiency is more common in older patients, regardless of the cause. B12 deficiency due to pernicious anemia is more common in people of Northern European ancestry. The incidence of pernicious anemia is lower in people of African descent or people from other areas of Europe.

• #33 Vitamin B12 Deficiency – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441923/

  Epidemiology of vitamin B12 deficiency varies based on the etiology. In the general population, some studies have shown that among patients with anemia, approximately 1% to 2% is due to B12 deficiency. Other studies have shown that among patients with clinical macrocytosis (defined as a mean corpuscular volume, MCV, 100), 18% to 20% were due to B12 deficiency. Vitamin B12 deficiency is more common in older patients, regardless of the cause. B12 deficiency due to pernicious anemia is more common in people of Northern European ancestry. The incidence of pernicious anemia is lower in people of African descent or people from other areas of Europe.

• #34 Epidemiology of Vitamin B12 Deficiency | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/50982

  Although it is thought that vitamin B12 deficiency is rarely seen except in strict vegetarians, it is, in fact, commonly seen in all vegetarian groups (lactovegetarians, ovovegetarians, lactoovovegetarians, and vegans), as well as among the elderly and for reasons related to medicine and drug use. […] The prevalence of vitamin B12 deficiency was reported to be very high over the last decade that is why national programs have been established to prevent it. […] Consequently, vitamin B12 deficiency has been found to be very common in specific groups of the population, and there is a high risk of vitamin B12 deficiency as far as vegetarians, infants, pregnant and breastfeeding mothers, and the elderly are concerned.

• #35 Epidemiology of Vitamin B12 Deficiency | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/50982

  Vitamin B12 deficiency is one of the most frequent vitamin deficiencies worldwide. […] This deficiency is a highly important public health issue because of its serious complications if it is not detected and treated appropriately, although its treatment is very simple. […] Epidemiological studies in this field are, therefore, of great value. […] Vitamin B12 deficiency is still a public health problem in these regions. […] The main reasons for vitamin B12 deficiency are nutritional deficiencies that affect large sectors of the population including vegetarians and their children who are affected during and after pregnancy, the elderly, frequent drug users as well as nutritional deficiency linked to low socioeconomic level. […] Vitamin B12 deficiency among vegetarians was found to be between 21 and 85% regardless of age, address, type of vegetarianism, and demographics of the individuals concerned.

• #36 Vitamin B12 Deficiency | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2003/0301/p979.html

  Vitamin B12 deficiency is a common cause of macrocytic anemia and has been implicated in a spectrum of neuropsychiatric disorders. […] The true prevalence of vitamin B12 deficiency in the general population is unknown. The incidence, however, appears to increase with age. In one study, 15 percent of adults older than 65 years had laboratory evidence of vitamin B12 deficiency. […] Vitamin B12 deficiency is associated with hematologic, neurologic, and psychiatric manifestations. It is a common cause of macrocytic (megaloblastic) anemia and, in advanced cases, pancytopenia. […] The classic disorder of malabsorption is pernicious anemia, an autoimmune disease that affects the gastric parietal cells. […] The widespread and prolonged use of histamine H2-receptor blockers and proton pump inhibitors for ulcer disease also may cause impaired breakdown of vitamin B12 from food, causing malabsorption and eventual depletion of B12 stores.

• #37 Epidemiology of Vitamin B12 Deficiency | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/50982

  Although it is thought that vitamin B12 deficiency is rarely seen except in strict vegetarians, it is, in fact, commonly seen in all vegetarian groups (lactovegetarians, ovovegetarians, lactoovovegetarians, and vegans), as well as among the elderly and for reasons related to medicine and drug use. […] The prevalence of vitamin B12 deficiency was reported to be very high over the last decade that is why national programs have been established to prevent it. […] Consequently, vitamin B12 deficiency has been found to be very common in specific groups of the population, and there is a high risk of vitamin B12 deficiency as far as vegetarians, infants, pregnant and breastfeeding mothers, and the elderly are concerned.

• #38 Epidemiology of Vitamin B12 Deficiency | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/50982

  Although it is thought that vitamin B12 deficiency is rarely seen except in strict vegetarians, it is, in fact, commonly seen in all vegetarian groups (lactovegetarians, ovovegetarians, lactoovovegetarians, and vegans), as well as among the elderly and for reasons related to medicine and drug use. […] The prevalence of vitamin B12 deficiency was reported to be very high over the last decade that is why national programs have been established to prevent it. […] Consequently, vitamin B12 deficiency has been found to be very common in specific groups of the population, and there is a high risk of vitamin B12 deficiency as far as vegetarians, infants, pregnant and breastfeeding mothers, and the elderly are concerned.

• #39 Vitamin B12-Associated Neurological Diseases: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1152670-overview

  Patients with diabetes One study noted a 22% prevalence of vitamin B12 deficiency in patients with diabetes mellitus type 2. […] Multifactorial abnormalities of vitamin B12 metabolism and absorption occur in HIV infection. […] PA prevalence may be higher in White people and lower in Hispanic and Black people. […] No known relationship exists between neurologic symptoms and race. […] Studies in Africa and the United States have shown higher vitamin B12 and transcobalamin II levels in black than in white individuals. […] Additionally, blacks have lower homocysteine levels and metabolize it more efficiently than whites. […] In Europe and Africa, the prevalence of PA is higher in elderly women than men (1.5:1), while in the United States no differences exist. […] Men have higher homocysteine levels at all ages. […] PA occurs in people of all ages, but it is more common in people older than 40-70 years and, in particular, in people older than 65 years.

• #40 Vitamin B12 Deficiency

  https://mobile.fpnotebook.com/HemeOnc/Anemia/VtmnBDfcncy.htm

  Prevalence […] U.S.: 6% in patients under age 60 years (20% in those over age 60 years) […] Latin America: 40% […] Kenya: 70% […] East India: 70-80% […] […] […] Vitamin B12 Deficiency is preceded by Iron Deficiency by 20 years, and asymptomatic Gastritis by 30 years […] […] […] Elderly with atrophic Gastritis (10-30% over age 60 years) […] […] […] Inadequate Vitamin B12 intake […] […] […] Consider B12 supplementation in longterm Metformin or Antacid use

• #41 Epidemiology of Vitamin B12 Deficiency | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/50982

  Vitamin B12 deficiency is one of the most frequent vitamin deficiencies worldwide. […] This deficiency is a highly important public health issue because of its serious complications if it is not detected and treated appropriately, although its treatment is very simple. […] Epidemiological studies in this field are, therefore, of great value. […] Vitamin B12 deficiency is still a public health problem in these regions. […] The main reasons for vitamin B12 deficiency are nutritional deficiencies that affect large sectors of the population including vegetarians and their children who are affected during and after pregnancy, the elderly, frequent drug users as well as nutritional deficiency linked to low socioeconomic level. […] Vitamin B12 deficiency among vegetarians was found to be between 21 and 85% regardless of age, address, type of vegetarianism, and demographics of the individuals concerned.

• #42 Vitamin B12-Associated Neurological Diseases: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1152670-overview

  The prevalence of vitamin B12 deficiency is difficult to ascertain because of diverse etiologies and different assays (ie, radioassay or chemiluminescence). According to reports, approximately 1.5% to 15% of people have vitamin B12 deficiency. […] Most people in the United States consume adequate amounts of vitamin B12. Data from the 2017-2020 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) survey show average daily intakes of 5.84 mcg for men and 3.69 mcg for women aged 20 and older, with only 5% of men and 11% of women consuming less than the Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) of 2 mcg. […] However, those at higher risk of deficiency include individuals with low socioeconomic status, women, and non-Hispanic Blacks. […] Approximately 24% of men and 29% of women report using B12 supplements, with higher usage seen in children and adolescents, especially among younger age groups.

• #43 Pernicious Anaemia and B12 Deficiency | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/pernicious-anaemia-and-b12-deficiency

  How common is pernicious anaemia? (Epidemiology)1 […] The prevalence of pernicious anaemia varies geographically but overall has been estimated at 0.1% in the general population and 1.9% in those aged 60 years and over. […] Adult pernicious anaemia (the most common cause of B12 deficiency and megaloblastic anaemia) occurs most commonly in people aged 40-70 years, with a mean age of onset of 60 years among white people. In black people the mean age is 50 years, with a bimodal distribution due to an increased occurrence in young black females. […] Pernicious anaemia accounts for 80% of cases of megaloblastic anaemia due to impaired absorption of vitamin B12. […] Pernicious anaemia affects more women than men, with a ratio of 1.6:1, and a peak occurrence in those aged 60 years.

• #44 Pernicious Anaemia and B12 Deficiency | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/pernicious-anaemia-and-b12-deficiency

  How common is pernicious anaemia? (Epidemiology)1 […] The prevalence of pernicious anaemia varies geographically but overall has been estimated at 0.1% in the general population and 1.9% in those aged 60 years and over. […] Adult pernicious anaemia (the most common cause of B12 deficiency and megaloblastic anaemia) occurs most commonly in people aged 40-70 years, with a mean age of onset of 60 years among white people. In black people the mean age is 50 years, with a bimodal distribution due to an increased occurrence in young black females. […] Pernicious anaemia accounts for 80% of cases of megaloblastic anaemia due to impaired absorption of vitamin B12. […] Pernicious anaemia affects more women than men, with a ratio of 1.6:1, and a peak occurrence in those aged 60 years.

• #45 Pernicious Anaemia and B12 Deficiency | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/pernicious-anaemia-and-b12-deficiency

  How common is pernicious anaemia? (Epidemiology)1 […] The prevalence of pernicious anaemia varies geographically but overall has been estimated at 0.1% in the general population and 1.9% in those aged 60 years and over. […] Adult pernicious anaemia (the most common cause of B12 deficiency and megaloblastic anaemia) occurs most commonly in people aged 40-70 years, with a mean age of onset of 60 years among white people. In black people the mean age is 50 years, with a bimodal distribution due to an increased occurrence in young black females. […] Pernicious anaemia accounts for 80% of cases of megaloblastic anaemia due to impaired absorption of vitamin B12. […] Pernicious anaemia affects more women than men, with a ratio of 1.6:1, and a peak occurrence in those aged 60 years.

• #46 Vitamin B12-Associated Neurological Diseases: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1152670-overview

  Patients with diabetes One study noted a 22% prevalence of vitamin B12 deficiency in patients with diabetes mellitus type 2. […] Multifactorial abnormalities of vitamin B12 metabolism and absorption occur in HIV infection. […] PA prevalence may be higher in White people and lower in Hispanic and Black people. […] No known relationship exists between neurologic symptoms and race. […] Studies in Africa and the United States have shown higher vitamin B12 and transcobalamin II levels in black than in white individuals. […] Additionally, blacks have lower homocysteine levels and metabolize it more efficiently than whites. […] In Europe and Africa, the prevalence of PA is higher in elderly women than men (1.5:1), while in the United States no differences exist. […] Men have higher homocysteine levels at all ages. […] PA occurs in people of all ages, but it is more common in people older than 40-70 years and, in particular, in people older than 65 years.

• #47 The Epidemiology of Deficiency of Vitamin B12 in Preschool Children in Turkey

  https://www.mdpi.com/1648-9144/59/10/1809

  The Epidemiology of Deficiency of Vitamin B12 in Preschool Children in Turkey […] Vitamin B12 deficiency is an important health problem in Turkey as well as worldwide. Epidemiological studies emphasize that the rate of cobalamin deficiency varies between 5% and 60%. It has been stated that this change also shows a correlation with age. […] B12 deficiency was significantly higher in the 6–11 (25%)-month group than in the 12–23 (5.8%)- and 24–47 (2.8%)-month groups. Homocysteine levels were highest in those with insufficient B12 levels compared to the other groups. […] The results obtained in this study showed that low vitamin B12 and increased homocysteine levels seem to be important risk factors in preschool children, especially from the 6th month when they start consuming additional foods. The diagnosis of B12 deficiency can be confirmed by elevated serum total homocysteine levels, which are evidence of functional cobalamin deficiency.

• #48 The Epidemiology of Deficiency of Vitamin B12 in Preschool Children in Turkey

  https://www.mdpi.com/1648-9144/59/10/1809

  The Epidemiology of Deficiency of Vitamin B12 in Preschool Children in Turkey […] Vitamin B12 deficiency is an important health problem in Turkey as well as worldwide. Epidemiological studies emphasize that the rate of cobalamin deficiency varies between 5% and 60%. It has been stated that this change also shows a correlation with age. […] B12 deficiency was significantly higher in the 6–11 (25%)-month group than in the 12–23 (5.8%)- and 24–47 (2.8%)-month groups. Homocysteine levels were highest in those with insufficient B12 levels compared to the other groups. […] The results obtained in this study showed that low vitamin B12 and increased homocysteine levels seem to be important risk factors in preschool children, especially from the 6th month when they start consuming additional foods. The diagnosis of B12 deficiency can be confirmed by elevated serum total homocysteine levels, which are evidence of functional cobalamin deficiency.

• #49

  https://step1.medbullets.com/hematology/111009/folic-acid-deficiency

  most common vitamin deficiency in the US […] most common cause of megaloblastic anemia […] can manifest after 4 months (depleted storage from liver)

• #50

  https://step1.medbullets.com/hematology/111009/folic-acid-deficiency

  most common vitamin deficiency in the US […] most common cause of megaloblastic anemia […] can manifest after 4 months (depleted storage from liver)

• #51 Cobalamin (vitamin B12) and Folate Deficiency – Province of British Columbia

  https://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/health/practitioner-professional-resources/bc-guidelines/vitamin-b12

  A specific form of malabsorption, pernicious anemia, is caused by autoimmunity to intrinsic factor resulting in failure to absorb dietary B12. Other causes for malabsorption include Crohns disease, celiac disease, and medication interactions (e.g., proton pump inhibitor, metformin). […] Vitamin B12 deficiency may also be caused by diet (e.g., vegan diet, breastfed neonates born to B12 deficient mothers). […] There is currently no agreed upon reference standard for measuring B12, and all are susceptible to confounding factors. A lack of agreement around cut-off levels (i.e., thresholds) to diagnose deficiency adds another layer of difficulty in diagnosing deficiency, as these thresholds may differ. […] In rare cases, folate deficiency is associated with megaloblastic anemia and birth defects, especially neural tube defects, in children born to mothers with folate deficiency.

• #52 Vitamin deficiency anemia – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/vitamin-deficiency-anemia/symptoms-causes/syc-20355025

  Vitamin deficiency anemia is a lack of healthy red blood cells caused by lower than usual amounts of vitamin B-12 and folate. […] Vitamin deficiency anemia can occur if you don’t eat enough foods containing vitamin B-12 and folate, or if your body has trouble absorbing or processing these vitamins. […] Being deficient in vitamin B-12 or folate increases your risk of many health problems, including: […] A developing fetus that doesn’t get enough folate from its mother can develop birth defects of the brain and spinal cord. […] Untreated, vitamin B-12 deficiency can lead to neurological problems, such as persistent tingling in the hands and feet or problems with balance. It can lead to mental confusion and forgetfulness because vitamin B-12 is necessary for healthy brain function. […] You can prevent some forms of vitamin deficiency anemia by choosing a healthy diet that includes a variety of foods.

• #53 Vitamin syndromes

  https://neuromuscular.wustl.edu/nother/vitamin.htm

  Epidemiology […] Pregnancy Breast feeding: B6 […] Elderly Rural Asian: B9 (Folate); B12 (Cobolamin) […] Vegans: B2 (Riboflavin); B12 (Cobolamin) […] […] Infant beri-beri […] Epidemiology […] 3rd world […] Malnutrition […] Breast-feeding infants: Thiamine deficient Mothers […] […] Vitamin E deficiency: Epidemiology […] More Common: Children; North America (0.1%) Brazil […] Less common: Asia […] […] Folate deficiency: Neuropathy […] Epidemiology […] No causative relationship to neuropathy established […] May occur in setting of multiple vitamin deficiencies […] Rare in countries with folate supplemented foods […] Folate deficiency caused by […] Reduced intake or absorption […] Increased requirements: Pregnancy; Lactation […] Drugs: Antineoplastic, Antiepileptic, Oral contraceptive

• #54

  https://www.who.int/health-topics/anaemia

  Anaemia is a serious global public health problem that particularly affects young children, menstruating adolescent girls and women, and pregnant and postpartum women. WHO estimates that 40% of children 659 months of age, 37% of pregnant women, and 30% of women 1549 years of age worldwide are anaemic. […] Accurate characterization of anaemia is critical to understand the burden and epidemiology of this problem, for planning public health interventions, and for clinical care of people across the life course. […] WHO has guidance that covers all WHO Regions to help reduce the prevalence of anaemia through prevention and treatment. These guidelines aim to increase dietary diversity, improve infant feeding practices and improve the bioavailability and intake of micronutrients through fortification or supplementation with iron, folic acid and other vitamins and mineral.

• #55

  https://www.who.int/health-topics/anaemia

  Anaemia is a serious global public health problem that particularly affects young children, menstruating adolescent girls and women, and pregnant and postpartum women. WHO estimates that 40% of children 659 months of age, 37% of pregnant women, and 30% of women 1549 years of age worldwide are anaemic. […] Accurate characterization of anaemia is critical to understand the burden and epidemiology of this problem, for planning public health interventions, and for clinical care of people across the life course. […] WHO has guidance that covers all WHO Regions to help reduce the prevalence of anaemia through prevention and treatment. These guidelines aim to increase dietary diversity, improve infant feeding practices and improve the bioavailability and intake of micronutrients through fortification or supplementation with iron, folic acid and other vitamins and mineral.

• #56

  https://www.who.int/health-topics/anaemia

  Anaemia, as a public health issue, needs to be addressed from multiple perspectives and through multiple coordinated efforts, including multiple government sectors, nongovernmental organizations, United Nations agencies and the private sector each with specific and complementary roles to collectively achieve anaemia reduction and improve health and well-being.

• #57

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/anaemia

  Iron deficiency, primarily due to inadequate dietary iron intake, is considered the most common nutritional deficiency leading to anaemia. Deficiencies in vitamin A, folate, vitamin B12 and riboflavin can also result in anaemia due to their specific roles in the synthesis of haemoglobin and/or erythrocyte production. […] Anaemia reduction is included as one of six World Health Assembly Global Nutrition Targets within the Comprehensive implementation plan on maternal, infant and young child nutrition. Additionally, anaemia in women 1549 years of age is one of the targets for the United Nations 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.

• #58 :: JKMS :: Journal of Korean Medical Science

  https://jkms.org/DOIx.php?id=10.3346/jkms.2016.31.1.25

  Anemia, iron deficiency (ID), and iron deficiency anemia (IDA) are common disorders. […] The overall prevalence of anemia, ID and IDA was 12.4%, 23.11%, and 7.7%, respectively. […] ID and IDA were more prevalent among adolescents (aged 15-18 yr; 36.5% for ID; 10.7% for IDA) and women aged 19-49 yr (32.7% for ID; 11.3% for IDA). […] This study shows that the prevalence of anemia, ID, and IDA are relatively high in late adolescents and women of reproductive age. […] Anemia affects an enormous number of women. In this study, the overall prevalence of anemia, ID and IDA was 12.4%, 23.1%, and 7.7%, respectively. […] The prevalence of anemia, ID, and IDA did not change appreciably over the period 2010 to 2012, although increases in the prevalence of ID and IDA occurred in females aged 15 to 18 yr.

• #59 :: JKMS :: Journal of Korean Medical Science

  https://jkms.org/DOIx.php?id=10.3346/jkms.2016.31.1.25

  Despite progress in nation-wide survey over the past decade, anemia remains a significant public health problem in Korea, which begs the question, 'Why has the prevalence of anemia and IDA not decreased?’ […] Strong advocacy is required to reduce the incidences of anemia and IDA. […] This is the first study to be conducted on simultaneous associations between IDA and blood cadmium and vitamin D levels in a large population of females aged 10 yr. […] Our findings indicate that systematic health surveillance systems including educational campaigns and well-balanced nutrition are needed to control anemia, ID, and IDA.

• #60 Prevalence of anaemia, iron, and vitamin deficiencies in the health system in the Republic of Ireland: a retrospective cohort study | BJGP Open

  https://bjgpopen.org/content/8/2/BJGPO.2023.0126

  The overall prevalence of anaemia was 12.0% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 11.8% to 12.2%) and was higher in women than men (13.2% versus 10.5%, P0.001). […] The proportion screened for iron, vitamin B12, and folate deficiency was determined within a 3-month follow-up period and the corresponding prevalence for each deficiency determined. […] Screening for deficiencies of iron, B12, and folate was generally low, with limited testing for serum ferritin (33.7%), TSAT and serum iron (11.2% each), and vitamin B12 and folate levels (19.8% and 17.6%, respectively) with CRP measurements available for 21.0% of patients with anaemia. […] The prevalence of absolute iron deficiency (AID) was 37.0% and the prevalence of functional iron deficiency (FID) was 26.4%. […] This study has underscored the high burden of anaemia in the health system, particularly among high-risk groups, and has highlighted the low rates of screening for underlying treatable causes. […] The low screening frequency for treatable causes of anaemia, such as vitamin B12, folate, and iron deficiencies, highlights an important gap in care delivery and the need for quality improvement.

• #61 Prevalence of anaemia, iron, and vitamin deficiencies in the health system in the Republic of Ireland: a retrospective cohort study | BJGP Open

  https://bjgpopen.org/content/8/2/BJGPO.2023.0126

  The overall prevalence of anaemia was 12.0% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 11.8% to 12.2%) and was higher in women than men (13.2% versus 10.5%, P0.001). […] The proportion screened for iron, vitamin B12, and folate deficiency was determined within a 3-month follow-up period and the corresponding prevalence for each deficiency determined. […] Screening for deficiencies of iron, B12, and folate was generally low, with limited testing for serum ferritin (33.7%), TSAT and serum iron (11.2% each), and vitamin B12 and folate levels (19.8% and 17.6%, respectively) with CRP measurements available for 21.0% of patients with anaemia. […] The prevalence of absolute iron deficiency (AID) was 37.0% and the prevalence of functional iron deficiency (FID) was 26.4%. […] This study has underscored the high burden of anaemia in the health system, particularly among high-risk groups, and has highlighted the low rates of screening for underlying treatable causes. […] The low screening frequency for treatable causes of anaemia, such as vitamin B12, folate, and iron deficiencies, highlights an important gap in care delivery and the need for quality improvement.

• #62 The Epidemiology of Deficiency of Vitamin B12 in Preschool Children in Turkey

  https://www.mdpi.com/1648-9144/59/10/1809

  Vitamin B12 deficiency and increased homocysteine levels should be considered in patients with neurological complaints, even if hematological findings are normal. In newborn babies, the assessment of vitamin B12 levels should be performed as a screening test; if it cannot be performed, at least one dose of vitamin B12 should be administered intramuscularly.

• #63 Vitamin B12 deficiency – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_B12_deficiency

  Vitamin B12 deficiency is common and occurs worldwide. In the US and UK, around 6 percent of the general population have the deficiency; in those over the age of sixty, around 20 percent are deficient. In under-developed countries, the rates are even higher: across Latin America 40 percent are deficient; in some parts of Africa, 70 percent; and in some parts of India, 70 to 80 percent. […] According to the World Health Organization (WHO), vitamin B12 deficiency may be considered a global public health problem affecting millions of individuals. However, the incidence and prevalence of vitamin B12 deficiency worldwide is unknown due to the limited population-based data available. […] Developed countries such as the United States, Germany and the United Kingdom have relatively constant mean vitamin B12 concentrations. The data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) reported the prevalence of serum vitamin B12 concentrations in the United States population between 1999 and 2002.

• #64 Vitamin B12 deficiency – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_B12_deficiency

  Furthermore, 14-16% of adults and 20% of elderly individuals showed evidence of marginal vitamin B12 depletion (serum vitamin B12: 148-221 pmol/L). […] Few studies have reported vitamin B12 status on a national level in non-Western countries. Of these reported studies, vitamin B12 deficiency was prevalent among school-aged children in Venezuela (11.4%), children aged 16 years in Mexico (7.7%), women of reproductive age in Vietnam (11.7%), pregnant women in Venezuela (61.34%) and in the elderly population (65 years) in New Zealand (12%). […] Currently, there are no nationally representative surveys for any African or South Asian countries. However, the very few surveys which have investigated vitamin B12 deficiency in these countries have been based on local or district level data.

• #65 Addressing the Gaps in the Vitamin B12 Deficiency 2024 NICE Guidelines: Highlighting the Need for Better Recognition, Diagnosis, and Management of Pernicious Anaemia | European Journal of Clinical Nutrition

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41430-025-01583-4

  The 2024 NICE guidelines on vitamin B12 deficiency have significant implications for the diagnosis and management of pernicious anaemia (PA), the commonest non-dietary cause of such deficiency. […] PA remains largely under-researched in clinical practice, contributing to gaps in diagnosis, management, and patient care. […] The 2024 National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) guidelines on B12 deficiency raise important questions about PA, particularly regarding its nomenclature, diagnostic criteria, and appropriate follow-up care. […] Given how NICE guidelines are used in practice, we find that the guidelines lack specific advice on the clinical scenarios in which practitioners should suspect AIG and PA. […] The guidelines acknowledge that a negative IF-Ab test does not rule out AIG or PA, and they suggest additional investigations when clinical suspicion remains.

• #66 Addressing the Gaps in the Vitamin B12 Deficiency 2024 NICE Guidelines: Highlighting the Need for Better Recognition, Diagnosis, and Management of Pernicious Anaemia | European Journal of Clinical Nutrition

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41430-025-01583-4

  The 2024 NICE guidelines on vitamin B12 deficiency have significant implications for the diagnosis and management of pernicious anaemia (PA), the commonest non-dietary cause of such deficiency. […] PA remains largely under-researched in clinical practice, contributing to gaps in diagnosis, management, and patient care. […] The 2024 National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) guidelines on B12 deficiency raise important questions about PA, particularly regarding its nomenclature, diagnostic criteria, and appropriate follow-up care. […] Given how NICE guidelines are used in practice, we find that the guidelines lack specific advice on the clinical scenarios in which practitioners should suspect AIG and PA. […] The guidelines acknowledge that a negative IF-Ab test does not rule out AIG or PA, and they suggest additional investigations when clinical suspicion remains.

• #67 Addressing the Gaps in the Vitamin B12 Deficiency 2024 NICE Guidelines: Highlighting the Need for Better Recognition, Diagnosis, and Management of Pernicious Anaemia | European Journal of Clinical Nutrition

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41430-025-01583-4

  The guidelines highlight key research recommendations aligning with the recent James Lind Alliance priority-setting partnership priorities. […] Follow-up care is negligible for UK PA/AIG patients, with no regular reviews of treatment efficacy, symptom/disease progression, and concomitant disease risk assessment. […] The publication of the 2024 NICE guidelines on B12 deficiency represents progress but falls short by proposing to rename pernicious anaemia with autoimmune gastritis. […] The guidelines currently lack detailed protocols for diagnosing PA, especially in patients without typical gastrointestinal symptoms, and rely on tests with limited sensitivity and specificity.

• #68

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/anaemia

  Anemia is major public health concern, mainly affecting young children, pregnant and postpartum women, and menstruating adolescent girls and women. […] Low- and lower-middle income countries bear the greatest burden of anaemia, particularly affecting populations living in rural settings, in poorer households and who have received no formal education. […] Globally, it is estimated that 40% of all children aged 659 months, 37% of pregnant women and 30% of women 1549 years of age are affected by anaemia. […] Anaemia is estimated to affect half a billion women 1549 years of age and 269 million children 659 months of age worldwide. In 2019, 30% (539 million) of non-pregnant women and 37% (32 million) of pregnant women aged 1549 years were affected by anaemia. […] The WHO Regions of Africa and South-East Asia are most affected with an estimated 106 million women and 103 million children affected by anaemia in Africa and 244 million women and 83 million children affected in South-East Asia.

• #69

  https://www.who.int/health-topics/anaemia

  Anaemia is a serious global public health problem that particularly affects young children, menstruating adolescent girls and women, and pregnant and postpartum women. WHO estimates that 40% of children 659 months of age, 37% of pregnant women, and 30% of women 1549 years of age worldwide are anaemic. […] Accurate characterization of anaemia is critical to understand the burden and epidemiology of this problem, for planning public health interventions, and for clinical care of people across the life course. […] WHO has guidance that covers all WHO Regions to help reduce the prevalence of anaemia through prevention and treatment. These guidelines aim to increase dietary diversity, improve infant feeding practices and improve the bioavailability and intake of micronutrients through fortification or supplementation with iron, folic acid and other vitamins and mineral.

• #70

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/anaemia

  Anemia is major public health concern, mainly affecting young children, pregnant and postpartum women, and menstruating adolescent girls and women. […] Low- and lower-middle income countries bear the greatest burden of anaemia, particularly affecting populations living in rural settings, in poorer households and who have received no formal education. […] Globally, it is estimated that 40% of all children aged 659 months, 37% of pregnant women and 30% of women 1549 years of age are affected by anaemia. […] Anaemia is estimated to affect half a billion women 1549 years of age and 269 million children 659 months of age worldwide. In 2019, 30% (539 million) of non-pregnant women and 37% (32 million) of pregnant women aged 1549 years were affected by anaemia. […] The WHO Regions of Africa and South-East Asia are most affected with an estimated 106 million women and 103 million children affected by anaemia in Africa and 244 million women and 83 million children affected in South-East Asia.

• #71 Vitamin B12 deficiency – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_B12_deficiency

  Vitamin B12 deficiency is common and occurs worldwide. In the US and UK, around 6 percent of the general population have the deficiency; in those over the age of sixty, around 20 percent are deficient. In under-developed countries, the rates are even higher: across Latin America 40 percent are deficient; in some parts of Africa, 70 percent; and in some parts of India, 70 to 80 percent. […] According to the World Health Organization (WHO), vitamin B12 deficiency may be considered a global public health problem affecting millions of individuals. However, the incidence and prevalence of vitamin B12 deficiency worldwide is unknown due to the limited population-based data available. […] Developed countries such as the United States, Germany and the United Kingdom have relatively constant mean vitamin B12 concentrations. The data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) reported the prevalence of serum vitamin B12 concentrations in the United States population between 1999 and 2002.

• #72 Epidemiology of Vitamin B12 Deficiency | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/50982

  Although it is thought that vitamin B12 deficiency is rarely seen except in strict vegetarians, it is, in fact, commonly seen in all vegetarian groups (lactovegetarians, ovovegetarians, lactoovovegetarians, and vegans), as well as among the elderly and for reasons related to medicine and drug use. […] The prevalence of vitamin B12 deficiency was reported to be very high over the last decade that is why national programs have been established to prevent it. […] Consequently, vitamin B12 deficiency has been found to be very common in specific groups of the population, and there is a high risk of vitamin B12 deficiency as far as vegetarians, infants, pregnant and breastfeeding mothers, and the elderly are concerned.

• #73 Vitamin B12-Associated Neurological Diseases: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1152670-overview

  Patients with diabetes One study noted a 22% prevalence of vitamin B12 deficiency in patients with diabetes mellitus type 2. […] Multifactorial abnormalities of vitamin B12 metabolism and absorption occur in HIV infection. […] PA prevalence may be higher in White people and lower in Hispanic and Black people. […] No known relationship exists between neurologic symptoms and race. […] Studies in Africa and the United States have shown higher vitamin B12 and transcobalamin II levels in black than in white individuals. […] Additionally, blacks have lower homocysteine levels and metabolize it more efficiently than whites. […] In Europe and Africa, the prevalence of PA is higher in elderly women than men (1.5:1), while in the United States no differences exist. […] Men have higher homocysteine levels at all ages. […] PA occurs in people of all ages, but it is more common in people older than 40-70 years and, in particular, in people older than 65 years.

• #74 Vitamin and mineral deficiencies in inflammatory bowel disease – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/vitamin-and-mineral-deficiencies-in-inflammatory-bowel-disease

  Individuals with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and particularly those with Crohn disease, are at risk for a variety of nutritional deficiencies because of decreased nutrient intake, malabsorption, increased energy expenditure, and/or increased losses. The most common deficiencies are iron, vitamin D, vitamin B12, and zinc (table 1). Some of these micronutrient deficiencies are more prominent at disease diagnosis, while other deficiencies persist or even worsen during treatment. […] Similar mechanisms contribute to vitamin and mineral deficiencies in IBD. In addition, the activity and location of a patient’s intestinal disease determines their risk for specific micronutrient deficiencies because some nutrients are digested and absorbed in specific segments of the gastrointestinal tract. […] Vitamin and mineral deficiencies in adults and children with IBD will be reviewed here.

• #75

  https://www.who.int/health-topics/anaemia

  Anaemia is a serious global public health problem that particularly affects young children, menstruating adolescent girls and women, and pregnant and postpartum women. WHO estimates that 40% of children 659 months of age, 37% of pregnant women, and 30% of women 1549 years of age worldwide are anaemic. […] Accurate characterization of anaemia is critical to understand the burden and epidemiology of this problem, for planning public health interventions, and for clinical care of people across the life course. […] WHO has guidance that covers all WHO Regions to help reduce the prevalence of anaemia through prevention and treatment. These guidelines aim to increase dietary diversity, improve infant feeding practices and improve the bioavailability and intake of micronutrients through fortification or supplementation with iron, folic acid and other vitamins and mineral.

• #76 :: JKMS :: Journal of Korean Medical Science

  https://jkms.org/DOIx.php?id=10.3346/jkms.2016.31.1.25

  Despite progress in nation-wide survey over the past decade, anemia remains a significant public health problem in Korea, which begs the question, 'Why has the prevalence of anemia and IDA not decreased?’ […] Strong advocacy is required to reduce the incidences of anemia and IDA. […] This is the first study to be conducted on simultaneous associations between IDA and blood cadmium and vitamin D levels in a large population of females aged 10 yr. […] Our findings indicate that systematic health surveillance systems including educational campaigns and well-balanced nutrition are needed to control anemia, ID, and IDA.

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