Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Jaundice – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK544252/

  The prevalence of jaundice differs among patient populations; newborns and elderly more commonly present with the disease. […] The causes of jaundice also vary with age, as mentioned above. Around 20 percent of term babies are found with jaundice in the first week of life, primarily due to immature hepatic conjugation process. […] Hepatitis A was found to be the most afflicting cause of jaundice among children. […] Men have an increased prevalence of alcoholic and non-alcoholic cirrhosis, chronic hepatitis B, malignancy of pancreas, or sclerosing cholangitis. […] In contrast, women demonstrate higher rates of gallbladder stones, primary biliary cirrhosis, and gallbladder cancer. […] Kernicterus or Bilirubin-induced neurologic dysfunction (BIND), a complication of severe jaundice is a very rare cause of death in neonates with a death rate of 0.28 deaths per one million live births.

• #1 Jaundice – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaundice

  Jaundice in adults is rare. Under the five year DISCOVERY programme in the UK, annual incidence of jaundice was 0.74 per 1000 individuals over age 45, although this rate may be slightly inflated due to the main goal of the programme collecting and analyzing cancer data in the population. Jaundice is commonly associated with severity of disease with an incidence of up to 40% of patients requiring intensive care in ICU experiencing jaundice. The causes of jaundice in the intensive care setting is both due to jaundice as the primary reason for ICU stay or as a morbidity to an underlying disease (i.e. sepsis). […] In the developed world, the most common causes of jaundice are blockage of the bile duct or medication-induced. In the developing world, the most common cause of jaundice is infectious such as viral hepatitis, leptospirosis, schistosomiasis, or malaria.

• #1 Narrative review of the epidemiology of neonatal jaundice – Hansen – Pediatric Medicine

  https://pm.amegroups.org/article/view/6073/html

  Neonatal jaundice (NJ) is one of the most common causes for medical intervention in the newborn period. […] Thus, jaundice in the newborn has a reported incidence between 60% to more than 90%. […] An increased incidence is seen in infants of Southeast Asian mothers, while African infants have a lower incidence unless they suffer from G-6-PD-deficiency. […] Extreme NJ, associated with risk of kernicterus spectrum syndrome, has an estimated worldwide incidence of 99/100,000 or more, thus affecting 130,000 or more infants each year and calling for increased vigilance and preparedness for rapid therapeutic intervention. […] The majority of newborn infants are judged to have NJ at some point during their first days of life, but the reported data for occurrence vary from 60% to nearly 100%, and are often not comparable because methods and criteria vary between studies.

• #1 Neonatal Jaundice

  https://patient.info/doctor/neonatal-jaundice-pro

  Approximately 60% of term and 80% of preterm babies develop jaundice in the first week of life; about 10% of breastfed babies are still jaundiced at 1 month of age. […] The risk of developing significant neonatal jaundice is increased in: Low birth weight: premature and small for dates. […] Jaundice presenting in the first 24 hours of life is more likely to have a serious underlying cause such as infection, haemolytic disease or metabolic disorder. Any baby presenting with jaundice in the first 24 hours of life should therefore be seen urgently for assessment in hospital.

• #1 Neonatal Jaundice: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/974786-overview

  An estimated 50% of term and 80% of preterm infants develop jaundice, typically 2-4 days after birth. […] Neonatal hyperbilirubinemia is extremely common, because almost every newborn develops an unconjugated serum bilirubin level of more than 30 mol/L (1.8 mg/dL) during the first week of life. […] Incidence figures are difficult to compare because authors of different studies do not use the same definitions for significant neonatal hyperbilirubinemia or jaundice. […] The international incidence varies with ethnicity and geography. […] There is a higher incidence in East Asians and American Indians and a lower one in Africans. […] Greeks living in Greece have a higher incidence than those of Greek descent living outside of Greece. […] There is also a higher incidence in populations living at high altitudes.

• #1 Jaundice epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Jaundice_epidemiology_and_demographics

  The incidence of jaundice is approximately 40,000 per 100,000 individuals of intensive care unit patients. […] Neonatal jaundice is more common among Asian and mixed Asian/white infants than white infants. […] Hepatocellular jaundice mainly from viral hepatitis commonly affects young patients. […] Cholestatic jaundice mainly from liver cancer, hepatitis, and liver cirrhosis commonly affects older patients. […] Male are more commonly affected by hepatocellular jaundice and liver cancer than female. […] Female are more commonly affected by hemolytic jaundice mainly from cholangiocarcinoma than male. […] The prevalence of cirrhosis is higher in areas with high illiteracy rates. […] Chronic and heavy alcohol use is responsible for more than half of the cases of cirrhosis in the United States.

• #1 Neonatal Jaundice – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK532930/

  Unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia is frequently encountered in the neonatal period. About 80% of term and preterm newborns will present with clinical jaundice with a TSB 5 mg/dL. However, only approximately 10% of neonates require phototherapy. Physiologic jaundice is the most frequent cause of clinical jaundice after the first day of life, estimated to account for 50% of cases. Approximately 15% of breastfed infants will develop physiologic UHB lasting 3 weeks. […] Only a minority of jaundiced newborns have pathologic hyperbilirubinemia. Severe hyperbilirubinemia, commonly defined as a TSB25 mg/dL, occurs in approximately 1 out of 2500 live births. Among these, ABO incompatibility, followed by G6PD deficiency, is the most frequently identified cause. Newborns with Southeast and East Asian ancestry have higher recorded TSB levels than Black or White infants. Neonatal jaundice also appears more common in infants living at high altitudes and around the Mediterranean Sea, especially in Greece.

• #1 Neonatal Jaundice: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/974786-overview

  In some LMICs, the incidence of severe neonatal jaundice may be as much as 100 times higher than that in higher-income countries. […] Studies seem to suggest that some of the ethnic variability in the incidence and severity of neonatal jaundice may be related to differences in the distribution of the genetic variants in bilirubin metabolism, previously discussed above. […] The incidence of neonatal jaundice is increased in infants of East Asian, American Indian, and Greek descent, although the latter appears to apply only to infants born in Greece and thus may be environmental rather than ethnic in origin. […] For this reason, significant jaundice in an African infant merits a closer evaluation of possible causes, including G6PD deficiency. […] Male infants are at higher risk of developing significant neonatal jaundice. […] The risk of significant neonatal jaundice is inversely proportional to gestational age.

• #1 The epidemiology of neonatal jaundice.

  https://www.duo.uio.no/handle/10852/90448?show=full

  The epidemiology of neonatal jaundice. Neonatal jaundice (NJ) is one of the most common causes for medical intervention in the newborn period. Thus, jaundice in the newborn has a reported incidence between 60% to more than 90%. A family history of NJ increases the likelihood of jaundice in the present newborn, and is one of several examples of genetic conditions that contribute. An increased incidence is seen in infants of Southeast Asian mothers, while African infants have a lower incidence unless they suffer from G-6-PD-deficiency. Preterm infants have immature bilirubin metabolism and a higher incidence of jaundice. Extreme NJ, associated with risk of kernicterus spectrum syndrome, has an estimated worldwide incidence of 99/100,000 or more, thus affecting 130,000 or more infants each year and calling for increased vigilance and preparedness for rapid therapeutic intervention.

• #1 Breast Milk Jaundice: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/973629-overview

  Jaundice occurs in 50-70% of newborns. Excess physiologic jaundice (bilirubin level 12 mg/dL) develops in 4% of bottle-fed newborns, compared to 14% of breastfed newborns. Exaggerated physiologic jaundice (bilirubin level 15 mg/dL) occurs in 0.3% of bottle-fed newborns, compared to 2% of breastfed newborns. A strong familial predisposition is also suggested by the recurrence of breast milk jaundice in siblings. In the exclusively breast fed infant, the incidence during the first 2-3 weeks has been reported to be 20-30%, although a more recent review indicates about 2-4% of exclusively breastfed infants have jaundice with bilirubin levels above 10 mg/dL in week 3 of life. […] The international frequency of breast milk jaundice is not extensively reported but is thought to be similar to that in the United States.

• #1 Breast Milk Jaundice: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/973629-overview

  Whether racial differences are observed in breast milk jaundice is unclear, although an increased prevalence of physiologic jaundice is observed in babies of Chinese, Japanese, Korean, and Native American descent. No sex predilection is known. Breast milk jaundice manifests after the first 4-7 days of life and can persist for 3-12 weeks.

• #1 Neonatal Jaundice – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK532930/

  Acute bilirubin encephalopathy occurs at a rate of approximately 1 in 10,000 live births, and the incidence of chronic bilirubin encephalopathy is comparitively lower, estimated at 1 in 50,000 to 100,000 live births. However, developing nations report higher rates of kernicterus, a permanent neurologic condition. […] Conjugated hyperbilirubinemia is much less common than UHB, with an incidence of around 1 in 2500 term infants. The most frequently identified cause of cholestatic jaundice in the neonatal period is biliary atresia, accounting for an estimated 25% to 40% of all cases, followed by infections and PN-induced cholestasis. Approximately 60% to 70% of patients with BA will require liver transplantation in childhood, remaining the most common indication for a pediatric liver transplant.

• #1 Prospective surveillance study of severe hyperbilirubinaemia in the newborn in the UK and Ireland

  https://www.periodicos.capes.gov.br/index.php/acervo/buscador.html?task=detalhes&id=W2115666495

  Objectives: To determine the incidence of severe hyperbilirubinaemia in the newborn, and to identify associated clinical and demographic variables, and short-term outcomes. […] The UK incidence of severe hyperbilirubinaemia was 7.1/100 000 live births (95% CI 5.8 to 8.6). […] The UK incidence of bilirubin encephalopathy was 0.9/100 000 live births (95% CI 0.46 to 1.5). […] This is the first large, prospective, population-based study of the incidence of severe hyperbilirubinaemia in the newborn. The clinical and demographic associations, and short-term outcomes identified, are the same as those reported recently in North America and Europe.

• #1 Severe hyperbilirubinaemia and kernicterus: more caution is needed in newborn jaundice surveillance.

  https://www.lenus.ie/hse/handle/10147/207720

  Severe hyperbilirubinaemia and kernicterus: more caution is needed in newborn jaundice surveillance. […] Since the 1990s, there has been a re-emergence of cases of severe hyperbilirubinaemia and kernicterus. […] Some of the current challenges in newborn jaundice surveillance are highlighted. […] The current UK incidence of bilirubin encephalopathy is 0.9/100,000 with a higher reported incidence in some countries.

• #1 Detection of jaundice in newborn babies

  https://www.hssib.org.uk/patient-safety-investigations/detection-of-jaundice-in-newborn-babies/

  This report explored the detection and diagnosis of jaundice in newborn babies, in particular babies born prematurely (before 37 weeks of pregnancy). […] Jaundice is a condition caused by too much bilirubin in a persons blood. […] If left undiagnosed and untreated, high bilirubin levels in newborn babies can lead to significant harm. […] High bilirubin levels can cause significant harm including brain damage. It is therefore important that jaundice is diagnosed and treated in a timely way. […] It is nationally acknowledged that the recognition and assessment of jaundice can be difficult, particularly in babies with black or brown skin, increasing the risk of delayed diagnosis. […] The assessment of visual signs of jaundice in newborn babies is subjective and more challenging with babies who have black or brown skin.

• #1 Jaundice in infants and children: causes, diagnosis, and management | HKMJ

  https://www.hkmj.org/abstracts/v24n3/285.htm

  Jaundice is caused by an accumulation of bilirubin in the blood. The incidence of infantile jaundice is approximately 1 in 2500 to 5000 live births with a variety of underlying diagnoses ranging from self-limiting breast milk jaundice to aggressive life-threatening diseases such as biliary atresia (BA) and liver failure. […] In general, the differential diagnoses of jaundice in infancy follow those of adults and can broadly be divided into pre-hepatic, hepatic, and post-hepatic causes. […] The disease is characterised by inflammatory sclerosing cholangiopathy affecting the entire biliary tract. The bile duct is replaced by fibrous tissue without luminal patency. Its aetiology remains largely unknown and the most widely accepted theory is that unknown exogenous factors trigger a series of self-limiting inflammatory events in a genetically predisposed individual during the embryonic or perinatal period. Current evidence suggests that genetics play an important role in the pathogenesis of BA.

• #1 Jaundice epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Jaundice_epidemiology_and_demographics

  The 10 year-mortality rate of cirrhosis is approximately 34-66 percent, largely dependent on the cause of cirrhosis. […] In 2001, cirrhosis was the tenth leading cause of death among men and the twelfth leading cause of death among women in the United States. […] In 2006, cirrhosis was the twelfth leading cause of overall deaths in United States. […] The prevalence of cirrhosis is higher in non-Hispanic blacks, Mexican Americans, and Hispanics with hepatitis C infection. […] The incidence of cirrhosis increases with age; the median age for the diagnosis of cirrhosis due to alcoholic liver disease is 52 years.

• #1 Revealing viral hepatitis epidemiology in the Democratic Republic of Congo: insights from yellow fever surveillance reanalysis | Tropical Medicine and Health | Full Text

  https://tropmedhealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s41182-025-00687-8

  Overall, viral hepatitis is a major cause of acute febrile jaundice in the DRC, constituting 35.4% of our tested cases. HAV was the most common, followed by HBV, HCV and HEV. […] This study demonstrates that viral hepatitis is a major cause of acute febrile jaundice in the DRC, with notable geographic and seasonal trends. Tailored interventions are essential to mitigate the burden of viral hepatitis in each province. The national yellow fever surveillance serves as a valuable resource for understanding viral hepatitis epidemiology and holds potential for improving public health interventions at the provincial level. However, its considerable variations in performance necessitate careful interpretation. Establishing international guidelines for conducting viral hepatitis epidemiological analysis using yellow fever surveillance data is crucial.

• #1 Hepatitis E as a cause of adult hospitalization in Bangladesh: Results from an acute jaundice surveillance study in six tertiary hospitals, 2014-2017 | bioRxiv

  https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/688721v1

  The study confirms that HEV infections occur throughout the year, and is a major (34%) cause of acute jaundice in tertiary hospitals in Bangladesh. […] Considering the high burden of hepatitis E among hospitalized acute jaundice patients, Bangladesh could take control measures to reduce this risk including improvements in water quality, sanitation and hygiene practices and the introduction of hepatitis E vaccine in high-risk areas.

• #1 An outbreak of acute jaundice syndrome (AJS) among the Rohingya refugees in Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh: Findings from enhanced epidemiological surveillance | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0250505

  An outbreak of acute jaundice syndrome (AJS) was detected by the disease surveillance system in early 2018 among the refugee population. This paper describes the investigation into the increase in AJS cases, the process and results of the investigation, which were strongly suggestive of a large outbreak due to hepatitis A virus (HAV). An enhanced serological investigation was conducted between 28 February to 26 March 2018 to determine the etiologies and risk factors associated with the outbreak. A total of 275 samples were collected from 18 health facilities reporting AJS cases. The laboratory results confirmed multiple etiologies including 154 (56%) samples tested positive for hepatitis A, 1 (0.4%) positive for hepatitis E, 36 (13%) positive for hepatitis B, 25 (9%) positive for hepatitis C, and 14 (5%) positive for leptospirosis. The investigation into an outbreak of acute jaundice syndrome in the Rohingya refugee camps revealed a hepatitis A epidemic and multiple other infectious etiologies contributing to AJS (acute HBV, HCV, leptospirosis). Data from enhanced epidemiological surveillance suggests that at least 154 were infected (56% of the reported AJS cases) with HAV between February and March 2018 which was the most common underlying cause of AJS among the tested cases, and driving the epidemic dynamics, followed by Hepatitis B and hepatitis C which likely contributed to background levels of AJS in the camps. The results highlight the importance of early warning, alert and response (EWAR) system in humanitarian contexts, as well as the need for such surveillance processes to be versatile and easily adaptable to respond to new outbreaks as they arise.

• #1 Guidelines for detection and management of hyperbilirubinemia in term and late preterm newborns (≥35 weeks gestational age) | Canadian Paediatric Society

  https://cps.ca/documents/position/hyperbilirubinemia-newborns

  The appearance of clinical jaundice should prompt the clinician to perform a TSB or TcB. […] All newborns should have a physical assessment within the first 24 hours post-birth by a health care provider. In addition to universal screening with a timed TSB or TcB, clinical surveillance to identify neonates at risk for significant hyperbilirubinemia should be part of all newborn assessments. Identification points include hyperbilirubinemia and bilirubin neurotoxicity risk factors, a review of feeding, stooling, and voiding adequacy, weight assessments, and visual assessments for jaundice.

• #1 Guidelines for detection and management of hyperbilirubinemia in term and late preterm newborns (≥35 weeks gestational age) | Canadian Paediatric Society

  https://cps.ca/documents/position/hyperbilirubinemia-newborns

  Approximately 10% of term and preterm newborns have a clinically significant elevation of total serum bilirubin (TSB) levels requiring close surveillance or treatment. Standardization of screening and management strategies has significantly decreased the incidence of severe neonatal hyperbilirubinemia, defined as a peak TSB 425 mol/L or need for a blood exchange transfusion (BET). Following the publication of the 2007 Canadian Paediatric Society (CPS) position statement, the Canadian Paediatric Surveillance Program (CPSP) reported a more than threefold decline in the incidence of severe hyperbilirubinemia. However, kernicterus continues to be reported in North America and Europe, and hyperbilirubinemia requiring treatment is still the predominant reason for hospital readmissions of newborns in North America.

• #1 Guidelines for detection and management of hyperbilirubinemia in term and late preterm newborns (≥35 weeks gestational age) | Canadian Paediatric Society

  https://cps.ca/documents/position/hyperbilirubinemia-newborns

  The goal of universal screening is to identify newborn infants at risk for developing hyperbilirubinemia. The AAP and CPS have previously recommended screening all healthy newborns with a timed TSB between 18 to 72 hours of age and plotting the result on a predictive nomogram to facilitate post-discharge follow-up. A new approach is proposed using the delta-TSB (TSB): the difference between the timed TSB concentration and the phototherapy threshold at age of sampling to determine the most appropriate care plan. The TSB better predicts development of clinically significant hyperbilirubinemia requiring treatment than the original predictive nomogram. […] Two categories of jaundice risk factors have been described, with some overlap between them. Hyperbilirubinemia risk factors increase baseline risk of a neonate developing this condition, while neurotoxicity risk factors increase the toxic effects of bilirubin on the newborn brain. In isolation each factor is of limited predictive value, but these risks are additive.

• #1 Detection of jaundice in newborn babies

  https://www.hssib.org.uk/patient-safety-investigations/detection-of-jaundice-in-newborn-babies/

  National guidance does not contain information on how to address the challenges of detecting jaundice in newborn babies with black or brown skin. […] HSIB recommends that the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence reviews the available evidence and updates its guidance if appropriate, regarding: the reliability of visual signs to detect jaundice in newborn babies, particularly in babies with black and brown skin. […] HSIB recommends that the Royal College of Pathologists works with stakeholders to understand current practice and make any appropriate recommendations to promote the adoption of an icteric threshold at which a bilirubin test may be cascaded or reported.

• #1 Surveillance decision | Evidence | Jaundice in newborn babies under 28 days | Guidance | NICE

  https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg98/resources/2023-exceptional-surveillance-of-jaundice-in-newborns-under-28-days-nice-guideline-cg98-13197079837/chapter/Surveillance-decision?tab=evidence

  We will change: […] Recommendation 1.2.5 to include text to acknowledge that jaundice may be harder to detect visually in darker skin tones. […] The HSIB report highlighted the issue of delay in the diagnosis of jaundice in newborns with black or brown skin-colour, in whom visual signs were not noted. This was attributed to the darker skin tone of the infant. […] The report recommends that guidelines are reviewed with respect to neonatal assessment by skin colour specifically for jaundice to draw attention to differences in assessment techniques for Black, Asian and ethnic minority neonates. […] The RCPCH contacted NICE about challenges in the screening and assessment of conjugated jaundice and the impact of the NICE guideline recommendations on practice. […] The evidence identified in this review was inconclusive about the impact of skin tone on diagnostic accuracy of various approaches to detect jaundice/measure bilirubin, largely due to studies not having comparator groups.

• #1 Surveillance decision | Evidence | Jaundice in newborn babies under 28 days | Guidance | NICE

  https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg98/resources/2023-exceptional-surveillance-of-jaundice-in-newborns-under-28-days-nice-guideline-cg98-13197079837/chapter/Surveillance-decision?tab=evidence

  At present the recommendations in the guideline are uniform regardless of skin tone due to lack of evidence in 2016. […] The HSIB report raised 2 areas of concern for NICE to explore, the reliability of visual signs to detect jaundice in newborns, particularly in babies with darker skin tones and risk factors for jaundice. […] The new recommendation will read: […] be aware that hyperbilirubinemia may be harder to see visually in darker skin.

• #1 Reliability of visual assessment of neonatal jaundice among neonates of black descent: a cross-sectional study from Tanzania | BMC Pediatrics | Full Text

  https://bmcpediatr.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12887-021-02859-x

  Jaundice is common among neonates and if untreated can lead to kernicterus. Diagnosing neonatal jaundice (NJ) using Kramers method (visual assessment) is considered user-friendly in resource-limited areas. […] The prevalence of NJ was 49.8% by Kramers method and 63.5% by TSB. The Sensitivity, Specificity, PPV, and NPV of Kramers method were 70.5, 86.1, 89.8, and 62.6%, respectively. […] The study aimed at determining the reliability of Kramers method for assessment of NJ among neonates of black descent. Our study found the Kramers method to have moderate diagnostic accuracy (76%), moderate sensitivity (70.5%), and good specificity (86.1%). […] Kramers method may be used as a predictor (PPV =89.8%) of NJ rather than confirmatory test for the presence of NJ. […] This study showed that the occurrence of NJ was independent of age, gender, delivery mode, birthweight and gestational age.

• #1 Tigecycline-Induced Clinical Jaundice: A Case Report and Review of the Literature

  https://clinmedjournals.org/articles/jide/journal-of-infectious-diseases-and-epidemiology-jide-8-267.php?jid=jide

  Tigecycline has been associated with a mild and transient hepatotoxicity. Extreme hyperbilirubinemia and jaundice are rare side effects of tigecycline that have not been reported in clinical trials. […] This case highlights the importance of recognizing tigecycline, as a possible cause of severe cholestatic liver injury and jaundice. […] Recent studies have focused on assessing the safety of tigecycline and its hepatotoxicity. Two large retrospective studies that included more than 1200 patients estimated the incidence of tigecycline-associated drug-induced liver injury (DILI) to range from 5.7% to 10.3%. […] Clinicians should be aware that tigecycline, especially if used for a prolonged duration, can cause severe liver injury and even jaundice. Moreover, this report emphasizes the importance of following the liver enzymes of patients treated with tigecycline, especially if treated with a high dose or for a prolonged duration.

• #1 Narrative review of the epidemiology of neonatal jaundice – Hansen – Pediatric Medicine

  https://pm.amegroups.org/article/view/6073/html

  The incidence of severe NJ, defined as jaundice associated with acute bilirubin encephalopathy (ABE)/kernicterus and/or exchange transfusions (ET) and/or jaundice-related death, has been estimated by Slusher et al. to be 99/100,000 live births. […] Applying even the moderate estimate of severe NJ from Slusher et al. to the 130 million births per year in the world translates into ~130,000 newborn infants each year who are exposed to significant risk of bilirubin-induced brain damage or death.

• #1 Hepatitis E as a cause of adult hospitalization in Bangladesh: Results from an acute jaundice surveillance study in six tertiary hospitals, 2014-2017 | PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases

  https://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0007586

  In the absence of reliable surveillance data on the burden of hepatitis E in endemic countries, we conducted a hospital-based acute jaundice surveillance study over a two and a half year period in six tertiary hospitals in Bangladesh. The study confirms that HEV infections occur throughout the year, and is a major (34%) cause of acute jaundice in tertiary hospitals in Bangladesh. […] Considering the high burden of hepatitis E among hospitalized acute jaundice patients, Bangladesh could take control measures to reduce this risk including improvements in water quality, sanitation and hygiene practices and the introduction of hepatitis E vaccine in high-risk areas.

• #2 Jaundice | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/23802

  The prevalence of jaundice differs among patient populations; newborns and elderly more commonly present with the disease. […] Around 20 percent of term babies are found with jaundice in the first week of life, primarily due to immature hepatic conjugation process. […] Hepatitis A was found to be the most afflicting cause of jaundice among children. […] Men have an increased prevalence of alcoholic and non-alcoholic cirrhosis, chronic hepatitis B, malignancy of pancreas, or sclerosing cholangitis. […] In contrast, women demonstrate higher rates of gallbladder stones, primary biliary cirrhosis, and gallbladder cancer. […] Kernicterus or Bilirubin-induced neurologic dysfunction (BIND), a complication of severe jaundice is a very rare cause of death in neonates with a death rate of 0.28 deaths per one million live births.

• #2 Jaundice epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Jaundice_epidemiology_and_demographics

  The incidence of jaundice is approximately 40,000 per 100,000 individuals of intensive care unit patients. […] Neonatal jaundice is more common among Asian and mixed Asian/white infants than white infants. […] Hepatocellular jaundice mainly from viral hepatitis commonly affects young patients. […] Cholestatic jaundice mainly from liver cancer, hepatitis, and liver cirrhosis commonly affects older patients. […] Male are more commonly affected by hepatocellular jaundice and liver cancer than female. […] Female are more commonly affected by hemolytic jaundice mainly from cholangiocarcinoma than male. […] The prevalence of cirrhosis is higher in areas with high illiteracy rates. […] Chronic and heavy alcohol use is responsible for more than half of the cases of cirrhosis in the United States.

• #2 The epidemiology of neonatal jaundice.

  https://www.duo.uio.no/handle/10852/90448?show=full

  The epidemiology of neonatal jaundice. Neonatal jaundice (NJ) is one of the most common causes for medical intervention in the newborn period. Thus, jaundice in the newborn has a reported incidence between 60% to more than 90%. A family history of NJ increases the likelihood of jaundice in the present newborn, and is one of several examples of genetic conditions that contribute. An increased incidence is seen in infants of Southeast Asian mothers, while African infants have a lower incidence unless they suffer from G-6-PD-deficiency. Preterm infants have immature bilirubin metabolism and a higher incidence of jaundice. Extreme NJ, associated with risk of kernicterus spectrum syndrome, has an estimated worldwide incidence of 99/100,000 or more, thus affecting 130,000 or more infants each year and calling for increased vigilance and preparedness for rapid therapeutic intervention.

• #2 Neonatal Jaundice: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/974786-overview

  An estimated 50% of term and 80% of preterm infants develop jaundice, typically 2-4 days after birth. […] Neonatal hyperbilirubinemia is extremely common, because almost every newborn develops an unconjugated serum bilirubin level of more than 30 mol/L (1.8 mg/dL) during the first week of life. […] Incidence figures are difficult to compare because authors of different studies do not use the same definitions for significant neonatal hyperbilirubinemia or jaundice. […] The international incidence varies with ethnicity and geography. […] There is a higher incidence in East Asians and American Indians and a lower one in Africans. […] Greeks living in Greece have a higher incidence than those of Greek descent living outside of Greece. […] There is also a higher incidence in populations living at high altitudes.

• #2 Neonatal Jaundice: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/974786-overview

  In some LMICs, the incidence of severe neonatal jaundice may be as much as 100 times higher than that in higher-income countries. […] Studies seem to suggest that some of the ethnic variability in the incidence and severity of neonatal jaundice may be related to differences in the distribution of the genetic variants in bilirubin metabolism, previously discussed above. […] The incidence of neonatal jaundice is increased in infants of East Asian, American Indian, and Greek descent, although the latter appears to apply only to infants born in Greece and thus may be environmental rather than ethnic in origin. […] For this reason, significant jaundice in an African infant merits a closer evaluation of possible causes, including G6PD deficiency. […] Male infants are at higher risk of developing significant neonatal jaundice. […] The risk of significant neonatal jaundice is inversely proportional to gestational age.

• #2 Neonatal jaundice epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Neonatal_jaundice_epidemiology_and_demographics

  The prevalence of neonatal jaundice ranges from 60,000 to 70,000 per 100,000 neonates. The prevalence of the neonatal jaundice decreases as the gestational age of the neonate increases. The prevalence of neonatal jaundice is more in the East Asian, American Indian, and Greek races. […] The prevalence of neonatal jaundice ranges from a low of 60,000 to high of 70,000 per 100,000 neonates in the first week of birth. […] The prevalence of severe hyperbilirubinemia ranges from a low of 8,000 to high of 9,000 per neonates in the first week of birth. […] The prevalence of neonatal jaundice decreases as the gestational age increases. […] Neonatal jaundice affects male more than female neonates. […] The prevalence of neonatal jaundice is more in the East Asian, American Indian, and Greek races. […] Black races are less likely to develop jaundice. Black neonates presenting with jaundice most probably have G6PD deficiency disease.

• #2 Narrative review of the epidemiology of neonatal jaundice – Hansen – Pediatric Medicine

  https://pm.amegroups.org/article/view/6073/html

  The incidence of severe NJ, defined as jaundice associated with acute bilirubin encephalopathy (ABE)/kernicterus and/or exchange transfusions (ET) and/or jaundice-related death, has been estimated by Slusher et al. to be 99/100,000 live births. […] Applying even the moderate estimate of severe NJ from Slusher et al. to the 130 million births per year in the world translates into ~130,000 newborn infants each year who are exposed to significant risk of bilirubin-induced brain damage or death.

• #2 Severe hyperbilirubinaemia and kernicterus: more caution is needed in newborn jaundice surveillance.

  https://www.lenus.ie/hse/handle/10147/207720

  Severe hyperbilirubinaemia and kernicterus: more caution is needed in newborn jaundice surveillance. […] Since the 1990s, there has been a re-emergence of cases of severe hyperbilirubinaemia and kernicterus. […] Some of the current challenges in newborn jaundice surveillance are highlighted. […] The current UK incidence of bilirubin encephalopathy is 0.9/100,000 with a higher reported incidence in some countries.

• #2 Hepatitis E as a cause of adult hospitalization in Bangladesh: Results from an acute jaundice surveillance study in six tertiary hospitals, 2014-2017 | PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases

  https://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0007586

  In the absence of reliable surveillance data on the burden of hepatitis E in endemic countries, we conducted a hospital-based acute jaundice surveillance study over a two and a half year period in six tertiary hospitals in Bangladesh. The study confirms that HEV infections occur throughout the year, and is a major (34%) cause of acute jaundice in tertiary hospitals in Bangladesh. […] Considering the high burden of hepatitis E among hospitalized acute jaundice patients, Bangladesh could take control measures to reduce this risk including improvements in water quality, sanitation and hygiene practices and the introduction of hepatitis E vaccine in high-risk areas.

• #2 Surveillance decision | Evidence | Jaundice in newborn babies under 28 days | Guidance | NICE

  https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg98/resources/2023-exceptional-surveillance-of-jaundice-in-newborns-under-28-days-nice-guideline-cg98-13197079837/chapter/Surveillance-decision?tab=evidence

  At present the recommendations in the guideline are uniform regardless of skin tone due to lack of evidence in 2016. […] The HSIB report raised 2 areas of concern for NICE to explore, the reliability of visual signs to detect jaundice in newborns, particularly in babies with darker skin tones and risk factors for jaundice. […] The new recommendation will read: […] be aware that hyperbilirubinemia may be harder to see visually in darker skin.

• #2 Detection of jaundice in newborn babies

  https://www.hssib.org.uk/patient-safety-investigations/detection-of-jaundice-in-newborn-babies/

  National guidance does not contain information on how to address the challenges of detecting jaundice in newborn babies with black or brown skin. […] HSIB recommends that the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence reviews the available evidence and updates its guidance if appropriate, regarding: the reliability of visual signs to detect jaundice in newborn babies, particularly in babies with black and brown skin. […] HSIB recommends that the Royal College of Pathologists works with stakeholders to understand current practice and make any appropriate recommendations to promote the adoption of an icteric threshold at which a bilirubin test may be cascaded or reported.

• #2 Revealing viral hepatitis epidemiology in the Democratic Republic of Congo: insights from yellow fever surveillance reanalysis | Tropical Medicine and Health | Full Text

  https://tropmedhealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s41182-025-00687-8

  Overall, viral hepatitis is a major cause of acute febrile jaundice in the DRC, constituting 35.4% of our tested cases. HAV was the most common, followed by HBV, HCV and HEV. […] This study demonstrates that viral hepatitis is a major cause of acute febrile jaundice in the DRC, with notable geographic and seasonal trends. Tailored interventions are essential to mitigate the burden of viral hepatitis in each province. The national yellow fever surveillance serves as a valuable resource for understanding viral hepatitis epidemiology and holds potential for improving public health interventions at the provincial level. However, its considerable variations in performance necessitate careful interpretation. Establishing international guidelines for conducting viral hepatitis epidemiological analysis using yellow fever surveillance data is crucial.

• #3 The epidemiology of neonatal jaundice.

  https://www.duo.uio.no/handle/10852/90448?show=full

  The epidemiology of neonatal jaundice. Neonatal jaundice (NJ) is one of the most common causes for medical intervention in the newborn period. Thus, jaundice in the newborn has a reported incidence between 60% to more than 90%. A family history of NJ increases the likelihood of jaundice in the present newborn, and is one of several examples of genetic conditions that contribute. An increased incidence is seen in infants of Southeast Asian mothers, while African infants have a lower incidence unless they suffer from G-6-PD-deficiency. Preterm infants have immature bilirubin metabolism and a higher incidence of jaundice. Extreme NJ, associated with risk of kernicterus spectrum syndrome, has an estimated worldwide incidence of 99/100,000 or more, thus affecting 130,000 or more infants each year and calling for increased vigilance and preparedness for rapid therapeutic intervention.

• #3 Prospective surveillance study of severe hyperbilirubinaemia in the newborn in the UK and Ireland. | Read by QxMD

  https://read.qxmd.com/read/17074786/prospective-surveillance-study-of-severe-hyperbilirubinaemia-in-the-newborn-in-the-uk-and-ireland

  To determine the incidence of severe hyperbilirubinaemia in the newborn, and to identify associated clinical and demographic variables, and short-term outcomes. The UK incidence of severe hyperbilirubinaemia was 7.1/100 000 live births (95% CI 5.8 to 8.6). Only 20 cases presented in hospital; 88 were admitted with severe jaundice. The UK incidence of bilirubin encephalopathy was 0.9/100 000 live births (95% CI 0.46 to 1.5). This is the first large, prospective, population-based study of the incidence of severe hyperbilirubinaemia in the newborn. […] The clinical and demographic associations, and short-term outcomes identified, are the same as those reported recently in North America and Europe.

Zobacz więcej