Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Jaundice – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK544252/

  Jaundice, also known as hyperbilirubinemia, is defined as a yellow discoloration of the body tissue resulting from the accumulation of excess bilirubin. […] The normal serum levels of bilirubin are less than 1 milligram per deciliter (mg/dL). However, the clinical presentation of jaundice with peripheral yellowing of the eye sclera, also called scleral icterus, is best appreciated when serum bilirubin levels exceed 3 mg/dl. […] Bilirubin has two components: unconjugated(indirect) and conjugated(direct), and hence elevation of any of these can result in jaundice. […] CONJUGATED HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA […] Defect of canalicular organic anion transport […] Dubin-Johnson syndrome […] Defect of sinusoidal reuptake of conjugated bilirubin […] Rotor syndrome […] Decreased intrahepatic excretion of bilirubin

• #2 Jaundice – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaundice

  Jaundice, also known as icterus, is a yellowish or greenish pigmentation of the skin and sclera due to high bilirubin levels. Jaundice in adults is typically a sign indicating the presence of underlying diseases involving abnormal heme metabolism, liver dysfunction, or biliary-tract obstruction. […] Causes of jaundice vary from relatively benign to potentially fatal. High unconjugated bilirubin may be due to excess red blood cell breakdown, large bruises, genetic conditions such as Gilbert’s syndrome, not eating for a prolonged period of time, newborn jaundice, or thyroid problems. High conjugated bilirubin may be due to liver diseases such as cirrhosis or hepatitis, infections, medications, or blockage of the bile duct, due to factors including gallstones, cancer, or pancreatitis. […] Jaundice is a sign indicating the presence of an underlying diseases involving abnormal bilirubin metabolism, liver dysfunction, or biliary-tract obstruction.

• #3 Adult Jaundice: What It Is, Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/symptoms/15367-adult-jaundice

  Jaundice usually clears up once your healthcare provider treats your main medical condition. […] Many medical conditions can cause jaundice, like hepatitis, gallstones and tumors. […] Jaundice occurs when your liver is unable to process bilirubin (a yellow substance made when red blood cells break down) in your blood. This can either be caused by too much red blood cell breakdown or liver injury. […] Jaundice can result from a problem in any of the three phases of bilirubin: Before your liver processes bilirubin (prehepatic jaundice), During the production of bilirubin (hepatic jaundice), After production of bilirubin (posthepatic jaundice). […] Conditions that cause jaundice include: Breaking down a large hematoma (bruise) and then reabsorbing it back into your bloodstream, Hemolytic anemias (when blood cells are destroyed and removed from the bloodstream before their normal lifespan is over), Viruses, including hepatitis A, chronic hepatitis B and C, and Epstein-Barr virus infection (infectious mononucleosis), Alcohol-induced hepatitis, Autoimmune disorders, Rare genetic metabolic defects, Medicines, including penicillin, oral contraceptives, chlorpromazine (Thorazine R), estrogenic or anabolic steroids and acetaminophen toxicity, Gallstones, Inflammation (swelling) of your gallbladder, Gallbladder cancer, Pancreatic tumor.

• #4 Jaundice – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaundice

  Prehepatic jaundice is most commonly caused by a pathological increased rate of red blood cell (erythrocyte) hemolysis. The major causes of hepatic jaundice are significant damage to hepatocytes due to infectious, drug/medication-induced, autoimmune etiology, or less commonly, due to inheritable genetic diseases. […] Posthepatic jaundice (obstructive jaundice) is caused by a blockage of bile ducts that transport bile containing conjugated bilirubin out of the liver for excretion.

• #5 Jaundice – Pre, Intra, Post-hepatic – Management – TeachMeSurgery

  https://teachmesurgery.com/hpb/presentations/jaundice/

  Jaundice results from high levels of bilirubin in the blood. Bilirubin is the normal breakdown product from the catabolism of haem, and thus is formed from the destruction of red blood cells. […] Jaundice occurs when this pathway is disrupted. […] There are three main types of jaundice: pre-hepatic, hepatocellular, and post-hepatic. […] In pre-hepatic jaundice, there is excessive red cell breakdown which overwhelms the liver’s ability to conjugate bilirubin. This causes an unconjugated hyperbilirubinaemia. […] In hepatocellular (or intrahepatic) jaundice, there is dysfunction of the hepatic cells. The liver loses the ability to conjugate bilirubin, but in cases where it also may become cirrhotic, it compresses the intra-hepatic portions of the biliary tree to cause a degree of obstruction.

• #5 Jaundice – Pre, Intra, Post-hepatic – Management – TeachMeSurgery

  https://teachmesurgery.com/hpb/presentations/jaundice/

  Post-hepatic jaundice refers to obstruction of biliary drainage. The bilirubin that is not excreted will have been conjugated by the liver, hence the result is a conjugated hyperbilirubinaemia. […] Table 1 Potential Causes for Jaundice, divided into pre-hepatic, hepatocellular, and post-hepatic. […] The definitive treatment of jaundice will be dependent on the underlying cause.

• #6 Jaundice in Adults (Hyperbilirubinemia): Causes, Symptoms, & Treatment

  https://www.medicinenet.com/jaundice_in_adults/article.htm

  Jaundice in adults can be caused by various medical conditions that affect the normal metabolism or excretion of bilirubin. […] Jaundice occurs if there is a dysfunction of the normal metabolism and/or excretion of bilirubin. […] The causes of jaundice are generally classified as pre-hepatic (the problem arises before secretion to the liver), hepatic (the problem arises within the liver), and post-hepatic (the problem arises after bilirubin is excreted from the liver). […] Jaundice caused during the pre-hepatic phase is due to the excessive destruction (hemolysis) of red blood cells from various conditions. […] Jaundice caused during the hepatic phase can arise from abnormalities in the metabolism and/or excretion of bilirubin. […] Jaundice from a post-hepatic cause arises from a disruption (an obstruction) in the normal drainage and excretion of conjugated bilirubin in the form of bile from the liver into the intestine.

• #7 Jaundice Types: Causes, Treatments, Diagnosis, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/jaundice-types

  Jaundice is categorized into three types, depending on whether it is caused by issues with breaking down blood cells, filtering blood, or draining waste from the blood. […] Pre-hepatic jaundice is caused by conditions that raise your bloods rate of hemolysis. This is the process through which red blood cells are broken down, converting hemoglobin to bilirubin. […] Common causes of pre-hepatic jaundice include: malaria, a blood infection caused by a parasite; sickle cell anemia, a genetic condition in which red blood cells become crescent-shaped rather than the typical disc shape; spherocytosis, a genetic condition of the red blood cell membrane that causes them to be sphere-shaped rather than disc-shaped; thalassemia, a genetic condition that causes your body to make an irregular type of hemoglobin that limits the number of healthy red blood cells in your bloodstream.

• #7 Jaundice Types: Causes, Treatments, Diagnosis, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/jaundice-types

  Hepatic jaundice occurs when the liver becomes less effective at removing bilirubin from the blood. This can occur if you have liver damage or conditions that affect liver function. […] Common causes of hepatic jaundice include: liver cirrhosis, which means that liver tissues are scarred by long-term exposure to infections or toxic substances, such as high levels of alcohol; viral hepatitis, an inflammation of the liver caused by one of several viruses that can get into your body through infected food, water, blood, stool, or sexual contact; primary biliary cirrhosis, which happens when bile ducts are damaged and cant process bile, causing it to build up in your liver and damage liver tissue; alcoholic hepatitis, in which your liver tissues are scarred by the heavy, long-term drinking of alcohol; leptospirosis, a bacterial infection that can be spread by infected animals or infected animal urine or feces; liver cancer, in which cancerous cells develop and multiply within liver tissues.

• #7 Jaundice Types: Causes, Treatments, Diagnosis, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/jaundice-types

  Causes of post-hepatic jaundice may include: gallstones, hard calcium deposits in the gallbladder that can block bile ducts; pancreatic cancer, the development and spread of cancer cells in the pancreas, an organ that helps produce digestive substances; bile duct cancer, the development and spread of cancer cells in your bile ducts; pancreatitis, an inflammation or infection of your pancreas; biliary atresia, a genetic condition in which you have narrow or missing bile ducts.

• #8 Jaundice: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment Options

  https://www.webmd.com/hepatitis/jaundice-why-happens-adults

  Blocked bile ducts: These are thin tubes that carry a fluid called bile from your liver and gallbladder to your small intestine. If the tubes are blocked by gallstones, cancer, inflammation, or rare liver diseases, you could get jaundice. […] Pancreatic cancer: This is the 10th most common cancer in men and the ninth in women. It can block the bile duct, causing jaundice. […] Certain medicines: Drugs like acetaminophen, penicillin, birth control pills, and steroids have been linked to liver disease. […] Blood clots: If your body reabsorbs a large blot clot (hematoma) under the skin, it can increase bilirubin levels. […] Hemolytic anemias: Destroyed blood cells are sometimes removed from the bloodstream too quickly, increasing bilirubin levels.

• #8 Jaundice: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment Options

  https://www.webmd.com/hepatitis/jaundice-why-happens-adults

  Jaundice in adults is rare, but you can get it for many reasons. These include: […] Hepatitis: Liver inflammation can be caused by a virus, autoimmune disorder, alcohol or drug use, or chemical exposure. It may be short-lived (acute) or chronic, which means it lasts for at least 6 months. Long-term inflammation can damage the liver, causing jaundice. […] Alcohol-related liver disease: If you drink heavily over a long period of time typically 8 to 10 years you could seriously damage your liver. Two diseases in particular, alcoholic hepatitis and alcoholic cirrhosis, harm the liver. […] Other liver disease: Cirrhosis can also be caused by autoimmune diseases, genetic conditions that are passed down in your family, and hepatitis. A severe condition known as nonalcoholic steatohepatitis can cause nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. With this kind of liver disease, fat builds up in your liver along with inflammation, which damages it over time.

• #9 Jaundice in the Adult Patient | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2004/0115/p299.html

  Excessive heme metabolism, from hemolysis or reabsorption of a large hematoma, results in significant increases in bilirubin, which may overwhelm the conjugation process and lead to a state of unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia. […] The predominant causes of conjugated hyperbilirubinemia are intrahepatic cholestasis and extrahepatic obstruction of the biliary tract, with the latter preventing bilirubin from moving into the intestines. […] Viruses, alcohol, and autoimmune disorders are the most common causes of hepatitis. […] Chronic alcohol use may result in fatty liver (steatosis), hepatitis, and cirrhosis, with varying levels of jaundice. […] Two serious autoimmune diseases that directly affect the biliary system without causing much hepatitis are primary biliary cirrhosis and primary sclerosing cholangitis.

• #9 Jaundice in the Adult Patient | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2004/0115/p299.html

  Many drugs have been shown to play a role in the development of cholestatic jaundice. […] Conjugated hyperbilirubinemia also may result from problems that occur after the bilirubin is conjugated in the liver. […] Cholelithiasis, or the presence of gallstones in the gallbladder, is a relatively common finding in adult patients, with or without symptoms of obstruction. […] Jaundice also may arise secondary to pancreatitis.

• #10 Jaundice | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/treatments/side-effects/jaundice

  Jaundice can be caused by certain types of cancer or some cancer treatments. […] Certain types of cancer can cause jaundice: liver cancer, stomach cancer, pancreatic cancer, gallbladder cancer, bile duct cancer, a type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) called diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), cancer that has spread (metastasized) from another part of the body to the liver, stomach, pancreas, gallbladder or bile duct. […] Pre-hepatic jaundice can be caused by a form of anemia that causes the breakdown of red blood cells (called hemolytic anemia), sickle cell disease, thalassemia, malaria, which is a blood infection caused by a parasite carried by mosquitoes. […] Hepatic jaundice may be caused by liver damage from certain immunotherapy and chemotherapy drugs, such as mercaptopurine (Purinethol), thioguanine (Lanvis) and fluorouracil (also called 5-fluorouracil or 5-FU), cirrhosis, which can be caused by hepatitis viruses or long-term overuse of drugs and alcohol, acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), which is a complication of an allogeneic stem cell transplant. […] Post-hepatic jaundice may develop if a bile duct is damaged by liver disease (such as primary sclerosing cholangitis or primary biliary cholangitis). It can also occur when a bile duct is blocked by a tumour or gallstones.

• #11 Yellow Skin (Jaundice): Pictures, Symptoms, Causes, and Diagnosis

  https://www.healthline.com/health/jaundice-yellow-skin

  This diseased, inflammatory condition of the liver is caused by heavy alcohol consumption over an extended period of time. […] Infection by both the hepatitis B and hepatitis D viruses causes this type of liver inflammation. […] Gallstones form when theres a high concentration of bile, bilirubin, or cholesterol in the fluid stored inside the gallbladder. […] Infection by the hepatitis A virus causes this type of liver inflammation. […] Diarrhea, decreased appetite and weight loss, swelling belly […] This condition is considered a medical emergency. Urgent care may be required. […] Sickle cell anemia is a genetic disease of the red blood cells that causes them to take on a crescent moon or sickle shape. […] Primary liver cancer is a type of cancer that occurs when the cells of the liver become cancerous and begin to grow out of control.

• #11 Yellow Skin (Jaundice): Pictures, Symptoms, Causes, and Diagnosis

  https://www.healthline.com/health/jaundice-yellow-skin

  Newborn jaundice is a common condition that occurs when a baby has a high level of bilirubin in the blood soon after birth. […] Thalassemia is an inherited blood disorder in which the body makes an abnormal form of hemoglobin. […] Pancreatic cancer occurs when the cells of the pancreas, which is a vital endocrine organ located behind the stomach, become cancerous and grow out of control. […] Infection by the hepatitis B virus causes this type of liver inflammation. […] This genetic abnormality results in an inadequate amount of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) in the blood. […] Some people report mild to severe symptoms including fever, dark urine, loss of appetite, abdominal pain or discomfort, joint pain, jaundice. […] Hepatitis E is a potentially serious acute liver disease caused by the hepatitis E virus.

• #11 Yellow Skin (Jaundice): Pictures, Symptoms, Causes, and Diagnosis

  https://www.healthline.com/health/jaundice-yellow-skin

  This painful inflammation of the pancreas is most commonly caused by gallstones or alcohol misuse. […] This group of rare but serious blood disorders occur when the body destroys red blood cells more rapidly than it produces them. […] This occurs when a medication causes the bodys immune (defense) system to mistakenly attack its own red blood cells. […] Yellow fever is a serious, potentially deadly, flu-like viral disease spread by mosquitoes. […] Weils disease is a severe form of the leptospirosis bacterial infection that affects the kidney, liver, lungs, or brain. […] Jaundice occurs when your liver doesn’t metabolize bilirubin the way it’s supposed to. […] Jaundice in adults is indicative of: alcohol misuse, liver cancer, thalassemia, cirrhosis (scarring of the liver, usually due to alcohol), gallstones (cholesterol stones made of hardened fat material or pigment stones made of bilirubin), hepatitis A, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, hepatitis D, hepatitis E, pancreatic cancer, G6PD deficiency, biliary (bile duct) obstruction, sickle cell anemia, acute pancreatitis, ABO incompatibility reaction, drug-induced immune hemolytic anemia, yellow fever, Weils disease, other blood disorders such as hemolytic anemia (the rupture or destruction of red blood cells that leads to a decreased number of red blood cells in your circulation, which results in fatigue and weakness), an adverse reaction to or overdose of a medication, such as an acetaminophen (Tylenol). […] Jaundice is also a frequent occurrence in newborns, especially in babies who are born prematurely.

• #12 Jaundice: Types, Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

  https://redcliffelabs.com/myhealth/liver/jaundice-types-symptoms-causes-and-treatment/

  Excess bilirubin in the bloodstream is the primary contributor to this disease. […] However, several physiological dysfunctions can derail the process mentioned, leading to jaundice. […] The causes behind jaundice are dependent on the type of jaundice that the patient is diagnosed with. […] In most instances, there are a lot of other associated complications that contribute to the high bilirubin levels in the bloodstream. […] Malaria is a parasitic infectious disease caused by the Plasmodium virus. […] This leads to heightened bilirubin in the blood. […] Similar to sickle cell anemia, the red blood cells in spherocytosis break down quickly, leading to jaundice. […] Leads to the formation of irregular hemoglobin, which limits the red blood cells in the bloodstream, leading to jaundice.

• #13

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/jaundice-newborn/causes/

  Jaundice is caused by too much bilirubin in the blood. This is known as hyperbilirubinaemia. […] But if there’s too much bilirubin in the blood or the liver cannot get rid of it, the excess bilirubin causes jaundice. […] Sometimes jaundice may be caused by another health problem. This is known as pathological jaundice. […] Some causes of pathological jaundice include: an underactive thyroid gland (hypothyroidism) (where the thyroid gland does not produce enough hormones), blood group incompatibility (when the mother and baby have different blood types, which are mixed during the pregnancy or the birth), rhesus disease (a condition that can occur if the mother has rhesus-negative blood and the baby has rhesus-positive blood), a urinary tract infection (UTI), Crigler-Najjar syndrome (an inherited condition that affects the enzyme responsible for processing bilirubin), a blockage or problem in the bile ducts and gallbladder (the gallbladder stores bile, which is transported by the bile ducts to the gut). […] An inherited enzyme deficiency known as glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) could also lead to jaundice or kernicterus.

• #14 Jaundice – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK544252/

  Hepatocellular disease – Viral hepatitis A, B, D; alcoholic hepatitis; cirrhosis, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, EBV, CMV, HSV, Wilson, autoimmune […] Cholestatic liver disease-Primary biliary cholangitis, primary sclerosing cholangitis […] Infiltrative diseases (e.g., amyloidosis, lymphoma, sarcoidosis, tuberculosis) […] Sepsis and hypoperfusion states […] Total parenteral nutrition […] Drugs Toxins – oral contraceptives, rifampin, probenecid, steroids, chlorpromazine, herbal medications (e.g., Jamaican bush tea, kava kava), arsenic […] Hepatic crisis in sickle cell disease […] Pregnancy […] Extrahepatic cholestasis (biliary obstruction) […] Choledocholithiasis […] Tumors (e.g., cholangiocarcinoma, head of pancreas cancer) […] Extrahepatic biliary atresia […] Acute and chronic pancreatitis

• #15 Jaundice causes | Lima Memorial Health System

  https://www.limamemorial.org/mobile/health-library/HIE%20Multimedia-TextOnly/1/007491

  Jaundice is often a sign of a problem with the liver, gallbladder, or pancreas. Jaundice can occur when too much bilirubin builds up in the body. This may happen when: […] Conditions that can cause jaundice include: […] Infections of the liver by a virus (hepatitis A, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, hepatitis D, and hepatitis E) or a parasite […] Use of certain drugs (such as an overdose of acetaminophen) or reactions to other medicines or exposure to poisons (for example, poisonous mushrooms) […] Birth defects or disorders present since birth that makes it hard for the body to breakdown bilirubin (such as Gilbert syndrome, Dubin-Johnson syndrome, Rotor syndrome, or Crigler-Najjar syndrome) […] Chronic liver disease such as advanced non-alcoholic steatohepatitis […] Gallstones or gallbladder disorders causing blockage of the bile duct […] Blood disorders […] Cancer of the pancreas […] Bile buildup in the gallbladder because of pressure in the belly area during pregnancy (jaundice of pregnancy) […] Cirrhosis of the liver.

• #16 Jaundice Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/jaundice

  Jaundice can occur when too much bilirubin builds up in the body. […] Jaundice can occur if: […] Jaundice is often a sign of a problem with the liver, gallbladder, or pancreas. Things that can cause jaundice include:

• #17 Jaundice (Causes and Treatment)

  https://patient.info/doctor/jaundice-pro

  Drug-induced hepatitis: paracetamol is by far the most common cause of drug-induced liver disease. […] Hepatotoxic chemicals – eg, phosphorous, carbon tetrachloride and phenol. […] Decompensated cirrhosis. Biliary obstruction may be mechanical and extrahepatic or by metabolic factors in the hepatic cells (intrahepatic). Overall, gallstones are the most common cause of extrahepatic obstruction: […] Intrahepatic cholestasis. […] PBC. […] Drugs (for example, phenothiazines). […] Primary sclerosing cholangitis. […] Dubin-Johnson syndrome: autosomal recessive disorder characterised by conjugated hyperbilirubinaemia and deposition of pigment in hepatocytes. […] Rotor’s syndrome. […] Extrahepatic cholestasis may be from within the lumen, in the wall of the duct or from external compression: […] Bile duct strictures (can be benign or malignant). […] Common duct stone. […] Cancer of the head of the pancreas. […] Tumour of the ampulla of Vater. […] Pancreatitis. […] Cancer of the gallbladder.

• #18 What Is Jaundice? Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/jaundice/guide/

  Jaundice is a condition that causes the skin and the whites of the eyes to turn yellow. It occurs when a yellow substance called bilirubin builds up in the blood. Bilirubin forms when hemoglobin (the protein in red blood cells that transports oxygen) is broken down. […] Jaundice in adults is usually brought on by reactions to drugs or underlying disorders that damage the liver, interfere with the flow of bile, or trigger the destruction of red blood cells. Causes of jaundice in adults include but not limited to: reabsorption of a large hematoma (a collection of clotted blood underneath the skin), hemolytic anemias, where blood cells are prematurely destroyed and removed from the bloodstream, medications, including acetaminophen (Tylenol), penicillin, oral contraceptives, chlorpromazine (Thorazine), and estrogenic or anabolic steroids, viruses, including hepatitis A, chronic hepatitis B and C, and Epstein-Barr, autoimmune disorders, alcohol overuse leading to hepatitis, rare genetic metabolic defects, gallstones, inflammation of the gallbladder, gallbladder cancer, pancreatic cancer, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease from risk factors including diabetes and obesity.

• #18 What Is Jaundice? Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/jaundice/guide/

  Certain conditions can cause jaundice, including liver infections from a virus (hepatitis A, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, hepatitis D, and hepatitis E) or a parasite, birth defects or disorders that makes it difficult for the body to break down bilirubin (such as Gilbert syndrome, Dubin-Johnson syndrome, Rotor syndrome, or Crigler-Najjar syndrome), chronic liver disease, gallstones or gallbladder disorders, blood disorders, pancreatic cancer, bile buildup in the gallbladder due to pressure in the abdominal area during pregnancy.

• #19 Jaundice – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK544252/

  Strictures […] Parasitic infections (e.g., Ascaris lumbricoides, liver flukes) […] UNCONJUGATED HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA […] Excess production of bilirubin […] Hemolytic anemias, extravasation of blood in tissues, dyserythropoiesis […] Reduced hepatic uptake of bilirubin […] Gilbert syndrome […] Impaired conjugation […] CriglerNajjar syndrome type 1 and 2 […] Hyperthyroid […] Estrogen.

• #20 What causes jaundice in adults? | MD Anderson Cancer Center

  https://www.mdanderson.org/cancerwise/what-causes-jaundice-in-adults.h00-159699912.html

  Anything that blocks the bile duct or takes up a significant amount of space in the liver can cause jaundice. But its most frequently seen with liver and pancreatic cancers. […] There are many reasons you might develop jaundice that are unrelated to cancer. These include: hepatitis, infection, Gilbert syndrome (a benign condition seen in about 5% of the population), dehydration (very rarely). […] Some are benign conditions that can cause slightly elevated bilirubin levels. But none of them are normal.

• #20 What causes jaundice in adults? | MD Anderson Cancer Center

  https://www.mdanderson.org/cancerwise/what-causes-jaundice-in-adults.h00-159699912.html

  Jaundice is a yellowing of the skin and eyes caused by abnormally high levels of bilirubin, an orangey-yellow pigment found in a liver secretion called bile. […] In adults, jaundice may be a symptom of: liver cancer, pancreatic cancer, bile duct cancer, gallbladder cancer, ampullary cancer, stomach cancer, cancer that originates elsewhere, but spreads to the liver, pancreas, bile duct or gallbladder, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. […] With lymphoma, jaundice is usually related to the breakdown of blood cells. But in most other cases, its either due to an obstruction or to the malfunction of the liver. […] With obstructive jaundice, the outflow of the livers secretions is being blocked, so the bilirubin backs up. With malfunction-related jaundice, the liver is not working properly. This could be due either to liver failure or to liver disease, such as cirrhosis or hepatitis.

• #21 Jaundice in infants and children: causes, diagnosis, and management | HKMJ

  https://www.hkmj.org/abstracts/v24n3/285.htm

  The prevalence of Gilbert syndrome has been reported to be 5% to 10% in the Caucasian population, with a similar prevalence (3-7%) in Chinese. […] Gilbert syndrome results from a mutation in the UGT1A1 gene promotor region. […] The aetiology remains largely unknown and the most widely accepted theory is that unknown exogenous factors trigger a series of self-limiting inflammatory events in a genetically predisposed individual during the embryonic or perinatal period. […] Current evidence suggests that genetics play an important role in the pathogenesis of BA. […] The disease is characterised by inflammatory sclerosing cholangiopathy affecting the entire biliary tract. […] Choledochal cyst is a congenital disorder characterised by cystic dilatation of the intrahepatic and/or extrahepatic bile duct.

• #21 Jaundice in infants and children: causes, diagnosis, and management | HKMJ

  https://www.hkmj.org/abstracts/v24n3/285.htm

  Jaundice is caused by an accumulation of bilirubin in the blood. […] Jaundice can be a result of overproduction of or failure to metabolise and excrete bilirubin. […] The incidence of infantile jaundice is approximately 1 in 2500 to 5000 live births with a variety of underlying diagnoses ranging from self-limiting breast milk jaundice to aggressive life-threatening diseases such as biliary atresia (BA) and liver failure. […] In general, the differential diagnoses of jaundice in infancy follow those of adults and can broadly be divided into pre-hepatic, hepatic, and post-hepatic causes. […] The aetiology of breast milk jaundice is not clear. […] Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency is a genetic condition with an X-linked recessive inheritance. […] Gilbert syndrome is the most common inherited disorder of bilirubin glucuronidation.

• #22 Obstructive Jaundice | Center for Advanced Digestive Care – NewYork-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical Center

  https://www.nyp.org/cadc/liver-diseases-and-transplantation/obstructive-jaundice

  Jaundice is a yellow color of the skin, mucus membranes, or eyes. The yellow coloring comes from bilirubin, a byproduct of old red blood cells. Obstructive jaundice is a specific type of jaundice, where symptoms develop due to a narrowed or blocked bile duct or pancreatic duct, preventing the normal drainage of bile from the bloodstream into the intestines. […] Obstructive jaundice may be due to a number of causes, all of which narrow or block the bile ducts in some way: […] Gallstones […] Pancreatic cancer, when it occurs near the tube connecting the pancreas to the intestines […] Swelling of lymph glands near the bile duct […] Pancreatic cysts […] Other pancreatic duct obstructions such as scarring.

• #23

  https://www.healthxchange.sg/digestive-system/liver/obstructive-jaundice-causes

  Obstructive jaundice is not a disease but a symptom of underlying liver conditions. […] Obstructive jaundice is not a disease in itself but a symptom of an underlying condition involving the liver, the gallbladder or the pancreas. […] The most common cause of obstructive jaundice here is gallstones causing a blockage in the drainage of pathway of bile, says Dr Tan Ek Khoon, Associate Consultant, Department of Hepato-pancreato-biliary and Transplant Surgery, Singapore General Hospital (SGH), a member of the SingHealth group. […] It is important to distinguish between the possible causes of obstructive jaundice. While the common causes are related to gallstone disease, the more sinister causes are related to cancer (pancreatic cancer, bile duct cancer, or less commonly liver cancer). […] As mentioned above, there are both benign and malignant causes of obstructive jaundice. […] Benign causes: Gallstones or cysts in the bile ducts (choledochal cyst), narrowing of the bile ducts (bile duct strictures), pancreatitis (inflammation of the pancreas). […] Malignant causes: Cancerous tumours in the pancreas, bile duct, gallbladder and liver.

• #24

  https://continentalhospitals.com/diseases/jaundice/

  Biliary Atresia: A congenital condition in infants where the bile ducts are blocked or absent, leading to jaundice. […] Newborn Jaundice: Common in newborns due to immature liver function, often resolving on its own as the liver matures. This can be due to physiological reasons or more serious conditions like hemolytic disease of the newborn. […] Pancreatic Diseases: Pancreatitis or pancreatic cancer can obstruct the bile duct, leading to jaundice. […] What causes jaundice? Jaundice can be caused by various factors, including liver disease, hepatitis, alcohol abuse, gallstones, certain medications, and blood disorders such as hemolytic anemia.

• #25 Table: Some Causes and Features of Jaundice-Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/multimedia/table/some-causes-and-features-of-jaundice

  Some Causes and Features of Jaundice […] Liver and gallbladder disorders […] Alcohol-related liver disease […] Blockage of a bile duct by a gallstone or, less commonly, by a tumor of the pancreas or bile ducts […] Cholestasis of pregnancy […] Hepatitis (viral) […] Primary biliary cholangitis (an autoimmune disorder causing destruction of the small bile ducts in the liver) […] Primary sclerosing cholangitis (scarring and destruction of small and large bile ducts) […] Breakdown of red blood cells (hemolysis), which may be caused by […] Wilson disease (which causes copper to accumulate in the liver) […] Surgical complications such as […] Drugs and toxins […] Use of a substance that can cause jaundice.

• #26 Infant jaundice – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/infant-jaundice/symptoms-causes/syc-20373865

  Infant jaundice occurs because the baby’s blood contains an excess of bilirubin (bil-ih-ROO-bin), a yellow pigment of red blood cells. […] In some babies, an underlying disease may cause infant jaundice. […] Excess bilirubin (hyperbilirubinemia) is the main cause of jaundice. […] A newborn’s immature liver often can’t remove bilirubin quickly enough, causing an excess of bilirubin. […] An underlying disorder may cause infant jaundice. […] Diseases or conditions that can cause jaundice include: Internal bleeding (hemorrhage), An infection in your baby’s blood (sepsis), Other viral or bacterial infections, An incompatibility between the mother’s blood and the baby’s blood, A liver malfunction, Biliary atresia, a condition in which the baby’s bile ducts are blocked or scarred, An enzyme deficiency, An abnormality of your baby’s red blood cells that causes them to break down rapidly.

• #27 Jaundice in Newborns: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22263-jaundice-in-newborns

  Jaundice is caused by a buildup of a bilirubin in your babys blood. […] Jaundice happens when your babys blood has too much bilirubin. Bilirubin is a chemical your body makes when it breaks down old red blood cells. […] If your babys liver hasnt developed enough to get rid of bilirubin, it can start to build up. This buildup of bilirubin causes your babys skin to look yellow. […] Severe jaundice can occur if your baby has: A blood infection (sepsis). A different blood type than you. Bruising from a difficult birth. Too many red blood cells. A low oxygen level (hypoxia). A liver condition such as biliary atresia. […] Jaundice in newborns is normal and usually cant be prevented. You can reduce the risk that your baby will develop severe jaundice by feeding them often. Frequent feedings stimulate regular bowel movements which will help your baby get rid of the bilirubin.

• #28 Causes and types of jaundice explained | baby gooroo

  https://babygooroo.com/articles/causes-types-of-jaundice-explained

  Jaundice is a common newborn condition, affecting about 60 percent of full-term infants and 80 percent of preterm infants in the first week of life. […] What causes jaundice? […] The most likely cause is blood incompatibility or liver disease. […] Physiologic jaundice usually appears at day 2-5 and lasts about 10-12 days. […] Breast milk jaundice can appear 2-5 days after birth. […] Suboptimal intake jaundice is caused by infrequent or ineffective breastfeeding.

• #29 Jaundice in Children | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/jaundice

  Children with jaundice often have a yellowish tint of the eyes and skin that usually begins on the face and moves down the body. Jaundice is a sign of a condition called hyperbilirubinemia. Babies and children develop hyperbilirubinemia when a waste product called bilirubin builds up in their blood. In newborns, hyperbilirubinemia is often a temporary condition, though it can be a symptom of a more serious illness. Early recognition and treatment are important to keep bilirubin from rising to dangerous levels. […] There are several reasons a newborn can develop jaundice, including: Physiologic jaundice is a normal response to a baby’s limited ability to excrete bilirubin in the first days of life. Breastfeeding jaundice occurs in some babies in the first week due to low milk intake or dehydration. Breast-milk jaundice occurs in some babies in the second week of life or later for unknown reasons. It may be related to a substance in the breast milk that makes it easier for the intestine to reabsorb the bilirubin or due to the immature liver processing of bilirubin. Jaundice from hemolysis is a condition that results from excess breakdown of red blood cells due to hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN), polycythemia, or hemorrhage. Inadequate liver function due to infection or other factors.

• #30 Hyperbilirubinemia and Jaundice | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/conditions-diseases/hyperbilirubinemia-and-jaundice

  Hyperbilirubinemia is a condition in which there is a build up of bilirubin in the blood, causing yellow discoloration of the eyes and skin, called jaundice. […] Depending on the cause of the hyperbilirubinemia, jaundice may appear at birth or at any time afterward. […] There are several causes of hyperbilirubinemia and jaundice, including the following: Physiologic jaundice occurs as a „normal” response to the baby’s limited ability to excrete bilirubin in the first days of life due to the immaturity of the liver. […] Breastfeeding failure jaundice. During the first few days of breastfeeding when the maternal breast milk supply is low and the baby is having trouble latching and feeding, the baby may become dehydrated. […] Breast milk jaundice is thought to be caused by a substance in the breast milk that increases the reabsorption of bilirubin through the intestinal tract.

• #31 Jaundice in Children: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment | Nationwide Children’s Hospital

  https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/conditions/jaundice-in-children

  Jaundice is caused by a yellow substance (pigment) called bilirubin. The liver, spleen and bone marrow make bilirubin out of red blood cells that have broken down. The liver then passes bilirubin out of the body through bile which flows into the stool. Jaundice occurs when bilirubin cannot be removed from the body fast enough and levels in the blood become too high. The buildup of bilirubin causes the skin and the white part of the eyes to appear yellow. […] Various disorders, such as infectious, endocrine (hormonal) or genetic (inherited) diseases, can keep the liver from processing bilirubin as it should. In those cases, the problem that is causing the jaundice needs to be found and treated. […] Rarely, jaundice in children may be a sign of a more serious health issue. More testing will then be needed to find the cause and the correct treatment. Some of the health problems that can cause persistent jaundice include: Blood type mismatch between mother and baby, which makes babys red blood cells break down faster than normal and raises bilirubin levels; Blood cell diseases, such as sickle cell anemia or glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency; Infections, usually caused by a virus (such as the CMV virus) or bacteria (such as in a urinary tract infection). Jaundice can also be a sign of a more serious infection, such as herpes simplex or sepsis; Endocrine (hormonal) disorders, such as hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid) or hypopituitarism; Conditions that block the flow of bile out of the liver (cholestasis), such as biliary atresia or choledochal (bile duct) cyst. Some of these conditions are genetic (inborn), for example cystic fibrosis, Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency, or Alagille syndrome; Genetic diseases, such as Gilbert syndrome (a common, harmless condition) or galactosemia (a serious illness that must be treated with a special diet for the baby). There are many other genetic diseases that can cause jaundice, but most of them are extremely rare. […] For children with pathologic jaundice (jaundice that is caused by disease), the best course of treatment depends on the cause. As discussed above, pathologic jaundice can have many different causes, and various tests may be needed to find out what the problem is and how to treat it.

• #32 Neonatal Jaundice – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK532930/

  Neonatal jaundice is a clinical manifestation of elevated total serum bilirubin, termed neonatal hyperbilirubinemia, which results from bilirubin that is deposited into an infant’s skin. […] The two types of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia are unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia and conjugated hyperbilirubinemia. In most neonates, unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia is the cause of clinical jaundice. However, some infants have conjugated hyperbilirubinemia, which is always pathologic and signifies an underlying medical or surgical etiology. […] When neonatal jaundice is clinically identified, the underlying etiology of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia must be determined. […] The causes of pathologic UHB and CHB are numerous and varied. […] The production of bilirubin can increase secondary to immune-mediated hemolysis caused by blood group incompatibilities (eg, such as ABO and Rhesus (Rh) incompatibility) and nonimmune mediated hemolysis, which is caused by RBC membrane defects (eg, hereditary spherocytosis and elliptocytosis), RBC enzyme defects (eg, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase [G6PD], pyruvate kinase deficiencies), sequestration-like cephalohematoma, subgaleal hemorrhage, intracranial hemorrhage, polycythemia, and sepsis.

• #33 Neonatal Jaundice: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/974786-overview

  Physiologic jaundice is caused by a combination of increased bilirubin production secondary to accelerated destruction of erythrocytes, decreased excretory capacity secondary to low levels of ligandin in hepatocytes, and low activity of the bilirubin-conjugating enzyme UDPGT. […] Pathologic neonatal jaundice occurs when additional factors accompany the basic mechanisms described above. Examples include immune or nonimmune hemolytic anemia, polycythemia, and the presence of bruising or other extravasation of blood. […] Decreased clearance of bilirubin may play a role in breastfeeding jaundice, breast milk jaundice, and in several metabolic and endocrine disorders. […] Risk factors for increased neonatal jaundice include the following: Lower gestational age (ie, the risk increases with each additional week less than 40 wk), jaundice in the first 24 hours after birth, predischarge transcutaneous bilirubin (TcB) or total serum bilirubin (TSB) concentration close to the phototherapy threshold, hemolysis from any cause, if known or suspected based on a rapid rate of increase in the TSB or TcB of over 0.3 mg/dL per hour in the first 24 h or more than 0.2 mg/dL per hour thereafter, phototherapy before discharge, parent or sibling requiring phototherapy or exchange transfusion, family history or genetic ancestry suggestive of inherited red blood cell disorders, including G6PD deficiency, exclusive breastfeeding with suboptimal intake, scalp hematoma or significant bruising, Down syndrome, macrosomic infant of a diabetic mother.

• #34 Jaundice in Newborns – Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://www.childbirthinjuries.com/birth-injury/newborn-jaundice/

  Jaundice is a common condition that affects 60% to 80% of newborn babies. It results from a buildup of a substance in the blood called bilirubin, a pigment which yellows the baby’s skin and the whites of their eyes. […] When red blood cells break down as part of their natural lifespan, they create bilirubin. Normally, the liver processes this yellowish, toxic substance, and the body excretes it with other waste. When red blood cells break down too quickly or the liver is not working properly, bilirubin can build up and cause the skin to turn yellow. […] For most babies, jaundice is caused by normal newborn conditions: Newborn livers are still developing and cannot yet keep up with bilirubin production. Blood cells reproduce and break down at a faster rate in newborns than in adults. […] Newborns have a greater chance of jaundice if several risk factors are present, including: Severe Bruising During Birth: Bruises sustained by a baby during a complicated delivery can cause blood cells to break down at a higher rate. Blood Type Differences: When a mother’s blood type is different from her baby’s, she may develop antibodies that attack the fetus’s blood cells. Breast Feeding: Babies who have difficulties feeding or can’t get enough nutrition through breast milk are significantly more likely to have jaundice. Premature Birth: The livers of babies born before 38 weeks of pregnancy cannot process bilirubin as efficiently as those of full-term babies. Premature babies may also be eating too little to assist the excretion of bilirubin from the body.

• #35 What are Jaundice and Kernicterus? | CDC

  https://archive.cdc.gov/www_cdc_gov/ncbddd/jaundice/facts.html

  Jaundice happens when a chemical called bilirubin builds up in the babys blood. […] In some babies, the liver might not be developed enough to efficiently get rid of bilirubin. […] Kernicterus is a type of brain damage that can result from high levels of bilirubin in a babys blood. […] Early detection and management of jaundice can prevent kernicterus. […] Babies with any of the following risk factors need close monitoring and early jaundice management: […] A baby born to an East Asian or Mediterranean family is at a higher risk of becoming jaundiced. […] Women with an O blood type or Rh negative blood factor might have babies with higher bilirubin levels.

• #36 Jaundice Can Cause Kernicterus and Cerebral Palsy

  https://www.abclawcenters.com/frequently-asked-questions/can-jaundice-cause-kernicterus-and-cerebral-palsy/

  Jaundice, the yellowing of the skin caused by a buildup of bilirubin (the product of red blood cell breakdown) in a baby’s blood and tissues, is often harmless when treated properly. However, when the level of bilirubin in a baby’s blood rises to a dangerous level, bilirubin can enter brain tissue. Bilirubin is toxic to brain tissue and can cause kernicterus encephalopathy, a non-reversible form of brain damage that is associated with lifelong disabilities such as cerebral palsy, seizure disorders, and hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE). […] Newborn jaundice occurs when a baby has too much bilirubin in his or her bloodstream. […] If jaundice is left untreated or is treated too late (especially in babies with additional risk factors for jaundice), it can cause a form of lifelong brain damage called kernicterus. Kernicterus occurs when the excess bilirubin crosses a barrier and enters the brain tissue, where it is extremely toxic.

• #37 Jaundice causes – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Jaundice_causes

  Heart failure […] Drugs – Rifampin, Probenecid […] Impaired bilirubin conjugation: […] Crigler-Najjar syndrome types I and II […] Gilbert syndrome […] Liver diseases – chronic hepatitis, advanced cirrhosis […] Causes of conjugated hyperbilirubinimia includes: […] Common Causes […] Intrahepatic cholestasis: […] Viral hepatitis […] Alcoholic hepatitis […] Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease […] Primary biliary cirrhosis […] Drugs and toxins (eg, alkylated steroids, chlorpromazine, herbal medications [eg, Jamaican bush tea], arsenic) […] Extrahepatic cholestasis (biliary obstruction): […] Choledocholithiasis […] Intrinsic and extrinsic tumors (eg, cholangiocarcinoma) […] Primary sclerosing cholangitis […] Acute and chronic pancreatitis.

• #38 Neonatal Jaundice: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/974786-overview

  Further risk factors to consider also include race/ethnicity: The incidence is higher in East Asians and American Indians and is lower in Africans/African Americans, geography: A higher incidence occurs in populations living at high altitudes, genetics and familial risk: There is a higher incidence in infants with mutations/polymorphisms in the genes that code for enzymes and proteins involved in bilirubin metabolism. Combinations of genetic variants appear to exacerbate neonatal jaundice. […] Maternal factors: Use of some drugs may increase the incidence, whereas others lower the incidence of neonatal jaundice. Some herbal remedies taken by the lactating mother may apparently exacerbate jaundice in the infant. […] Congenital infection.

• #39 Diagnostic approach to the adult with jaundice or asymptomatic hyperbilirubinemia – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/diagnostic-approach-to-the-adult-with-jaundice-or-asymptomatic-hyperbilirubinemia

  Jaundice and asymptomatic hyperbilirubinemia are common clinical problems that can be caused by a variety of disorders, including bilirubin overproduction, impaired bilirubin conjugation, biliary obstruction, and hepatic inflammation. […] Unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia is characterized by plasma elevation of predominantly unconjugated (indirect) bilirubin. This may be due to the overproduction of bilirubin, impaired bilirubin uptake by the liver, or abnormalities of bilirubin conjugation. […] In patients with conjugated hyperbilirubinemia, both unconjugated and conjugated (direct) bilirubin are elevated. This may be due to hepatocellular disease, impaired canalicular excretion of bilirubin, or biliary obstruction.

• #40 Jaundice: Causes, symptoms, and treatments

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/165749

  Adults and children with jaundice may notice a yellowish tinge to their skin, mucous membranes, and the whites of the eyes. It can happen with various health conditions and usually indicates a problem with the liver or bile ducts. […] Jaundice typically occurs due to an underlying disorder that either causes the production of too much bilirubin or prevents the liver from eliminating it. […] Some possible underlying conditions and causes of jaundice include: side effects of certain medications, gallstone disease, excessive alcohol consumption, gallbladder or pancreatic cancer, cirrhosis, which is a disease that causes scar tissue to replace healthy tissue in the liver, hepatitis or other liver infections, hemolytic anemia. […] Jaundice is related to liver function. […] It occurs when the liver cannot keep up with the demand to process waste in the blood or when the liver becomes damaged. Several conditions can cause liver issues and result in jaundice.

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