Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Adult Jaundice: What It Is, Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/symptoms/15367-adult-jaundice

  Jaundice is a condition where your skin, the whites of your eyes and mucous membranes (like the inside of your nose and mouth) turn yellow. […] Jaundice occurs when your liver is unable to process bilirubin (a yellow substance made when red blood cells break down) in your blood. This can either be caused by too much red blood cell breakdown or liver injury. […] Jaundice happens when your liver cant process all the bilirubin your body makes, or if your liver has a problem releasing bilirubin. […] When theres too much bilirubin in your blood, it starts to leak into tissues around your blood vessels. This leaking bilirubin makes your skin and the whites of your eyes yellow. This yellow color is a common sign of jaundice. […] Symptoms that can be associated with jaundice include: Yellowish tint to your skin and the whites of your eyes.

• #1 Jaundice – Clinical Methods – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK413/

  Jaundice is the yellow color of skin and mucous membranes due to accumulation of bile pigments in blood and their deposition in body tissues. Jaundice should be distinguished from cholestasis, which refers to a decreased rate of bile flow. Depending on the clinical situation, jaundice and cholestasis may coexist or each may exist without the other. Although many sources confidently say that jaundice can be recognized when the serum bilirubin rises to 2 to 2.5 mg/dl, experienced clinicians often cannot see a yellow skin coloration until the serum bilirubin is at least 7 to 8 mg/dl. […] Symptoms associated with jaundice often provide a diagnosis. Abdominal pain frequently accompanies jaundice, and its character may point to a specific diagnosis. Although hepatocellular jaundice is usually painless, a dull ache or „heavy sensation” in the right upper quadrant may attend acute hepatitis of any cause. Pain associated with alcoholic hepatitis, especially when accompanied by fever, jaundice, and leukocytosis, may be sufficiently severe to simulate an acute surgical abdomen.

• #1 Jaundice – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK544252/

  Jaundice, also known as hyperbilirubinemia, is defined as a yellow discoloration of the body tissue resulting from the accumulation of excess bilirubin. […] The clinical presentation of jaundice with peripheral yellowing of the eye sclera, also called scleral icterus, is best appreciated when serum bilirubin levels exceed 3 mg/dl. […] With further increase in serum bilirubin levels, the skin will progressively discolor ranging from lemon yellow to apple green, especially if the process is long-standing; the green color is due to biliverdin. […] Dysfunctions in prehepatic phase results in elevated serum levels of unconjugated bilirubin while insult in post hepatic phase marks elevated conjugated bilirubin. […] Hepatic phase impairment can elevate both unconjugated and conjugated bilirubin.

• #1 Jaundice: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000210.htm

  Jaundice is a yellow color of the skin, mucus membranes, or eyes. The yellow coloring comes from bilirubin, a byproduct of old red blood cells. Jaundice can be a symptom of several health problems. […] Jaundice may appear suddenly or develop slowly over time. Symptoms of jaundice commonly include: Yellow skin and the white part of the eyes (sclera) — when jaundice is more severe, these areas may look brown, Yellow color inside the mouth, Dark or brown-colored urine, Pale or clay-colored stools, Itching (pruritis) usually occurs with jaundice. […] Other symptoms depend on the disorder causing the jaundice: Cancers may produce no symptoms, or there may be fatigue, weight loss, or other symptoms. Hepatitis may produce nausea, vomiting, fatigue, or other symptoms.

• #1 Jaundice: Causes, symptoms, and treatments

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/165749

  Adults and children with jaundice may notice a yellowish tinge to their skin, mucous membranes, and the whites of the eyes. It can happen with various health conditions and usually indicates a problem with the liver or bile ducts. […] With moderate bilirubin levels, a persons skin, eyes, and mucous membranes can turn yellow. As it progresses, the color can also change from yellow to green. The green color occurs due to biliverdin, the green pigment present in bile. […] Common symptoms of jaundice include: a yellow tinge to the skin, mucous membranes, and the whites of the eyes; pale stools; dark urine; itchiness. […] Accompanying symptoms of jaundice may include: fatigue; abdominal pain; weight loss; vomiting; fever. […] High levels of bilirubin can be toxic and lead to a rare type of brain damage called kernicterus in infants. […] Symptoms will usually resolve without treatment in mild cases. However, infants with extremely high bilirubin levels will require treatment with either a blood transfusion or phototherapy.

• #1 Infant jaundice – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/infant-jaundice/symptoms-causes/syc-20373865

  Infant jaundice is yellow discoloration of a newborn baby’s skin and eyes. Infant jaundice occurs because the baby’s blood contains an excess of bilirubin (bil-ih-ROO-bin), a yellow pigment of red blood cells. […] Yellowing of the skin and the whites of the eyes the main sign of infant jaundice usually appears between the second and fourth day after birth. […] Your baby should be examined for jaundice between the third and seventh day after birth, when bilirubin levels usually peak. If your baby is discharged earlier than 72 hours after birth, make a follow-up appointment to look for jaundice within two days of discharge. […] The following signs or symptoms may indicate severe jaundice or complications from excess bilirubin. Call your doctor if: Your baby’s skin becomes more yellow. The skin on your baby’s the abdomen, arms or legs looks yellow. The whites of your baby’s eyes look yellow. Your baby seems listless or sick or is difficult to awaken. Your baby isn’t gaining weight or is feeding poorly. Your baby makes high-pitched cries. Your baby develops any other signs or symptoms that concern you.

• #1 Dermal Progression of Neonatal Jaundice of Newborn Under 35 Weeks of Gestational Age – The Journal of Pediatric Research

  https://jpedres.org/articles/dermal-progression-of-neonatal-jaundice-of-newborn-under-35-weeks-of-gestational-age/doi/jpr.galenos.2022.56650

  Aim: To determine the dermal progression of neonatal jaundice in newborns under 35 weeks of gestational age and those risk factors which affect dermal progression. […] Neonatal jaundice first becomes visible on the face and forehead, then gradually becomes visible on the trunk and extremities as the level of serum bilirubin rises. This phenomenon is called the cephalocaudal progression of jaundice. […] Our study suggests that jaundice progression in preterms under 35 weeks of age follows a different centrifugal spread, not from head to toe as in term babies. […] We found a statistically significant correlation between transcutaneous-capillary bilirubin measurements. We have shown that using the TcB measurement as a screening tool to determine the necessity of serum bilirubin measurement is reliable for preterm infants. Many studies in the literature have also shown that there is a correlation between TcB and TSB measurements. And also, our study shows that, unlike term babies, the most significant elevation is on the chest region in transcutaneous bilirubin measurements in preterms under 35 weeks and that jaundice progression follows a different spread, not from head to toe as in term babies.

• #1 Jaundice Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/jaundice

  Jaundice is a yellow color of the skin, mucus membranes, or eyes. The yellow coloring comes from bilirubin, a byproduct of old red blood cells. Jaundice can be a symptom of several health problems. […] Jaundice may appear suddenly or develop slowly over time. Symptoms of jaundice commonly include: Yellow skin and the white part of the eyes (sclera) — when jaundice is more severe, these areas may look brown; Yellow color inside the mouth; Dark or brown-colored urine; Pale or clay-colored stools; Itching (pruritis) usually occurs with jaundice. […] Other symptoms depend on the disorder causing the jaundice: Cancers may produce no symptoms, or there may be fatigue, weight loss, or other symptoms. Hepatitis may produce nausea, vomiting, fatigue, or other symptoms.

• #1 Signs That Jaundice Is Getting Worse

  https://gemhospitals.com/blog/signs-jaundice-getting-worse

  Pruritus, or intense itching, often accompanies worsening jaundice. This symptom occurs because bile salts accumulate under the skin, causing irritation. […] As jaundice worsens, individuals may experience increasing levels of fatigue and general weakness. This is often due to the liver’s diminished ability to filter toxins from the blood. […] Worsening jaundice can lead to discomfort and pain in the abdomen, particularly in the upper right quadrant where the liver is located. Swelling of the abdomen, or ascites, may also occur due to fluid accumulation. […] Nausea and vomiting are common symptoms as jaundice worsens. They are often indicative of liver failure or severe liver disease. […] If you notice any of these worsening signs of jaundice, it’s crucial to seek medical attention promptly. Early intervention can prevent further complications and improve outcomes. […] Recognizing the signs that jaundice is getting worse is essential for timely medical intervention. From increasing yellowing of the skin and eyes to darkening urine and severe fatigue, these symptoms indicate that the underlying condition requires immediate attention.

• #1 Jaundice – Clinical Methods – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK413/

  Fever frequently accompanies jaundice caused by acute hepatitis, although it usually lasts no more than a few days. Fever associated with chills usually points to biliary obstruction, especially due to stones or stricture and, less frequently, to malignancy. […] Generalized pruritus usually points to biliary tract obstruction as the cause of jaundice. Recent onset localizes the level to the large ducts (i.e., neoplasm) or canaliculi (intrahepatic cholestasis, most commonly due to drug toxicity). A long-standing history of pruritus extending over months to years in a middle-aged woman suggests primary biliary cirrhosis as the culprit. However, pruritus may occasionally occur with viral hepatitis too. […] The jaundiced patient requires thorough documentation of all recent drug and toxin exposures.

• #1 Jaundice: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment Options

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/jaundice-8640349

  Persistent hyperbilirubinemia can lead to a potentially fatal condition called kernicterus, in which bilirubin invades the brain, causing brain dysfunction known as encephalopathy. If not treated immediately, kernicterus can lead to seizures, brain damage, and complications such as: Involuntary eye movements (nystagmus), Uncontrollable twitches and spasms (myoclonus), Permanent hearing loss, Learning disabilities, Cerebral palsy (a neurological condition due to brain damage), Death. […] The duration of jaundice varies based largely on whether the underlying condition is acute (sudden and severe) or chronic (persistent or long-lasting). Generally speaking, the discoloration will fade once the underlying cause is resolvedwhether it be an acute infection, biliary obstruction, or toxic drug reaction.

• #1 Jaundice – Clinical Methods – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK413/

  The icteric patient with extrahepatic obstruction due to gallstones or postsurgical biliary stricture has usually had acute symptoms for less than 2 weeks, while those with pancreatic or biliary ductal carcinoma, chronic pancreatitis, or primary sclerosing cholangitis have had symptoms of longer duration. A prominent history of recent weight loss suggests malignancy, while fever and chills suggest cholangitis. Intermittent right upper quadrant pain radiating to the back or right shoulder favors gallstones, while constant epigastric or right upper quadrant pain radiating to the back suggests malignancy. […] Patients with jaundice due to intrahepatic problems may have had symptoms for less than 2 weeks (i.e., acute hepatitis of any cause) or more than 2 weeks (i.e., cirrhosis, chronic hepatitis, familial liver conditions). Abdominal pain often plays a minor role in the patient’s history, while the major complaints are usually malaise, fatigue, and other constitutional symptoms.

• #1 Jaundice: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment Options

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/jaundice-8640349

  Jaundice has a typical course with some diseases (like acute viral hepatitis, which usually peaks in two weeks and starts to fade over two to three weeks). With other diseases, such as liver cancer, jaundice will only clear after a liver transplant. […] With neonatal jaundice, the timeline is more consistent. In formula-fed babies, jaundice typically clears within two weeks. In breastfed babies, jaundice may last two to three weeks, sometimes longer.

• #1 Jaundice in Adults – Liver and Gallbladder Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/liver-and-gallbladder-disorders/manifestations-of-liver-disease/jaundice-in-adults

  If the bile ducts are blocked, bilirubin can build up in the blood. Most blockages are caused by a gallstone, but some are caused by cancer (such as cancer in the pancreas or bile ducts) or rare liver disorders (such as primary biliary cholangitis or primary sclerosing cholangitis). […] Jaundice is obvious, but identifying its cause requires a doctor’s examination, blood tests, and sometimes other tests. […] In people with jaundice, the following symptoms are cause for concern: severe abdominal pain and tenderness, changes in mental function, such as drowsiness, agitation, or confusion, blood in stool or tarry black stool, blood in vomit, fever, and a tendency to bruise or to bleed easily. […] If people have any warning signs, they should see a doctor as soon as possible. People with no warning signs should see a doctor within a few days.

• #1 Jaundice – Hepatic and Biliary Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/hepatic-and-biliary-disorders/approach-to-the-patient-with-liver-disease/jaundice

  Jaundice is a yellowish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes caused by hyperbilirubinemia. Jaundice becomes visible when the bilirubin level is about 2 to 3 mg/dL (34 to 51 micromol/L). […] Outcome is determined primarily by the cause of jaundice and the presence and severity of hepatic dysfunction. Hepatic dysfunction can result in coagulopathy, encephalopathy, and portal hypertension (which can lead to gastrointestinal bleeding). […] Symptoms may be attenuated or missed in the older patient; eg, abdominal pain may be mild or absent in acute viral hepatitis. A sleep disturbance or mild confusion resulting from portosystemic encephalopathy may be misattributed to dementia. […] Suspect acute viral hepatitis in patients, particularly young and healthy patients, who have acute jaundice, particularly with a viral prodrome.

• #1 Jaundice in neonates | Safer Care Victoria

  https://www.safercare.vic.gov.au/best-practice-improvement/clinical-guidance/neonatal/jaundice-in-neonates

  Jaundice occurs in approximately 60 per cent of newborns, but only a few will require investigation and treatment. […] Jaundice may not be visible in the neonate’s skin until the bilirubin concentration exceeds 70-100 micromol/L. […] If inadequately managed, jaundice may result in severe brain injury or death. […] Early detection of jaundice (appears in the sclera with SBR of 35-40 micromol/L) may be difficult in newborns because eyelids are often swollen and usually closed. […] Increasing total serum bilirubin (SBR) levels are accompanied by the cephalocaudal progression of jaundice, predictably from the face to the trunk, extremities and finally to the palms and soles. […] Major risk factors for severe hyperbilirubinaemia include jaundice within the first 24 hours and blood group incompatibility.

• #1 Newborn jaundice: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001559.htm

  Jaundice causes a yellow color of the skin. It usually begins on the face and then moves down to the chest, belly area, legs, and soles of the feet. […] Sometimes, infants with severe jaundice may be very tired and feed poorly. […] Newborn jaundice is not harmful most of the time. For most babies, jaundice will get better without treatment within 1 to 2 weeks. […] A very high level of bilirubin can damage the brain. This is called kernicterus. The condition is almost always diagnosed before the level becomes high enough to cause this damage. Treatment is usually effective. […] Rare, but serious complications from high bilirubin levels include: […] Jaundice is an emergency if the baby has a fever, has become listless, or is not feeding well. Jaundice may be dangerous in high-risk newborns. […] Jaundice is generally not dangerous in babies who were born full term and who do not have other medical problems.

• #1

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/jaundice-newborn/symptoms/

  If your baby has jaundice, their skin will look slightly yellow. […] Changes in skin colour can be more difficult to see if your baby has brown or black skin. […] Yellowing may be more obvious elsewhere, such as: in the whites of their eyes, inside their mouth, on the soles of their feet, on the palms of their hands. […] The yellowing of the skin is usually more noticeable on the head and face. […] The yellowing may also increase if you press an area of skin down with your finger. […] A newborn baby with jaundice may also: be sleepy, not want to feed or not feed as well as usual, have dark yellow pee (it should be colourless), have pale poo (it should be yellow or orange). […] Jaundice usually appears about 2 days after birth and disappears by the time the baby is 2 weeks old. […] In premature babies, who are more prone to jaundice, it can take 5 to 7 days to appear and usually lasts about 3 weeks. […] It also tends to last longer in babies who only have breast milk, affecting some babies for a few months.

• #1 Jaundice in Newborns | Children’s Hospital Colorado

  https://www.childrenscolorado.org/conditions-and-advice/conditions-and-symptoms/symptoms/jaundiced-newborn/

  Jaundice (yellow skin) in a baby during the first 3 months of life (90 days) […] The skin turns a yellow color from high bilirubin levels in the blood. […] Jaundice means the skin has turned yellow. […] Bilirubin is the pigment that turns the skin yellow. […] Half of babies have some jaundice. Usually it is mild. […] The level of bilirubin that is harmful is around 20. Reaching a level this high is rare. […] Physiological jaundice peaks on day 4 or 5. […] It slowly goes away over 1-2 weeks. […] Jaundice that only involves the face is harmless. As it involves the chest, the level is going up. If it involves the eyes, stomach, arms or legs, the bilirubin level needs to be checked. […] Jaundice gets worse. […] Whites of the eyes turn yellow. […] Belly or legs turn yellow. […] Jaundice lasts more than 14 days.

• #1 Jaundice in babies | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/healthyliving/jaundice-in-babies

  Jaundice shows up in babies as a yellowish tinge to the skin and eyes. […] Jaundice usually appears on the second or third day. If your baby is full-term and healthy, mild jaundice is nothing to worry about and will resolve by itself within a week or so. However, a premature or sick baby or a baby with very high levels of bilirubin will need close monitoring and medical treatments. […] The symptoms of jaundice in babies depend on the cause and severity, but may include: a yellow tinge to the skin, usually appearing first on the face and scalp; a yellow tinge to the white parts of the eyes (sclera); a yellow tinge spreading to the skin of the body (in moderate jaundice); palms of the hands and soles of the feet turning yellow (in severe jaundice); unusual drowsiness; feeding difficulties; in some cases, light-coloured faeces (poo) and dark urine.

• #1 Neonatal jaundice – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neonatal_jaundice

  Prolonged hyperbilirubinemia (severe jaundice) can result in chronic bilirubin encephalopathy (kernicterus). Quick and accurate treatment of neonatal jaundice helps to reduce the risk of neonates developing kernicterus. […] Diagnosis is often by measuring the serum bilirubin level in the blood. […] Any of the following features suggests pathological jaundice: Clinical jaundice appearing in the first 24 hours or greater than 14 days of life. Increases in the level of total bilirubin by more than 8.5 mol/L (0.5 mg/dL) per hour or (85 mol/L) 5 mg/dL per 24 hours. Total bilirubin more than 331.5 mol/L (19.5 mg/dL) (hyperbilirubinemia). Direct bilirubin more than 34 mol/L (2.0 mg/dL). […] The bilirubin levels for initiative of phototherapy varies depends on the age and health status of the newborn. However, any newborn with a total serum bilirubin greater than 359 mol/L (21 mg/dL) should receive phototherapy.

• #1 Infant jaundice – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/infant-jaundice/symptoms-causes/syc-20373865

  High levels of bilirubin that cause severe jaundice can result in serious complications if not treated. […] Signs of acute bilirubin encephalopathy in a baby with jaundice include: Listlessness, Difficulty waking, High-pitched crying, Poor sucking or feeding, Backward arching of the neck and body, Fever.

• #1 Jaundice in Adults – Liver and Gallbladder Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/liver-and-gallbladder-disorders/manifestations-of-liver-disease/jaundice-in-adults

  If people eat large amounts of food rich in beta-carotene (such as carrots, squash, and some melons), their skin may look slightly yellow, but their eyes do not turn yellow. This condition is not jaundice and is unrelated to liver disease. […] Jaundice in adults has many causes. Most causes involve disorders and drugs that damage the liver, interfere with the flow of bile, or trigger the destruction of red blood cells (hemolysis), thus producing more bilirubin than the liver can handle. […] The most common causes of jaundice are hepatitis, alcohol-related liver disease, a blockage of a bile duct by a gallstone (usually) or tumor, and a toxic reaction to a drug or medicinal herb. […] Hepatitis is liver inflammation that is usually caused by a virus but can be caused by an autoimmune disorder or use of certain drugs. Hepatitis damages the liver, making it less able to move bilirubin into the bile ducts.

• #1 JAUNDICE – a patient’s guide – Family Doctor

  https://www.familydoctor.co.nz/categories/blood-disorders/jaundice-a-patients-guide/

  The symptoms can include jaundice, nausea, loss of appetite, abdominal pain, an enlarged tender liver, fever and mental confusion. […] Cancer is a possible cause of jaundice, particularly in older people and in cases where there are few other symptoms besides the jaundice. […] A rare cause of jaundice is pregnancy. Sometimes, this is associated with excessive 'morning sickness’ (hyperemesis gravidarum). […] Treatment, if possible, would be of the underlying cause. As mentioned above, not all of the causes of jaundice are treatable. […] Anyone experiencing a yellow change in skin colour should see a doctor for a diagnosis to be made as a specific treatment might be indicated.

• #1 What causes jaundice in adults? | MD Anderson Cancer Center

  https://www.mdanderson.org/cancerwise/what-causes-jaundice-in-adults.h00-159699912.html

  Jaundice is a yellowing of the skin and eyes caused by abnormally high levels of bilirubin, an orangey-yellow pigment found in a liver secretion called bile. […] In adults, jaundice may be a symptom of: liver cancer, pancreatic cancer, bile duct cancer, gallbladder cancer, ampullary cancer, stomach cancer, cancer that originates elsewhere, but spreads to the liver, pancreas, bile duct or gallbladder, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. […] With obstructive jaundice, the outflow of the liver’s secretions is being blocked, so the bilirubin backs up. […] Typically, jaundice is also seen when cancer is at a more advanced stage. […] Jaundice is typically the main sign that something is wrong with the liver. […] Any amount of jaundice should prompt a clinical evaluation.

• #1 What Is Jaundice? Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/jaundice/guide/

  While some adults don’t exhibit any symptoms, for others, signs may include: Change in skin color, Flu-like symptoms, like fever and chills, Dark urine, Clay-colored stool, Itchy skin, Weight loss. […] Other signs of jaundice in adults include: Blood in vomit or stool, Tarry black stool, Extreme abdominal pain and tenderness, Sudden drowsiness, agitation, or confusion, Easy bruising or bleeding, sometimes causing a rash of tiny reddish-purple dots or larger splotches. […] Jaundice typically doesn’t require treatment in adults. However, its causes and complications are the focus of treatment and management. […] In adults, the duration of your jaundice will depend on the underlying cause and will vary from short term to unresolvable. […] If your jaundice has been triggered by an infection, your symptoms will likely get better when your infection clears up. […] If you have long-term liver disease, such as chronic hepatitis or untreatable hepatobiliary cancers, your jaundice may not improve.

• #1 Jaundice in Adults – Liver and Gallbladder Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/liver-and-gallbladder-disorders/manifestations-of-liver-disease/jaundice-in-adults

  The underlying disorder and any problems it causes are treated as needed. If jaundice is due to acute viral hepatitis, it may disappear gradually, without treatment, as the condition of the liver improves. However, hepatitis may become chronic, even if the jaundice disappears. Jaundice itself requires no treatment in adults. […] In older people, the disorder causing jaundice may not cause the same symptoms as it typically does in younger people, or the symptoms may be milder or harder to recognize. For example, if older people have acute viral hepatitis, they often have much less abdominal pain than younger people.

• #1 Jaundice in Adults (Hyperbilirubinemia): Causes, Symptoms, & Treatment

  https://www.medicinenet.com/jaundice_in_adults/article.htm

  Jaundice is a yellowish discoloration of the skin, mucous membranes, and the whites of the eyes caused by elevated levels of the chemical bilirubin in the blood (hyperbilirubinemia). The term jaundice is derived from the French word jaune, which means yellow. Jaundice is not a disease per se but a visible sign of an underlying disease process. […] Jaundice is typically seen when the level of bilirubin in the blood exceeds 2.5-3 mg/dL (milligrams per deciliter). […] Jaundice in adults can be caused by various medical conditions, some of which are serious and potentially life-threatening. […] Any adult who develops jaundice needs to undergo a comprehensive medical evaluation to determine its cause. […] Jaundice occurs if there is a dysfunction of the normal metabolism and/or excretion of bilirubin. This disruption in the metabolism or excretion of bilirubin can occur at various stages, and it is useful to classify the different causes of jaundice based on where the dysfunction occurs. The causes of jaundice are generally classified as pre-hepatic (the problem arises before secretion to the liver), hepatic (the problem arises within the liver), and post-hepatic (the problem arises after bilirubin is excreted from the liver).

• #1 Yellow Skin (Jaundice): Pictures, Symptoms, Causes, and Diagnosis

  https://www.healthline.com/health/jaundice-yellow-skin

  Yellowing of the skin, known as jaundice, is a common condition with newborns, which usually resolves as the babys liver develops. However, with adults, yellow skin can be a symptom of several different health conditions, specifically diseases that affect the liver. […] Jaundice may indicate a serious problem with the function of your red blood cells, liver, gallbladder, or pancreas. […] Symptoms include bone deformities (especially in the face), dark urine, delayed growth and development, excessive tiredness and fatigue, and yellow or pale skin. […] Common symptoms include loss of appetite, unintentional weight loss, abdominal (stomach) or lower back pain, blood clots, jaundice (yellow skin and eyes), and depression. […] Symptoms of dangerously elevated bilirubin levels include jaundice that spreads or becomes more intense over time, fever, poor feeding, listlessness, and high-pitched crying.

• #1 Jaundice in adults | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/jaundice

  If you have jaundice and sudden symptoms such as fever, confusion and intense abdominal pain, call triple zero (000) for an ambulance. […] Jaundice causes your skin and the whites of your eyes to appear yellow. Other symptoms can also occur with jaundice. These include: […] Depending on the cause of the jaundice, you may also have other symptoms, such as: […] If you have jaundice, you should see your doctor as soon as possible. […] See your doctor or midwife straight away if you develop jaundice during pregnancy. […] If you have jaundice and sudden symptoms such as fever, confusion and intense abdominal pain, call triple zero (000) for an ambulance. […] Treatment depends on the underlying cause of jaundice. […] If the cause of your jaundice stays untreated, you may experience complications. These can vary depending on your underlying condition.

• #1 Jaundice – Hepatic and Biliary Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/hepatic-and-biliary-disorders/approach-to-the-patient-with-liver-disease/jaundice

  Suspect biliary obstruction due to cancer in older patients with painless jaundice, weight loss, an abdominal mass, and minimal pruritus. […] Suspect hepatocellular dysfunction if aminotransferase levels are 500 U/L and alkaline phosphatase elevation is 3 times normal. […] Suspect cholestasis if aminotransferase levels are 200 U/L and alkaline phosphatase elevation is 3 times normal. […] Hepatic dysfunction is significant if mental status is altered and coagulopathy is present.

• #1 Is jaundice a warning sign of cancer? | Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center – Buffalo, NY

  https://www.roswellpark.org/cancertalk/202502/jaundice-warning-sign-cancer

  Jaundice is a condition in which the skin and the whites of the eyes take on a yellowish color. […] But jaundice can also be a symptom of cancer, such as cancer of the pancreas, liver or bile ducts (cholangiocarcinoma). […] But no matter the cause, jaundice requires prompt attention by a medical provider for diagnosis and treatment, advises Zachary Stiles, DO, MS, surgical oncologist with the Roswell Park Care Network. […] While gallstones, hepatitis and other liver and bile duct diseases are the much more common causes of jaundice, cancer must be ruled out. […] Cancerous tumors in the pancreas, gallbladder, bile ducts and liver can block the bile duct. Most people with pancreatic cancer experience jaundice as an early symptom. […] Jaundice often occurs without belly pain and thats when surgeons worry most, says Dr. Stiles. Until proven otherwise, thats cancer, especially in people age 50 or older, where rates of cancer are higher. […] The bottom line is that jaundice without abdominal pain should be evaluated for cancer immediately, advises Dr. Stiles.

• #1 What are Jaundice and Kernicterus? | CDC

  https://archive.cdc.gov/www_cdc_gov/ncbddd/jaundice/facts.html

  Jaundice usually appears first on the face and then moves to the chest, belly, arms, and legs as bilirubin levels get higher. The whites of the eyes can also look yellow. […] When severe jaundice goes untreated for too long, it can cause a condition called kernicterus. Kernicterus is a type of brain damage that can result from high levels of bilirubin in a babys blood. […] Early detection and management of jaundice can prevent kernicterus. […] No baby should develop brain damage from untreated jaundice. […] Jaundice is generally treated before brain damage is a concern. […] When severe jaundice goes untreated for too long, it can cause brain damage and a condition called kernicterus. […] Early diagnosis and treatment of jaundice can prevent kernicterus.

• #1 Jaundice in newborns | Children’s Health Queensland

  https://www.childrens.health.qld.gov.au/health-a-to-z/jaundice

  Jaundice is a yellowing of the skin, and sometimes the whites of the eyes or the gums. Mild jaundice is quite common in newborn babies and is usually a temporary condition that causes no problems. However, severe cases of jaundice can be harmful, so if you think your baby has jaundice, it is always best to let your doctor or nurse know. […] The yellow colour of the skin is the main symptom of jaundice, usually beginning on the baby’s face and moving down to the chest, abdomen, legs and finally to the palms of the hands and soles of the feet. The whites of the eyes or the inside of the mouth or gums may also look yellow. Babies with jaundice may also be sleepy and not feed well. […] For most babies, jaundice does not cause any long-term problems. In very severe cases, the amount of bilirubin in a baby’s blood is so high that it can damage parts of the brain including parts that affect hearing, vision and control of movement (this is called kernicterus). With the right treatment this small risk is reduced even further. […] See your GP if your child has any common symptoms or if your baby has jaundice for more than 2 weeks in a term baby and 3 weeks in a preterm baby.

• #1 Patient education: Jaundice in newborn infants (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/jaundice-in-newborn-infants-beyond-the-basics

  Approximately 80 percent of babies have visible jaundice, which usually resolves by seven days of age. Only 10 to 15 percent of babies develop bilirubin levels that require treatment. Only 2 percent of babies or less are at risk for developing severe hyperbilirubinemia. […] Typical signs of jaundice — Jaundice is not painful. Initially, it causes the skin and mucous membranes (such as the gums and lining of the eyes) to become yellow. As it progresses, the palms of the hands and soles of the feet, as well as the whites of the eyes, may look yellow or show deeper shades of yellow coloring. […] When jaundice is visible, it: Is often noticeable first on the face; then on the chest, stomach, and groin areas; then farther along the arms, legs, wrists, and ankles; and then finally on the palms, soles of the feet, and nailbeds.

• #1 What Is Jaundice? Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/jaundice/guide/

  Jaundice is a condition that causes the skin and the whites of the eyes to turn yellow. […] It occurs when a yellow substance called bilirubin builds up in the blood. […] Jaundice is common in newborns. When babies have jaundice, it usually goes away on its own, but in some cases, it can become severe and cause bigger issues. It can also occur in adults from specific diseases. […] Signs in babies that warrant a same-day visit to the doctor include: Very yellow or orange skin color, Extreme fussiness, Difficulty waking up, Not sleeping, Poor feeding, Limited wet or dirty diapers. […] If your baby exhibits any of the following symptoms, seek emergency medical assistance: Inconsolable or high-pitched crying, Arching their body like a bow, Stiff, limp, or floppy body, Unusual eye movements.

• #1 Jaundice in neonates | Safer Care Victoria

  https://www.safercare.vic.gov.au/best-practice-improvement/clinical-guidance/neonatal/jaundice-in-neonates

  If the SBR concentration exceeds 200-250 micromol/L, over this time, various causes include: mild dehydration/insufficient milk supply (breastfeeding jaundice), breast milk jaundice, haemolysis – continuing causes as discussed under ‘too early’. […] Persistent jaundice may be the earliest sign of hypothyroidism in an infant. […] Kernicterus refers to the permanent clinical sequelae of bilirubin toxicity. […] The risk of developing kernicterus increases with increasing unconjugated bilirubin – concentrations greater than 340 micromol/L are considered unsafe.

• #1

  https://byjus.com/biology/jaundice-symptoms/

  Jaundice Symptoms […] Following are the prominent jaundice symptoms: […] Skin and sclerae colour changes to yellow […] Urine colour also changes to yellow […] Itching of the skin […] Following symptoms may be observed in the initial stages of jaundice: Fever […] Abdominal pain […] Vomitings […] Weight loss […] Drowsiness, agitation, and confusion […] The colour of the skin and sclera of the eyes turns yellow within one or two days. It is always advisable to check whether the baby is suffering from jaundice by pressing lightly on the chin of the baby. If the colour changes to yellow for a fraction of seconds, it is suspected that the child is suffering from jaundice. […] Additional jaundice symptoms that can be observed in infants are Crying loudly […] Change in skin tone […] Poor feeding […] Urine colour changes to yellow […] Sleepiness and lethargic.

• #1 Adult Jaundice: What It Is, Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/symptoms/15367-adult-jaundice

  How serious your symptoms are depends on what causes them and how quickly or slowly they develop. […] Your provider can tell if you have jaundice by measuring the bilirubin levels in your blood and seeing whether its the type of bilirubin related to red blood cell breakdown (unconjugated) or liver injury (conjugated). […] Theres no specific treatment for jaundice. But your provider can treat the cause and the jaundice should improve. […] If you have jaundice because your liver is failing, complications from your liver disease can include coma and death. […] If you notice signs of jaundice, call your healthcare provider. […] Jaundice usually goes away on its own or providers treat it with phototherapy. […] Its normal to worry but try not to worry too much. Keep in mind that jaundice is a sign of another health problem. That means your healthcare provider must treat your main illness before it clears up.

• #1 Jaundice – Pre, Intra, Post-hepatic – Management – TeachMeSurgery

  https://teachmesurgery.com/hpb/presentations/jaundice/

  Jaundice refers to the yellow discolouration of the sclera and skin that is due to hyperbilirubinaemia. […] Jaundice results from high levels of bilirubin in the blood. […] Jaundice occurs when this pathway is disrupted. […] There are three main types of jaundice: pre-hepatic, hepatocellular, and post-hepatic. […] In pre-hepatic jaundice, there is excessive red cell breakdown which overwhelms the liver’s ability to conjugate bilirubin. […] In hepatocellular jaundice, there is dysfunction of the hepatic cells. […] Post-hepatic jaundice refers to obstruction of biliary drainage. […] A good estimation of which type of jaundice is present can be made from observing the colour of the urine. […] Dark (coca-cola) urine manifests in conjugated or mixed hyperbilirubinaemias, whereas normal urine is seen in unconjugated disease.

• #1 Jaundice – Pre, Intra, Post-hepatic – Management – TeachMeSurgery

  https://teachmesurgery.com/hpb/presentations/jaundice/

  The definitive treatment of jaundice will be dependent on the underlying cause. […] Most cases will warrant initial blood tests and ultrasound imaging, however this should be tailored to the clinical presentation. […] Ensure to monitor for complications, such as coagulopathy, encephalopathy, or infective sequelae.

• #1

  https://www.healthychildren.org/English/ages-stages/baby/Pages/jaundice.aspx

  Jaundice is the yellow color seen in the skin of many newborns. It happens when a chemical called bilirubin builds up in the baby’s blood. […] The skin of a baby with jaundice usually appears yellow. Jaundice usually appears first in the face and then moves to the chest, abdomen, arms and legs as the bilirubin level increases. The whites of the eyes may also be yellow. […] Most babies have mild jaundice that is harmless. But in rare cases, the bilirubin level can get very high and might cause brain damage. […] Jaundice is more common in babies who are breastfed than babies who are formula-fed. This happens more often in newborns who are not getting enough breast milk. […] Any baby that has jaundice in the first 24 hours after birth should have the bilirubin level measured right away.

• #1

  https://www.healthychildren.org/English/ages-stages/baby/Pages/jaundice.aspx

  Some babies have a greater risk for high levels of bilirubin and may need to be seen sooner after discharge from the hospital. […] Call your baby’s doctor if you notice these symptoms: Your baby’s skin turns more yellow. Your baby’s abdomen, arms, or legs are yellow. The whites of your baby’s eyes are yellow. […] Treatment can prevent the potentially harmful effects of high bilirubin levels. Most jaundice requires no treatment. […] Phototherapy helps lower the bilirubin level. […] In breastfed babies, it is common for jaundice to last 1 month or occasionally longer. In formula-fed babies, most jaundice goes away by 2 weeks.

• #1 Yellow Skin (Jaundice): Pictures, Symptoms, Causes, and Diagnosis

  https://www.healthline.com/health/jaundice-yellow-skin

  Jaundice is also a frequent occurrence in newborns, especially in babies who are born prematurely. An excess of bilirubin may develop in newborns because their livers haven’t fully developed yet. This condition is known as breast milk jaundice. […] The severity of jaundice in newborns is generally diagnosed with a blood test. A small blood sample is taken by pricking the infant’s toe. Your pediatrician will recommend treatment if the results indicate moderate to severe jaundice. […] Jaundice usually clears up when the underlying cause is treated.

• #1 Jaundice in Newborns (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/jaundice.html

  Babies with jaundice have a yellow coloring of the skin and eyes. This happens when there is too much bilirubin in the baby’s blood. […] A baby with jaundice has skin that looks yellow. It starts on the face, then the chest and stomach, and then the legs. The whites of a baby’s eyes also look yellow. Babies with very high bilirubin levels may be sleepy, fussy, floppy, or have trouble feeding. […] High bilirubin levels can lead to serious problems. So doctors carefully watch babies with jaundice. […] Mild jaundice goes away after 1 or 2 weeks as a baby’s body gets rid of the extra bilirubin on its own. For newborns with breastfeeding jaundice, mothers should breastfeed the baby more often. If the baby is not getting enough breast milk, the doctor may suggest supplementing with formula. […] Call the doctor if your baby has jaundice that isn’t going away. Babies with jaundice for longer than 2 weeks need more testing to check for other things that cause jaundice. These include infections, and problems with the liver or bile system, metabolism, or genes.

• #1 Jaundice: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment & Prevention | Medcare

  https://www.medcare.ae/en/health-library/jaundice-symptoms-causes-diagnosis-treatment-prevention.html

  The following indications or symptoms could point to consequences from excessive bilirubin or severe jaundice in infants: The color of your baby’s skin becomes yellow, Your baby’s abdomen, arms, or legs have yellowish skin, The baby’s eye whites appear to be yellow, Your infant appears lethargic, ill, or is finding difficulty waking up, If your infant isn’t eating well or isn’t gaining weight, Your infant cries in a loud voice, If your infant exhibits any further worrisome behaviors or symptoms. […] In adults, jaundice may be a sign of a serious medical condition. Ignoring the signs of jaundice will only make the condition worse.

• #1 Jaundice: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment Options

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/jaundice-8640349

  Jaundice is characterized by the yellowing of the skin and sclera (white of the eye) due to the buildup of bilirubin into tissues. Depending on the cause, the symptoms can be transient and barely noticeable or long-lasting and severe. […] Jaundice symptoms can also differ in newborns. […] On its own, jaundice does not cause anything other than yellowish discoloration. In many cases, it is the first sign of a disease and, in some, the only sign. […] Jaundice in adults and children is typically pathologic, meaning it is related to a disease. If other symptoms accompany jaundice, it is due to the underlying disease. These symptoms can vary by whether the condition is hepatic, posthepatic, or prehepatic. […] Hepatic and posthepatic causes of jaundice often manifest with symptoms of hepatitis (liver inflammation), causing: Fever, Fatigue, Joint pain, Itchiness, Nausea and vomiting, Upper-right abdominal pain and swelling, Dark urine (caused by the buildup of bilirubin in your urine), Pale and greasy stool (caused by the lack of bile secretion).

• #1 Jaundice: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment Options

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/jaundice-8640349

  Prehepatic jaundice caused by excessive hemolysis can lead to symptoms of hemolytic anemia, causing: Fever, Fatigue, Rapid heart rate, Shortness of breath, Low exercise tolerance, Dizziness or light-headedness, Confusion, Enlarged liver or spleen, Blood in urine. […] Neonatal jaundice is most often physiological, meaning it is related to normal bodily functions. Symptoms tend to develop within two to three days of birth, starting at the face and moving downward to the chest, stomach, legs, and feet. […] Depending on the severity, there may be other symptoms such as excessive sleepiness, fussiness, and poor feeding. […] However, in some newborns, jaundice may be pathologic. This is typically the case when bilirubin levels are extremely high or when jaundice occurs immediately after birth or persists for weeks.

• #1 Hemolytic Jaundice: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://www.drkarunhematology.com/blog/hemolytic-jaundice-causes-symptoms-treatment/

  The symptoms of hemolytic jaundice can vary but commonly include: […] This is the most noticeable symptom and occurs when bilirubin levels rise significantly. The yellow discoloration can begin in the eyes and then spread to the skin. […] Since bilirubin is excreted in urine, it can lead to dark-colored urine. This is often one of the first signs that something may be wrong. […] Due to decreased bilirubin entering the intestines, stools may appear lighter or clay-colored. […] The rapid destruction of red blood cells can lead to anemia, causing symptoms like fatigue, weakness, and shortness of breath. […] Some individuals may experience abdominal discomfort, particularly if there’s an underlying condition affecting the liver or spleen. […] In cases where hemolysis is significant, the spleen and liver may enlarge as they work to filter out the damaged red blood cells. […] Hemolytic jaundice is a condition that results from the rapid breakdown of red blood cells, leading to elevated bilirubin levels and noticeable symptoms like yellowing of the skin and eyes.

• #1 Jaundice Types: Causes, Treatments, Diagnosis, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/jaundice-types

  Jaundice is a serious medical condition that makes your skin and the whites of your eyes look yellowish. This happens when too much bilirubin builds up in your blood. […] You may have symptoms in addition to the yellowing skin and eyes associated with jaundice. Common symptoms of pre-hepatic jaundice include: abdominal pain, fever, including chills or cold sweats, abnormal weight loss, feeling itchy, dark urine or pale stool. […] Symptoms of hepatic jaundice can include: loss of appetite, bloody nose, skin itching, weakness, abnormal weight loss, swelling of your abdomen or legs, dark urine or pale stool, pain in your muscles or joints, darkening skin, fever, feeling sick, throwing up. […] If you have post-hepatic, your may experience symptoms in addition to the yellowing of your eyes and skin. These symptoms may include: feeling sick, throwing up, dark urine or pale stool, abdominal pain, diarrhea, abnormal weight loss, skin itching, abdominal swelling, fever.

• #1 Obstructive Jaundice | Center for Advanced Digestive Care – NewYork-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical Center

  https://www.nyp.org/cadc/liver-diseases-and-transplantation/obstructive-jaundice

  Jaundice is a yellow color of the skin, mucus membranes, or eyes. The yellow coloring comes from bilirubin, a byproduct of old red blood cells. Obstructive jaundice is a specific type of jaundice, where symptoms develop due to a narrowed or blocked bile duct or pancreatic duct, preventing the normal drainage of bile from the bloodstream into the intestines. […] Recognizing the symptoms of obstructive jaundice is crucial for timely diagnosis and treatment. Here are some common symptoms associated with this condition: […] One of the hallmark symptoms of obstructive jaundice is the yellow discoloration of the skin and the whites of the eyes. This occurs due to the buildup of bilirubin, a yellow pigment, in the bloodstream when the liver cannot properly process and excrete it. […] Obstructive jaundice can cause urine to become dark in color. This darkening occurs because excess bilirubin is excreted through the kidneys and urine.

• #1

  https://www.singhealth.com.sg/patient-care/conditions-treatments/obstructive-jaundice

  Yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes, light-coloured stools and dark urine could be signs of obstructive jaundice a condition where normal drainage of bile from the liver to the small intestines is blocked. […] Obstructive jaundice is not a disease in itself but a symptom of an underlying condition involving the liver, the gallbladder or the pancreas. […] One of the main distinguishing symptoms between benign and malignant causes is pain. Painful obstructive jaundice is usually related to gallstones, while painless obstructive jaundice tends to be related to tumours. […] Watch out for a yellowing of the skin and the whites of the eyes, which may be followed by a skin itch. As the condition worsens, other symptoms may appear: Severe abdominal pain, Fever, Chills, Vomiting and nausea.

• #1 Jaundice

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/jaundice/

  Jaundice is when your skin or the whites of your eyes turn yellow. It can be a sign of something serious, such as liver disease, so you need to get urgent medical help. […] You may also have itchy skin, darker pee and paler poo than usual. […] Your skin may look yellow if you have jaundice. […] The white part of your eyes may also look yellow. […] Yellowing of the skin may be less noticeable if you have brown or black skin, but the white part of your eyes will look yellow.

• #1 3 Ways to Identify Symptoms of Jaundice – wikiHow

  https://www.wikihow.com/Identify-Symptoms-of-Jaundice

  Jaundice is a condition in which the bilirubin circulating in your blood is increased, often causing your skin and the whites of your eyes to appear yellow. […] Infants may develop jaundice two to four days after birth as the liver begins to work and premature babies may develop jaundice weeks later. […] A baby’s jaundice progresses down the body from head to toe. […] Jaundice may cause your skin to become very itchy because of the increased level of toxins accumulating in your blood vessels during the break down of bile, to which bilirubin binds in the liver. […] If you have jaundice, you may notice that you have a tendency to bruise more easily than normal. […] Your stool may change color and become very pale if you have jaundice. […] When you have jaundice, however, your urine becomes darker because of the higher levels of bilirubin being excreted by this means.

• #1 3 Ways to Identify Symptoms of Jaundice – wikiHow

  https://www.wikihow.com/Identify-Symptoms-of-Jaundice

  If you have jaundice, your liver and spleen may become enlarged, which in turn can cause your abdomen to become distended. […] An illness that causes jaundice might also cause you to have swollen ankles, feet and legs. […] Jaundice can cause you to have a fever of 38C (100.4F) and higher. […] Severe infant jaundice left untreated can cause permanent brain damage.

• #1

  https://www.laparoscopyhospital.com/forum/forum.php?p=&cat_id=&tid=3594

  Jaundice is a symptom rather than a specific disease, and it is often associated with liver dysfunction. […] Jaundice itself is a symptom of an underlying condition rather than a condition itself. It’s typically caused by an excess of bilirubin in the blood, which can occur due to various reasons such as liver disease, bile duct obstruction, or hemolysis (excessive breakdown of red blood cells). […] While jaundice is often harmless and resolves on its own, especially in newborns, adults should be cautious of certain symptoms that could indicate a more serious underlying issue or complications. These symptoms include: Severe abdominal pain: This could indicate gallstones or inflammation of the gallbladder or pancreas. Fever: A persistent fever could indicate an infection, such as cholangitis (inflammation of the bile ducts). Itching (pruritus): Severe itching can be a sign of bile duct obstruction. Dark urine: Dark urine may indicate that there is a higher concentration of bilirubin in the urine, which can happen with certain liver conditions. Pale stools: Stools may become pale or clay-colored when there is a lack of bilirubin reaching the intestines. Nausea and vomiting: These symptoms can occur with liver or bile duct obstruction. Swelling in the abdomen or legs: Fluid retention (edema) can occur in severe liver disease. Mental confusion or slurred speech: These symptoms can occur in cases of severe liver damage (hepatic encephalopathy). Jaundice that doesn’t improve: If jaundice persists or worsens, it may indicate an underlying chronic liver condition.

• #1 Jaundice | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/treatments/side-effects/jaundice

  Jaundice can be caused by certain types of cancer or some cancer treatments. It is a condition that develops when there is too much bilirubin in the blood. If you have jaundice, your skin and the whites of your eyes become yellow, your urine (pee) is dark yellow, your stool (poop) is light-coloured and your skin may be itchy. […] Symptoms can vary depending on the cause of jaundice and other factors. They may include: yellowing of the skin and the whites of the eyes, stool that is pale or light-coloured and smells very foul, urine that is dark yellow or brown, itching (often all over the body), abdominal pain or tenderness, blood in vomit or stool, weight loss, bruising more easily than usual, swelling of the legs or abdomen, fever, fatigue, changes in mental alertness, including drowsiness, confusion and agitation. […] Tell your doctor or healthcare team about any symptoms you have. The sooner you report any symptoms, the sooner they can suggest ways to manage them.

• #2 Jaundice in Adults – Liver and Gallbladder Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/liver-and-gallbladder-disorders/manifestations-of-liver-disease/jaundice-in-adults

  In jaundice, the skin and whites of the eyes look yellow. Jaundice occurs when there is too much bilirubin (a yellow pigment) in the blood a condition called hyperbilirubinemia. Many people with jaundice also have dark urine and light-colored stool. These changes occur when a blockage or other problem prevents bilirubin from being eliminated in stool, causing more bilirubin to be eliminated in urine. If bilirubin levels are high, substances formed when bile is broken down may accumulate, causing itching all over the body. But jaundice itself causes few other symptoms in adults. However, in newborns with jaundice high bilirubin levels (hyperbilirubinemia) can cause a form of brain damage called kernicterus. […] Also, many disorders that cause jaundice, particularly severe liver disease, cause other symptoms or serious problems. In people with liver disease, these symptoms may include nausea, vomiting and abdominal pain, and small spiderlike blood vessels that are visible in the skin (spider angiomas).

• #2 Jaundice – Hepatic and Biliary Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/hepatic-and-biliary-disorders/approach-to-the-patient-with-liver-disease/jaundice

  Jaundice is a yellowish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes caused by hyperbilirubinemia. Jaundice becomes visible when the bilirubin level is about 2 to 3 mg/dL (34 to 51 micromol/L). […] Outcome is determined primarily by the cause of jaundice and the presence and severity of hepatic dysfunction. Hepatic dysfunction can result in coagulopathy, encephalopathy, and portal hypertension (which can lead to gastrointestinal bleeding). […] Symptoms may be attenuated or missed in the older patient; eg, abdominal pain may be mild or absent in acute viral hepatitis. A sleep disturbance or mild confusion resulting from portosystemic encephalopathy may be misattributed to dementia. […] Suspect acute viral hepatitis in patients, particularly young and healthy patients, who have acute jaundice, particularly with a viral prodrome.

• #2 Jaundice in Adults Symptoms, Causes & Treatments | Spire Healthcare

  https://www.spirehealthcare.com/symptoms/jaundice-in-adults/

  Jaundice makes your skin yellow and can sometimes affect the whites of your eyes too. Jaundice in adults is relatively uncommon and can develop at any age. Jaundice causes your skin and sometimes the whites of your eyes to become yellow. Other jaundice symptoms include: Yellow bodily fluids, Dark-coloured, strong-smelling urine, Stools that are either darker or lighter than normal, Very itchy skin (pruritus). One of the first symptoms of jaundice is often the whites of your eyes turning yellow. This can occur even if your bilirubin levels are only mildly raised and in this case, it may be the only area of your body that turns yellow. Higher bilirubin levels cause your skin to become yellow too. If your jaundice is caused by an infection and is therefore short-term, you may also have: Dark-coloured, strong-smelling urine, Fever and/or chills, Flu-like symptoms, Pain your abdomen, Stools that are either darker or lighter than normal. If your jaundice is not caused by an infection, you may also have itchy skin (pruritus) and unintentional weight loss. Other symptoms include fatigue and vomiting. If your jaundice is caused by cancer, the most common symptom is pain in your abdomen. Jaundice usually occurs in the advanced stages of liver failure. However, it is also a sign of acute liver failure.

• #2 Jaundice – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK544252/

  Jaundice, also known as hyperbilirubinemia, is defined as a yellow discoloration of the body tissue resulting from the accumulation of excess bilirubin. […] The clinical presentation of jaundice with peripheral yellowing of the eye sclera, also called scleral icterus, is best appreciated when serum bilirubin levels exceed 3 mg/dl. […] With further increase in serum bilirubin levels, the skin will progressively discolor ranging from lemon yellow to apple green, especially if the process is long-standing; the green color is due to biliverdin. […] Dysfunctions in prehepatic phase results in elevated serum levels of unconjugated bilirubin while insult in post hepatic phase marks elevated conjugated bilirubin. […] Hepatic phase impairment can elevate both unconjugated and conjugated bilirubin.

• #2 Patient education: Jaundice in newborn infants (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/jaundice-in-newborn-infants-beyond-the-basics

  Approximately 80 percent of babies have visible jaundice, which usually resolves by seven days of age. Only 10 to 15 percent of babies develop bilirubin levels that require treatment. Only 2 percent of babies or less are at risk for developing severe hyperbilirubinemia. […] Typical signs of jaundice — Jaundice is not painful. Initially, it causes the skin and mucous membranes (such as the gums and lining of the eyes) to become yellow. As it progresses, the palms of the hands and soles of the feet, as well as the whites of the eyes, may look yellow or show deeper shades of yellow coloring. […] When jaundice is visible, it: Is often noticeable first on the face; then on the chest, stomach, and groin areas; then farther along the arms, legs, wrists, and ankles; and then finally on the palms, soles of the feet, and nailbeds.

• #2 Signs That Jaundice Is Getting Worse

  https://gemhospitals.com/blog/signs-jaundice-getting-worse

  Pruritus, or intense itching, often accompanies worsening jaundice. This symptom occurs because bile salts accumulate under the skin, causing irritation. […] As jaundice worsens, individuals may experience increasing levels of fatigue and general weakness. This is often due to the liver’s diminished ability to filter toxins from the blood. […] Worsening jaundice can lead to discomfort and pain in the abdomen, particularly in the upper right quadrant where the liver is located. Swelling of the abdomen, or ascites, may also occur due to fluid accumulation. […] Nausea and vomiting are common symptoms as jaundice worsens. They are often indicative of liver failure or severe liver disease. […] If you notice any of these worsening signs of jaundice, it’s crucial to seek medical attention promptly. Early intervention can prevent further complications and improve outcomes. […] Recognizing the signs that jaundice is getting worse is essential for timely medical intervention. From increasing yellowing of the skin and eyes to darkening urine and severe fatigue, these symptoms indicate that the underlying condition requires immediate attention.

• #2 Jaundice – Clinical Methods – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK413/

  Jaundice is the yellow color of skin and mucous membranes due to accumulation of bile pigments in blood and their deposition in body tissues. Jaundice should be distinguished from cholestasis, which refers to a decreased rate of bile flow. Depending on the clinical situation, jaundice and cholestasis may coexist or each may exist without the other. Although many sources confidently say that jaundice can be recognized when the serum bilirubin rises to 2 to 2.5 mg/dl, experienced clinicians often cannot see a yellow skin coloration until the serum bilirubin is at least 7 to 8 mg/dl. […] Symptoms associated with jaundice often provide a diagnosis. Abdominal pain frequently accompanies jaundice, and its character may point to a specific diagnosis. Although hepatocellular jaundice is usually painless, a dull ache or „heavy sensation” in the right upper quadrant may attend acute hepatitis of any cause. Pain associated with alcoholic hepatitis, especially when accompanied by fever, jaundice, and leukocytosis, may be sufficiently severe to simulate an acute surgical abdomen.

• #2 Obstructive Jaundice | Center for Advanced Digestive Care – NewYork-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical Center

  https://www.nyp.org/cadc/liver-diseases-and-transplantation/obstructive-jaundice

  Some individuals with obstructive jaundice may experience a loss of appetite, leading to unintentional weight loss. […] It’s important to note that the severity and combination of symptoms can vary depending on the underlying cause of the obstruction and individual factors. If you or someone you know is experiencing any of these symptoms, especially jaundice, seeking medical attention promptly for proper diagnosis and management is essential. Early detection and treatment can help prevent complications and improve outcomes for individuals with obstructive jaundice.

• #2 Jaundice in Newborns: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22263-jaundice-in-newborns

  Most babies develop jaundice in their first few days of life. This is because it takes a few days for your baby’s liver to develop and get better at removing bilirubin. […] Jaundice in newborns is normal. It usually develops by their second or third day of life. In formula-fed babies, jaundice typically goes away on its own within two weeks. In breastfed babies, jaundice can last a month or longer. […] Jaundice in newborns is common. For most babies, jaundice will get better without treatment within one to two weeks. But it’s important to have your baby’s bilirubin level checked. A high bilirubin level can lead to serious health conditions if it’s not treated immediately. These conditions include cerebral palsy, deafness and kernicterus, a type of brain damage.

• #2 Infant jaundice – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/infant-jaundice/symptoms-causes/syc-20373865

  Infant jaundice is yellow discoloration of a newborn baby’s skin and eyes. Infant jaundice occurs because the baby’s blood contains an excess of bilirubin (bil-ih-ROO-bin), a yellow pigment of red blood cells. […] Yellowing of the skin and the whites of the eyes the main sign of infant jaundice usually appears between the second and fourth day after birth. […] Your baby should be examined for jaundice between the third and seventh day after birth, when bilirubin levels usually peak. If your baby is discharged earlier than 72 hours after birth, make a follow-up appointment to look for jaundice within two days of discharge. […] The following signs or symptoms may indicate severe jaundice or complications from excess bilirubin. Call your doctor if: Your baby’s skin becomes more yellow. The skin on your baby’s the abdomen, arms or legs looks yellow. The whites of your baby’s eyes look yellow. Your baby seems listless or sick or is difficult to awaken. Your baby isn’t gaining weight or is feeding poorly. Your baby makes high-pitched cries. Your baby develops any other signs or symptoms that concern you.

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