Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Phototherapy for Jaundice: Background, Indications, Contraindications

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1894477-overview

  Jaundice refers to the yellow appearance of the skin that occurs with the deposition of bilirubin in the dermal and subcutaneous tissue. […] Effective treatments to decrease bilirubin levels in infants with severe jaundice include phototherapy and exchange transfusion. […] Since its inception, phototherapy has been effectively used as a relatively inexpensive and noninvasive method of treating neonatal hyperbilirubinemia. […] At its most basic, phototherapy refers to the use of light to convert bilirubin molecules in the body into water soluble isomers that can be excreted by the body. […] The effectiveness of phototherapy at converting bilirubin into configurational isomers, structural isomers, and photooxidation products is determined by the dose of phototherapy provided to the infant.

• #1 Phototherapy for neonatal jaundice

  https://www.rch.org.au/rchcpg/hospital_clinical_guideline_index/phototherapy_for_neonatal_jaundice/

  Phototherapy is the use of visible light to treat severe jaundice in the neonatal period. Approximately 60% of term babies and 85% preterm babies will develop clinically apparent jaundice, which classically becomes visible on day 3, peaks days 5-7 and resolves by 14 days of age in a term infant and by 21 days in the preterm infant. Treatment with phototherapy is implemented in order to prevent the neurotoxic effects of high serum unconjugated bilirubin. Phototherapy is a safe, effective method for decreasing or preventing the rise of serum unconjugated bilirubin levels and reduces the need for exchange transfusion in neonates. […] This guideline provides health care providers with information to understand the causes of neonatal jaundice, the rationale for the use of phototherapy and outlines the care of neonates receiving phototherapy in order to enhance effective phototherapy delivery and minimise complications of phototherapy.

• #1 Infant jaundice – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/infant-jaundice/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20373870

  Mild infant jaundice often disappears on its own within two or three weeks. For moderate or severe jaundice, your baby may need to stay longer in the newborn nursery or be readmitted to the hospital. […] Treatments to lower the level of bilirubin in your baby’s blood may include: […] Light therapy (phototherapy). Your baby may be placed under a special lamp that emits light in the blue-green spectrum. The light changes the shape and structure of bilirubin molecules in such a way that they can be excreted in both the urine and stool. […] Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg). Jaundice may be related to blood type differences between mother and baby. […] Exchange transfusion. Rarely, when severe jaundice doesn’t respond to other treatments, a baby may need an exchange transfusion of blood. This involves repeatedly withdrawing small amounts of blood and replacing it with donor blood, thereby diluting the bilirubin and maternal antibodies a procedure that’s performed in a newborn intensive care unit.

• #1 Jaundice in Newborns: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22263-jaundice-in-newborns

  Jaundice is very common and usually goes away on its own. Sometimes babies need treatment with phototherapy. […] Treatment for jaundice in newborns isn’t usually necessary. Mild levels of jaundice typically go away on their own as your baby’s liver continues to develop. This can take one to two weeks. Feeding your baby often (10 to 12 times a day) can encourage pooping (bowel movements). This helps your baby rid their body of the excess bilirubin. […] If your baby’s bilirubin level is high or continues to rise, their healthcare provider may recommend phototherapy treatment. During phototherapy, your baby will be undressed and placed under special blue lights. They’ll wear only a diaper and a mask to protect their eyes. Phototherapy helps your baby’s liver get rid of excess bilirubin. The lights won’t harm your baby. Phototherapy treatment takes one to two days. If your baby’s bilirubin levels aren’t too high, you may be able to treat your baby with light therapy at home. […] In rare cases when phototherapy doesn’t work, your baby’s healthcare provider may recommend an exchange transfusion. With an exchange transfusion, some of your baby’s blood is replaced with fresh, donated blood.

• #1 Jaundice in Newborns (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/jaundice.html

  Most types of jaundice go away on their own. Others need treatment to lower bilirubin levels. […] Treatment depends on the cause of the jaundice, the bilirubin levels, and a baby’s age. […] Mild jaundice goes away after 1 or 2 weeks as a baby’s body gets rid of the extra bilirubin on its own. For newborns with breastfeeding jaundice, mothers should breastfeed the baby more often. If the baby is not getting enough breast milk, the doctor may suggest supplementing with formula. […] For more serious cases of jaundice, treatment should start as soon as possible. Babies may get: fluids. A loss of fluids (dehydration) will cause bilirubin levels to rise. phototherapy. Babies lie under lights with little clothing so their skin is exposed. The light changes the bilirubin to a form that can easily pass out of the body. Light-therapy blankets may also be used. exchange blood transfusion. This emergency procedure is done if very high bilirubin levels do not come down with phototherapy. The baby’s blood is replaced with blood from a donor to quickly lower bilirubin levels. intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg). Babies with blood type incompatibilities get this through an IV (into a vein). IVIg blocks antibodies that attack red blood cells and reduces the need for an exchange transfusion.

• #1 Infant jaundice – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/infant-jaundice/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20373870

  When infant jaundice isn’t severe, your doctor may recommend changes in feeding habits that can lower levels of bilirubin. […] Feeding more frequently will provide your baby with more milk and cause more bowel movements, increasing the amount of bilirubin eliminated in your baby’s stool. […] If your baby is having trouble breast-feeding, is losing weight, or is dehydrated, your doctor may suggest giving your baby formula or expressed milk to supplement breast-feeding.

• #1 Patient education: Jaundice in newborn infants (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/jaundice-in-newborn-infants-beyond-the-basics/print

  Jaundice treatment aims to efficiently and safely reduce the level of bilirubin in the blood before it becomes toxic. […] Babies with mild hyperbilirubinemia may need no treatment at all other than increasing milk intake. […] Babies with higher bilirubin levels benefit from frequent assessment, and some will need treatment (which is usually brief). […] Phototherapy is the most common medical treatment for hyperbilirubinemia in babies. […] The blue light breaks down bilirubin into compounds that are easier for a baby’s body to eliminate in stool and urine. […] In almost all babies, treatment with phototherapy is successful in decreasing bilirubin levels within 24 to 48 hours. […] Phototherapy is usually given in a hospital. […] For the treatment to be successful, babies should have as much skin as possible exposed to the light. […] Phototherapy is stopped when bilirubin levels in the blood drop to a safe level. […] Exchange transfusion may be needed for babies whose bilirubin levels increase to toxic levels despite other treatments, or who have signs of or are at significant risk for brain damage.

• #1 Your Baby, Jaundice and Phototherapy

  https://www.med.umich.edu/1libr/pa/umphototherapy.htm

  Jaundice is a common, temporary, and usually harmless condition in newborn infants. […] High levels of bilirubin can occur in the blood called hyperbilirubinemia. These high levels can be dangerous to a baby. It is important to obtain periodic blood samples to check the bilirubin levels and, if necessary, to treat jaundice to ensure the healthy development of your child. Feeding your baby every 2-3 hours is recommended to reduce the jaundice levels. If you are breastfeeding, supplementation (ex. with formula via cup feeding, supplemental feeder, or bottle) may be recommended by your pediatrician if the bilirubin will not come down with frequent feedings. Phototherapy with or without a biliblanket is the most common form of treatment for jaundice. This treatment is used for a few days until the liver is mature enough to handle the bilirubin on its own.

• #1 Phototherapy for neonatal jaundice | NHSGGC

  https://clinicalguidelines.scot.nhs.uk/ggc-paediatric-guidelines/ggc-paediatric-guidelines/neonatology/phototherapy-for-neonatal-jaundice/

  Phototherapy is universally recognized as the first option for treating neonatal jaundice due to its efficiency and safety in reducing high serum bilirubin levels and limiting its neurotoxic effects. […] The use of two or even three phototherapy units over an incubator has been applied when SBR/TBR levels are nearing exchange transfusion levels, rising exponentially or there is a risk of haemolysis. […] Fibre-optic Phototherapy (Bilibed, Bilipad or Bilicocoon) is increasingly being used to treat neonatal jaundice in the term or near term baby. […] The Bilicocoon Phototherapy System is for the treatment of unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia in neonates and infants under 3 months old and weighing less than 10kg. […] Phototherapy treatment for neonatal jaundice is generally undertaken in hospital. However, it is possible to safely administer home phototherapy for jaundice in patients own homes.

• #1 Newborn Jaundice Treatment – Screening & Phototherapy Solutions | Draeger

  https://www.draeger.com/en-us_us/Productfinder/jaundice-treatment-and-screening

  Neonatal jaundice treatment is essential for the healthy development of newborns. It is also important to know when and how to screen for it and to use gentle and effective phototherapy when needed. […] Our proven solution for treating neonatal hyperbilirubinemia is highly effective, helping to reduce readmission rates and ensure compliance with clinical guidelines. […] The BiliLux is a compact and lightweight LED phototherapy light system for the treatment of neonatal jaundice. It provides superior phototherapy performance, individualised therapy with electronic documentation capabilities and the flexibility for seamless integration into practically every workplace. […] With our non-invasive screening and effective phototherapy devices, we always put the baby first. […] Learn more about our jaundice treatment portfolio.

• #1

  https://www.evelinalondon.nhs.uk/about-us/news-events/2019-news/20190402-helping-newborns-with-jaundice.aspx

  Thanks to a successful pilot study at Evelina London, newborn babies who are affected by jaundice could soon be treated at home with a special light-up blanket. […] Our team found that the device was safe, cost effective and welcomed by parents who were able to bond with their newborns in the comfort of their own home. […] One of the most common ways to treat jaundice is with phototherapy, which involves placing the baby under a therapeutic blue light in an incubator. […] We have found that babies who are strong, growing and are otherwise healthy are suitable for home phototherapy treatment. This means families can stay together and go home sooner, while freeing up beds and cots in the hospital. […] The treatment is now being used routinely by the maternity team at St Thomas Hospital, which is co-located with Evelina London. Babies are considered for home treatment if they have been receiving phototherapy on the postnatal ward for at least 48 hours, have stable or falling bilirubin levels and are able to feed. Parents are trained to use the biliblanket and an outreach nurse from the neonatal unit visits them daily to test the babys bilirubin levels.

• #1 Phototherapy for Jaundice: Background, Indications, Contraindications

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1894477-overview

  Eye protection should be placed on all infants receiving phototherapy. […] Phototherapy has been safely used for the treatment of neonatal jaundice for over 40 years. […] The two most notable complications include increased insensible water loss and cutaneous reactions in infants with cholestatic jaundice receiving phototherapy.

• #1 Neonatal Jaundice – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK532930/

  Neonatal jaundice is a clinical manifestation of elevated total serum bilirubin, termed neonatal hyperbilirubinemia, which results from bilirubin that is deposited into an infant’s skin. […] Phototherapy and exchange transfusions are the mainstays of treatment of unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia, and a subset of patients also respond to intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG). […] Treatment of conjugated hyperbilirubinemia is more complex and depends on the etiology of the jaundice. […] Phototherapy (PT) remains the first-line treatment for managing pathologic unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia. […] Exchange transfusion (ET) was the first successful treatment for jaundice. […] Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) is used when immune-mediated hemolysis is the cause of unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia, which prevents RBC hemolysis by coating Fc receptors on RBCs. […] Treatment of conjugated hyperbilirubinemia is tailored to the specific etiology of the jaundice.

• #1 Evaluation and Treatment of Neonatal Hyperbilirubinemia | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2014/0601/p873.html

  Phototherapy is an effective treatment for hyperbilirubinemia, but the number needed to treat varies widely depending on sex, gestational age, and time since delivery. […] Phototherapy decreases the incidence of severe hyperbilirubinemia in newborns. […] Phototherapy decreases the need for exchange transfusion in newborns with severe hyperbilirubinemia. […] Phototherapy has short- and long-term adverse effects. […] Although phototherapy is effective in the treatment of hyperbilirubinemia, exchange transfusion is occasionally indicated. […] Exchange transfusion should be performed in infants with TSB levels in the range indicated by the nomogram, with TSB levels of 25 mg per dL or greater, and with jaundice and signs of acute bilirubin encephalopathy.

• #1 Hyperbilirubinemia

  https://www.aap.org/en/patient-care/hyperbilirubinemia/?srsltid=AfmBOooxHwaDnCYgwAo5L5Rop9Wm9J3h3vd0TxpoG2Hb_xZrWeiXSajB

  This AAP clinical guidance assists pediatricians with the diagnosis and management of hyperbilirubinemia in newborns. […] Informed guidance on hyperbilirubinemia management, including preventive treatment thresholds, is critical to safely minimize neurodevelopmental risk. […] In August 2022, the Academy released updated clinical guidance on the prevention and treatment of hyperbilirubinemia in newborns greater than 35 weeks of gestational age. […] Of note, this revised clinical guidance raises phototherapy thresholds by a narrow range that the guideline committee considered to be safe. […] The guideline committee also used new research findings to revise the risk-assessment approach based on the difference between the phototherapy threshold and hour-specific bilirubin levels and provided a more explicit approach to rapidly address severely elevated bilirubin levels, defined as escalation of care.

• #1 Jaundice: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment Options

  https://www.webmd.com/hepatitis/jaundice-why-happens-adults

  In adults, jaundice itself usually isn’t treated. But your doctor will treat the condition that’s causing it. […] If a blocked bile duct is to blame, your doctor may suggest surgery to open it. […] If your skin is itching, your doctor can prescribe cholestyramine to be taken by mouth. This medication is used to remove bile acids from your body, which cause itching. […] Phototherapy uses a fluorescent white or blue-spectrum light that breaks down bilirubin so it can be released from the body. This treatment is used for newborns, but phototherapy has not been shown to be effective for treating jaundice in adults.

• #1 Jaundice: Causes, symptoms, and treatments

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/165749

  Treatment will depend on the underlying cause of jaundice. […] A healthcare professional may prescribe medications for those experiencing moderate to severe pruritis, such as cholestyramine or colestipol. […] As jaundice may sometimes indicate damage to the liver, a liver transplant may be necessary in some cases, depending on the severity of the injury. […] Symptoms will usually resolve without treatment in mild cases. However, infants with extremely high bilirubin levels will require treatment with either a blood transfusion or phototherapy. […] In these cases, jaundice treatment in newborns is vital to help prevent kernicterus. […] Treatment for jaundice typically involves treating the underlying condition.

• #1 Jaundice in Adults – Liver and Gallbladder Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/liver-and-gallbladder-disorders/manifestations-of-liver-disease/jaundice-in-adults

  Treatment of cause […] For itching, cholestyramine […] For a blocked bile duct, a procedure to open it (such as endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography [ERCP]) […] The underlying disorder and any problems it causes are treated as needed. If jaundice is due to acute viral hepatitis, it may disappear gradually, without treatment, as the condition of the liver improves. However, hepatitis may become chronic, even if the jaundice disappears. Jaundice itself requires no treatment in adults (unlike in newborns see Hyperbilirubinemia). […] Usually, itching gradually disappears as the liver’s condition improves. If itching is bothersome, taking cholestyramine by mouth may help. However, cholestyramine is ineffective when a bile duct is completely blocked. […] If the cause is a blocked bile duct, a procedure may be done to open the bile duct. This procedure can usually be done during ERCP, using instruments threaded through the endoscope. […] Cholestyramine may help relieve itching.

• #1 Filtered sunlight a safe, low-tech treatment for newborn jaundice – Stanford Medicine Children’s Health

  https://www.stanfordchildrens.org/en/about/news/releases/2015/filtered-sunlight-a-safe-low-tech-treatment-for-newborn-jaundice.html

  Newborn jaundice can be treated with filtered sunlight, providing a safe, inexpensive, low-tech solution to a health problem that now causes permanent brain damage or death in more than 150,000 babies in developing countries each year. […] The filtered-sunlight treatment was as safe and effective as the blue-light lamps traditionally used to treat infant jaundice. […] Phototherapy with lamps that emit blue wavelengths has been the most prevalent newborn jaundice treatment since the 1960s. […] The two therapies worked similarly well: Filtered sunlight was effective on 93 percent of treatment days, and conventional phototherapy on 90 percent of treatment days. The treatments were also similarly safe.

• #1 Earlier Jaundice Treatment Decreases Brain Injury In Preemies, October 29, 2008 News Release – National Institutes of Health (NIH)

  https://www.nih.gov/news-events/news-releases/earlier-jaundice-treatment-decreases-brain-injury-preemies

  A study from a National Institutes of Health research network found that an early treatment to prevent severe newborn jaundice in extremely early preterm infants reduced the infants rate of brain injury, a serious complication of severe jaundice. […] Based on the results, the authors concluded that the early treatment should be considered for the larger infants those at birth weighing from 751 to 1000 grams (about 1.65 pounds to about 2.2 pounds). […] „The study results provide important information for treatment options for extremely low birth weight infants with neonatal jaundice,” said NICHD Director Duane Alexander, M.D. […] The first line of treatment for newborn hyperbilirubinemia is phototherapy exposure to high intensity light. The light penetrates the skin and converts bilirubin to a less toxic substance, which is eliminated through the urine.

• #1 Earlier Jaundice Treatment Decreases Brain Injury In Preemies, October 29, 2008 News Release – National Institutes of Health (NIH)

  https://www.nih.gov/news-events/news-releases/earlier-jaundice-treatment-decreases-brain-injury-preemies

  The study authors concluded that, based on the study results, infants from 751 to 1,000 grams birth weight should be considered for aggressive treatment of bilirubinemia, as the aggressive treatment did not appear to increase the chances of death, but did appear to reduce the rate of neurodevelopmental impairment. They added that, for smaller infants weighing from 501 to 750 grams at birth, the potential to reduce the chances of neurodevelopmental impairment must be carefully weighed against the possibility of increased risk of death.

• #1 Diet for jaundice recovery: What to eat and what to avoid

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/321257

  People with jaundice can consume foods and drinks that help improve digestion and metabolism, protect the liver from further damage, and improve liver health. […] A person’s diet plays a significant role in jaundice recovery and prevention. […] The American Liver Foundation recommends eating a balanced diet that includes food from all food groups. Foods containing fiber are particularly beneficial. […] A doctor will provide an individualized treatment plan, including dietary suggestions, to someone with jaundice. […] Staying hydrated is one of the best ways to help the liver recover from jaundice. Water not only helps ease digestion but also helps the liver and kidneys flush out toxins. […] Fresh fruits and vegetables contain powerful antioxidants and fiber that can help limit liver damage during metabolism and ease digestion.

• #1

  https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/aftercareinformation/pages/conditions.aspx?hwid=abn3017

  Phototherapy is a treatment for newborns who have a condition called jaundice. Jaundice is yellowing of your baby’s skin and the whites of the eyes. It’s caused by a pigment, or colouring, called bilirubin. […] Treatment with phototherapy can help get your baby’s bilirubin to a normal level. […] Phototherapy exposes your baby to a special type of light. When this happens, the bilirubin changes to another form. In this new form, the excess bilirubin comes out in your baby’s stool and urine. […] Your baby may need to stay under this light for several days. This treatment doesn’t damage a baby’s skin. […] During phototherapy your baby is undressed. This exposes as much skin as possible to the light. […] If your baby is breastfed, you can keep breastfeeding. It’s important that your baby gets plenty of fluid. Fluid helps remove extra bilirubin. […] Your baby may be able to be treated with phototherapy at home. If so, you will be shown how to use the equipment and care for your baby. Home therapy is only used for healthy babies who have mild jaundice. […] Follow-up care is a key part of your child’s treatment and safety.

• #1 Hyperbilirubinemia and Jaundice – Children’s Hospital of Orange County

  https://choc.org/programs-services/gastroenterology/liver-disease-disorders/hyperbilirubinemia-and-jaundice/

  Exchange transfusion to replace the blood that has a high bilirubin level with fresh blood that has a normal bilirubin level. Exchange transfusion helps increase the red blood cell count and lower the levels of bilirubin. […] While hyperbilirubinemia cannot be totally prevented, early recognition and treatment are important in preventing bilirubin levels from rising to dangerous levels, and thus preventing kernicterus.

• #1 Jaundice Symptoms, Causes, Treatments and More – Dr. Axe

  https://draxe.com/health/jaundice/

  In order to avoid the development of jaundice, adults should minimize their alcohol consumption, maintain a healthy weight, engage in physical exercise, manage their cholesterol and avoid hepatitis infections. […] To treat neonatal jaundice, light therapy (or phototherapy) is commonly used in hospitals. More serious and invasive treatments include IV immunoglobulin and exchange transfusion. To treat infant jaundice naturally, mothers should feed their babies more frequently in order to increase the excretion of bilirubin. […] The treatment plan for adult jaundice depends entirely on the underlying cause. Adults can limit alcohol consumption, maintain a healthy weight and limit the drug of medications that may lead to liver issues.

• #1 Adult Jaundice: What It Is, Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/symptoms/15367-adult-jaundice

  Jaundice usually clears up once your healthcare provider treats your main medical condition. […] Your healthcare provider will also examine you to decide your liver’s size and tenderness. They may use imaging (ultrasound and CT scanning) and liver biopsy (taking a tissue sample of your liver) to better understand what’s causing your liver injury. […] There’s no specific treatment for jaundice. But your provider can treat the cause and the jaundice should improve. They can also treat complications the condition causes. For example, if itchy skin is a problem, your provider can prescribe medication. […] A healthcare provider should evaluate jaundice. It’s a sign that something’s not right with your liver. If you notice signs of jaundice, call your healthcare provider.

• #1 Jaundice in adults | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/jaundice

  If you have jaundice and sudden symptoms such as fever, confusion and intense abdominal pain, call triple zero (000) for an ambulance. […] It’s important to see your doctor as soon as possible if you think you might have jaundice. […] Treatment depends on the underlying cause of jaundice. […] Talk with your doctor about the treatment options for your situation.

• #2 Neonatal Jaundice – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK532930/

  Neonatal jaundice is a clinical manifestation of elevated total serum bilirubin, termed neonatal hyperbilirubinemia, which results from bilirubin that is deposited into an infant’s skin. […] Phototherapy and exchange transfusions are the mainstays of treatment of unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia, and a subset of patients also respond to intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG). […] Treatment of conjugated hyperbilirubinemia is more complex and depends on the etiology of the jaundice. […] Phototherapy (PT) remains the first-line treatment for managing pathologic unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia. […] Exchange transfusion (ET) was the first successful treatment for jaundice. […] Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) is used when immune-mediated hemolysis is the cause of unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia, which prevents RBC hemolysis by coating Fc receptors on RBCs. […] Treatment of conjugated hyperbilirubinemia is tailored to the specific etiology of the jaundice.

• #2 Jaundice in babies | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/healthyliving/jaundice-in-babies

  Jaundice in babies shows up as a yellowish tinge to the skin and eyes. […] In babies where jaundice levels are very high in the days after birth, treatment using blue lights (phototherapy) may be required. […] Treatment for jaundice in babies depends on the cause, but may include: mild jaundice if the baby is otherwise healthy and well, no treatment is necessary. […] Phototherapy is the most common treatment. Phototherapy transforms the bilirubin in the baby’s skin into a less harmful chemical. […] Treatment usually lasts one or two days and may occur at home, or in the hospital ward with the mother. […] Sometimes babies need treatment with more than one blue light at a time (multiple phototherapy). […] Treatment for common conditions that cause jaundice may include: physiological jaundice often no treatment required, occasionally phototherapy is needed.

• #2 Infant jaundice – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/infant-jaundice/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20373870

  When infant jaundice isn’t severe, your doctor may recommend changes in feeding habits that can lower levels of bilirubin. […] Feeding more frequently will provide your baby with more milk and cause more bowel movements, increasing the amount of bilirubin eliminated in your baby’s stool. […] If your baby is having trouble breast-feeding, is losing weight, or is dehydrated, your doctor may suggest giving your baby formula or expressed milk to supplement breast-feeding.

• #2 Jaundice and Breastfeeding | Breastfeeding special circumstances | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/breastfeeding-special-circumstances/hcp/illnesses-conditions/jaundice.html

  Most newborns with jaundice can continue breastfeeding. […] Supplementation may include the mother’s expressed breast milk, pasteurized donor human milk, or infant formula. […] In most cases, breastfeeding can, and should, continue. More feedings can reduce the risk of jaundice. […] Phototherapy (light therapy) is a common treatment for jaundice. Other therapeutic options include temporary additional feeding with mother’s expressed breast milk, donor human milk, or infant formula. […] In rare cases, infants may benefit from interrupting breastfeeding for 12 to 48 hours. […] If a temporary breastfeeding interruption is required, it is critical to help mothers maintain their milk production through pumping or hand expression during this time. […] Jaundice is a possible reason to supplement healthy, term infants with additional feedings.

• #2 Phototherapy for neonatal jaundice | NHSGGC

  https://clinicalguidelines.scot.nhs.uk/ggc-paediatric-guidelines/ggc-paediatric-guidelines/neonatology/phototherapy-for-neonatal-jaundice/

  To provide clinical guidance on care of the baby receiving phototherapy which supports consistent delivery of family centred care practices across the Network. […] Treatment for severe hyperbilirubinaemia includes phototherapy and/or exchange transfusion. […] Phototherapy is universally recognised as the first option for the treatment of neonatal jaundice and is widely used in neonatal units and postnatal wards. […] Phototherapy involves the use of light waves to bring down bilirubin levels to normal through a process called photo-oxidation. […] Phototherapy will normally be commenced if the serum bilirubin level is above the line for treatment when the result is plotted on a phototherapy treatment threshold graph. […] In this type of phototherapy the baby is exposed to a specific type of light which looks blue but may emit light in the blue green spectrum with wavelengths of 420-550nm.

• #2

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/jaundice-newborn/treatment/

  Speak to your midwife, health visitor or GP if your baby develops jaundice. They’ll be able to assess whether treatment is needed. […] Treatment is usually only needed if your baby has high levels of a substance called bilirubin in their blood, so tests need to be carried out to check this. […] If your baby’s jaundice does not improve over time, or tests show high levels of bilirubin in their blood, they may be admitted to hospital and treated with phototherapy or an exchange transfusion. […] These treatments are recommended to reduce the risk of a rare but serious complication of newborn jaundice called kernicterus, which can cause brain damage. […] Phototherapy is treatment with a special type of light (not sunlight). […] It’s sometimes used to treat newborn jaundice by making it easier for your baby’s liver to break down and remove the bilirubin from your baby’s blood.

• #2 Your Baby, Jaundice and Phototherapy

  https://www.med.umich.edu/1libr/pa/umphototherapy.htm

  Phototherapy (light treatment) is the process of using light to eliminate bilirubin in the blood. Your baby’s skin and blood absorb these light waves. These light waves are absorbed by your baby’s skin and blood and change bilirubin into products, which can pass through their system. […] Your doctor may prescribe the biliblanket as an alternative and/or additional treatment for your child’s jaundice. This system uses fiber optics and represents advanced technology in phototherapy treatment given in the hospital or at home. The biliblanket provides the highest level of therapeutic light available to treat your baby. This form of light is also found in sunlight. The strength of light from the biliblanket is about the same as you would get in the shade on a sunny day, yet is safer because the biliblanket filters out potentially harmful ultraviolet and infrared energy.

• #2 Patient education: Jaundice in newborn infants (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/jaundice-in-newborn-infants-beyond-the-basics

  Phototherapy is stopped when bilirubin levels in the blood drop to a safe level. […] Side effects of phototherapy can include temporary skin rashes or looser stools. […] Breastfeeding should continue during phototherapy. […] Babies whose bilirubin levels increase to toxic levels despite other treatments may need something called „emergency exchange transfusion.”

• #2 Jaundice in Newborns | Types, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/health/j/jaundice

  Specific treatment will be determined by your baby’s doctor based on: […] Treatment may include: […] Phototherapy: Jaundice and increased bilirubin levels usually decrease when the baby is exposed to special blue lights. Phototherapy takes several hours to begin working and is used throughout the day and night. The baby’s eyes must be protected, and temperature monitored during treatment. […] Fiberoptic blanket: Another form of phototherapy is a fiberoptic blanket placed under the baby. This may be used alone or in combination with regular phototherapy. […] Exchange transfusion: This replaces the baby’s blood with fresh blood to help lower the levels of bilirubin. […] Treatment of underlying conditions: Treating any underlying cause of hyperbilirubinemia, such as infection.

• #2 Home phototherapy for babies with jaundice :: Kingston and Richmond NHS Foundation Trust

  https://www.kingstonandrichmond.nhs.uk/patients-and-families/patient-leaflets/home-phototherapy-babies-jaundice

  To treat jaundice, we put babies on phototherapy. […] Phototherapy is a blue light which breaks down the bilirubin instead of their liver breaking it down. […] If your baby’s bilirubin levels are low enough for home treatment, you can treat them with home phototherapy. […] If we recommend home phototherapy for your baby, you can expect the following. […] The amount of time your baby is on phototherapy depends on the bilirubin level shown in their blood test. Most babies are on phototherapy for 2 to 3 days. […] Sometimes a baby’s blood test shows an increase of bilirubin again. If this happens, PONT will tell you that your baby either needs to go back onto phototherapy or they may need to monitor them by doing another bilirubin blood test the following day.

• #2 Jaundice Treatment: Procedure, Cost, Recovery, Side Effects And More

  https://www.lybrate.com/topic/jaundice-treatment

  Bilirubin levels may rebound 18 to 24 hours after stopping phototherapy, although this rarely requires further treatment. Side effects Phototherapy is very safe, but it can have temporary side effects, including skin rashes and loose stools. […] The post treatment guidelines are usually a change in diet and or lifestyle and are usually recommended by the doctor. […] On an average jaundice took around 15 days to cure followed by 2 months of precautions in eating. […] The results of the treatment are permanent. […] Ayurvedic treatment of Jaundice involves pacifying aggravated body energies using herbs that stimulate the function of the liver and increase the flow of bile in the bile duct. Digestion is also restored with the help of a customized diet plan to ensure efficient metabolism.

• #2

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/jaundice-newborn/treatment/

  If your baby has a very high level of bilirubin in their blood or phototherapy has not been effective, they may need a complete blood transfusion, known as an exchange transfusion. […] If the jaundice is caused by rhesus disease (when the mother has rhesus-negative blood and the baby has rhesus-positive blood), intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) may be used.

• #2

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/jaundice-newborn/

  Treatment for newborn jaundice is not usually needed because the symptoms normally pass within 10 to 14 days, although they can occasionally last longer. […] Treatment is usually only recommended if tests show very high levels of bilirubin in a baby’s blood. […] This is because there’s a small risk the bilirubin could pass into the brain and cause brain damage. […] There are 2 main treatments that can be carried out in hospital to quickly reduce your baby’s bilirubin levels. […] These are: phototherapy a special type of light shines on the skin, which alters the bilirubin into a form that can be more easily broken down by the liver […] an exchange transfusion where your baby’s blood is removed using a thin tube (catheter) placed in their blood vessels and replaced with blood from a matching donor; most babies respond well to treatment and can leave hospital after a few days.

• #2 Patient education: Jaundice in newborn infants (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/jaundice-in-newborn-infants-beyond-the-basics/print

  Jaundice treatment aims to efficiently and safely reduce the level of bilirubin in the blood before it becomes toxic. […] Babies with mild hyperbilirubinemia may need no treatment at all other than increasing milk intake. […] Babies with higher bilirubin levels benefit from frequent assessment, and some will need treatment (which is usually brief). […] Phototherapy is the most common medical treatment for hyperbilirubinemia in babies. […] The blue light breaks down bilirubin into compounds that are easier for a baby’s body to eliminate in stool and urine. […] In almost all babies, treatment with phototherapy is successful in decreasing bilirubin levels within 24 to 48 hours. […] Phototherapy is usually given in a hospital. […] For the treatment to be successful, babies should have as much skin as possible exposed to the light. […] Phototherapy is stopped when bilirubin levels in the blood drop to a safe level. […] Exchange transfusion may be needed for babies whose bilirubin levels increase to toxic levels despite other treatments, or who have signs of or are at significant risk for brain damage.

• #2 Neonatal Jaundice | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/23803

  Phototherapy and exchange transfusions are the mainstays of treatment of UHB, and a subset of patients also respond to intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG). […] Treatment of CHB is more complex and depends on the etiology of the jaundice. […] Phototherapy (PT) remains the first-line treatment for managing pathologic unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia. […] The TSB level at which PT is indicated is determined based on the risk factors for neurotoxicity present, the infant’s gestational age, and hour-specific TSB. […] Exchange transfusion (ET) is the second-line treatment for severe unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia since phototherapy was developed in the 1950s. […] Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) is used when immune-mediated hemolysis is the cause of unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia, which prevents RBC hemolysis by coating Fc receptors on RBCs. […] Treatment of conjugated hyperbilirubinemia is tailored to the specific etiology of the jaundice. […] To achieve the best outcomes, patients diagnosed with biliary atresia require a Kasai operation (hepatic portoenterostomy) within the first 2 months of life to prevent irreversible liver damage.

• #2 Hyperbilirubinemia

  https://www.aap.org/en/patient-care/hyperbilirubinemia/?srsltid=AfmBOooxHwaDnCYgwAo5L5Rop9Wm9J3h3vd0TxpoG2Hb_xZrWeiXSajB

  The following graphs show follow-up recommendations by gestational age and presence of neurotoxicity risk factors. […] View information about jaundice, bilirubin levels, treatment of jaundice, when to follow up after discharge, and when to call the doctor. […] In this special episode Alex R. Kemper, MD, MPH, MS, FAAP, lead author of the clinical practice guideline, Management of Hyperbilirubinemia in the Newborn Infant 35 or More Weeks of Gestation, explains the importance of measuring total serum bilirubin in newborns. He tells hosts David Hill, MD, FAAP, and Joanna Parga-Belinkie, MD, FAAP, the 2022 guideline offers clarification on when to start phototherapy and when to give an exchange transfusion.

• #2 Adult Jaundice: What It Is, Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/symptoms/15367-adult-jaundice

  Jaundice usually clears up once your healthcare provider treats your main medical condition. […] Your healthcare provider will also examine you to decide your liver’s size and tenderness. They may use imaging (ultrasound and CT scanning) and liver biopsy (taking a tissue sample of your liver) to better understand what’s causing your liver injury. […] There’s no specific treatment for jaundice. But your provider can treat the cause and the jaundice should improve. They can also treat complications the condition causes. For example, if itchy skin is a problem, your provider can prescribe medication. […] A healthcare provider should evaluate jaundice. It’s a sign that something’s not right with your liver. If you notice signs of jaundice, call your healthcare provider.

• #2 Jaundice in Adults (Hyperbilirubinemia): Causes, Symptoms, & Treatment

  https://www.medicinenet.com/jaundice_in_adults/article.htm

  What is the treatment for jaundice in adults? The treatment for jaundice depends entirely on the underlying cause. Once a diagnosis has been established, the appropriate course of treatment can then be initiated. Certain patients will require hospitalization, whereas others may be managed as outpatients at home. […] Jaundice treatment in adults may include: In certain individuals with jaundice, the treatment will consist of supportive care and can be managed at home. For example, most cases of mild viral hepatitis can be managed at home with watchful waiting and close monitoring by your doctor (expectant management). Novel medications for hepatitis C now can offer a cure for this condition. […] Alcohol cessation is necessary for patients with cirrhosis, alcoholic hepatitis, or acute pancreatitis secondary to alcohol use.

• #2 Jaundice in Adults – Liver and Gallbladder Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/liver-and-gallbladder-disorders/manifestations-of-liver-disease/jaundice-in-adults

  Treatment of cause […] For itching, cholestyramine […] For a blocked bile duct, a procedure to open it (such as endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography [ERCP]) […] The underlying disorder and any problems it causes are treated as needed. If jaundice is due to acute viral hepatitis, it may disappear gradually, without treatment, as the condition of the liver improves. However, hepatitis may become chronic, even if the jaundice disappears. Jaundice itself requires no treatment in adults (unlike in newborns see Hyperbilirubinemia). […] Usually, itching gradually disappears as the liver’s condition improves. If itching is bothersome, taking cholestyramine by mouth may help. However, cholestyramine is ineffective when a bile duct is completely blocked. […] If the cause is a blocked bile duct, a procedure may be done to open the bile duct. This procedure can usually be done during ERCP, using instruments threaded through the endoscope. […] Cholestyramine may help relieve itching.

• #2 Jaundice | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/treatments/side-effects/jaundice

  Once your healthcare team knows the cause of jaundice, they can suggest ways to treat it. […] When jaundice is caused by a tumour or cirrhosis, treatment may include: surgery to remove or go around the blockage, using ERCP to place a thin plastic or metal tube (called a stent) to allow bile to drain past the blockage through the stent. […] Your healthcare team can also suggest anti-itching medicines like antihistamines. In some cases, they might prescribe cholestyramine (Olestyr) or an antidepressant to help relieve the itching.

• #2 High Bilirubin (Hyperbilirubinemia) and How to Treat It

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/bilirubin-definition-and-description-1759872

  In adults, treatment for high bilirubin levels depends on the underlying cause. Treatment can include different strategies: […] If high bilirubin levels are caused by drugs, a change of medication can resolve the effects. […] In cases of obstructive hyperbilirubinemia, surgery (usually laparoscopic) may be needed to remove gallstones or other sources of obstruction. […] Severe liver or pancreatic diseases would require the care of a qualified hepatologist, with treatment options ranging from drug therapies to organ transplants. […] While there are no home treatments that bring bilirubin levels down, you can avoid placing additional stress on the liver by cutting out alcohol, red meat, processed foods, and refined sugar. […] Sometimes, hyperbilirubinemia may not require specific treatment. For example, symptoms of acute viral hepatitis typically go away on their own as the infection resolves. The same applies to Gilbert’s syndrome, which is not considered harmful and does not require treatment.

• #2

  https://www.evelinalondon.nhs.uk/about-us/news-events/2019-news/20190402-helping-newborns-with-jaundice.aspx

  Home phototherapy treatment is not routine in the UK, but it could benefit more babies across the country if other hospitals considered treating babies in this way, with the right training and safety measures in place for parents. The outreach nurses are also absolutely key to making this a success.

• #2 Earlier Jaundice Treatment Decreases Brain Injury In Preemies, October 29, 2008 News Release – National Institutes of Health (NIH)

  https://www.nih.gov/news-events/news-releases/earlier-jaundice-treatment-decreases-brain-injury-preemies

  The study authors concluded that, based on the study results, infants from 751 to 1,000 grams birth weight should be considered for aggressive treatment of bilirubinemia, as the aggressive treatment did not appear to increase the chances of death, but did appear to reduce the rate of neurodevelopmental impairment. They added that, for smaller infants weighing from 501 to 750 grams at birth, the potential to reduce the chances of neurodevelopmental impairment must be carefully weighed against the possibility of increased risk of death.

• #2 Diet for jaundice recovery: What to eat and what to avoid

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/321257

  Whole grain foods are an important source of dietary fiber and phenolic acids, which are natural antioxidants in plants. […] Polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fats are healthy fats that help maintain healthy cholesterol levels. […] Lean proteins, including tofu, legumes, poultry, and fish, may benefit people with jaundice. The American Liver Foundation advises avoiding foods high in fat and salt, so lean proteins are preferable to processed or fatty cuts of meat. […] Foods and drinks to avoid or limit during jaundice recovery include: Alcohol is toxic to most internal bodily tissues, including the liver. […] Most people with jaundice or other liver conditions should try to avoid alcohol completely. […] Too much sugar can contribute to several health conditions that impair liver function, including type 2 diabetes and obesity.

• #2 Jaundice in Children: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment | Nationwide Children’s Hospital

  https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/conditions/jaundice-in-children

  Most often, jaundice is temporary and not harmful. […] Fortunately, prompt treatment can prevent most complications of jaundice in children. […] If jaundice is prolonged (lasting longer than 2 weeks), severe (with very high bilirubin levels), or pathologic (caused by a disease), prompt attention, testing, and possibly treatment are important to prevent complications. […] Frequent feedings encourage more bowel movements. Passing more stool clears bilirubin from the body faster. […] Ask about home phototherapy: Mild cases of jaundice can sometimes be treated at home using bili lights or a bili blanket.

• #2 Infant jaundice – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/infant-jaundice/symptoms-causes/syc-20373865

  Most infants born between 35 weeks’ gestation and full term need no treatment for jaundice. […] High levels of bilirubin that cause severe jaundice can result in serious complications if not treated. […] Prompt treatment may prevent significant lasting damage. […] The best preventive of infant jaundice is adequate feeding.

• #2 Jaundice in adults | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/jaundice

  If you have jaundice and sudden symptoms such as fever, confusion and intense abdominal pain, call triple zero (000) for an ambulance. […] It’s important to see your doctor as soon as possible if you think you might have jaundice. […] Treatment depends on the underlying cause of jaundice. […] Talk with your doctor about the treatment options for your situation.

• #3 Your Baby, Jaundice and Phototherapy

  https://www.med.umich.edu/1libr/pa/umphototherapy.htm

  The length of time phototherapy treatment is needed varies from one baby to the next as each baby’s condition is different. Your health care provider will prescribe the amount of time your baby will be on the biliblanket each day. Most babies have phototherapy treatment for several days. Your baby’s bilirubin level will be tested during treatment, usually by a small sample of blood taken from the baby’s heel. These tests will determine when normal levels of bilirubin are reached and phototherapy is no longer needed.

• #3 Jaundice in Adults (Hyperbilirubinemia): Causes, Symptoms, & Treatment

  https://www.medicinenet.com/jaundice_in_adults/article.htm

  Jaundice caused by drugs/medications/toxins requires discontinuation of the offending agent. In cases of intentional or unintentional acetaminophen (Tylenol) overdose, the antidote N-acetylcysteine (Mucomyst) may be required. […] Various medications may be used to treat the conditions leading to jaundice, such as steroids in the treatment of some autoimmune disorders. Certain patients with cirrhosis, for example, may require treatment with diuretics and lactulose. […] Antibiotics may be required for infectious causes of jaundice, or the complications associated with certain conditions leading to jaundice (for example, cholangitis). […] Blood transfusions may be required in individuals with anemia from hemolysis or as a result of bleeding. […] Individuals with cancer leading to jaundice will require consultation with an oncologist (a cancer specialist), and the treatment will vary depending on the type and extent (staging) of cancer. […] Surgery and various invasive procedures may be required for certain patients with jaundice. For example, certain patients with gallstones may require surgery. Other individuals with liver failure/cirrhosis may require a liver transplant.

• #3 Filtered sunlight a safe, low-tech treatment for newborn jaundice – Stanford Medicine Children’s Health

  https://www.stanfordchildrens.org/en/about/news/releases/2015/filtered-sunlight-a-safe-low-tech-treatment-for-newborn-jaundice.html

  Newborn jaundice can be treated with filtered sunlight, providing a safe, inexpensive, low-tech solution to a health problem that now causes permanent brain damage or death in more than 150,000 babies in developing countries each year. […] The filtered-sunlight treatment was as safe and effective as the blue-light lamps traditionally used to treat infant jaundice. […] Phototherapy with lamps that emit blue wavelengths has been the most prevalent newborn jaundice treatment since the 1960s. […] The two therapies worked similarly well: Filtered sunlight was effective on 93 percent of treatment days, and conventional phototherapy on 90 percent of treatment days. The treatments were also similarly safe.

• #3 Diet for jaundice recovery: What to eat and what to avoid

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/321257

  These preservatives are usually forms of salt, such as nitrates and sulfates. Salt dehydrates the body, making digestion and metabolism more difficult and putting stress on the liver. […] Fried, oily, and fast foods contain saturated and trans fats that are difficult to digest, particularly those prepared with partially hydrogenated vegetable oils. […] Jaundice indicates poor liver health, which can have causes including excessive alcohol use and inadequate nutrition. […] To improve liver health, people can include plenty of brightly colored fruits and vegetables, whole grains, and healthy fats. Staying hydrated by drinking plenty of water or unsweetened beverages is also essential. […] Foods and drinks to limit with jaundice include fried foods, refined carbs and sugary foods, alcohol, and highly processed foods.

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