Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Broken Hand or Wrist | Ohio State Medical Center

  https://wexnermedical.osu.edu/orthopedics/hand-and-upper-extremity/broken-hand-wrist

  A broken hand happens when any one of the more than two dozen bones in your hand is fractured. Hand fractures are some of the most common broken bones. […] A broken wrist, sometimes called a Colles fracture, occurs when any of the eight small bones between your hand and forearm are fractured. […] Unfortunately, both hand injuries can cause significant pain and limit your ability to use your hand and wrist effectively until healed. […] Youll likely need to wear a splint or cast for several weeks while your bones heal. In severe cases, your doctor may recommend hand surgery to repair the fracture in your hand or wrist, or occupational therapy may be needed to regain strength and function. […] To diagnose a broken hand or broken wrist, your doctor will ask about your symptoms and how the injury occurred.

• #2 Do You Have A Malpractice Case For Misdiagnosis of a Fracture In My Hand Or Fingers? – The Thistle Law Firm

  https://thistlelaw.com/do-you-have-a-malpractice-case-for-misdiagnosis-of-a-fracture-in-my-hand-or-fingers/

  A fracture to your hand will involve injury to the metacarpal bones – which are the bones in the palm of your hand that support the hand – or a fracture to one of your fingers (the phalangeal bones). […] A malpractice claim with mistreatment to a fracture in your hand will often involve a delay in diagnosis and treatment to the fracture resulting in multiple complications and other problems. […] Medical malpractice claims can arise when your treating doctor or nurse practitioner does not recognize the signs and symptoms of a fracture to your hand, or does not order imaging studies when the mechanism of your injury warrants them to at least rule out a fracture even if they do not suspect one. […] A delay in treatment to a fracture to your fingers can result in the fracture healing in a poor position that cannot be fixed by surgery.

• #3 Ask a Doctor – Hand Fractures | The Hand Society

  https://www.assh.org/handcare/blog/ask-a-doctor-hand-fractures

  In specific terms, hand fractures occur when a force from a fall or impact is transmitted across a bone exceeding the strength of that bone to resist that force. […] In easier-to-understand terms, fractures should be thought of as similar to tree branches. When we are young, our bones are much suppler and bend like a small tree or sapling. Because of this, children are much more likely to have greenstick fractures, or breaks that only snap the bone but don’t break all the way through. In adult bones, like older tree branches, the strength of the bone makes it more rigid and less likely to bend. While that makes the bones stronger and harder, it also means that when a force is stronger than their ability to bend then they are more likely to break completely. […] Fractures are also linked to our behavior. Children suffer fractures to their fingers more frequently than adults since they are more likely to get caught in doors or other objects. Young men are more likely to get fractures from boxing or punching injuries. Therefore, doctors expect different patterns of fractures depending on the mechanism of injury and the characteristics of the patient.

• #4 Greenstick fracture | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/greenstick-fracture?lang=us

  Greenstick fractures occur when the force applied to a bone results in bending of the bone such that the structural integrity of the convex surface is overcome. […] The fact that the integrity of the cortex has been overcome results in fracture of the convex surface. […] However, the bending force applied does not break the bone completely and the concave surface of the bent bone remains intact. […] This can occur following an angulated longitudinal force applied down the bone (e.g. an indirect trauma following a fall on an outstretched arm), or after a force applied perpendicular to the bone (e.g. a direct blow). […] This fracture is very different, and much less common, than the torus fracture that results in buckling of the cortex on the concave side of the bend and an intact convex surface.

• #5 Broken hand – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/broken-hand/symptoms-causes/syc-20450240

  A broken hand is a break or crack in one or more of the bones of your hand. This injury can be caused by direct blows or falls. Motor vehicle crashes can cause hand bones to break, sometimes into many pieces, and often require surgical repair. […] Hand fractures can be caused by a direct blow or crushing injury. Motor vehicle crashes can cause hand bones to break, sometimes into many pieces, and often require surgical repair. […] Your risk of a broken hand may be increased if you participate in sports like football, soccer, rugby, or hockey. Osteoporosis, a condition that weakens bones, may also increase your risk of a broken hand. […] Complications of a broken hand are rare, but they might include: Ongoing stiffness, aching or disability. Stiffness, pain or aching in the affected area generally goes away eventually after your cast is removed or after surgery. However, some people have permanent stiffness or pain. Be patient with your recovery, and talk to your doctor about exercises that might help or for a referral to physical or occupational therapy.

• #6 Hand Injuries Overview- Surgery | PPT

  https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/hand-injuries-overview-surgery/242335641

  Hand injuries can have major functional implications. […] Mechanisms of injury include industrial injuries, assaults, road traffic accidents, gunshot injuries, burns, and explosive devices. […] Classification includes closed/open mechanisms of injury, tissue component, degree of contamination, and anatomic zones. […] The Mclain and Duncan classification of open hand fractures includes Type I tidy wound 1cm, Type II tidy wound 1-2 cm, Type IIIA 2cm; soiled, Type IIIB IIIA + periosteal stripping, and Type IIIC neurovascular damage. […] Treatment aims to restore the basic hand unit, provide a sensate mobile digit, provide stable coverage, preserve function, and preserve appearance. […] Reconstructive principles include restoring circulation, obtaining soft-tissue coverage, aligning and stabilizing bony anatomy, restoring nerve function, mobilizing joints, and restoring tendon function. […] Prognosis depends on the variant of hand injury and factors influencing outcome include injury-related factors, age, motivation and compliance with surgery, rehabilitation, and co-morbid pathologies.

• #7 FOOSH: The Most Common Hand Injuries Seen in the ER

  https://www.advanceer.com/resources/blog/2019/july/foosh-the-most-common-hand-injuries-seen-in-the-/

  FOOSH is an acronym for fall on an outstretched hand. This really describes the mechanism of injury. […] One common type of Foosh injury is the Colles fracture of the wrist. This type of injury involves a break of the radius bone in the distal forearm. […] It may be evident that someone has a Foosh injury based on the deformity of the wrist, but diagnosis should be confirmed by x-ray. […] FOOSH injuries are more common than you would expect and immediate care can limit long term damage.

• #8 Fall onto an outstretched hand | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/fall-onto-an-outstretched-hand?lang=us

  Fall onto an outstretched hand (FOOSH) is a common mechanism for traumatic disruption of the osseous and ligamentous structures of the wrist, forearm and elbow. […] Some commonly recognized patterns of injury include; distal radial fractures, carpal fractures, forearm fractures.

• #9 HAND FRACTURES IN CHILDREN – CAUSES AND MECHANISMS OF INJURY

  https://hrcak.srce.hr/clanak/254905

  Hand is extremely exposed to various loads and traumas of everyday tasks and activities, resulting in fist fractures being fairly common injuries. […] The most common mechanism of injury is a direct blow. […] Direct blow was the major cause of injury (76%), and 24% were caused by fall. […] Injuries during sport activities are the most common cause of the hand fractures in pediatric population and direct blow is the main mechanism of injury.

• #10 Common hand fractures

  https://yourhands.co.uk/conditions/hand-and-wrist-injuries/hand-fractures

  Fractures (breaks) of the bones in the hand (metacarpal bones) are common. The metacarpal bones are usually broken after a fall or punching an object or person (also known as a 'boxer’s fracture’. There will be pain, bruising and swelling over the broken bone. […] A 5th metacarpal neck fracture (boxer’s fracture) […] Some fractures need treating with an operation. These include those fractures which are displaced and if the finger is rotated and crossing over the adjacent finger when making a fist. […] Most hand fractures heal uneventfully and normal hand function is expected.

• #11 Broken hand – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/broken-hand/symptoms-causes/syc-20450240

  A broken hand is a break or crack in one or more of the bones of your hand. This injury can be caused by direct blows or falls. Motor vehicle crashes can cause hand bones to break, sometimes into many pieces, and often require surgical repair. […] Hand fractures can be caused by a direct blow or crushing injury. Motor vehicle crashes can cause hand bones to break, sometimes into many pieces, and often require surgical repair. […] Your risk of a broken hand may be increased if you participate in sports like football, soccer, rugby, or hockey. Osteoporosis, a condition that weakens bones, may also increase your risk of a broken hand. […] Complications of a broken hand are rare, but they might include: Ongoing stiffness, aching or disability. Stiffness, pain or aching in the affected area generally goes away eventually after your cast is removed or after surgery. However, some people have permanent stiffness or pain. Be patient with your recovery, and talk to your doctor about exercises that might help or for a referral to physical or occupational therapy.

• #12 Hand Injuries in AFL: Types, Risks & Prevention | Action Rehab

  https://actionrehab.com.au/hand-injuries-in-afl/

  A metacarpal fracture is a break in one of the five metacarpal bones of the hand. Both the location and type of fracture dictates the treatment plan. Metacarpal fractures can be managed conservatively or surgically, depending on those two factors. […] The mechanism of injury for a metacarpal fracture in a footballer typically relates to incidents of punching the ball or catching your fingers (typically pinkie fingers) in an oppositions jumper during a tackling motion. […] Injuries are an unfortunate but common occurrence in the fast-paced, physical game of AFL, and hand injuries can be particularly debilitating. From fractures and dislocations to sprains and strains, these injuries can significantly impact a players performance and ability to play. […] However, with the right knowledge and prevention strategies, players can reduce their risk of injury and recover more quickly when injuries do occur.

• #13 Metacarpal Fractures – Fife Virtual Hand Clinic

  https://fifevirtualhandclinic.co.uk/hand-fractures-metacarpal-fractures/

  The most common mechanism of breaking a metacarpal bone is punching something hard with the fist clenched. […] Metacarpals can also break, however, if they are twisted, and this is often how rugby and football players generally get this injury. […] The vast majority of metacarpal fractures are stable. This means that despite the break in the bone, the bone moves as one unit. […] In an UNSTABLE injury, or where 2 or more metacarpals are broken, there are a number of options: […] Surgery may be recommended again where the injury is unstable. […] A fracture of the metacarpal ALMOST ALWAYS results in loss of the knuckle, or a dropped knuckle. […] A malunion of the metacarpal does not usually affect the function of the hand, and we do not usually try to treat this, as it is a normal consequence of the injury rather than something which has gone wrong. […] An extensor lag is the name given to the inability to pull the finger straight. This is common in the early stages following a metacarpal fracture, but usually resolves with time.

• #14 Hand Injuries Overview- Surgery | PPT

  https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/hand-injuries-overview-surgery/242335641

  Hand injuries can have major functional implications. […] Mechanisms of injury include industrial injuries, assaults, road traffic accidents, gunshot injuries, burns, and explosive devices. […] Classification includes closed/open mechanisms of injury, tissue component, degree of contamination, and anatomic zones. […] The Mclain and Duncan classification of open hand fractures includes Type I tidy wound 1cm, Type II tidy wound 1-2 cm, Type IIIA 2cm; soiled, Type IIIB IIIA + periosteal stripping, and Type IIIC neurovascular damage. […] Treatment aims to restore the basic hand unit, provide a sensate mobile digit, provide stable coverage, preserve function, and preserve appearance. […] Reconstructive principles include restoring circulation, obtaining soft-tissue coverage, aligning and stabilizing bony anatomy, restoring nerve function, mobilizing joints, and restoring tendon function. […] Prognosis depends on the variant of hand injury and factors influencing outcome include injury-related factors, age, motivation and compliance with surgery, rehabilitation, and co-morbid pathologies.

• #15 Phalanx Fractures of the Hand – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557625/

  Phalanx fractures of the hand are often related to blunt, penetrating, or crush trauma; however, pathologic causes such as tumor and infection cannot be overlooked. […] Bending forces to the phalanx shaft tend to produce transverse fractures while torsional and angular forces produce spiral and oblique fractures. In general, crushing injuries produce significant comminution in fractures. Intra-articular fractures are often caused by axial loading but can also be caused by avulsion of tendinous insertion sites causing angular patterns. […] The deforming forces of the proximal attachment of the central slip combined with the attachment of the intrinsic hand muscles to the extensor mechanism in relation to the more distal FDS tendon insertion cause apex volar angulation of proximal phalanx fractures. Similarly, fractures near the base of the middle phalanx that occur between the two tendinous insertions result in apex dorsal angulation. Fractures of the middle phalanx occurring distal to the insertion of the FDS tendon are often apex volar due to its flexion of the proximal fragment in relation to extension of the distal fragment by the terminal slip of the extensor mechanism.

• #16 Phalanx Fractures of the Hand – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557625/

  Phalanx fractures of the hand are often related to blunt, penetrating, or crush trauma; however, pathologic causes such as tumor and infection cannot be overlooked. […] Bending forces to the phalanx shaft tend to produce transverse fractures while torsional and angular forces produce spiral and oblique fractures. In general, crushing injuries produce significant comminution in fractures. Intra-articular fractures are often caused by axial loading but can also be caused by avulsion of tendinous insertion sites causing angular patterns. […] The deforming forces of the proximal attachment of the central slip combined with the attachment of the intrinsic hand muscles to the extensor mechanism in relation to the more distal FDS tendon insertion cause apex volar angulation of proximal phalanx fractures. Similarly, fractures near the base of the middle phalanx that occur between the two tendinous insertions result in apex dorsal angulation. Fractures of the middle phalanx occurring distal to the insertion of the FDS tendon are often apex volar due to its flexion of the proximal fragment in relation to extension of the distal fragment by the terminal slip of the extensor mechanism.

• #17 Hand Fractures & Dislocations | Diagnosis & Treatments | ROC

  https://www.renoortho.com/specialties/center-for-hand-upper-extremity/hand-trauma/

  What are hand fractures and dislocations? The hand is made up of the phalanges, the small bones of the thumb and fingers, and the long bones of the hand called the metacarpals, which attach the hand to the wrist or carpal bones. There are five metacarpals, one for each digit. There are 14 phalanges; two for the thumb and three for each finger. Fractures of the hand involve fractures or breaks of the above-mentioned bones. They usually result from trauma, which may include a fall, hitting an object, or twisting or crushing-type injuries. Fractures may be non-displaced, in other words, the bones are still in good alignment. They may be displaced or have loss of normal alignment. They may be comminuted, meaning many fragments. They may be open fractures, meaning they are associated with a laceration and the bone may have protruded through the skin, which means it may be contaminated with dirt or other material. They may be intra-articular fractures, meaning the fracture extends into the joint. Dislocations of the hand include the joints of the fingers and the joints between the metacarpals and wrist or carpal bones. Finger dislocations occur commonly. They are often associated with sporting injuries or falls. Some dislocations are stable once they are reduced. Other dislocations are inherently unstable and require fixation, immobilization or repair of the ligaments. Dislocations can also be associated with fractures, and some of which may extend into the joint. These can be closed or open injuries. The thumb carpometacarpal joint is prone to dislocation or fracture dislocation.

• #18 Metacarpal Fractures – Fife Virtual Hand Clinic

  https://fifevirtualhandclinic.co.uk/hand-fractures-metacarpal-fractures/

  The most common mechanism of breaking a metacarpal bone is punching something hard with the fist clenched. […] Metacarpals can also break, however, if they are twisted, and this is often how rugby and football players generally get this injury. […] The vast majority of metacarpal fractures are stable. This means that despite the break in the bone, the bone moves as one unit. […] In an UNSTABLE injury, or where 2 or more metacarpals are broken, there are a number of options: […] Surgery may be recommended again where the injury is unstable. […] A fracture of the metacarpal ALMOST ALWAYS results in loss of the knuckle, or a dropped knuckle. […] A malunion of the metacarpal does not usually affect the function of the hand, and we do not usually try to treat this, as it is a normal consequence of the injury rather than something which has gone wrong. […] An extensor lag is the name given to the inability to pull the finger straight. This is common in the early stages following a metacarpal fracture, but usually resolves with time.

• #19 Phalanx Fractures of the Hand – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557625/

  Phalanx fractures of the hand are often related to blunt, penetrating, or crush trauma; however, pathologic causes such as tumor and infection cannot be overlooked. […] Bending forces to the phalanx shaft tend to produce transverse fractures while torsional and angular forces produce spiral and oblique fractures. In general, crushing injuries produce significant comminution in fractures. Intra-articular fractures are often caused by axial loading but can also be caused by avulsion of tendinous insertion sites causing angular patterns. […] The deforming forces of the proximal attachment of the central slip combined with the attachment of the intrinsic hand muscles to the extensor mechanism in relation to the more distal FDS tendon insertion cause apex volar angulation of proximal phalanx fractures. Similarly, fractures near the base of the middle phalanx that occur between the two tendinous insertions result in apex dorsal angulation. Fractures of the middle phalanx occurring distal to the insertion of the FDS tendon are often apex volar due to its flexion of the proximal fragment in relation to extension of the distal fragment by the terminal slip of the extensor mechanism.

• #20 Bennett’s fracture – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bennett%27s_fracture

  Bennett fracture is a type of partial broken finger involving the base of the thumb, and extends into the carpometacarpal (CMC) joint. […] This intra-articular fracture is the most common type of fracture of the thumb, and is nearly always accompanied by some degree of subluxation or frank dislocation of the carpometacarpal joint. […] The Bennett fracture is an oblique intraarticular metacarpal fracture dislocation, caused by an axial force directed against the partially flexed metacarpal. This type of compression along the metacarpal bone is often sustained when a person punches a hard object, such as the skull or tibia of an opponent, or a wall. It can also occur as a result of a fall onto the thumb. […] Tension from the APL and ADP muscles frequently leads to displacement of the fracture fragments, even in cases where the fracture fragments are initially in their proper anatomic position. Because of the aforementioned biomechanical features, Bennett fractures nearly always require some form of intervention to ensure healing in the correct anatomical position and restoration of proper function of the thumb CMC joint.

• #21 Bennett’s Fracture: Break At The Base of Your Thumb – JOI Jacksonville Orthopaedic Institute

  https://www.joionline.net/library/bennetts-fracture-break-at-the-base-of-your-thumb/

  A Bennetts fracture or Bennett, named after Edward Hallaran Bennett. He first described the fracture as an intra-articular fracture located at the base of the first metacarpal extending into the CMC joint. […] A Bennetts fracture usually occurs when there is a force applied upon a flexed metacarpal, such as punching a hard object or falling on an outstretched hand, and is usually associated with subluxation (partial dislocation) or dislocation of the thumb. […] Treatment depends largely upon the mechanism of injury, severity, displacement, and incongruity of the fracture. […] If there is continuous CMC joint subluxation or greater than 1 mm of joint incongruity following closed reduction, surgical intervention is recommended. […] Depending on the severity of the fracture, surgical treatment involves either closed reduction with percutaneous pinning or open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF).

• #22 Common hand fractures

  https://yourhands.co.uk/conditions/hand-and-wrist-injuries/hand-fractures

  Fractures (breaks) of the bones in the hand (metacarpal bones) are common. The metacarpal bones are usually broken after a fall or punching an object or person (also known as a 'boxer’s fracture’. There will be pain, bruising and swelling over the broken bone. […] A 5th metacarpal neck fracture (boxer’s fracture) […] Some fractures need treating with an operation. These include those fractures which are displaced and if the finger is rotated and crossing over the adjacent finger when making a fist. […] Most hand fractures heal uneventfully and normal hand function is expected.

• #23 Hook of the hamate fracture: Mechanism of injury and treatment of this wrist and hand injury | Dr Geier

  https://drdavidgeier.com/hook-of-the-hamate-fracture/

  A hook of the hamate fracture is a fracture of the hamate on the ulnar side of the wrist and hand. The injury often occurs when a golfer, baseball player, or tennis player swings his club, bat, or racquet and it stops suddenly, such as a golfer hitting the ground with the club. […] Swinging a baseball bat is a common mechanism of injury for a hook of the hamate fracture.

• #24 Hand Fractures & Dislocations | Diagnosis & Treatments | ROC

  https://www.renoortho.com/specialties/center-for-hand-upper-extremity/hand-trauma/

  What are hand fractures and dislocations? The hand is made up of the phalanges, the small bones of the thumb and fingers, and the long bones of the hand called the metacarpals, which attach the hand to the wrist or carpal bones. There are five metacarpals, one for each digit. There are 14 phalanges; two for the thumb and three for each finger. Fractures of the hand involve fractures or breaks of the above-mentioned bones. They usually result from trauma, which may include a fall, hitting an object, or twisting or crushing-type injuries. Fractures may be non-displaced, in other words, the bones are still in good alignment. They may be displaced or have loss of normal alignment. They may be comminuted, meaning many fragments. They may be open fractures, meaning they are associated with a laceration and the bone may have protruded through the skin, which means it may be contaminated with dirt or other material. They may be intra-articular fractures, meaning the fracture extends into the joint. Dislocations of the hand include the joints of the fingers and the joints between the metacarpals and wrist or carpal bones. Finger dislocations occur commonly. They are often associated with sporting injuries or falls. Some dislocations are stable once they are reduced. Other dislocations are inherently unstable and require fixation, immobilization or repair of the ligaments. Dislocations can also be associated with fractures, and some of which may extend into the joint. These can be closed or open injuries. The thumb carpometacarpal joint is prone to dislocation or fracture dislocation.

• #25 Hand Injuries Overview- Surgery | PPT

  https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/hand-injuries-overview-surgery/242335641

  Hand injuries can have major functional implications. […] Mechanisms of injury include industrial injuries, assaults, road traffic accidents, gunshot injuries, burns, and explosive devices. […] Classification includes closed/open mechanisms of injury, tissue component, degree of contamination, and anatomic zones. […] The Mclain and Duncan classification of open hand fractures includes Type I tidy wound 1cm, Type II tidy wound 1-2 cm, Type IIIA 2cm; soiled, Type IIIB IIIA + periosteal stripping, and Type IIIC neurovascular damage. […] Treatment aims to restore the basic hand unit, provide a sensate mobile digit, provide stable coverage, preserve function, and preserve appearance. […] Reconstructive principles include restoring circulation, obtaining soft-tissue coverage, aligning and stabilizing bony anatomy, restoring nerve function, mobilizing joints, and restoring tendon function. […] Prognosis depends on the variant of hand injury and factors influencing outcome include injury-related factors, age, motivation and compliance with surgery, rehabilitation, and co-morbid pathologies.

• #26 Open Fractures of the Hand: Review of Pathogenesis and Introduction of a New Classification System – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26614938/

  Open fractures of the hand are a common and varied group of injuries. […] Although at increased risk for infection, open fractures of the hand are more resistant to infection than other open fractures. […] Numerous unique factors in the hand may play a role in the altered risk of postinjury infection. […] Current systems for the classification of open fractures fail to address the unique qualities of the hand. […] This article proposes a novel classification system for open fractures of the hand, taking into account the factors unique to the hand that affect its risk for developing infection after an open fracture.

• #27 Broken hand – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/broken-hand/symptoms-causes/syc-20450240

  A broken hand is a break or crack in one or more of the bones of your hand. This injury can be caused by direct blows or falls. Motor vehicle crashes can cause hand bones to break, sometimes into many pieces, and often require surgical repair. […] Hand fractures can be caused by a direct blow or crushing injury. Motor vehicle crashes can cause hand bones to break, sometimes into many pieces, and often require surgical repair. […] Your risk of a broken hand may be increased if you participate in sports like football, soccer, rugby, or hockey. Osteoporosis, a condition that weakens bones, may also increase your risk of a broken hand. […] Complications of a broken hand are rare, but they might include: Ongoing stiffness, aching or disability. Stiffness, pain or aching in the affected area generally goes away eventually after your cast is removed or after surgery. However, some people have permanent stiffness or pain. Be patient with your recovery, and talk to your doctor about exercises that might help or for a referral to physical or occupational therapy.

• #28 Ask a Doctor – Hand Fractures | The Hand Society

  https://www.assh.org/handcare/blog/ask-a-doctor-hand-fractures

  No. In some cases, broken bones may heal inappropriately (malunion) or not at all (nonunion). In these cases, your surgeon will help you decide if further treatment is necessary. If an infection caused your bones to not heal, you may need antibiotics or additional surgery to treat the infection before fixing the bones. Risk factors for infection include immune system problems, steroids, old age, diabetes, smoking, and open fractures.

• #29 Case Study About A CFL Offensive Lineman’s Broken Hand Recovery

  https://strivept.ca/a-cfl-offensive-linemans-broken-hand-recovery-case-study/

  So why is it that two guys, who are of similar age, with no other medical conditions, who broke the same bone, the same week, look this different 6 years down the road? To fully understand this, we should first understand bones and how they heal. […] Bone healing is more of a regeneration than a repair. Essentially, the body creates new bone from within the fracture site. […] First, is that clinical union (when the cast usually comes off) is when theres a bony callus formation (this usually takes approximately 6 weeks but varies person to person). […] Second, during the callus formation stages, bone is laid down in a woven matrix (kind of just slapped in there) so its not very strong (it gets stronger during the remodeling phase). […] Bones will continue to heal based on their loading environment. This is called Wolffs Law, in which the bone of a healthy person will adapt to the loads under which it is placed.

• #30 Case Study About A CFL Offensive Lineman’s Broken Hand Recovery

  https://strivept.ca/a-cfl-offensive-linemans-broken-hand-recovery-case-study/

  If loading on a bone is significantly decreased, it will become weaker and less dense. […] There are four discrete stages of healing within the 2 stages: Hematoma formation (inflammatory) phase, Soft callus (fibrocartilaginous callus) formation phase, Hard callus (bony callus) formation phase, Remodeling phase. […] As mentioned, bones heal based on the amount of load placed on them. […] The amount of extra load placed on my hand was minimal, so my body built enough bone to heal my fracture, and then with rehabilitation it remodeled to a very little amount of extra bone. […] In response to this substantial load, his body kept laying down more and more bone it felt as though he needed it. […] So, in total, it took his bone twice as long to obtain clinical union. […] Individuals heal in individual ways. Although the physiology of bone healing was likely quite similar for Matt and I, the environment in which our fractures healed was drastically different. […] Bones heal in how theyre loaded. […] As we learned, the bone will remodel for 2 years post-fracture, which says a lot about the importance of rehabilitation.

• #31 Case Study About A CFL Offensive Lineman’s Broken Hand Recovery

  https://strivept.ca/a-cfl-offensive-linemans-broken-hand-recovery-case-study/

  So why is it that two guys, who are of similar age, with no other medical conditions, who broke the same bone, the same week, look this different 6 years down the road? To fully understand this, we should first understand bones and how they heal. […] Bone healing is more of a regeneration than a repair. Essentially, the body creates new bone from within the fracture site. […] First, is that clinical union (when the cast usually comes off) is when theres a bony callus formation (this usually takes approximately 6 weeks but varies person to person). […] Second, during the callus formation stages, bone is laid down in a woven matrix (kind of just slapped in there) so its not very strong (it gets stronger during the remodeling phase). […] Bones will continue to heal based on their loading environment. This is called Wolffs Law, in which the bone of a healthy person will adapt to the loads under which it is placed.

• #32 Case Study About A CFL Offensive Lineman’s Broken Hand Recovery

  https://strivept.ca/a-cfl-offensive-linemans-broken-hand-recovery-case-study/

  If loading on a bone is significantly decreased, it will become weaker and less dense. […] There are four discrete stages of healing within the 2 stages: Hematoma formation (inflammatory) phase, Soft callus (fibrocartilaginous callus) formation phase, Hard callus (bony callus) formation phase, Remodeling phase. […] As mentioned, bones heal based on the amount of load placed on them. […] The amount of extra load placed on my hand was minimal, so my body built enough bone to heal my fracture, and then with rehabilitation it remodeled to a very little amount of extra bone. […] In response to this substantial load, his body kept laying down more and more bone it felt as though he needed it. […] So, in total, it took his bone twice as long to obtain clinical union. […] Individuals heal in individual ways. Although the physiology of bone healing was likely quite similar for Matt and I, the environment in which our fractures healed was drastically different. […] Bones heal in how theyre loaded. […] As we learned, the bone will remodel for 2 years post-fracture, which says a lot about the importance of rehabilitation.

• #33 Case Study About A CFL Offensive Lineman’s Broken Hand Recovery

  https://strivept.ca/a-cfl-offensive-linemans-broken-hand-recovery-case-study/

  If loading on a bone is significantly decreased, it will become weaker and less dense. […] There are four discrete stages of healing within the 2 stages: Hematoma formation (inflammatory) phase, Soft callus (fibrocartilaginous callus) formation phase, Hard callus (bony callus) formation phase, Remodeling phase. […] As mentioned, bones heal based on the amount of load placed on them. […] The amount of extra load placed on my hand was minimal, so my body built enough bone to heal my fracture, and then with rehabilitation it remodeled to a very little amount of extra bone. […] In response to this substantial load, his body kept laying down more and more bone it felt as though he needed it. […] So, in total, it took his bone twice as long to obtain clinical union. […] Individuals heal in individual ways. Although the physiology of bone healing was likely quite similar for Matt and I, the environment in which our fractures healed was drastically different. […] Bones heal in how theyre loaded. […] As we learned, the bone will remodel for 2 years post-fracture, which says a lot about the importance of rehabilitation.

• #34 Case Study About A CFL Offensive Lineman’s Broken Hand Recovery

  https://strivept.ca/a-cfl-offensive-linemans-broken-hand-recovery-case-study/

  If loading on a bone is significantly decreased, it will become weaker and less dense. […] There are four discrete stages of healing within the 2 stages: Hematoma formation (inflammatory) phase, Soft callus (fibrocartilaginous callus) formation phase, Hard callus (bony callus) formation phase, Remodeling phase. […] As mentioned, bones heal based on the amount of load placed on them. […] The amount of extra load placed on my hand was minimal, so my body built enough bone to heal my fracture, and then with rehabilitation it remodeled to a very little amount of extra bone. […] In response to this substantial load, his body kept laying down more and more bone it felt as though he needed it. […] So, in total, it took his bone twice as long to obtain clinical union. […] Individuals heal in individual ways. Although the physiology of bone healing was likely quite similar for Matt and I, the environment in which our fractures healed was drastically different. […] Bones heal in how theyre loaded. […] As we learned, the bone will remodel for 2 years post-fracture, which says a lot about the importance of rehabilitation.

• #35 Broken hand – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/broken-hand/symptoms-causes/syc-20450240

  A broken hand is a break or crack in one or more of the bones of your hand. This injury can be caused by direct blows or falls. Motor vehicle crashes can cause hand bones to break, sometimes into many pieces, and often require surgical repair. […] Hand fractures can be caused by a direct blow or crushing injury. Motor vehicle crashes can cause hand bones to break, sometimes into many pieces, and often require surgical repair. […] Your risk of a broken hand may be increased if you participate in sports like football, soccer, rugby, or hockey. Osteoporosis, a condition that weakens bones, may also increase your risk of a broken hand. […] Complications of a broken hand are rare, but they might include: Ongoing stiffness, aching or disability. Stiffness, pain or aching in the affected area generally goes away eventually after your cast is removed or after surgery. However, some people have permanent stiffness or pain. Be patient with your recovery, and talk to your doctor about exercises that might help or for a referral to physical or occupational therapy.

• #36 Broken hand – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/broken-hand/symptoms-causes/syc-20450240

  Osteoarthritis. Fractures that extend into a joint can cause arthritis years later. If your hand starts to hurt or swell long after a break, see your doctor for an evaluation. […] Nerve or blood vessel damage. Trauma to the hand can injure adjacent nerves and blood vessels. Seek immediate attention if you have numbness or circulation problems.

• #37 Broken Hand or Wrist | Ohio State Medical Center

  https://wexnermedical.osu.edu/orthopedics/hand-and-upper-extremity/broken-hand-wrist

  Your doctor will have you get imaging tests, such as X-rays, to get a clear view of the bones and determine the extent of the fracture. […] Having a broken hand or broken wrist is fairly common. Seeking prompt treatment from an orthopedic specialist is essential to ensure you avoid any complications down the road. Without proper treatment, you may risk the following: Chronic pain due to bones healing incorrectly, Stiffness and limited range of motion, Increased risk of developing arthritis in the affected joint, Nerve or blood vessel damage. […] Treatment for a broken hand or wrist depends on the severity and location of the fracture. In most cases, surgery isnt needed to fix a broken hand or wrist. […] If you have a severe broken hand or broken wrist, your doctor may recommend surgery. This is sometimes the case if you have an open/compound fracture (bone breaking through your skin) or a bone that is broken in more than two places. […] Your recovery time for a broken hand or wrist can vary, depending on the severity of the fracture and the treatment received. Generally, it takes about six to eight weeks for the bones to heal. However, it may take several months for you to fully regain strength and function in your hand or wrist.

• #38 Metacarpal Fractures – Fife Virtual Hand Clinic

  https://fifevirtualhandclinic.co.uk/hand-fractures-metacarpal-fractures/

  The most common mechanism of breaking a metacarpal bone is punching something hard with the fist clenched. […] Metacarpals can also break, however, if they are twisted, and this is often how rugby and football players generally get this injury. […] The vast majority of metacarpal fractures are stable. This means that despite the break in the bone, the bone moves as one unit. […] In an UNSTABLE injury, or where 2 or more metacarpals are broken, there are a number of options: […] Surgery may be recommended again where the injury is unstable. […] A fracture of the metacarpal ALMOST ALWAYS results in loss of the knuckle, or a dropped knuckle. […] A malunion of the metacarpal does not usually affect the function of the hand, and we do not usually try to treat this, as it is a normal consequence of the injury rather than something which has gone wrong. […] An extensor lag is the name given to the inability to pull the finger straight. This is common in the early stages following a metacarpal fracture, but usually resolves with time.

• #39 Open Fractures of the Hand : Review of Pathogenesis and Introduction of a New Classification System – EM consulte

  https://www.em-consulte.com/article/1018104/open-fractures-of-the-hand-review-of-pathogenesis-

  Open fractures of the hand are a common and varied group of injuries. Although at increased risk for infection, open fractures of the hand are more resistant to infection than other open fractures. Numerous unique factors in the hand may play a role in the altered risk of postinjury infection. […] This article proposes a novel classification system for open fractures of the hand, taking into account the factors unique to the hand that affect its risk for developing infection after an open fracture.

• #40 Open Fractures of the Hand: Review of Pathogenesis and Introduction of a New Classification System – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26614938/

  Open fractures of the hand are a common and varied group of injuries. […] Although at increased risk for infection, open fractures of the hand are more resistant to infection than other open fractures. […] Numerous unique factors in the hand may play a role in the altered risk of postinjury infection. […] Current systems for the classification of open fractures fail to address the unique qualities of the hand. […] This article proposes a novel classification system for open fractures of the hand, taking into account the factors unique to the hand that affect its risk for developing infection after an open fracture.

• #41 Open Fractures of the Hand: Review of Pathogenesis and Introduction of a New Classification System – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26614938/

  Open fractures of the hand are a common and varied group of injuries. […] Although at increased risk for infection, open fractures of the hand are more resistant to infection than other open fractures. […] Numerous unique factors in the hand may play a role in the altered risk of postinjury infection. […] Current systems for the classification of open fractures fail to address the unique qualities of the hand. […] This article proposes a novel classification system for open fractures of the hand, taking into account the factors unique to the hand that affect its risk for developing infection after an open fracture.

• #42 Do You Have A Malpractice Case For Misdiagnosis of a Fracture In My Hand Or Fingers? – The Thistle Law Firm

  https://thistlelaw.com/do-you-have-a-malpractice-case-for-misdiagnosis-of-a-fracture-in-my-hand-or-fingers/

  A fracture to your hand will involve injury to the metacarpal bones – which are the bones in the palm of your hand that support the hand – or a fracture to one of your fingers (the phalangeal bones). […] A malpractice claim with mistreatment to a fracture in your hand will often involve a delay in diagnosis and treatment to the fracture resulting in multiple complications and other problems. […] Medical malpractice claims can arise when your treating doctor or nurse practitioner does not recognize the signs and symptoms of a fracture to your hand, or does not order imaging studies when the mechanism of your injury warrants them to at least rule out a fracture even if they do not suspect one. […] A delay in treatment to a fracture to your fingers can result in the fracture healing in a poor position that cannot be fixed by surgery.

• #43 Do You Have A Malpractice Case For Misdiagnosis of a Fracture In My Hand Or Fingers? – The Thistle Law Firm

  https://thistlelaw.com/do-you-have-a-malpractice-case-for-misdiagnosis-of-a-fracture-in-my-hand-or-fingers/

  Even if your fracture is recognized and diagnosed in a timely manner, there could be a malpractice claim regarding the treatment of it. […] The types of doctors and experts involved in these claims can vary depending on whether the claim involves a failure to diagnose the fracture, and negligence in treatment of a diagnosed fracture.

• #44 Do You Have A Malpractice Case For Misdiagnosis of a Fracture In My Hand Or Fingers? – The Thistle Law Firm

  https://thistlelaw.com/do-you-have-a-malpractice-case-for-misdiagnosis-of-a-fracture-in-my-hand-or-fingers/

  A fracture to your hand will involve injury to the metacarpal bones – which are the bones in the palm of your hand that support the hand – or a fracture to one of your fingers (the phalangeal bones). […] A malpractice claim with mistreatment to a fracture in your hand will often involve a delay in diagnosis and treatment to the fracture resulting in multiple complications and other problems. […] Medical malpractice claims can arise when your treating doctor or nurse practitioner does not recognize the signs and symptoms of a fracture to your hand, or does not order imaging studies when the mechanism of your injury warrants them to at least rule out a fracture even if they do not suspect one. […] A delay in treatment to a fracture to your fingers can result in the fracture healing in a poor position that cannot be fixed by surgery.

• #45

  https://journals.lww.com/pedorthopaedics/fulltext/9900/timing_matters__challenges_in_delayed_surgical.838.aspx

  Humeral medial epicondyle fractures comprise 12% of pediatric elbow injuries. Delay in surgical intervention may be more involved than acute surgery due to soft tissue shortening, fragment-induced joint surface damage, elbow stiffness, and ulnar nerve displacement/scarring. […] Significant medial soft tissue contracture played a key role in the management of these cases, resulting in soft tissue lengthening, nonanatomic reduction, or UCL reconstruction. […] ORIF or direct repair of the UCL and FPM is feasible for delayed surgical management of pediatric medial epicondyle fractures within 3 months of injury. For delays 3 months, the degree of fragment displacement and patient age should be considered for optimal treatment and timing, and surgeons should be prepared to perform alternative treatments, including soft tissue releases and UCL reconstruction.

• #46 Distal Radius Fractures (Broken Wrist) | Melbourne Hand Therapy

  https://www.melbournehandtherapy.com.au/conditions-treated/distal-radius-fractures/

  A fracture is a medical term for a broken bone. A Distal Radius fracture is a medical term for a broken wrist. The strength and quality of the bone, whether its osteopenic weaker than normal also plays a significant part. […] These fractures can occur during: Low-energy falls such as falls from a standing position (which is the most likely mechanism of injury in older patients) OR High-energy falls such as a skiing accident. […] Although it is necessary, there are downsides to immobilisation and some negative aspects to using a cast or splint, particularly regarding its effect on soft tissue and bone. Downsides include loss of bone mass, length of muscle, muscle atrophy, ligament weakness, and changes in proprioception (which refers to your ability to sense the position and movement of your wrist).

• #47 Distal Radius Fractures (Broken Wrist) | Melbourne Hand Therapy

  https://www.melbournehandtherapy.com.au/conditions-treated/distal-radius-fractures/

  The proprioception retaining is often overlooked in distal radius fractures and can often be impaired due to of immobilisation, pain, stiffness, or loss of feedback to the wrist ligaments which may have also been injured alongside the fracture. […] Splinting/casting provides external support to the vulnerable fracture in the initial stages of healing. It does that by restricting compressive, rotation and loads/forces at the fracture site.

• #48 Distal Radius Fractures (Broken Wrist) | Melbourne Hand Therapy

  https://www.melbournehandtherapy.com.au/conditions-treated/distal-radius-fractures/

  The proprioception retaining is often overlooked in distal radius fractures and can often be impaired due to of immobilisation, pain, stiffness, or loss of feedback to the wrist ligaments which may have also been injured alongside the fracture. […] Splinting/casting provides external support to the vulnerable fracture in the initial stages of healing. It does that by restricting compressive, rotation and loads/forces at the fracture site.

• #49 Hand Fractures & Dislocations | Diagnosis & Treatments | ROC

  https://www.renoortho.com/specialties/center-for-hand-upper-extremity/hand-trauma/

  Open fractures and dislocations, i.e. injuries that are contaminated, and lacerations with bone or joints protruding generally require debridement, wound closure and fixation of the fracture, or dislocation. Displaced fractures may be rotationally mal-aligned or angular and often require reduction and internal fixation to control the alignment. Some dislocations of the joints, particularly those associated with fractures, require operative intervention. Almost all fractures extending into the joints where the joint and articular surfaces displace require operative intervention. Surgical treatment of fractures and dislocations is generally carried out in the operating room under anesthesia using sterile technique with x-ray control and the intent of obtaining the best possible reduction of the fracture, the articular surface or dislocation. This will be accomplished using pins, screws, plates and a variety of fixation devices that are available. After surgery, the hand is generally immobilized in a compressive dressing. It is imperative with both operative and non-operative treatment that the arm be elevated to control swelling and the activity level must closely follow the instructions of the surgeon. As much as possible we try to control swelling with elevation and early motion. One of our greatest concerns in treating hand fractures and dislocations is minimizing the stiffness, which can generally be accomplished by a good reduction, good therapy, a good exercise program and a cooperative patient. Other complications include infections (which are uncommon), skin complications, and circulatory complications. Injuries that are associated with lacerations or crush injuries to the nerves, arteries and tendons have a much higher incident of complications than simple closed fractures.

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