Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Epidemiology of hand and wrist injuries treated in a reference specialty center over a year

  http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S2306-41022021000500429

  Epidemiology of hand and wrist injuries treated in a reference specialty center over a year […] Hand injuries constitute 6.6% to 28.6% of all injuries in the musculoskeletal system. Little information has been reported on the non-laboring, non-insured population with no social security. We describe the epidemiology of hand and wrist injuries treated over a year in the emergency department of a reference hospital in Mexico City that treats patients with no social security. […] To describe the epidemiology of hand and wrist injuries treated in the ED of a high specialty reference medical facility over a year. […] Hand and wrist injuries constituted 8.9% of all emergencies treated in the emergency department of INR-LGII during 2015. Young, male patients, between 21 and 30 years of age were the most commonly affected age group. Students and housewives constituted almost half the population treated for hand and wrist injuries. The most common injuries were fractures, contusions and sprains.

• #2 Epidemiology of Bone Fractures in the Hand in Adult Population Using the ICD-10 Classification – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36055664/

  PURPOSE OF THE STUDY The purpose of this study was to conduct an epidemiological study of hand fractures in adult population. […] A retrospective observational study in a population of 470,000 habitants was performed. Over the course of three years, all patients over 16 years of age who were diagnosed with fracture or fracture-dislocation at the level of a carpal bone, metacarpal and/or phalange were included. These fractures were classified according to the International Classification of Diseases 10th edition (ICD-10). Incidence rates, along with gender and age distribution were also studied. […] 1,267 patients with a total of 1,341 hand fractures were included. They represented 29.7% of all upper limb fractures and 7.6% of all traumatological emergencies involving a bone fracture during that period. […] The global incidence rate was 99 fractures per 100,000 persons/year. […] The ICD-10 classification is useful for the description and classification of hand fractures.

• #3 Epidemiology of hand and wrist injuries treated in a reference specialty center over a year

  https://www.medigraphic.com/cgi-bin/new/resumenI.cgi?IDARTICULO=104570

  Hand injuries constitute 6.6% to 28.6% of all injuries in the musculoskeletal system. […] We describe the epidemiology of hand and wrist injuries treated over a year in the emergency department of a reference hospital in Mexico City that treats patients with no social security. […] Hand and wrist injuries constituted 8.9% of all emergencies treated in the emergency department of INR-LGII during 2015. […] The epidemiology of hand and wrist injuries is not well described in Mexico either in the working population or in the non-working population and there is no national registry of hand injuries and subsequent disability. […] Hand and wrist injuries need to receive specialized treatment to avoid complications and permanent disability. […] There is currently not enough epidemiological data on non-laboring hand injuries in Mexico or the world.

• #4 Epidemiology of hand and wrist injuries treated in a reference specialty center over a year

  http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S2306-41022021000500429

  Hand and wrist injuries are common. There is currently not enough epidemiological data on non-laboring hand injuries in Mexico or the world. Hand and wrist injuries need to receive specialized treatment to avoid complications and permanent disability. […] The epidemiology of hand and wrist injuries is not well described in Mexico either in the working population or in the non-working population and there is no national registry of hand injuries and subsequent disability. The National Rehabilitation Institute Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra (INR-LGII) is a third level, high specialty medical facility in Mexico City that treats orthopedic conditions. It has its own hand and microsurgery department and it is a reference center for hand and wrist injuries nationwide. It offers attention essentially to the non-working, non-insured population, and informal workers without social security.

• #5 Epidemiology of Bone Fractures in the Hand in Adult Population Using the ICD-10 Classification – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36055664/

  PURPOSE OF THE STUDY The purpose of this study was to conduct an epidemiological study of hand fractures in adult population. […] A retrospective observational study in a population of 470,000 habitants was performed. Over the course of three years, all patients over 16 years of age who were diagnosed with fracture or fracture-dislocation at the level of a carpal bone, metacarpal and/or phalange were included. These fractures were classified according to the International Classification of Diseases 10th edition (ICD-10). Incidence rates, along with gender and age distribution were also studied. […] 1,267 patients with a total of 1,341 hand fractures were included. They represented 29.7% of all upper limb fractures and 7.6% of all traumatological emergencies involving a bone fracture during that period. […] The global incidence rate was 99 fractures per 100,000 persons/year. […] The ICD-10 classification is useful for the description and classification of hand fractures.

• #6 Hand fracture epidemiology and etiology in children—time trends in Malmö, Sweden, during six decades | Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research | Full Text

  https://josr-online.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13018-019-1248-0

  The aim of this study was to describe hand fracture epidemiology/etiology in city children and describe time trend during six decades. […] We present period-specific crude and age- and gender-adjusted fracture incidence rates and group differences as incidence rate ratios (RR) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). […] The crude hand fracture rate in children was 448/100,000 person years (639/100,000 in boys and 247/100,000 in girls), with a 2.5 times higher age-adjusted incidence in boys than in girls. […] Compared to 1950/1955, the age and gender-adjusted hand fracture incidence was twice as high in 2005/2006 and more than twice as high in 1976/1979. […] The incidence of hand fractures in children was more than twice as high in the end of the 1970s compared to the 1950s, where after no significant change could be found.

• #7 Hand fracture epidemiology and etiology in children – Time trends in Malmö, Sweden, during six decades | Lund University Publications

  https://lup.lub.lu.se/search/publication/80d64798-d7c1-4f80-b25a-4bb7c87aac66

  Background: The aim of this study was to describe hand fracture epidemiology/etiology in city children and describe time trend during six decades. […] We collected epidemiology and etiology data concerning pediatric (age 16 years) hand fractures in city residents, treated during 2005-2006. […] We present period-specific crude and age- and gender-adjusted fracture incidence rates and group differences as incidence rate ratios (RR) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). […] The crude hand fracture rate in children was 448/100,000 person years (639/100,000 in boys and 247/100,000 in girls), with a 2.5 times higher age-adjusted incidence in boys than in girls. […] Compared to 1950/1955, the age and gender-adjusted hand fracture incidence was twice as high in 2005-2006 and more than twice as high in 1976-1979.

• #8 Characterization of the Epidemiology and Risk Factors for Hand Fractures in Patients Aged 1 to 19 Presenting to United States Emergency Departments: A Retrospective Study of 21,031 Cases – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35475776/

  Hand fractures are among the most common injuries presenting in pediatric emergency departments (EDs) with incidence reported as high as 624 hand fractures per 100,000 person-years. […] A total of 21,031 pediatric hand fractures were identified, representing an estimated 565,833 pediatric hand fractures presenting to EDs between 2016 and 2020. […] The mean incidence of pediatric hand fractures was 138.3 fractures for 100,000 person-years [95% confidence interval (CI): 136.2-140.4], with a 39.2% decrease in incidence occurring between 2019 and 2020. […] Age, sex, location of the injury, and injury during the COVID-19 pandemic were demonstrated to influence the frequency and etiology of the fracture. […] This study determined the incidence of pediatric hand fractures presenting to EDs across the United States. In addition, it identified risk factors for common hand fracture etiologies (sports-related, falling, crush, punching) and demonstrated the change in rates of different etiologies of pediatric hand fractures that presented to US EDs during the COVID-19 pandemic.

• #9 Characterization of the Epidemiology and Risk Factors for Hand Fractures in Patients Aged 1 to 19 Presenting to United States Emergency Departments: A Retrospective Study of 21,031 Cases – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35475776/

  Hand fractures are among the most common injuries presenting in pediatric emergency departments (EDs) with incidence reported as high as 624 hand fractures per 100,000 person-years. […] A total of 21,031 pediatric hand fractures were identified, representing an estimated 565,833 pediatric hand fractures presenting to EDs between 2016 and 2020. […] The mean incidence of pediatric hand fractures was 138.3 fractures for 100,000 person-years [95% confidence interval (CI): 136.2-140.4], with a 39.2% decrease in incidence occurring between 2019 and 2020. […] Age, sex, location of the injury, and injury during the COVID-19 pandemic were demonstrated to influence the frequency and etiology of the fracture. […] This study determined the incidence of pediatric hand fractures presenting to EDs across the United States. In addition, it identified risk factors for common hand fracture etiologies (sports-related, falling, crush, punching) and demonstrated the change in rates of different etiologies of pediatric hand fractures that presented to US EDs during the COVID-19 pandemic.

• #10

  https://journals.lww.com/smj/abstract/9000/the_epidemiology_and_distribution_of_hand.99915.aspx

  The aim of this study was to elucidate the epidemiology and distribution of hand fractures in Singapore. […] Hand fractures were particularly significant in patients between the ages of 21 and 40 years 58.9% of the total cases. The relative risk of hand fractures in males was 5.5 times greater than that in females. […] The most significant population that sustained hand fractures in Singapore are young to middle-aged males who are skilled manual workers. The most commonly involved ray and location of hand fractures are the little finger ray and the distal phalanges, respectively, as they are in a relatively more exposed location.

• #11

  https://journals.lww.com/smj/abstract/9000/the_epidemiology_and_distribution_of_hand.99915.aspx

  The aim of this study was to elucidate the epidemiology and distribution of hand fractures in Singapore. […] Hand fractures were particularly significant in patients between the ages of 21 and 40 years 58.9% of the total cases. The relative risk of hand fractures in males was 5.5 times greater than that in females. […] The most significant population that sustained hand fractures in Singapore are young to middle-aged males who are skilled manual workers. The most commonly involved ray and location of hand fractures are the little finger ray and the distal phalanges, respectively, as they are in a relatively more exposed location.

• #12 Hand fracture epidemiology and etiology in children—time trends in Malmö, Sweden, during six decades | Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research | Full Text

  https://josr-online.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13018-019-1248-0

  The aim of this study was to describe hand fracture epidemiology/etiology in city children and describe time trend during six decades. […] We present period-specific crude and age- and gender-adjusted fracture incidence rates and group differences as incidence rate ratios (RR) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). […] The crude hand fracture rate in children was 448/100,000 person years (639/100,000 in boys and 247/100,000 in girls), with a 2.5 times higher age-adjusted incidence in boys than in girls. […] Compared to 1950/1955, the age and gender-adjusted hand fracture incidence was twice as high in 2005/2006 and more than twice as high in 1976/1979. […] The incidence of hand fractures in children was more than twice as high in the end of the 1970s compared to the 1950s, where after no significant change could be found.

• #13 Epidemiology and Specific Challenges | Musculoskeletal Key

  https://musculoskeletalkey.com/epidemiology-and-specific-challenges/

  Metacarpal fractures comprise 33% of all hand fractures reported in a national injury database during a 5-year period and 18% of all hand and/or forearm fractures in U.S. emergency departments. […] Males are more likely to incur a metacarpal fracture compared to females. […] An interaction between age and sex has been shown to be significant; younger men are at the greatest risk of having a metacarpal fracture. […] After radius and ulna fractures, phalangeal fractures have the highest incidence of upper extremity fractures followed by metacarpal fractures. […] Chung and Spilson reported that 5- to 14-year-olds have the highest incidence of phalangeal fractures. […] A 23-year retrospective review of patients in the Netherlands found that men in the ages 10 to 29 years had the greatest proportion of phalangeal fractures. […] Fractures involving the physis (growth plate) are described by the Salter-Harris classification system, types I to V. […] A similar distribution of Salter-Harris fractures in the phalanges was observed in another study of children aged 21 years or younger.

• #14

  https://www.mmsjournals.org/index.php/mmj/article/view/376

  In Malta, the number of hand and wrist fractures confirmed from the total number of orthopaedic X-rays is slightly higher than those confirmed in a similar audit in Saudi Arabia. […] The gender distribution data of the hand and forearm fractures in Malta is 1.2:1. […] If the Malta data is analysed for the hand injuries only (excluding wrist joint injuries) the male to female ratio changes to 3.2:1 male to female ratio. […] This therefore shows a much higher incidence among males, similar to another international audit identifying a distribution of 3:1. […] The large number of distal forearm fractures in the 60+ age group occur in females, possibly explained by a decrease in bone mineral density (BMD) in post-menopausal females compared to males. […] This is important when considering that life expectancy for Maltese females is 83.3 years and there is an increasingly ageing population.

• #15 Causes and Risk Factors for Distal Radius Fracture

  https://www.sports-health.com/sports-injuries/hand-and-wrist-injuries/causes-and-risk-factors-distal-radius-fracture

  Falling on an outstretched arm is the most common cause of a distal radius fracture. […] The populations most at risk for a distal radius fracture are children and older adults, particularly older women. […] Older adults are at greater fracture risk as hormone levels shift and bone mineral density starts to decrease, which is the same mechanism that causes osteoporosis. […] Because falling onto an outstretched hand is the most common cause of a distal radius fracture, those who participate in sports that involve potential falls, such as in-line skating, skiing, or snowboarding, are also at greater risk for this injury. […] Another potential cause for a distal radius fracture is a car accident or similar traumatic event. However, a majority of these fractures are the result of falls. […] 1Nellans KW, Kowalski E, Chung KC. The epidemiology of distal radius fractures. Hand Clin. 2012;28(2):113-25.

• #16 Epidemiology and Specific Challenges | Musculoskeletal Key

  https://musculoskeletalkey.com/epidemiology-and-specific-challenges/

  Metacarpal fractures comprise 33% of all hand fractures reported in a national injury database during a 5-year period and 18% of all hand and/or forearm fractures in U.S. emergency departments. […] Males are more likely to incur a metacarpal fracture compared to females. […] An interaction between age and sex has been shown to be significant; younger men are at the greatest risk of having a metacarpal fracture. […] After radius and ulna fractures, phalangeal fractures have the highest incidence of upper extremity fractures followed by metacarpal fractures. […] Chung and Spilson reported that 5- to 14-year-olds have the highest incidence of phalangeal fractures. […] A 23-year retrospective review of patients in the Netherlands found that men in the ages 10 to 29 years had the greatest proportion of phalangeal fractures. […] Fractures involving the physis (growth plate) are described by the Salter-Harris classification system, types I to V. […] A similar distribution of Salter-Harris fractures in the phalanges was observed in another study of children aged 21 years or younger.

• #17 Epidemiology and Specific Challenges | Musculoskeletal Key

  https://musculoskeletalkey.com/epidemiology-and-specific-challenges/

  Metacarpal fractures comprise 33% of all hand fractures reported in a national injury database during a 5-year period and 18% of all hand and/or forearm fractures in U.S. emergency departments. […] Males are more likely to incur a metacarpal fracture compared to females. […] An interaction between age and sex has been shown to be significant; younger men are at the greatest risk of having a metacarpal fracture. […] After radius and ulna fractures, phalangeal fractures have the highest incidence of upper extremity fractures followed by metacarpal fractures. […] Chung and Spilson reported that 5- to 14-year-olds have the highest incidence of phalangeal fractures. […] A 23-year retrospective review of patients in the Netherlands found that men in the ages 10 to 29 years had the greatest proportion of phalangeal fractures. […] Fractures involving the physis (growth plate) are described by the Salter-Harris classification system, types I to V. […] A similar distribution of Salter-Harris fractures in the phalanges was observed in another study of children aged 21 years or younger.

• #18 First (thumb) metacarpal fractures – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/first-thumb-metacarpal-fractures

  Metacarpal fractures are common. They account for 30 to 40 percent of all hand fractures. First metacarpal (thumb) fractures make up almost 25 percent of all metacarpal fractures, placing them second only to fifth metacarpal neck (ie, „boxers”) fractures in terms of frequency. Of the fractures of the first metacarpal, over 80 percent involve the base. […] Thumb fractures overall occur most commonly in children under age 16 and adults over age 65, but thumb metacarpal fractures occur most often among younger males (10 to 29 years old). They are commonly caused by falls and direct trauma secondary to sports, bicycle accidents, and from punching solid objects.

• #19 Scaphoid fracture | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/scaphoid-fracture?lang=us

  Scaphoid fractures account for 70-80% of all carpal bone fractures. Although they occur essentially at any age, adolescents and young adults are most commonly affected. Older patients falling in a similar manner are more likely to sustain a distal radial fracture (usually a Colles fracture). […] Scaphoid fractures (i.e. fractures through the scaphoid bone) are common, in some instances can be difficult to diagnose, and can result in significant functional impairment.

• #20 Phalangeal Fractures: Practice Essentials, Functional Anatomy, Sport-Specific Biomechanics

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/98322-overview

  In a retrospective study that included 1747 adults with phalangeal fractures, Moura et al reported that these injuries most often occurred in the small finger (26%), followed by the ring finger (24%), middle finger (19%), and thumb and index finger (both 16%). The most common fracture site was the phalangeal shaft (36%), followed by the base (32%), tuft (19%), head (6%), neck (4%), and complex multilevel fractures (4%). The majority of phalangeal fractures (65%) occurred in men. […] A retrospective study (N = 245) by Dizin et al of pediatric hand injuries requiring emergency surgery found that 69% of the injuries occurred at home, 11% at school, and 4% at a sports center. Most of the injuries involved the dorsal aspect, and the fingers were affected more frequently than the hand. The most common lesion (36% of cases) was a crush injury of a distal phalanx. Fractures and dislocations accounted for 12% of cases.

• #21 First (thumb) metacarpal fractures – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/first-thumb-metacarpal-fractures

  Metacarpal fractures are common. They account for 30 to 40 percent of all hand fractures. First metacarpal (thumb) fractures make up almost 25 percent of all metacarpal fractures, placing them second only to fifth metacarpal neck (ie, „boxers”) fractures in terms of frequency. Of the fractures of the first metacarpal, over 80 percent involve the base. […] Thumb fractures overall occur most commonly in children under age 16 and adults over age 65, but thumb metacarpal fractures occur most often among younger males (10 to 29 years old). They are commonly caused by falls and direct trauma secondary to sports, bicycle accidents, and from punching solid objects.

• #22 Phalangeal Fractures: Practice Essentials, Functional Anatomy, Sport-Specific Biomechanics

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/98322-overview

  In a retrospective study that included 1747 adults with phalangeal fractures, Moura et al reported that these injuries most often occurred in the small finger (26%), followed by the ring finger (24%), middle finger (19%), and thumb and index finger (both 16%). The most common fracture site was the phalangeal shaft (36%), followed by the base (32%), tuft (19%), head (6%), neck (4%), and complex multilevel fractures (4%). The majority of phalangeal fractures (65%) occurred in men. […] A retrospective study (N = 245) by Dizin et al of pediatric hand injuries requiring emergency surgery found that 69% of the injuries occurred at home, 11% at school, and 4% at a sports center. Most of the injuries involved the dorsal aspect, and the fingers were affected more frequently than the hand. The most common lesion (36% of cases) was a crush injury of a distal phalanx. Fractures and dislocations accounted for 12% of cases.

• #23 Epidemiology of hand fractures at a tertiary care setting in Saudi Arabia | Saudi Medical Journal

  https://smj.org.sa/content/40/7/732

  Falls on the hands were the most frequent cause of hand fractures (40.5%), followed by road traffic accidents (20.3%), crush injuries (9.5%), and machinery injuries (9.5%). […] Most of the patients had only one hospital visit (89.0%) and underwent surgical interventions (90.1%), which mostly involved a single surgery (93.2%) under general anaesthesia (83.3%). […] A majority of the patients in the current study were treated operatively. The higher rate of surgical interventions in the current study was probably due to the higher rate of open fractures: 30% compared with 10% in previous studies. […] Management of hand fractures in our patients was successful; only 15% of fractures developed complications during management. Out of the total outcome, healing rate was 80%. […] In conclusion, we reported a high frequency of young adult males among patients of all ages admitted with hand fractures at a tertiary care hospital in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Falls on hands and road traffic accidents were responsible for a majority of hand fractures.

• #24 Finger fractures: Epidemiology and treatment based on 21341 fractures from the Swedish Fracture register | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0288506

  The aim of this study was to describe anatomical distribution, treatment, and the incidence of finger fractures based on data from the SFR and to assess possible differences in treatment and result in terms of PROMs according to fracture type, treatment, and sex. Epidemiologic research can identify risk factors, groups at risk and describe current treatment for specific a condition. This knowledge can enable better allocation of resources and more correct implementation of evidence-based treatments. […] The SFR data represents the majority of the centers treating fractures in Sweden and can provide a broad and accurate epidemiological picture of finger fractures. […] 21 341 individual finger fractures were identified in the registry. […] The predominant cause of injury was a fall (29%) followed by crush injury (17%).

• #25 Causes and Risk Factors for Distal Radius Fracture

  https://www.sports-health.com/sports-injuries/hand-and-wrist-injuries/causes-and-risk-factors-distal-radius-fracture

  Falling on an outstretched arm is the most common cause of a distal radius fracture. […] The populations most at risk for a distal radius fracture are children and older adults, particularly older women. […] Older adults are at greater fracture risk as hormone levels shift and bone mineral density starts to decrease, which is the same mechanism that causes osteoporosis. […] Because falling onto an outstretched hand is the most common cause of a distal radius fracture, those who participate in sports that involve potential falls, such as in-line skating, skiing, or snowboarding, are also at greater risk for this injury. […] Another potential cause for a distal radius fracture is a car accident or similar traumatic event. However, a majority of these fractures are the result of falls. […] 1Nellans KW, Kowalski E, Chung KC. The epidemiology of distal radius fractures. Hand Clin. 2012;28(2):113-25.

• #26 Hand fracture epidemiology and etiology in children – Time trends in Malmö, Sweden, during six decades | Lund University Publications

  https://lup.lub.lu.se/search/publication/80d64798-d7c1-4f80-b25a-4bb7c87aac66

  In 2005-2006, sports injuries explained 42%, fights 20%, and traffic accidents 13% of the hand fractures. […] The incidence of hand fractures in children was more than twice as high in the end of the 1970s compared to the 1950s, where after no significant change could be found. […] Also, fracture etiology has changed.

• #27 Epidemiology and Specific Challenges | Musculoskeletal Key

  https://musculoskeletalkey.com/epidemiology-and-specific-challenges/

  Knowing the epidemiology of hand fractures can aid in clinical care by recognizing the types of fractures and the mechanisms of injury that commonly affect each age group. The incidence of hand and wrist fractures continues to rise, particularly in adolescents, owing to increased participation in competitive sports. […] The incidence of hand and wrist fractures has increased and continues to do so, mainly because of the competitive nature of sports at the high school and college levels and the increased participation in sports for all ages of the general population. […] Using the National High School Sports-Related Injury Surveillance System, it was found that the hand/finger was the most commonly fractured body site (32%). […] Knowing the epidemiology of hand fractures can aid in clinical care by recognizing the types of fractures that commonly affect each age group and the mechanisms of injury that cause different fractures.

• #28 Causes and Risk Factors for Distal Radius Fracture

  https://www.sports-health.com/sports-injuries/hand-and-wrist-injuries/causes-and-risk-factors-distal-radius-fracture

  Falling on an outstretched arm is the most common cause of a distal radius fracture. […] The populations most at risk for a distal radius fracture are children and older adults, particularly older women. […] Older adults are at greater fracture risk as hormone levels shift and bone mineral density starts to decrease, which is the same mechanism that causes osteoporosis. […] Because falling onto an outstretched hand is the most common cause of a distal radius fracture, those who participate in sports that involve potential falls, such as in-line skating, skiing, or snowboarding, are also at greater risk for this injury. […] Another potential cause for a distal radius fracture is a car accident or similar traumatic event. However, a majority of these fractures are the result of falls. […] 1Nellans KW, Kowalski E, Chung KC. The epidemiology of distal radius fractures. Hand Clin. 2012;28(2):113-25.

• #29 Epidemiology of hand fractures at a tertiary care setting in Saudi Arabia | Saudi Medical Journal

  https://smj.org.sa/content/40/7/732

  Falls on the hands were the most frequent cause of hand fractures (40.5%), followed by road traffic accidents (20.3%), crush injuries (9.5%), and machinery injuries (9.5%). […] Most of the patients had only one hospital visit (89.0%) and underwent surgical interventions (90.1%), which mostly involved a single surgery (93.2%) under general anaesthesia (83.3%). […] A majority of the patients in the current study were treated operatively. The higher rate of surgical interventions in the current study was probably due to the higher rate of open fractures: 30% compared with 10% in previous studies. […] Management of hand fractures in our patients was successful; only 15% of fractures developed complications during management. Out of the total outcome, healing rate was 80%. […] In conclusion, we reported a high frequency of young adult males among patients of all ages admitted with hand fractures at a tertiary care hospital in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Falls on hands and road traffic accidents were responsible for a majority of hand fractures.

• #30 Hand fracture epidemiology and etiology in children – Time trends in Malmö, Sweden, during six decades | Lund University Publications

  https://lup.lub.lu.se/search/publication/80d64798-d7c1-4f80-b25a-4bb7c87aac66

  In 2005-2006, sports injuries explained 42%, fights 20%, and traffic accidents 13% of the hand fractures. […] The incidence of hand fractures in children was more than twice as high in the end of the 1970s compared to the 1950s, where after no significant change could be found. […] Also, fracture etiology has changed.

• #31 Epidemiology of hand fractures at a tertiary care setting in Saudi Arabia | Saudi Medical Journal

  https://smj.org.sa/content/40/7/732

  Falls on the hands were the most frequent cause of hand fractures (40.5%), followed by road traffic accidents (20.3%), crush injuries (9.5%), and machinery injuries (9.5%). […] Most of the patients had only one hospital visit (89.0%) and underwent surgical interventions (90.1%), which mostly involved a single surgery (93.2%) under general anaesthesia (83.3%). […] A majority of the patients in the current study were treated operatively. The higher rate of surgical interventions in the current study was probably due to the higher rate of open fractures: 30% compared with 10% in previous studies. […] Management of hand fractures in our patients was successful; only 15% of fractures developed complications during management. Out of the total outcome, healing rate was 80%. […] In conclusion, we reported a high frequency of young adult males among patients of all ages admitted with hand fractures at a tertiary care hospital in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Falls on hands and road traffic accidents were responsible for a majority of hand fractures.

• #32 Clinical epidemiology of domestic and industrial hand and wrist circular saw injuries – Serbian Journal of the Medical Chamber

  https://smj.rs/en/volume-3-no-3/clinical-epidemiology-of-domestic-and-industrial-hand-and-wrist-circular-saw-injuries

  Epidemiology of hand injuries is significant, as it is estimated that almost a quarter of all injuries treated in the emergency department are hand injuries, due to the fact that the hand is highly exposed to trauma. […] The purpose of this study is to evaluate the frequency and characteristics of hand injuries sustained by the circular saw, as well as to assess existing risk factors, in order to improve the prevention of these injuries. […] Working with a circular saw is a high-risk activity. The injuries sustained are severe. They can result in significant functional deficit and have major socioeconomic consequences. […] Clinical and epidemiological analysis is therefore of extreme importance, as it can be the key to the prevention of these injuries. […] The clinical and epidemiological analysis of the injuries is, therefore, exceptionally significant, as it can be the key to preventing these injuries.

• #33 Hand fracture epidemiology and etiology in children – Time trends in Malmö, Sweden, during six decades | Lund University Publications

  https://lup.lub.lu.se/search/publication/80d64798-d7c1-4f80-b25a-4bb7c87aac66

  In 2005-2006, sports injuries explained 42%, fights 20%, and traffic accidents 13% of the hand fractures. […] The incidence of hand fractures in children was more than twice as high in the end of the 1970s compared to the 1950s, where after no significant change could be found. […] Also, fracture etiology has changed.

• #34

  https://journals.lww.com/smj/abstract/9000/the_epidemiology_and_distribution_of_hand.99915.aspx

  The aim of this study was to elucidate the epidemiology and distribution of hand fractures in Singapore. […] Hand fractures were particularly significant in patients between the ages of 21 and 40 years 58.9% of the total cases. The relative risk of hand fractures in males was 5.5 times greater than that in females. […] The most significant population that sustained hand fractures in Singapore are young to middle-aged males who are skilled manual workers. The most commonly involved ray and location of hand fractures are the little finger ray and the distal phalanges, respectively, as they are in a relatively more exposed location.

• #35 First (thumb) metacarpal fractures – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/first-thumb-metacarpal-fractures

  Metacarpal fractures are common. They account for 30 to 40 percent of all hand fractures. First metacarpal (thumb) fractures make up almost 25 percent of all metacarpal fractures, placing them second only to fifth metacarpal neck (ie, „boxers”) fractures in terms of frequency. Of the fractures of the first metacarpal, over 80 percent involve the base. […] Thumb fractures overall occur most commonly in children under age 16 and adults over age 65, but thumb metacarpal fractures occur most often among younger males (10 to 29 years old). They are commonly caused by falls and direct trauma secondary to sports, bicycle accidents, and from punching solid objects.

• #36 Causes and Risk Factors for Distal Radius Fracture

  https://www.sports-health.com/sports-injuries/hand-and-wrist-injuries/causes-and-risk-factors-distal-radius-fracture

  Falling on an outstretched arm is the most common cause of a distal radius fracture. […] The populations most at risk for a distal radius fracture are children and older adults, particularly older women. […] Older adults are at greater fracture risk as hormone levels shift and bone mineral density starts to decrease, which is the same mechanism that causes osteoporosis. […] Because falling onto an outstretched hand is the most common cause of a distal radius fracture, those who participate in sports that involve potential falls, such as in-line skating, skiing, or snowboarding, are also at greater risk for this injury. […] Another potential cause for a distal radius fracture is a car accident or similar traumatic event. However, a majority of these fractures are the result of falls. […] 1Nellans KW, Kowalski E, Chung KC. The epidemiology of distal radius fractures. Hand Clin. 2012;28(2):113-25.

• #37 Epidemiology of hand fractures at a tertiary care setting in Saudi Arabia | Saudi Medical Journal

  https://smj.org.sa/content/40/7/732

  Falls on the hands were the most frequent cause of hand fractures (40.5%), followed by road traffic accidents (20.3%), crush injuries (9.5%), and machinery injuries (9.5%). […] Most of the patients had only one hospital visit (89.0%) and underwent surgical interventions (90.1%), which mostly involved a single surgery (93.2%) under general anaesthesia (83.3%). […] A majority of the patients in the current study were treated operatively. The higher rate of surgical interventions in the current study was probably due to the higher rate of open fractures: 30% compared with 10% in previous studies. […] Management of hand fractures in our patients was successful; only 15% of fractures developed complications during management. Out of the total outcome, healing rate was 80%. […] In conclusion, we reported a high frequency of young adult males among patients of all ages admitted with hand fractures at a tertiary care hospital in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Falls on hands and road traffic accidents were responsible for a majority of hand fractures.

• #38 Epidemiology of pediatric hand fractures presenting to a university hospital in Central Saudi Arabia | Saudi Medical Journal

  https://smj.org.sa/content/36/5/587

  Objectives: To investigate the epidemiology of pediatric hand fractures and to provide recommendations regarding prevention. […] Our series showed that most hand fractures in children occurred at home, which requires reevaluation of home settings. Implementation of safety measures during sports activities are relevant in the oldest age group. […] A better understanding of the epidemiology of hand fractures in the pediatric age group is essential for effective preventive strategies development. […] Findings of the present study show that pediatric hand fractures in Saudi Arabia should be classified into 3 age groups (1-8 years, 9-12 years, and 13-18 years) to target fracture prevention. Safety of doors at home, prevention of falls at home, and safety measures in sports should be the targets to prevent hand fractures in these 3 age groups. […] In conclusion, most hand fractures in children occurred at home, which requires reevaluation of the settings at home. This could be achieved by closely assessing most common reasons for falls at home, and making sure of the safety of doors to protect the children from injuring their hands.

• #39 Phalangeal Fractures: Practice Essentials, Functional Anatomy, Sport-Specific Biomechanics

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/98322-overview

  In a retrospective study that included 1747 adults with phalangeal fractures, Moura et al reported that these injuries most often occurred in the small finger (26%), followed by the ring finger (24%), middle finger (19%), and thumb and index finger (both 16%). The most common fracture site was the phalangeal shaft (36%), followed by the base (32%), tuft (19%), head (6%), neck (4%), and complex multilevel fractures (4%). The majority of phalangeal fractures (65%) occurred in men. […] A retrospective study (N = 245) by Dizin et al of pediatric hand injuries requiring emergency surgery found that 69% of the injuries occurred at home, 11% at school, and 4% at a sports center. Most of the injuries involved the dorsal aspect, and the fingers were affected more frequently than the hand. The most common lesion (36% of cases) was a crush injury of a distal phalanx. Fractures and dislocations accounted for 12% of cases.

• #40 Causes and Risk Factors for Distal Radius Fracture

  https://www.sports-health.com/sports-injuries/hand-and-wrist-injuries/causes-and-risk-factors-distal-radius-fracture

  Falling on an outstretched arm is the most common cause of a distal radius fracture. […] The populations most at risk for a distal radius fracture are children and older adults, particularly older women. […] Older adults are at greater fracture risk as hormone levels shift and bone mineral density starts to decrease, which is the same mechanism that causes osteoporosis. […] Because falling onto an outstretched hand is the most common cause of a distal radius fracture, those who participate in sports that involve potential falls, such as in-line skating, skiing, or snowboarding, are also at greater risk for this injury. […] Another potential cause for a distal radius fracture is a car accident or similar traumatic event. However, a majority of these fractures are the result of falls. […] 1Nellans KW, Kowalski E, Chung KC. The epidemiology of distal radius fractures. Hand Clin. 2012;28(2):113-25.

• #41 Scaphoid fracture | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/scaphoid-fracture?lang=us

  Scaphoid fractures account for 70-80% of all carpal bone fractures. Although they occur essentially at any age, adolescents and young adults are most commonly affected. Older patients falling in a similar manner are more likely to sustain a distal radial fracture (usually a Colles fracture). […] Scaphoid fractures (i.e. fractures through the scaphoid bone) are common, in some instances can be difficult to diagnose, and can result in significant functional impairment.

• #42 Hand fracture epidemiology and etiology in children—time trends in Malmö, Sweden, during six decades | Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research | Full Text

  https://josr-online.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13018-019-1248-0

  The aim of this study was to describe hand fracture epidemiology/etiology in city children and describe time trend during six decades. […] We present period-specific crude and age- and gender-adjusted fracture incidence rates and group differences as incidence rate ratios (RR) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). […] The crude hand fracture rate in children was 448/100,000 person years (639/100,000 in boys and 247/100,000 in girls), with a 2.5 times higher age-adjusted incidence in boys than in girls. […] Compared to 1950/1955, the age and gender-adjusted hand fracture incidence was twice as high in 2005/2006 and more than twice as high in 1976/1979. […] The incidence of hand fractures in children was more than twice as high in the end of the 1970s compared to the 1950s, where after no significant change could be found.

• #43 Hand fracture epidemiology and etiology in children—time trends in Malmö, Sweden, during six decades | Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research | Full Text

  https://josr-online.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13018-019-1248-0

  New studies are needed, to adequately allocate health care resources and identify new fracture prone activities suitable for preventive measures. […] As time trends in fracture epidemiology have changed in boys and in girls during recent decades, there is a need for updated pediatric fracture epidemiology. […] The aim of this study is to describe hand fracture epidemiology/etiology in children in 2005/2006 and with use of previously published data from the same area, evaluate time trends in age- and gender-standardized fracture incidences from 1950/1955 to 2005/2006. […] The age-adjusted hand fracture incidence rate was in our city more than double 1976/1979 compared to 1950/1955 and 20% higher than 2005/2006 (not reaching statistical significance). […] Etiology data indicate that safety requirements for toy manufacturing, playground construction, protective sports gear, and accident prevention in traffic and home environment have positively influenced time trends in pediatric fracture incidence. […] The age-adjusted incidence rate of hand fractures in children was more than doubled in 1976/1979 compared to that in 1950/1955, with obvious differences also in fracture etiology.

• #44 Time trends in pediatric hand fracture incidence in Malmö, Sweden, 1950–2016 | Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research | Full Text

  https://josr-online.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13018-021-02380-y

  The hand is the second most fractured region in children. It is therefore important to update fracture epidemiology to be able to identify time trends for adequate health care planning. This study reports pediatric hand fracture incidence 2014-2016 and, using published data, also long-term time trends in 1950-2016. […] The age-adjusted hand fracture incidence increased in both sexes in 1950-1979 and decreased in 1979-2016. […] The unadjusted and age- and sex-adjusted pediatric hand fracture incidences in 2014-2016 were higher than in 1950/1955 and 1960/1965 but lower than in 1970/1975-1979 and 1993/1994. […] The age-adjusted pediatric hand fracture incidence increased during the period 1950-1979 in boys by APC +3.8%; 95% CI 3.0 to 4.5 and in girls by +3.9%; 95% CI 2.8 to 5.0. The incidence decreased during 1979-2016 in boys by 0.7%; 95% 1.4 to 0.003 and in girls by 1.3%; 95% 2.4 to 0.1.

• #45 Time trends in pediatric hand fracture incidence in Malmö, Sweden, 1950–2016 | Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research | Full Text

  https://josr-online.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13018-021-02380-y

  Most hand fractures occur in the phalanges, followed by fractures in metacarpals. Hand fracture incidence increased in both sexes in 1950-1979 but has subsequently decreased. We found similar age- and sex-adjusted incidences between the two latest evaluated periods, in 2014-2016 and 2005-2006. This raises the question whether pediatric hand fracture incidence has reached a plateau and highlights the need to continue to follow pediatric hand fracture incidence in the future, to be able to adequately plan resources for these injuries.

• #46 Hand fracture epidemiology and etiology in children—time trends in Malmö, Sweden, during six decades | Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research | Full Text

  https://josr-online.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13018-019-1248-0

  New studies are needed, to adequately allocate health care resources and identify new fracture prone activities suitable for preventive measures. […] As time trends in fracture epidemiology have changed in boys and in girls during recent decades, there is a need for updated pediatric fracture epidemiology. […] The aim of this study is to describe hand fracture epidemiology/etiology in children in 2005/2006 and with use of previously published data from the same area, evaluate time trends in age- and gender-standardized fracture incidences from 1950/1955 to 2005/2006. […] The age-adjusted hand fracture incidence rate was in our city more than double 1976/1979 compared to 1950/1955 and 20% higher than 2005/2006 (not reaching statistical significance). […] Etiology data indicate that safety requirements for toy manufacturing, playground construction, protective sports gear, and accident prevention in traffic and home environment have positively influenced time trends in pediatric fracture incidence. […] The age-adjusted incidence rate of hand fractures in children was more than doubled in 1976/1979 compared to that in 1950/1955, with obvious differences also in fracture etiology.

• #47 Hand fracture epidemiology and etiology in children—time trends in Malmö, Sweden, during six decades | Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research | Full Text

  https://josr-online.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13018-019-1248-0

  New studies are needed, to adequately allocate health care resources and identify new fracture prone activities suitable for preventive measures. […] As time trends in fracture epidemiology have changed in boys and in girls during recent decades, there is a need for updated pediatric fracture epidemiology. […] The aim of this study is to describe hand fracture epidemiology/etiology in children in 2005/2006 and with use of previously published data from the same area, evaluate time trends in age- and gender-standardized fracture incidences from 1950/1955 to 2005/2006. […] The age-adjusted hand fracture incidence rate was in our city more than double 1976/1979 compared to 1950/1955 and 20% higher than 2005/2006 (not reaching statistical significance). […] Etiology data indicate that safety requirements for toy manufacturing, playground construction, protective sports gear, and accident prevention in traffic and home environment have positively influenced time trends in pediatric fracture incidence. […] The age-adjusted incidence rate of hand fractures in children was more than doubled in 1976/1979 compared to that in 1950/1955, with obvious differences also in fracture etiology.

• #48 Characterization of the Epidemiology and Risk Factors for Hand Fractures in Patients Aged 1 to 19 Presenting to United States Emergency Departments: A Retrospective Study of 21,031 Cases – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35475776/

  Hand fractures are among the most common injuries presenting in pediatric emergency departments (EDs) with incidence reported as high as 624 hand fractures per 100,000 person-years. […] A total of 21,031 pediatric hand fractures were identified, representing an estimated 565,833 pediatric hand fractures presenting to EDs between 2016 and 2020. […] The mean incidence of pediatric hand fractures was 138.3 fractures for 100,000 person-years [95% confidence interval (CI): 136.2-140.4], with a 39.2% decrease in incidence occurring between 2019 and 2020. […] Age, sex, location of the injury, and injury during the COVID-19 pandemic were demonstrated to influence the frequency and etiology of the fracture. […] This study determined the incidence of pediatric hand fractures presenting to EDs across the United States. In addition, it identified risk factors for common hand fracture etiologies (sports-related, falling, crush, punching) and demonstrated the change in rates of different etiologies of pediatric hand fractures that presented to US EDs during the COVID-19 pandemic.

• #49 Global trends of hand and wrist trauma: a systematic analysis of fracture and digit amputation using the Global Burden of Disease 2017 Study | Injury Prevention

  https://injuryprevention.bmj.com/content/26/Suppl_2/i115

  As global rates of mortality decrease, rates of non-fatal injury have increased, particularly in low Socio-demographic Index (SDI) nations. […] The Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study represents the most exhaustive estimation and review regarding trends of disease and injury worldwide. […] Central to understanding the global burden of hand and wrist trauma is determining where these injuries and healthcare resources are most imbalanced. […] The highest overall number of hand and wrist fractures in 2017 was observed in South and East Asia; however, the age-standardised rate of this injury was highest in Central Europe, Australasia and Eastern Europe. […] The most significant increase in injury incidence by region since 1990 was noted in East Asia with a 63%, 47% and 57% increase in the age-standardised rate of fracture, thumb amputation and non-thumb digit amputation, respectively.

• #50 Global trends of hand and wrist trauma: a systematic analysis of fracture and digit amputation using the Global Burden of Disease 2017 Study | Injury Prevention

  https://injuryprevention.bmj.com/content/26/Suppl_2/i115

  As global rates of mortality decrease, rates of non-fatal injury have increased, particularly in low Socio-demographic Index (SDI) nations. […] The Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study represents the most exhaustive estimation and review regarding trends of disease and injury worldwide. […] Central to understanding the global burden of hand and wrist trauma is determining where these injuries and healthcare resources are most imbalanced. […] The highest overall number of hand and wrist fractures in 2017 was observed in South and East Asia; however, the age-standardised rate of this injury was highest in Central Europe, Australasia and Eastern Europe. […] The most significant increase in injury incidence by region since 1990 was noted in East Asia with a 63%, 47% and 57% increase in the age-standardised rate of fracture, thumb amputation and non-thumb digit amputation, respectively.

• #51 Global trends of hand and wrist trauma: a systematic analysis of fracture and digit amputation using the Global Burden of Disease 2017 Study | Injury Prevention

  https://injuryprevention.bmj.com/content/26/Suppl_2/i115

  Over the study period, high SDI countries had the highest reported age-standardised incidence of hand and wrist fracture, thumb amputation and non-thumb digit amputation. […] The greatest proportion of hand and wrist fractures occurred secondary to falls, followed by other exposures to mechanical forces and unintentional injuries. […] High rates of bony hand and wrist injuries are noted in Central Europe, Eastern Europe and Australasia, which are consistent with patterns found in other anatomic zones of injury. […] In low-middle and middle SDI countries, increasing rates of fracture and amputation are observed over the 27-year study period.

• #52 Global trends of hand and wrist trauma: a systematic analysis of fracture and digit amputation using the Global Burden of Disease 2017 Study | Injury Prevention

  https://injuryprevention.bmj.com/content/26/Suppl_2/i115

  Over the study period, high SDI countries had the highest reported age-standardised incidence of hand and wrist fracture, thumb amputation and non-thumb digit amputation. […] The greatest proportion of hand and wrist fractures occurred secondary to falls, followed by other exposures to mechanical forces and unintentional injuries. […] High rates of bony hand and wrist injuries are noted in Central Europe, Eastern Europe and Australasia, which are consistent with patterns found in other anatomic zones of injury. […] In low-middle and middle SDI countries, increasing rates of fracture and amputation are observed over the 27-year study period.

• #53 Epidemiology of hand and wrist injuries treated in a reference specialty center over a year

  http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S2306-41022021000500429

  Epidemiology of hand and wrist injuries treated in a reference specialty center over a year […] Hand injuries constitute 6.6% to 28.6% of all injuries in the musculoskeletal system. Little information has been reported on the non-laboring, non-insured population with no social security. We describe the epidemiology of hand and wrist injuries treated over a year in the emergency department of a reference hospital in Mexico City that treats patients with no social security. […] To describe the epidemiology of hand and wrist injuries treated in the ED of a high specialty reference medical facility over a year. […] Hand and wrist injuries constituted 8.9% of all emergencies treated in the emergency department of INR-LGII during 2015. Young, male patients, between 21 and 30 years of age were the most commonly affected age group. Students and housewives constituted almost half the population treated for hand and wrist injuries. The most common injuries were fractures, contusions and sprains.

• #54

  https://www.mmsjournals.org/index.php/mmj/article/view/376

  Hand and distal forearm fractures are among the most common injuries worldwide. […] To date there is no data on the extent of hand and wrist fractures diagnosed radiologically in Malta. […] This audit aimed to quantify and analyse all hand and distal forearm fractures treated to establish the amount of hand and wrist injuries, to calculate the potential number of patients requiring specialist hand therapy services and to understand the requirements of the AE department in the area of hand injuries. […] Results confirm that 18.6%(n=986) of all orthopaedic X-Rays were of the wrist and hand, 37% of which had confirmed fractures. […] Distal forearm fractures amounted to 58.4%(n=213) of all hand and wrist fractures. […] Our findings represent our local scenario. […] In view of an ageing and increasing Maltese population, one should expect numbers of hand and wrist fractures to increase.

• #55 AAHS – The Epidemiology of Upper Extremity Fractures in the United States

  https://meeting.handsurgery.org/abstracts/2020/HSEP225.cgi

  The Epidemiology of Upper Extremity Fractures in the United States […] Our objective was to provide an up to date and more representative quantification of upper extremity fractures, and to define the incidence of fractures of the shoulder girdle and upper extremity in the United States. […] There were an estimated 2,118,568 patients presenting to an emergency department with an upper extremity fracture in 2016, representing 1.46% of all ED visits in this dataset, which is stable since previously reported in 1997 and 2001. […] Our analysis represents a valid cross-sectional estimate of the incidence of new presentations to an emergency department for an upper extremity fracture in the United States. This is also the first study to use ICD10 coding to facilitate accurate anatomic description of fractures along long bones.

• #56 Epidemiology of hand and wrist injuries treated in a reference specialty center over a year

  https://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?pid=S2306-41022021000500429&script=sci_arttext_plus&tlng=en

  The INR-LGII is a third level high specialty hospital that treats the uninsured, non-working or informal working population with no social security. […] There is not enough epidemiological data on non-working hand injuries in Mexico or any other country. It has been documented that hand injuries tend to be minimized, and an incorrect treatment can cause permanent disability. […] If there is an early, adequate treatment by a hand surgeon, the indirect costs associated to the injury and the number of procedures decrease. […] The creation of national registries could help better design reference guidelines for hand and wrist injuries in Mexico.

• #57 Epidemiology of hand fractures at a tertiary care setting in Saudi Arabia | Saudi Medical Journal

  https://smj.org.sa/content/40/7/732

  Falls on the hands were the most frequent cause of hand fractures (40.5%), followed by road traffic accidents (20.3%), crush injuries (9.5%), and machinery injuries (9.5%). […] Most of the patients had only one hospital visit (89.0%) and underwent surgical interventions (90.1%), which mostly involved a single surgery (93.2%) under general anaesthesia (83.3%). […] A majority of the patients in the current study were treated operatively. The higher rate of surgical interventions in the current study was probably due to the higher rate of open fractures: 30% compared with 10% in previous studies. […] Management of hand fractures in our patients was successful; only 15% of fractures developed complications during management. Out of the total outcome, healing rate was 80%. […] In conclusion, we reported a high frequency of young adult males among patients of all ages admitted with hand fractures at a tertiary care hospital in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Falls on hands and road traffic accidents were responsible for a majority of hand fractures.

• #58 Epidemiology of hand fractures at a tertiary care setting in Saudi Arabia | Saudi Medical Journal

  https://smj.org.sa/content/40/7/732

  Falls on the hands were the most frequent cause of hand fractures (40.5%), followed by road traffic accidents (20.3%), crush injuries (9.5%), and machinery injuries (9.5%). […] Most of the patients had only one hospital visit (89.0%) and underwent surgical interventions (90.1%), which mostly involved a single surgery (93.2%) under general anaesthesia (83.3%). […] A majority of the patients in the current study were treated operatively. The higher rate of surgical interventions in the current study was probably due to the higher rate of open fractures: 30% compared with 10% in previous studies. […] Management of hand fractures in our patients was successful; only 15% of fractures developed complications during management. Out of the total outcome, healing rate was 80%. […] In conclusion, we reported a high frequency of young adult males among patients of all ages admitted with hand fractures at a tertiary care hospital in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Falls on hands and road traffic accidents were responsible for a majority of hand fractures.

• #59 Epidemiology of hand and wrist injuries treated in a reference specialty center over a year

  https://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?pid=S2306-41022021000500429&script=sci_arttext_plus&tlng=en

  The INR-LGII is a third level high specialty hospital that treats the uninsured, non-working or informal working population with no social security. […] There is not enough epidemiological data on non-working hand injuries in Mexico or any other country. It has been documented that hand injuries tend to be minimized, and an incorrect treatment can cause permanent disability. […] If there is an early, adequate treatment by a hand surgeon, the indirect costs associated to the injury and the number of procedures decrease. […] The creation of national registries could help better design reference guidelines for hand and wrist injuries in Mexico.

• #60 Epidemiology of hand and wrist injuries treated in a reference specialty center over a year

  http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S2306-41022021000500429

  Hand injuries constitute a high percentage of injuries treated in emergency departments worldwide. They are usually work related and they can be underestimated. There is some information on the epidemiology and economic impact of these injuries in workers. However, there is little information on hand injuries in the non-working population. […] There is little information on the epidemiology of hand injuries in Mexico. A study made at the Lpez-Mateos Medical Center a hospital from the State of Mexico Health Institute (ISEM) found that males between 20 to 29 years of age were the most affected by hand injuries. […] Hand and wrist injuries need to receive specialized treatment to avoid complications and permanent disability and the creation of national registries could help better design reference guidelines for hand and wrist injuries in Mexico.

• #61

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00402-022-04617-9

  The dorsal aspect of the hand including the 5th metacarpal, the radial wrist and thenar region, as well as the fingertips of Digiti II/III represent anatomic danger zones to injury of the hand. […] The importance of recording the epidemiological differences throughout this data is imperative in order to highlight the relevance of improvement of preventive measures and allocation of health care services and thus, to reduce the socioeconomic costs of medical care and sick days due to incapacitation. […] To date, there is a lack of standardized guidelines for documenting hand injuries in an acute setting. […] The German Society for Hand Surgery (Deutsche Gesellschaft fr HandchirurgieDGH) introduced a national Hand-Trauma-Registry in 2018. It is an initiative to record (severe) hand injuries in a standardized manner. Aim is to gain clinically significant outcome data, and to provide a database for monitoring the structure and quality of care. […] In this study, epidemiological information on hand injuries and their patterns is presented based on a standardized Hand-Trauma Documentation form utilized for the assessment of hand trauma within a single-center emergency department.

• #62 Incidence of hand and wrist disorders in primary care: a retrospective cohort study | BJGP Open

  https://bjgpopen.org/content/8/4/BJGPO.2023.0240

  There is a large difference between the number of patients presenting to the GP with hand and wrist complaints and the number of hand and wrist diagnoses reported in the medical files. […] Current epidemiologic research on hand and wrist disorders in primary care is largely limited to complaints and general codified data, obtained from primary care databases. […] The purpose of this study was to determine the overall incidence and the incidence of different types of hand and wrist disorders diagnosed in Dutch primary care. […] The incidence figures of different types of hand and wrist disorders in primary and secondary care are scarce and mostly unknown. […] To determine the incidence of different types of hand and wrist disorders in primary care, adequate registration is essential. […] The introduction of specific ICPC codes for different types of hand and wrist disorders, such as for scaphoid fractures and de Quervain’s tenosynovitis, could (potentially) lead to a more accurate registration of these diagnoses and determination of the incidence figures.

• #63 Incidence of hand and wrist disorders in primary care: a retrospective cohort study | BJGP Open

  https://bjgpopen.org/content/8/4/BJGPO.2023.0240

  There is a large difference between the number of patients presenting to the GP with hand and wrist complaints and the number of hand and wrist diagnoses reported in the medical files. […] Current epidemiologic research on hand and wrist disorders in primary care is largely limited to complaints and general codified data, obtained from primary care databases. […] The purpose of this study was to determine the overall incidence and the incidence of different types of hand and wrist disorders diagnosed in Dutch primary care. […] The incidence figures of different types of hand and wrist disorders in primary and secondary care are scarce and mostly unknown. […] To determine the incidence of different types of hand and wrist disorders in primary care, adequate registration is essential. […] The introduction of specific ICPC codes for different types of hand and wrist disorders, such as for scaphoid fractures and de Quervain’s tenosynovitis, could (potentially) lead to a more accurate registration of these diagnoses and determination of the incidence figures.

• #64

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00068-022-02213-5

  In our population almost all fractures were diagnosed by CT scan (91%). This is fairly explainable by the fact that on conventional radiography carpal fractures might not be seen. […] Compared to the fractures of the metacarpals and phalanxes, carpal bones are less affected by fractures and occur most often in young men. Although literature is mainly focused on the scaphoid, in our study, the incidence of scaphoid fractures is second to triquetrum fractures. […] Usually a CT scan is needed for correct diagnosis. Furthermore, proper treatment typically needs fracture analysis by CT scan. Thus, in cases of clinical suspicions a CT scan should be performed for a correct diagnosis to enable an adequate treatment to avoid compromising sequelae of the wrist.

• #65 Hand fractures in children: epidemiology and misdiagnosis in a tertiary referral hospital. | Read by QxMD

  https://read.qxmd.com/read/22763063/hand-fractures-in-children-epidemiology-and-misdiagnosis-in-a-tertiary-referral-hospital

  Of 204 cases reviewed, emergency physicians referred 146 cases (72%), and primary health care physicians referred the rest. […] The misdiagnosis rate was 8% (16 of 204). […] The leading cause of misdiagnosis was misinterpretation of epiphyses (6 of 16), followed by missing multiple fractures (3 of 16).

• #66 Broken Hand (Metacarpal Fracture) — Bone Talks

  http://www.bonetalks.com/handmetacarpal-fractures

  A broken hand also called a metacarpal bone fracture. […] The metacarpal bone is divided into regions: the head, neck, shaft and base. It can break in each of these regions. […] A break in the metacarpal neck is the most common, but a metacarpal shaft fracture is also pretty common. […] 70% of these occur in people 11 to 45 years old. Its a young persons injury, typically guys with either too much testosterone or too much alcohol. […] X-rays are the best way to diagnose a broken hand. The x-ray will show a crack in the bone, and usually the bone is also bent forward (displaced). […] There are different ways to treat a broken hand, and it usually depends on how badly the bone is broken. […] If the broken bone is stable, and it will stay in place with a splint, then a splint is worn for 2-3 weeks, and then removed so people can slowly start using the hand again.

• #67 Broken Hand (Metacarpal Fracture) — Bone Talks

  http://www.bonetalks.com/handmetacarpal-fractures

  If a metacarpal heals excessively bent, it will develop clawing of the fingers (actually its called „pseudoclawing”) by changing the biomechanics of the finger tendons. […] Hand function starts to approach near normal in about 2 months, however, it can take up to 6 months to truly feel like your hand is back to its old self after this injury. […] Chung KC, Spilson SV: The frequency and epidemiology of hand and forearm fractures in the United States. J Hand Surg Am 2001; 26:908-915. see article. general facts. pinky finger is 40% of hand injuries, then other 4 get equal distribution. prox phalanx most injured, then distal then middle.

• #68 Epidemiology of hand fractures at a tertiary care setting in Saudi Arabia | Saudi Medical Journal

  https://smj.org.sa/content/40/7/732

  Falls on the hands were the most frequent cause of hand fractures (40.5%), followed by road traffic accidents (20.3%), crush injuries (9.5%), and machinery injuries (9.5%). […] Most of the patients had only one hospital visit (89.0%) and underwent surgical interventions (90.1%), which mostly involved a single surgery (93.2%) under general anaesthesia (83.3%). […] A majority of the patients in the current study were treated operatively. The higher rate of surgical interventions in the current study was probably due to the higher rate of open fractures: 30% compared with 10% in previous studies. […] Management of hand fractures in our patients was successful; only 15% of fractures developed complications during management. Out of the total outcome, healing rate was 80%. […] In conclusion, we reported a high frequency of young adult males among patients of all ages admitted with hand fractures at a tertiary care hospital in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Falls on hands and road traffic accidents were responsible for a majority of hand fractures.

• #69 The epidemiology of fracture-related infections in Germany | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-90008-w

  The epidemiology of fracture-related infection (FRI) is unknown, which makes it difficult to estimate future demands and evaluate progress in infection prevention. […] The prevalence of FRI increased by 0.28 from 8.4 cases per 100,000 inhabitants to 10.7 cases per 100,000 inhabitants between 2008 and 2018. […] Increasing rates of fracture-related infection especially in older patients indicate an upcoming challenge for stakeholders in health care systems. […] However, current socioeconomic calculations are based on small patient numbers and the exact prevalence of fracture-related infection is unknown. […] Our analysis revealed that the prevalence of FRI increased with a rate of 0.28 from 8.4 cases per 100,000 inhabitants to 10.7 cases per 100,000 inhabitants between 2008 and 2018. […] In conclusion, in light of a strong increase especially in elderly patients, prevention strategies, improved treatment strategies and an interdisciplinary treatment approaches are strongly required.

• #70 The epidemiology of fracture-related infections in Germany | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-90008-w

  The epidemiology of fracture-related infection (FRI) is unknown, which makes it difficult to estimate future demands and evaluate progress in infection prevention. […] The prevalence of FRI increased by 0.28 from 8.4 cases per 100,000 inhabitants to 10.7 cases per 100,000 inhabitants between 2008 and 2018. […] Increasing rates of fracture-related infection especially in older patients indicate an upcoming challenge for stakeholders in health care systems. […] However, current socioeconomic calculations are based on small patient numbers and the exact prevalence of fracture-related infection is unknown. […] Our analysis revealed that the prevalence of FRI increased with a rate of 0.28 from 8.4 cases per 100,000 inhabitants to 10.7 cases per 100,000 inhabitants between 2008 and 2018. […] In conclusion, in light of a strong increase especially in elderly patients, prevention strategies, improved treatment strategies and an interdisciplinary treatment approaches are strongly required.

• #71

  https://www.mmsjournals.org/index.php/mmj/article/view/376

  The data helps inform potential risk factors and Professionals working in hand therapy may now embark on educational programmes which could include visiting day centres and local councils, advising retirement homes and media appearances to help reduce potential falls. […] This audit successfully provided a baseline of such fractures and calls for repeat analysis in the future to compare trends and patterns.

• #72 Epidemiology of pediatric hand fractures presenting to a university hospital in Central Saudi Arabia | Saudi Medical Journal

  https://smj.org.sa/content/36/5/587

  Objectives: To investigate the epidemiology of pediatric hand fractures and to provide recommendations regarding prevention. […] Our series showed that most hand fractures in children occurred at home, which requires reevaluation of home settings. Implementation of safety measures during sports activities are relevant in the oldest age group. […] A better understanding of the epidemiology of hand fractures in the pediatric age group is essential for effective preventive strategies development. […] Findings of the present study show that pediatric hand fractures in Saudi Arabia should be classified into 3 age groups (1-8 years, 9-12 years, and 13-18 years) to target fracture prevention. Safety of doors at home, prevention of falls at home, and safety measures in sports should be the targets to prevent hand fractures in these 3 age groups. […] In conclusion, most hand fractures in children occurred at home, which requires reevaluation of the settings at home. This could be achieved by closely assessing most common reasons for falls at home, and making sure of the safety of doors to protect the children from injuring their hands.

• #73 Epidemiology of pediatric hand fractures presenting to a university hospital in Central Saudi Arabia | Saudi Medical Journal

  https://smj.org.sa/content/36/5/587

  Objectives: To investigate the epidemiology of pediatric hand fractures and to provide recommendations regarding prevention. […] Our series showed that most hand fractures in children occurred at home, which requires reevaluation of home settings. Implementation of safety measures during sports activities are relevant in the oldest age group. […] A better understanding of the epidemiology of hand fractures in the pediatric age group is essential for effective preventive strategies development. […] Findings of the present study show that pediatric hand fractures in Saudi Arabia should be classified into 3 age groups (1-8 years, 9-12 years, and 13-18 years) to target fracture prevention. Safety of doors at home, prevention of falls at home, and safety measures in sports should be the targets to prevent hand fractures in these 3 age groups. […] In conclusion, most hand fractures in children occurred at home, which requires reevaluation of the settings at home. This could be achieved by closely assessing most common reasons for falls at home, and making sure of the safety of doors to protect the children from injuring their hands.

• #74

  https://www.mmsjournals.org/index.php/mmj/article/view/376

  This data will help ensure the service is prepared with adequate specialised staffing levels to manage these cases. […] Implementing strategies to prevent such fractures through education programmes and collaboration with government entities, better workplace health and safety and treating osteoporosis early is of crucial. […] To date, in Malta, the number of hand and wrist X-rays and injuries diagnosed radiologically has never been studied. […] The primary objective of this audit was to quantify and analyse all the orthopaedic X-rays taken in the local AE department over a period of three consecutive months to establish the amount of hand and wrist injuries, and the potential number of patients requiring specialist hand therapy services. […] This audit provided baseline data of current hand and wrist fractures within the small population of the island of Malta, which can be used for comparison in future repeat studies.

• #75

  https://www.mmsjournals.org/index.php/mmj/article/view/376

  This data will help ensure the service is prepared with adequate specialised staffing levels to manage these cases. […] Implementing strategies to prevent such fractures through education programmes and collaboration with government entities, better workplace health and safety and treating osteoporosis early is of crucial. […] To date, in Malta, the number of hand and wrist X-rays and injuries diagnosed radiologically has never been studied. […] The primary objective of this audit was to quantify and analyse all the orthopaedic X-rays taken in the local AE department over a period of three consecutive months to establish the amount of hand and wrist injuries, and the potential number of patients requiring specialist hand therapy services. […] This audit provided baseline data of current hand and wrist fractures within the small population of the island of Malta, which can be used for comparison in future repeat studies.

• #76 Hand fracture epidemiology and etiology in children—time trends in Malmö, Sweden, during six decades | Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research | Full Text

  https://josr-online.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13018-019-1248-0

  New studies are needed, to adequately allocate health care resources and identify new fracture prone activities suitable for preventive measures. […] As time trends in fracture epidemiology have changed in boys and in girls during recent decades, there is a need for updated pediatric fracture epidemiology. […] The aim of this study is to describe hand fracture epidemiology/etiology in children in 2005/2006 and with use of previously published data from the same area, evaluate time trends in age- and gender-standardized fracture incidences from 1950/1955 to 2005/2006. […] The age-adjusted hand fracture incidence rate was in our city more than double 1976/1979 compared to 1950/1955 and 20% higher than 2005/2006 (not reaching statistical significance). […] Etiology data indicate that safety requirements for toy manufacturing, playground construction, protective sports gear, and accident prevention in traffic and home environment have positively influenced time trends in pediatric fracture incidence. […] The age-adjusted incidence rate of hand fractures in children was more than doubled in 1976/1979 compared to that in 1950/1955, with obvious differences also in fracture etiology.

• #77

  https://www.mmsjournals.org/index.php/mmj/article/view/376

  In Malta, the number of hand and wrist fractures confirmed from the total number of orthopaedic X-rays is slightly higher than those confirmed in a similar audit in Saudi Arabia. […] The gender distribution data of the hand and forearm fractures in Malta is 1.2:1. […] If the Malta data is analysed for the hand injuries only (excluding wrist joint injuries) the male to female ratio changes to 3.2:1 male to female ratio. […] This therefore shows a much higher incidence among males, similar to another international audit identifying a distribution of 3:1. […] The large number of distal forearm fractures in the 60+ age group occur in females, possibly explained by a decrease in bone mineral density (BMD) in post-menopausal females compared to males. […] This is important when considering that life expectancy for Maltese females is 83.3 years and there is an increasingly ageing population.

• #78

  https://www.mmsjournals.org/index.php/mmj/article/view/376

  This data will help ensure the service is prepared with adequate specialised staffing levels to manage these cases. […] Implementing strategies to prevent such fractures through education programmes and collaboration with government entities, better workplace health and safety and treating osteoporosis early is of crucial. […] To date, in Malta, the number of hand and wrist X-rays and injuries diagnosed radiologically has never been studied. […] The primary objective of this audit was to quantify and analyse all the orthopaedic X-rays taken in the local AE department over a period of three consecutive months to establish the amount of hand and wrist injuries, and the potential number of patients requiring specialist hand therapy services. […] This audit provided baseline data of current hand and wrist fractures within the small population of the island of Malta, which can be used for comparison in future repeat studies.

• #79 Finger fractures: Epidemiology and treatment based on 21341 fractures from the Swedish Fracture register | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0288506

  The aim of this study was to describe anatomical distribution, treatment, and the incidence of finger fractures based on data from the SFR and to assess possible differences in treatment and result in terms of PROMs according to fracture type, treatment, and sex. Epidemiologic research can identify risk factors, groups at risk and describe current treatment for specific a condition. This knowledge can enable better allocation of resources and more correct implementation of evidence-based treatments. […] The SFR data represents the majority of the centers treating fractures in Sweden and can provide a broad and accurate epidemiological picture of finger fractures. […] 21 341 individual finger fractures were identified in the registry. […] The predominant cause of injury was a fall (29%) followed by crush injury (17%).

• #80

  https://journals.lww.com/prsgo/fulltext/2022/08000/epidemiology_and_fracture_patterns_of_traumatic.2.aspx

  An improved understanding of sex-related differences in fracture characteristics may improve clinical outcomes and influence surgical management. […] The high frequency of blunt trauma injuries in the current population may explain the high fracture rate in the proximal phalanx, considering that a relationship between blunt trauma injuries and proximal phalanx injuries has been established in pediatric literature. […] The high rate of blunt trauma and crush injuries likely explains the shaft and tuft fracture pattern. […] Open fractures occurred in 28% of fractures in this study population, which is higher than previously reported in the literature.

• #81

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00402-022-04617-9

  The dorsal aspect of the hand including the 5th metacarpal, the radial wrist and thenar region, as well as the fingertips of Digiti II/III represent anatomic danger zones to injury of the hand. […] The importance of recording the epidemiological differences throughout this data is imperative in order to highlight the relevance of improvement of preventive measures and allocation of health care services and thus, to reduce the socioeconomic costs of medical care and sick days due to incapacitation. […] To date, there is a lack of standardized guidelines for documenting hand injuries in an acute setting. […] The German Society for Hand Surgery (Deutsche Gesellschaft fr HandchirurgieDGH) introduced a national Hand-Trauma-Registry in 2018. It is an initiative to record (severe) hand injuries in a standardized manner. Aim is to gain clinically significant outcome data, and to provide a database for monitoring the structure and quality of care. […] In this study, epidemiological information on hand injuries and their patterns is presented based on a standardized Hand-Trauma Documentation form utilized for the assessment of hand trauma within a single-center emergency department.

• #82 Global trends of hand and wrist trauma: a systematic analysis of fracture and digit amputation using the Global Burden of Disease 2017 Study | Injury Prevention

  https://injuryprevention.bmj.com/content/26/Suppl_2/i115

  As global rates of mortality decrease, rates of non-fatal injury have increased, particularly in low Socio-demographic Index (SDI) nations. […] The Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study represents the most exhaustive estimation and review regarding trends of disease and injury worldwide. […] Central to understanding the global burden of hand and wrist trauma is determining where these injuries and healthcare resources are most imbalanced. […] The highest overall number of hand and wrist fractures in 2017 was observed in South and East Asia; however, the age-standardised rate of this injury was highest in Central Europe, Australasia and Eastern Europe. […] The most significant increase in injury incidence by region since 1990 was noted in East Asia with a 63%, 47% and 57% increase in the age-standardised rate of fracture, thumb amputation and non-thumb digit amputation, respectively.

• #83 Epidemiology of Bone Fractures in the Hand in Adult Population Using the ICD-10 Classification – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36055664/

  PURPOSE OF THE STUDY The purpose of this study was to conduct an epidemiological study of hand fractures in adult population. […] A retrospective observational study in a population of 470,000 habitants was performed. Over the course of three years, all patients over 16 years of age who were diagnosed with fracture or fracture-dislocation at the level of a carpal bone, metacarpal and/or phalange were included. These fractures were classified according to the International Classification of Diseases 10th edition (ICD-10). Incidence rates, along with gender and age distribution were also studied. […] 1,267 patients with a total of 1,341 hand fractures were included. They represented 29.7% of all upper limb fractures and 7.6% of all traumatological emergencies involving a bone fracture during that period. […] The global incidence rate was 99 fractures per 100,000 persons/year. […] The ICD-10 classification is useful for the description and classification of hand fractures.

• #84 Hand fracture epidemiology and etiology in children—time trends in Malmö, Sweden, during six decades | Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research | Full Text

  https://josr-online.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13018-019-1248-0

  The aim of this study was to describe hand fracture epidemiology/etiology in city children and describe time trend during six decades. […] We present period-specific crude and age- and gender-adjusted fracture incidence rates and group differences as incidence rate ratios (RR) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). […] The crude hand fracture rate in children was 448/100,000 person years (639/100,000 in boys and 247/100,000 in girls), with a 2.5 times higher age-adjusted incidence in boys than in girls. […] Compared to 1950/1955, the age and gender-adjusted hand fracture incidence was twice as high in 2005/2006 and more than twice as high in 1976/1979. […] The incidence of hand fractures in children was more than twice as high in the end of the 1970s compared to the 1950s, where after no significant change could be found.

• #85

  https://journals.lww.com/smj/abstract/9000/the_epidemiology_and_distribution_of_hand.99915.aspx

  The aim of this study was to elucidate the epidemiology and distribution of hand fractures in Singapore. […] Hand fractures were particularly significant in patients between the ages of 21 and 40 years 58.9% of the total cases. The relative risk of hand fractures in males was 5.5 times greater than that in females. […] The most significant population that sustained hand fractures in Singapore are young to middle-aged males who are skilled manual workers. The most commonly involved ray and location of hand fractures are the little finger ray and the distal phalanges, respectively, as they are in a relatively more exposed location.

• #86 Epidemiology and Specific Challenges | Musculoskeletal Key

  https://musculoskeletalkey.com/epidemiology-and-specific-challenges/

  Metacarpal fractures comprise 33% of all hand fractures reported in a national injury database during a 5-year period and 18% of all hand and/or forearm fractures in U.S. emergency departments. […] Males are more likely to incur a metacarpal fracture compared to females. […] An interaction between age and sex has been shown to be significant; younger men are at the greatest risk of having a metacarpal fracture. […] After radius and ulna fractures, phalangeal fractures have the highest incidence of upper extremity fractures followed by metacarpal fractures. […] Chung and Spilson reported that 5- to 14-year-olds have the highest incidence of phalangeal fractures. […] A 23-year retrospective review of patients in the Netherlands found that men in the ages 10 to 29 years had the greatest proportion of phalangeal fractures. […] Fractures involving the physis (growth plate) are described by the Salter-Harris classification system, types I to V. […] A similar distribution of Salter-Harris fractures in the phalanges was observed in another study of children aged 21 years or younger.

• #87 Epidemiology of hand fractures at a tertiary care setting in Saudi Arabia | Saudi Medical Journal

  https://smj.org.sa/content/40/7/732

  Falls on the hands were the most frequent cause of hand fractures (40.5%), followed by road traffic accidents (20.3%), crush injuries (9.5%), and machinery injuries (9.5%). […] Most of the patients had only one hospital visit (89.0%) and underwent surgical interventions (90.1%), which mostly involved a single surgery (93.2%) under general anaesthesia (83.3%). […] A majority of the patients in the current study were treated operatively. The higher rate of surgical interventions in the current study was probably due to the higher rate of open fractures: 30% compared with 10% in previous studies. […] Management of hand fractures in our patients was successful; only 15% of fractures developed complications during management. Out of the total outcome, healing rate was 80%. […] In conclusion, we reported a high frequency of young adult males among patients of all ages admitted with hand fractures at a tertiary care hospital in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Falls on hands and road traffic accidents were responsible for a majority of hand fractures.

• #88 Finger fractures: Epidemiology and treatment based on 21341 fractures from the Swedish Fracture register | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0288506

  The aim of this study was to describe anatomical distribution, treatment, and the incidence of finger fractures based on data from the SFR and to assess possible differences in treatment and result in terms of PROMs according to fracture type, treatment, and sex. Epidemiologic research can identify risk factors, groups at risk and describe current treatment for specific a condition. This knowledge can enable better allocation of resources and more correct implementation of evidence-based treatments. […] The SFR data represents the majority of the centers treating fractures in Sweden and can provide a broad and accurate epidemiological picture of finger fractures. […] 21 341 individual finger fractures were identified in the registry. […] The predominant cause of injury was a fall (29%) followed by crush injury (17%).

• #89 Hand fracture epidemiology and etiology in children – Time trends in Malmö, Sweden, during six decades | Lund University Publications

  https://lup.lub.lu.se/search/publication/80d64798-d7c1-4f80-b25a-4bb7c87aac66

  In 2005-2006, sports injuries explained 42%, fights 20%, and traffic accidents 13% of the hand fractures. […] The incidence of hand fractures in children was more than twice as high in the end of the 1970s compared to the 1950s, where after no significant change could be found. […] Also, fracture etiology has changed.

• #90 Epidemiology and Specific Challenges | Musculoskeletal Key

  https://musculoskeletalkey.com/epidemiology-and-specific-challenges/

  Metacarpal fractures comprise 33% of all hand fractures reported in a national injury database during a 5-year period and 18% of all hand and/or forearm fractures in U.S. emergency departments. […] Males are more likely to incur a metacarpal fracture compared to females. […] An interaction between age and sex has been shown to be significant; younger men are at the greatest risk of having a metacarpal fracture. […] After radius and ulna fractures, phalangeal fractures have the highest incidence of upper extremity fractures followed by metacarpal fractures. […] Chung and Spilson reported that 5- to 14-year-olds have the highest incidence of phalangeal fractures. […] A 23-year retrospective review of patients in the Netherlands found that men in the ages 10 to 29 years had the greatest proportion of phalangeal fractures. […] Fractures involving the physis (growth plate) are described by the Salter-Harris classification system, types I to V. […] A similar distribution of Salter-Harris fractures in the phalanges was observed in another study of children aged 21 years or younger.

• #91 Time trends in pediatric hand fracture incidence in Malmö, Sweden, 1950–2016 | Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research | Full Text

  https://josr-online.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13018-021-02380-y

  The hand is the second most fractured region in children. It is therefore important to update fracture epidemiology to be able to identify time trends for adequate health care planning. This study reports pediatric hand fracture incidence 2014-2016 and, using published data, also long-term time trends in 1950-2016. […] The age-adjusted hand fracture incidence increased in both sexes in 1950-1979 and decreased in 1979-2016. […] The unadjusted and age- and sex-adjusted pediatric hand fracture incidences in 2014-2016 were higher than in 1950/1955 and 1960/1965 but lower than in 1970/1975-1979 and 1993/1994. […] The age-adjusted pediatric hand fracture incidence increased during the period 1950-1979 in boys by APC +3.8%; 95% CI 3.0 to 4.5 and in girls by +3.9%; 95% CI 2.8 to 5.0. The incidence decreased during 1979-2016 in boys by 0.7%; 95% 1.4 to 0.003 and in girls by 1.3%; 95% 2.4 to 0.1.

• #92 Characterization of the Epidemiology and Risk Factors for Hand Fractures in Patients Aged 1 to 19 Presenting to United States Emergency Departments: A Retrospective Study of 21,031 Cases – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35475776/

  Hand fractures are among the most common injuries presenting in pediatric emergency departments (EDs) with incidence reported as high as 624 hand fractures per 100,000 person-years. […] A total of 21,031 pediatric hand fractures were identified, representing an estimated 565,833 pediatric hand fractures presenting to EDs between 2016 and 2020. […] The mean incidence of pediatric hand fractures was 138.3 fractures for 100,000 person-years [95% confidence interval (CI): 136.2-140.4], with a 39.2% decrease in incidence occurring between 2019 and 2020. […] Age, sex, location of the injury, and injury during the COVID-19 pandemic were demonstrated to influence the frequency and etiology of the fracture. […] This study determined the incidence of pediatric hand fractures presenting to EDs across the United States. In addition, it identified risk factors for common hand fracture etiologies (sports-related, falling, crush, punching) and demonstrated the change in rates of different etiologies of pediatric hand fractures that presented to US EDs during the COVID-19 pandemic.

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