Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Diagnosis and management of childhood squints: investigation and examination with reference to red flags and referral letters

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5198597/

  Strabismus (squint) is a condition in which the eyes are misaligned. While one eye is directed at an object, the other eye may turn in (esotropia), out (exotropia), up (hypertropia), or down (hypotropia). This misalignment may be persistent or intermittent. […] Any baby who continues to suffer from strabismus beyond the age of 3 months should be referred to secondary care for further investigations. The overwhelming majority of squints in children will be benign and can be referred for further investigation on a routine basis. However, if there are any red flags (Box 1) the child should be referred urgently (within a few days) to a hospital eye department (not an optician). […] Strabismus could be a sign of coexisting ocular pathology, for example, retinoblastoma or intracranial pathology, as where there is a tumour requiring urgent management. If this is suspected then an urgent specialist opinion should be obtained.

• #1 Diagnosis and management of childhood squints: investigation and examination with reference to red flags and referral letters

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5198597/

  Timely referral and diagnosis is important because strabismus can be a sign of serious pathology, including: intracranial pathology, for example, brain tumours; and life- and sight-threatening ocular pathology, for example, retinoblastoma. […] Squints in children 7 years old may impair visual development of the affected eye. Unless treated before the age of 78 years, this can become permanent. The fixating eye will see clearly, while the deviating eye will have reduced visual acuity. This is termed amblyopia (lazy eye). Vision loss occurs because nerve pathways between the eye and the brain are not properly stimulated. […] The history tries to not only distinguish between causes and types of strabismus, but also to screen for red-flag features that could suggest serious pathology. […] Strabismus usually develops at some time in the first 3 years of life; however, it can also develop in older children.

• #1 Strabismus – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560782/

  Strabismus, often called „crossed eyes,” is a common visual disorder affecting millions worldwide. This condition disrupts the normal alignment of the eyes, causing them to point in different directions. Strabismus can manifest in various forms and degrees and typically develops in childhood. Left untreated, strabismus can lead to multiple visual impairments and even impact an individual’s self-esteem and quality of life. Adult-onset strabismus is due to neurological causes or can result from childhood strabismus. This activity reviews the evaluation and treatment of strabismus and highlights the role of the interprofessional team in evaluating and treating patients with this condition. […] Strabismus is derived from a Greek word that translates to „eyes looking obliquely” and means misaligned eyes. Often, strabismic eyes are referred to as „squinting eyes,” „crossed eyes,” and „wall eyes.” Typically, both eyes fixate equally while focusing on an object with the head held in the primary position. In strabismus or squint, 1 or both eyes deviate inwards or outwards and appear to be in nonalignment towards the direction of the focused object. If diagnosed and treated early, strabismus has an excellent prognosis. Treatment is usually by refractive error correction, orthoptic exercises, occlusive patching, topical medications, and extraocular muscle surgery.

• #1 Strabismus – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/689

  Strabismus is a condition where there is misalignment of the visual axes of the eyes; it may be latent or manifest and, if manifest, it may be constant or intermittent. […] It is a common cause of diplopia and visual confusion (seeing different objects in the same place) in adults. […] It is an important cause of amblyopia (decreased vision in an anatomically normal eye caused by suppression) in children. […] Evaluation involves a detailed medical history, including a complete ocular history, followed by thorough neurological and ophthalmic examinations. […] Diagnostic investigations include cover test, simultaneous prism and cover test (SPCT), uncover test (UCT), alternate prism cover test (APCT), Hirschberg test, and Krimsky test. […] Strabismus can be classified as comitant (concomitant) or incomitant (non-comitant). […] With incomitant strabismus, the deviation varies in size with the direction of gaze. Here, the strabismus is often paralytic or restrictive in nature, and may indicate underlying neurological or orbital disease.

• #1 Diagnosis and management of childhood squints: investigation and examination with reference to red flags and referral letters

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5198597/

  The patient should be examined for the following features: misalignment on inspection; red reflex; full range of eye movements (particularly abduction in cases of esotropia); dysmorphic features especially craniofacial developmental abnormalities that can be linked to strabismus; and abnormal head posture head posture develops when the child gains head control when upright. […] The test is performed for near and distance vision with and without glasses while fixating on an accommodative target, for example, a letter of the alphabet. […] Treatment for benign squints will arise from the hospital visit. This will be: glasses; patching of non-squinting eye (or blurring the vision with atropine drops); and surgery. […] Most children do not need surgery and there is a national trend of reducing the numbers of operations for childhood squint.

• #1 Strabismus (Crossed Eyes) Diagnosis | Stanford Health Care

  https://stanfordhealthcare.org/medical-conditions/eyes-and-vision/strabismus/diagnosis.html

  A doctor can often tell that a child has strabismus just by looking at the child’s eyes. It may be obvious that the eyes don’t look in the same direction at the same time. […] The doctor may have the child look at an object while covering and then uncovering each eye. This allows the doctor to see which eye turns, how much it turns, and under what circumstances the abnormal turn occurs. […] These tests will also help the doctor find out if the child has amblyopia (lazy eye), which sometimes occurs with strabismus. […] Experts recommend that children have regular eye exams. Vision tests may also be done to look for strabismus. If you have concerns about your child’s eyes or vision, call your child’s doctor, or take him or her to an eye doctor.

• #1 Understanding Ophthalmic Examination for Squint Diagnosis

  https://www.prepladder.com/neet-pg-study-material/ophthalmology/understanding-ophthalmic-examination-squint-diagnosis

  Hirschberg test tells the amount of squint. […] Bruckner test tells about the presence of squint. […] The prism has an apex and a base. The base is always opposite to the direction of the squint. […] Krimsky test is when the prism is put in front of the normal eye. […] This test is done to check for near point accommodation and near point convergence in child to check when she sees double. […] It tells the amount of squint and the angle of squint. […] The amount of squint is denoted either in degrees or prism dioptre and the prism dioptre is almost the double of the degrees. […] If the cover test or the uncover test is positive, then the next step is to check the amount of squint. […] This test only tells about the presence of a squint. […] The movement is always opposite to the type of squint.

• #1

  https://tessindia.com/squint.html

  A child has one eye closed/ looks away when speaking with someone. […] Lazy eye – The brain ignores input from one of the eyes. […] Diagnosis […] The Hirschberg test is used to diagnose the condition of Strabismus. This test involves shining a light in the eye and observing the reflection of light from the Cornea. A well aligned eye will result the light to go to the center of both corneas. If it does not, the test can determine whether the patient has exotropia, hypertropia, esotropia or hypotropia […] Retina and optic nerve tests can help diagnose Strabismus. […] An early diagnosis of Strabismus will help you get an effective treatment. […] Corrective Surgery – Surgery can be used to realign the eyes. A muscle connected to the eye is tightened / moved to a new position to get the right balance.

• #1 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Strabismus-Diagnosis.aspx

  An eye exam is usually required to test for and diagnose strabismus, specialized to determine the focus and movement of the eyes, which are the characteristic features of the condition. […] Early diagnosis is important because severe cases of strabismus that go untreated can result in loss of vision. For this reason, more young children in developed nations are screened for the condition with an eye examination before the age of 3 years. […] The eye examination typically consists of several tests that are used to determine the changes in vision as a result of the condition and guide treatment decisions. […] The following tests may be a component of the eye examination used to diagnose strabismus: Visual acuity test: to assess the changes in vision and clarity of sight at short and long-distance. (e.g. reading letters on a chart at short and long distances)

• #1 How to Deal with Squints (Strabismus): Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://www.netralayam.com/blog/how-to-deal-with-squints-strabismus-causes-symptoms-and-treatment

  Squint, or strabismus, is a condition in which the eyes cannot align properly. It generally occurs when the muscles that control the eye movement, the eyelid, and the extraocular muscles do not work in-sync. Coordination of the eyes is partial or alternating between the two eyes. […] The orthoptist or optometrist should assess squint to: […] Establish the amount and type of squint […] Test for binocular vision […] Fundus examination including fixation pattern. […] Contrary to the general opinion among people that the squint is a permanent condition and cannot be corrected, a squint correction surgery can straighten the eyes at any age. An early diagnosis of strabismus will enable effective treatment through squint correction surgery. Squint treatment options also include corrective glasses, squint eye exercises, patching, botulinum toxin injections. […] Never ignore a squint that happens all the time because it could cause further problems, if left untreated, such as persistent blurred or double vision.

• #1 What is squint ? Symptoms ,Type , Causes – Dr. Digvijay Singh

  https://drdigvijaysingh.com/blog/what-is-squint-symptoms-type-cause/

  Some genetic conditions, such as Downs syndrome Hydrocephalus, which is caused by find a build-up in the brain Lazy eye (amblyopia) – when the brain starts to ignore signals coming from the eye with the squint. […] Some things may increase the risk of having a squint, which may include: Having a family history of squints, lazy eye (amblyopia) or need of glasses. […] Different tests can be used to help diagnose a squint and assess the level of vision. […] A retina and optic nerve examination would be done by your doctor to rule out any treatable cause for squint. […] It is important to check the power of the eye to give appropriate glasses. […] The doctor will examine your eyes and ask you to move them in different directions to check if they are moving normally and determine the type of squint. […] This machine is often used to perform a full evaluation of squint.

• #1 Diagnosis of squint eye • Optomed

  https://okulista.pl/en/examination/diagnosis-of-squint-eye/

  Squint angle examinations are carried out by the use of synoptofor. […] In the treatment of patients with strabismus is vital to select the right glasses, as well as their adequate manufactured. For this purpose squint angles must be precisely defined. […] In the treatment of strabismus caused by accommodation, it is much better to use contact lenses as they reduce the angle of strabismus, and frequently, even allow to avoid surgery. […] Diagnosis of squint eye. […] Treatment of strabismus (squint eye).

• #1 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Strabismus-Diagnosis.aspx

  The results of these tests are useful in understanding the presence and severity of the condition, in addition to guiding the choice of treatment. […] There are several types of strabismus according to the direction of the wayward eye that are differentiated in the diagnostic process. These types include: Exotropia eye directed outwards, Esotropia eye directed inwards, Hypertropia eye directed upwards, Hypotropia eye directed downwards, Cyclotropoia a combination of other types of eye direction. […] Some patients may require further testing to establish the involvement of other related health conditions.

• #1 Diagnosis and management of childhood squints: investigation and examination with reference to red flags and referral letters | British Journal of General Practice

  https://bjgp.org/content/67/654/42

  Strabismus (squint) is a condition in which the eyes are misaligned. While one eye is directed at an object, the other eye may turn in (esotropia), out (exotropia), up (hypertropia), or down (hypotropia). This misalignment may be persistent or intermittent. […] Any baby who continues to suffer from strabismus beyond the age of 3 months should be referred to secondary care for further investigations. The overwhelming majority of squints in children will be benign and can be referred for further investigation on a routine basis. However, if there are any red flags (Box 1) the child should be referred urgently (within a few days) to a hospital eye department (not an optician). […] Strabismus could be a sign of coexisting ocular pathology, for example, retinoblastoma or intracranial pathology, as where there is a tumour requiring urgent management. If this is suspected then an urgent specialist opinion should be obtained.

• #1 A Glint or a Squint Could Be Your Hint: Knowledge is Key to Retinoblastoma Early Diagnosis – WE C Hope

  https://wechope.org/awareness/a-glint-or-a-squint-could-be-your-hint-knowledge-is-key-to-retinoblastoma-early-diagnosis/

  Critical clues to a childs eye cancer hide in plain sight. Parent and physician knowledge, and ability to spot these silent signs are vital to early detection, swift referral, and prompt diagnosis. […] A turned eye or white reflection in the pupil of the affected eye are the most common early signs of retinoblastoma. […] Awareness of these easy-to-see early signs among the public and healthcare professionals is life-saving, sight-saving power. […] Logan was quickly diagnosed with Group E (advanced) unilateral retinoblastoma. […] Faith noticed a white glow in her sons left eye. […] An eye exam and ultrasound revealed Liam had cancer in both eyes, and within one week, he was receiving specialist Rb care at Nairobis Kenyatta National Hospital. […] Tanya felt uneasy she had never seen anything like this in the eyes of her two older children.

• #1 Squint Eye: Meaning, Causes, Treatment & Surgery

  https://dpuhospital.com/blog/squint-eye-meaning-causes-treatment-surgery/

  Strabismus, also known as crossed eyes or squint eyes, is a vision disorder that affects a person’s ability to align both eyes simultaneously. When someone has strabismus, their eyes do not work together and are misaligned. One eye may look straight ahead while the other eye gets turned inward, outward, upward, or downward. It results in a loss of depth perception and can cause double vision. […] Strabismus can occur in one or both eyes and be constant or intermittent. […] If left untreated, strabismus can lead to amblyopia, also known as lazy eye, which can cause permanent vision loss in the affected eye. […] Determining the underlying cause of strabismus can help treat and manage the condition properly. […] Here are some diagnostic tests that your doctor may perform for squint eyes or strabismus: Comprehensive eye exam: An eye doctor will perform a complete eye exam to check for any eye abnormalities or vision.

• #1 Strabismus – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560782/

  Strabismus or Squint is Broadly Classified as Pseudostrabismus or apparent squint: Pseudoesotropia and pseudoexotropia, Latent squint (Heterophoria), Manifest squint (Heterotopia): Concomitant squint and incomitant squint. […] The prognosis of strabismus is excellent if detected and managed early in life. Healthy neonates sometimes show intermittent deviation of the eyes, which should not be a concern. At about 3 months, normal binocular coordination sets in, and any strabismus persistent after this period should be considered abnormal and significant. Amblyopia sets in if the strabismus is not appropriately managed before 6 to 8 years of age, leading to a permanent decrease in vision.

• #1 Squint in Children: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://3dvisioneyehospital.com/squint-in-children-symptoms-diagnosis-and-treatment/

  Squint in children is one such eye disorder that must be addressed as soon as it is detected. […] Squint refers to that condition of eyes in which both the eyes cannot look in the same direction at the same time. […] When a squint is present, the eyes point in different directions and the brain is unable to process two separate images and fail to produce a clear image. […] Pediatric squint is most common in the age of 6 months to 3 years. […] They must know that squint is self diagnosable but not self curable. If this condition is not treated on time, it might lead to severe consequences like vision loss. […] While diagnosing squint, the doctor first analyzes whether the squint is primary (by birth) or secondary (due to some brain disorders) and then decides upon the squint eye treatment in child.

• #1 Strabismus in Adults: Causes, Diagnosis & Treatment Explained

  https://www.clarityeyesurgeons.com.au/strabismus-in-adults/

  Strabismus, also known as crossed eyes or squint is not limited to childhood. […] In adults, this misalignment can be constant or intermittent, causing one eye to turn inwards, outwards, upwards, or downwards while the other remains straight. […] Adult strabismus can significantly impact vision by causing misalignment of the eyes, leading to a range of visual disturbances. […] The misalignment can result in double vision, eye strain, and difficulties with depth perception. […] Recognising Strabismus in adults requires paying attention to the following signs and symptoms: […] Adults with Strabismus may frequently squint one eye to reduce double vision or achieve better alignment. […] Strabismus can lead to eye strain and fatigue, particularly after prolonged visual tasks like reading or using a computer.

• #1 Strabismus (Squint) | Your Eye HealthFacebookYouTubeInstagramLinkedInPinterest

  https://www.guidedogs.org.uk/getting-support/information-and-advice/eye-conditions/strabismus-squint/

  Strabismus in adults can be treated with specialist prism lenses, eye exercises, and strabismus surgery. Adults whose strabismus started in adulthood may struggle with double vision more than people who’ve had strabismus since childhood. […] Treatment can improve symptoms, including double vision and poor depth perception. Surgery can also help improve the appearance of the eyes, helping people who feel self-conscious about how they look with a squint. […] Speak to your GP or health visitor if your baby appears to have either an intermittent or continuous squint after three months of age. […] If you develop possible symptoms of strabismus or suspect your baby or child may have a squint, see your health visitor, GP or optician. […] An optician will do a detailed eye exam to diagnose strabismus.

• #1 Crossed Eyes (Strabismus): Symptoms, Causes, and Diagnosis

  https://www.healthline.com/health/crossed-eyes

  Crossed eyes can usually be corrected with corrective lenses, surgery, or a combination of both. […] To prevent vision loss, early diagnosis and treatment for crossed eyes is important. […] If you have other physical symptoms along with crossed eyes, your doctor may examine your brain and nervous system for other conditions. […] Your recommended treatment plan for crossed eyes will depend on the severity and underlying cause of your condition. […] If your crossed eyes are caused by an underlying medical condition, such as a brain tumor or stroke, your doctor may prescribe medication, surgery, or other treatments. […] Often crossed eyes can be corrected with corrective lenses, eye patches, surgery in rare cases, or by other modalities. […] It’s important to seek treatment right away to lower your risk for vision loss.

• #1 A retinal detachment based strabismus detection through FEDCNN | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-72919-6

  Ocular strabismus, a common condition in the present generation is an absolute risk factor for amblyopia and blinding premorbid visual loss. […] Despite the availability of new optometry tools with eye-tracking data, the issues persist in attaining accuracy and reliability in diagnosing strabismus. […] The presented work aims to improve the accuracy of diagnostics in ophthalmology utilizing the integration of the further proposed algorithms into an automatic strabismus detection system. […] The model proves to be accurate, reaching 95.2%, which is even more prominent because of the more or less detailed connection layer of the CNN, which is used for the selection of features designated for such tasks of strabismus recognition. […] Therefore, early diagnosis is essential. […] Strabismus recognition, or automatic strabismus recognition, would do away with the necessity for ophthalmologists to make strabismus diagnoses.

• #1 A retinal detachment based strabismus detection through FEDCNN | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-72919-6

  Consequently, the diagnosiss outcomes would be impartial, and its expense may be significantly decreased. […] Strabismus is identified by employing eye-tracking information derived from an eye tracker. […] Using the eye-tracking-based strabismus detection approach, it is possible to build an automated, noninvasive, and objective diagnosis system appropriate for performing strabismus examinations in large populations. […] An important drawback of previous approaches is that each gaze point significantly impacts their precision. […] Specifically, we use convolutional neural networks (CNNs), a strong deep learning method, to extract characteristics from gaze data for strabismus identification. […] This paper presents a groundbreaking contribution by introducing an innovative approach: the FedCNN model, a fusion of CNN and eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost).

• #1

  https://www.tessindia.com/squint.html

  Following surgery, an eye pad must be put over the respective eye and can be removed when suggested. […] Red eye occurrence is very common post-surgery. This may take up to 4 weeks to return to normalcy. This has no toll on the success of the surgery. […] There might be an occurrence of double vision post-surgery. This resolves itself in a week or two. […] Minor corrections may be needed in a small number of patients depending on the type and severity of Strabismus. This can be corrected by both surgical and non-surgical means.

• #2 Diagnosis and management of childhood squints: investigation and examination with reference to red flags and referral letters

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5198597/

  Timely referral and diagnosis is important because strabismus can be a sign of serious pathology, including: intracranial pathology, for example, brain tumours; and life- and sight-threatening ocular pathology, for example, retinoblastoma. […] Squints in children 7 years old may impair visual development of the affected eye. Unless treated before the age of 78 years, this can become permanent. The fixating eye will see clearly, while the deviating eye will have reduced visual acuity. This is termed amblyopia (lazy eye). Vision loss occurs because nerve pathways between the eye and the brain are not properly stimulated. […] The history tries to not only distinguish between causes and types of strabismus, but also to screen for red-flag features that could suggest serious pathology. […] Strabismus usually develops at some time in the first 3 years of life; however, it can also develop in older children.

• #2 Diagnosis and management of childhood squints: investigation and examination with reference to red flags and referral letters | British Journal of General Practice

  https://bjgp.org/content/67/654/42

  Timely referral and diagnosis is important because strabismus can be a sign of serious pathology, including: intracranial pathology, for example, brain tumours; and life- and sight-threatening ocular pathology, for example, retinoblastoma. […] Squints in children 7 years old may impair visual development of the affected eye. Unless treated before the age of 78 years, this can become permanent. The fixating eye will see clearly, while the deviating eye will have reduced visual acuity. This is termed amblyopia (lazy eye). Vision loss occurs because nerve pathways between the eye and the brain are not properly stimulated. […] The history tries to not only distinguish between causes and types of strabismus, but also to screen for red-flag features that could suggest serious pathology. […] Strabismus usually develops at some time in the first 3 years of life; however, it can also develop in older children. The duration and intensity of treatment will depend on factors such as age of presentation.

• #2 Strabismus – Pediatrics – MSD Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/eye-defects-and-conditions-in-children/strabismus

  Strabismus is misalignment of the eyes, which causes deviation from the parallelism of normal gaze. Diagnosis is clinical, including observation of the corneal light reflex and use of a cover test. […] Strabismus can be detected during well-child checkups through the history and eye examination. Evaluation should include questions about family history of amblyopia or strabismus and, if family or caregivers have noticed deviation of gaze, questions about when the deviation began, when or how often it is present, and whether there is a preference for using one eye for fixation. Physical examination should include an assessment of visual acuity, pupil reactivity, and the extent of extraocular movements. […] The corneal light reflex test is a good screening test, but it is not very sensitive for detecting small deviations.

• #2 Diagnosis and management of childhood squints: investigation and examination with reference to red flags and referral letters | British Journal of General Practice

  https://bjgp.org/content/67/654/42

  The patient should be examined for the following features: misalignment on inspection; red reflex; full range of eye movements (particularly abduction in cases of esotropia); dysmorphic features especially craniofacial developmental abnormalities that can be linked to strabismus; and abnormal head posture head posture develops when the child gains head control when upright. […] The test is performed for near and distance vision with and without glasses while fixating on an accommodative target, for example, a letter of the alphabet. […] Treatment for benign squints will arise from the hospital visit. This will be: glasses; patching of non-squinting eye (or blurring the vision with atropine drops); and surgery. […] Most children do not need surgery and there is a national trend of reducing the numbers of operations for childhood squint.

• #2

  https://tessindia.com/squint.html

  A child has one eye closed/ looks away when speaking with someone. […] Lazy eye – The brain ignores input from one of the eyes. […] Diagnosis […] The Hirschberg test is used to diagnose the condition of Strabismus. This test involves shining a light in the eye and observing the reflection of light from the Cornea. A well aligned eye will result the light to go to the center of both corneas. If it does not, the test can determine whether the patient has exotropia, hypertropia, esotropia or hypotropia […] Retina and optic nerve tests can help diagnose Strabismus. […] An early diagnosis of Strabismus will help you get an effective treatment. […] Corrective Surgery – Surgery can be used to realign the eyes. A muscle connected to the eye is tightened / moved to a new position to get the right balance.

• #2 A Glint or a Squint Could Be Your Hint: Knowledge is Key to Retinoblastoma Early Diagnosis – WE C Hope

  https://wechope.org/awareness/a-glint-or-a-squint-could-be-your-hint-knowledge-is-key-to-retinoblastoma-early-diagnosis/

  An ultrasound revealed cancer in both her eyes. […] Melody took Aidan to see an ophthalmologist. […] The second ophthalmologist dilated Aidans pupils, and immediately recognised the cancer in both of Aidans eyes. […] Aidan was diagnosed with bilateral retinoblastoma. […] Early diagnosis leads to better outcomes for children, with less intense treatment. […] Timely diagnosis provides the best opportunity to save a childs life and sight. […] Early diagnosis saves lives, and offers the best opportunity for safe vision saving therapy.

• #2

  https://www.tessindia.com/squint.html

  Strabismus or more commonly referred to as Squint is a condition in which a persons eyes are not properly aligned. While one eye is focussed on a particular spot, the other eye may focus in another direction. This condition is caused due to the incoordination between the muscles controlling the movement of the eyes. […] The type of Strabismus are categorised by postion of the eyes […] When the eye turns inwards, the condition is called Esotropia. […] When the eye turns outwards, the condition is called Exotropia. […] When the eye turns upwards, the condition is called Hypertropia. […] When the eye turns downwards, the condition is called Hypotropia. […] The following are the ways to know the early signs and symptoms of Strabismus. […] An obvious misalignment of the eyes […] Tiredness/fatigue/ prolonged illness may lead to squinting among infants.

• #2 Squint Eye – Meaning, Causes, Treatment & Surgery

  https://www.maxhealthcare.in/blogs/how-can-squint-be-corrected

  Many people think that squint is a permanent condition and cannot be corrected. But the truth is that eyes can be straightened at any age. […] A squint is also known as strabismus, where the eyes are not aligned in the same direction. […] The squint can be present only part of the time, in one or alternating between two eyes. […] You might be wondering what causes it- Is it by birth, accidental, hereditary- Our eye expert, Dr. Parul Sharma says, it arises due to an incorrect balance of muscles, refractive error, childhood illnesses, nerve palsy, and several other reasons. […] If the squint is suspected, then it is necessary to evaluate the baby at the earliest. […] Squint may also develop because of viral fever, measles, meningitis etc. […] Not always. It can be associated with decreased vision or diplopia (double vision).

• #2 Strabismus – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/689

  Strabismus is a condition where there is misalignment of the visual axes of the eyes; it may be latent or manifest and, if manifest, it may be constant or intermittent. […] It is a common cause of diplopia and visual confusion (seeing different objects in the same place) in adults. […] It is an important cause of amblyopia (decreased vision in an anatomically normal eye caused by suppression) in children. […] Evaluation involves a detailed medical history, including a complete ocular history, followed by thorough neurologic and ophthalmic examinations. […] Diagnostic tests include cover test, simultaneous prism and cover test (SPCT), uncover test (UCT), alternate prism cover test (APCT), Hirschberg test, and Krimsky test. […] Strabismus can be classified as comitant (concomitant) or incomitant (noncomitant). […] With incomitant strabismus, the deviation varies in size with the direction of gaze. […] Key diagnostic factors include diplopia, eye misalignment, and amblyopia.

• #2 CHILD ORTHOPTICS: “MY CHILD IS SQUINTING!” – Zobaczyć Jutro

  https://zobaczycjutro.org/orthoptics-my-child-is-squinting/

  Yes, irrespective of the level of advancement, a squint is always a threat to the functioning of the optic system, and the child should be treated by an orthoptist without any delay. […] You need to be aware of the fact that a child does not grow out of a squint and it will not disappear! […] There are several types: a) pseudostrabismus […] b) heterophoria, strabismus latens […] c) tropia, strabismus, heterotropia […] d) strabismus paraliticus […] Types of squint that depend on the direction of eye variance: convergent, diagonal, vertical or discrepant.

• #2 A retinal detachment based strabismus detection through FEDCNN | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-72919-6

  Consequently, the diagnosiss outcomes would be impartial, and its expense may be significantly decreased. […] Strabismus is identified by employing eye-tracking information derived from an eye tracker. […] Using the eye-tracking-based strabismus detection approach, it is possible to build an automated, noninvasive, and objective diagnosis system appropriate for performing strabismus examinations in large populations. […] An important drawback of previous approaches is that each gaze point significantly impacts their precision. […] Specifically, we use convolutional neural networks (CNNs), a strong deep learning method, to extract characteristics from gaze data for strabismus identification. […] This paper presents a groundbreaking contribution by introducing an innovative approach: the FedCNN model, a fusion of CNN and eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost).

• #2 A retinal detachment based strabismus detection through FEDCNN | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-72919-6

  The previous researches have drawbacks of standard strabismus identification techniques which have led to the unavoidable emergence of several impediments to highly efficient, reliable diagnosis. […] Our research aimed to tackle these issues by addressing the conventional limitations and providing a better solution for the complex problem of strabismus detection using newer techniques like the federated learning-based integration of CNN and XGBoost. […] The FedCNN model offers a unique input to medical image analysis as it proposes a modern and superfine method that is highly lading and well-organized for early diagnosis of strabismus. […] The proposed FedCNN model emerges as a frontrunner in strabismus recognition, achieving an impressive accuracy of 95.2%.

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