Zeza – Rokowania, prognozy i postęp choroby

Zeza
Rokowania, prognozy i postęp choroby

Zeza (strabismus) jest powszechną chorobą oczu u dzieci, której wczesne rozpoznanie i leczenie są kluczowe dla zapobiegania niedowidzeniu (amblyopii) oraz zaburzeniom widzenia obuocznego. Operacja zeza jest wskazana, gdy metody zachowawcze (okulary, zasłanianie, pryzmaty, ćwiczenia ortoptyczne) zawodzą. Skuteczność chirurgii zeza poziomego wynosi 60-80%, a w niektórych badaniach nawet 83-92%, przy sukcesie definiowanym jako odchylenie pooperacyjne w zakresie 10 dioptrii pryzmatycznych od ortoforii w okresie 6 tygodni do 6 miesięcy po zabiegu. Czynniki predykcyjne sukcesu to m.in. typ zeza (lepsze rokowanie w zezie zbieżnym, OR 4,46), brak głębokiego niedowidzenia (OR 5,90) oraz mniejszy przedoperacyjny kąt odchylenia. W przypadku zeza okresowego rozbieżnego (IXT) mniejsze kąty odchylenia zwiększają prawdopodobieństwo powodzenia operacji. Mimo wysokiego początkowego wskaźnika sukcesu, zez może nawracać – do 52,9% pacjentów wymaga ponownej operacji w ciągu 5 lat, szczególnie przy dużych kątach odchylenia, niewspółmierności kąta dal/bliż oraz zezie z wzorem alfabetycznym.

Zeza – prognoza i czynniki wpływające na wynik leczenia

Skuteczność leczenia chirurgicznego
Czynniki prognostyczne wpływające na wynik operacji
Ryzyko ponownej operacji
Prognoza w zezie dziecięcym
Powikłania operacji zeza i ich prognoza
Wpływ zeza na jakość życia i wyniki psychospołeczne
Znaczenie wczesnej diagnozy i leczenia

Podsumowanie prognozy w zezie

Kolejne rozdziały

Zeza – prognoza i czynniki wpływające na wynik leczenia

Zeza (strabismus) jest jedną z najczęstszych chorób oczu występujących u dzieci, jej skuteczne leczenie jest kluczowe dla zapobiegania długotrwałym konsekwencjom, takim jak niedowidzenie (amblyopia).¹² Wczesna identyfikacja i precyzyjna kategoryzacja zeza są niezbędne dla rozpoczęcia odpowiedniego leczenia i uniknięcia długotrwałych konsekwencji, takich jak niedowidzenie i zaburzenia w rozwoju widzenia obuocznego.³ Prognoza w zezie zależy od wielu czynników, w tym typu zeza, wieku pacjenta w momencie rozpoczęcia leczenia, oraz wybranej metody terapeutycznej.

Skuteczność leczenia chirurgicznego

Operacja zeza jest zazwyczaj zalecana, gdy ustawienie oczu pacjenta nie może być już leczone metodami zachowawczymi, takimi jak okulary, zasłanianie oka, pryzmaty i ćwiczenia ortoptyczne.⁴ Wyniki leczenia chirurgicznego zeza poziomego wskazują na ogólny wskaźnik powodzenia na poziomie 60-80%, choć w niektórych badaniach osiąga on nawet 83-92%.⁵⁶⁷

W ocenie wyników pooperacyjnych za sukces uznaje się zazwyczaj odchylenie pooperacyjne mieszczące się w zakresie 10 dioptrii pryzmatycznych od ortoforii, oceniane w okresie 6 tygodni do 6 miesięcy po operacji.⁸⁹ Jednak należy zauważyć, że brak jest konsensusu co do tego, jak powinien być definiowany i mierzony sukces pooperacyjny, szczególnie w kontekście pacjentów dorosłych z objawami psychospołecznymi.¹⁰

Czynniki prognostyczne wpływające na wynik operacji

Badania wykazały, że niektóre czynniki mogą być predykcyjne dla sukcesu chirurgicznego w leczeniu zeza:

Typ zeza – zez zbieżny (ezotropia) ma wyższy wskaźnik powodzenia w porównaniu z zezem rozbieżnym (egzotropia) z ilorazem szans 4,46¹¹
Brak głębokiego niedowidzenia – znacząco zwiększa szanse na powodzenie operacji (iloraz szans 5,90)¹²
Wielkość kąta zeza – mniejszy przedoperacyjny kąt zeza wydaje się znacząco zwiększać prawdopodobieństwo sukcesu chirurgicznego¹³

Warto zauważyć, że w przypadku zeza okresowego rozbieżnego (intermittent exotropia, IXT), analiza regresji logistycznej wykazała, że małe przedoperacyjne kąty odchylenia zwiększają prawdopodobieństwo sukcesu chirurgicznego.¹⁴

Niektóre badania sugerują jednak, że wiek wystąpienia zeza, płeć, obecność niedowidzenia, typ odchylenia, wielkość odchylenia oraz pooperacyjna najlepsza skorygowana ostrość wzroku nie mają istotnego wpływu na wynik operacji zeza poziomego.¹⁵¹⁶¹⁷

Ryzyko ponownej operacji

Pomimo wysokiego wskaźnika początkowego sukcesu, zez może nawracać po operacji. W przypadku zeza okresowego rozbieżnego, analiza Kaplana-Meiera wykazała, że:¹⁸

8,5% pacjentów wymagało ponownej operacji w ciągu roku po pierwszej operacji
38,9% w ciągu trzech lat
52,9% w ciągu pięciu lat

Czynniki zwiększające ryzyko ponownej operacji obejmują:¹⁹

Duże przedoperacyjne kąty odchylenia
Niewspółmierność kąta na dal i bliż (far/near incomitance)
Zez z wzorem alfabetycznym (alphabet pattern strabismus)

Jest możliwe, że kilka lat po udanej operacji zez może stopniowo powrócić.²⁰ W obserwacjach pooperacyjnych widoczna jest wyraźna tendencja, że kąty zeza stają się bardziej rozbieżne z upływem czasu po operacji.²¹ Nie zawsze jest możliwe idealne przewidzenie wielkości korekcji mięśni oka potrzebnej do osiągnięcia idealnego ustawienia oczu w każdym kierunku, a czasami zez nieco powraca z czasem.²²

Prognoza w zezie dziecięcym

Leczenie zeza u dzieci ma szczególne znaczenie ze względu na ryzyko rozwoju niedowidzenia. Zez jest najczęstszą przyczyną niedowidzenia.²³ Leczenie niedowidzenia polega na zapobieganiu zezu wystarczająco wcześnie, aby dać szansę rozwoju części mózgu odpowiedzialnych za przetwarzanie widzenia.²⁴

Ogólnie, im młodsze jest dziecko w momencie rozpoczęcia leczenia, tym szybsza poprawa widzenia i większa szansa na przywrócenie pełnego normalnego widzenia.²⁵ Jeśli leczenie rozpocznie się przed ukończeniem około 7-8 lat, często możliwe jest przywrócenie normalnego widzenia.²⁶ Jeśli leczenie jest rozpoczęte u starszych dzieci, nadal może nastąpić pewna poprawa widzenia, ale pełne normalne widzenie w dotkniętym oku prawdopodobnie nigdy nie zostanie osiągnięte.²⁷

Operacja zeza u niemowląt wykazuje zadowalający wynik z niskim wskaźnikiem konieczności ponownego leczenia. Ogólny wskaźnik powodzenia operacji zeza u niemowląt jest satysfakcjonujący i wynosi 74,19%.²⁸

Powikłania operacji zeza i ich prognoza

Operacja zeza, jak każdy zabieg chirurgiczny, niesie ze sobą ryzyko powikłań. Ogólnie rzecz biorąc, powikłania operacji zeza mają doskonałe rokowanie co do wyleczenia przy odpowiednim leczeniu.²⁹ Niektóre powikłania i ich prognozy obejmują:

Perforacja twardówki – zwykle nie stwarza problemu poza blizną naczyniówkowo-siatkówkową, ale w niektórych przypadkach może wywołać zapalenie wnętrza gałki ocznej, krwotok do ciała szklistego lub odwarstwienie siatkówki³⁰
Infekcje pooperacyjne – chociaż większość przypadków infekcji pooperacyjnych ma dobre rokowanie, ciężkie zapalenie tkanki łącznej oczodołu może powodować neuropatię nerwu wzrokowego i ślepotę, a zapalenie wnętrza gałki ocznej niesie znaczące ryzyko trwałej utraty wzroku, nawet przy szybkim leczeniu³¹
Zmiana refrakcji – zazwyczaj jest tymczasowa i ustępuje po kilku miesiącach³²
Niedokrwienie przedniego odcinka – w ciężkich przypadkach może postępować do martwicy i zaniku gałki ocznej, ale większość przypadków ustępuje z czasem pod wpływem kortykosteroidów³³

Wpływ zeza na jakość życia i wyniki psychospołeczne

U dorosłych, którzy przeszli operację zeza z powodów psychospołecznych, poprawa pooperacyjnego ustawienia oczu i/lub poprawa jakości życia związanej ze zdrowiem (HRQoL) były powszechne.³⁴ Większość dowodów opisujących wyniki operacji zeza u pacjentów bez objawów wzrokowych zgłaszała poprawę pooperacyjnego ustawienia oczu i/lub poprawę HRQoL.³⁵

Jednak brakuje dowodów dotyczących specyficznie wyników operacji zeza u dorosłych z objawami psychospołecznymi, co wskazuje na rosnącą potrzebę solidnych dowodów w tej konkretnej podgrupie pacjentów.³⁶

Znaczenie wczesnej diagnozy i leczenia

Wczesne wykrycie i skuteczne leczenie zeza są kluczowe dla poprawy rokowania. Nowe metody, takie jak automatyczne wykrywanie zeza i klasyfikacja przy użyciu głębokiego uczenia maszynowego, osiągają dokładność 86,38% dla klasyfikacji binarnej i 92,7% dla klasyfikacji wieloklasowej.³⁷

Skuteczne włączenie takich modeli głębokiego uczenia ma potencjał do przekształcenia diagnostyki zeza poprzez umożliwienie wczesnej identyfikacji, lepszego planowania leczenia i ostatecznie lepszych wyników dla pacjentów.³⁸

Podsumowanie prognozy w zezie

Prognoza w zezie jest ogólnie pozytywna przy wczesnej interwencji, szczególnie u dzieci poniżej 7-8 roku życia. Operacja zeza zazwyczaj znacznie poprawia ustawienie oczu, z ogólnym wskaźnikiem powodzenia 60-80%, choć w niektórych badaniach osiąga nawet powyżej 80%.³⁹⁴⁰⁴¹

Jednak istnieje ryzyko nawrotu zeza z czasem, zwłaszcza w przypadku zeza okresowego rozbieżnego, gdzie ponad połowa pacjentów może wymagać ponownej operacji w ciągu pięciu lat.⁴² Czynniki takie jak rodzaj zeza (zbieżny ma lepsze rokowanie niż rozbieżny), brak głębokiego niedowidzenia oraz mniejszy przedoperacyjny kąt zeza mogą zwiększać szanse na powodzenie chirurgiczne.⁴³⁴⁴

Wczesna diagnoza i leczenie mają kluczowe znaczenie, szczególnie u dzieci, aby zapobiec trwałemu niedowidzeniu i zaburzeniom rozwoju widzenia obuocznego.⁴⁵⁴⁶ Nowe technologie diagnostyczne obiecują udoskonalenie wczesnego wykrywania, co może prowadzić do lepszych wyników leczenia.⁴⁷

Kolejne rozdziały

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Materiały źródłowe

#1 Automated strabismus detection and classification using deep learning analysis of facial images | Scientific Reports
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-025-88154-6
Strabismus, or eye misalignment, is a common condition affecting individuals of all ages. Early detection and accurate classification are essential for proper treatment and avoiding long-term complications. […] The proposed deep learning model achieved an accuracy of 86.38% for binary classification and 92.7% for multi-class classification. These results demonstrate the potential of our approach to assist healthcare professionals in early strabismus detection and treatment planning, ultimately improving patient outcomes. […] Early identification and precise categorization of strabismus are critical for initiating appropriate treatment and avoiding long-term consequences such as amblyopia (lazy eye) and abnormal binocular vision development. […] The accuracy of our model in both binary and multi-class classification tasks demonstrates its effectiveness in diagnosing strabismus and distinguishing between various severities and types. […] The effective incorporation of such deep learning models has the potential to transform strabismus diagnosis by enabling early identification, improved treatment planning, and ultimately, better patient outcomes.
#2 Squint in Children (Strabismus): Symptoms and Treatment
https://patient.info/eye-care/visual-problems/squint-in-children-strabismus
The medical name for squint is strabismus. […] Squint is one of the most common eye problems in children. […] This can lead to a type of visual loss in the affected eye, called amblyopia, which can become permanent unless treated early in childhood. […] The treatment for amblyopia is to prevent the squinting early enough to give the vision processing parts of the brain a chance to develop. […] If amblyopia is not treated before the age of about 7-8 years, the visual impairment usually remains permanent. […] Squint is the most common cause of amblyopia. […] Generally, the younger the child is treated, the quicker the improvement in vision is likely to be and the better the chance of restoring full normal vision. […] If treatment is started before the age of about 7 years then it is often possible to restore normal vision.
#3 Automated strabismus detection and classification using deep learning analysis of facial images | Scientific Reports
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-025-88154-6
Strabismus, or eye misalignment, is a common condition affecting individuals of all ages. Early detection and accurate classification are essential for proper treatment and avoiding long-term complications. […] The proposed deep learning model achieved an accuracy of 86.38% for binary classification and 92.7% for multi-class classification. These results demonstrate the potential of our approach to assist healthcare professionals in early strabismus detection and treatment planning, ultimately improving patient outcomes. […] Early identification and precise categorization of strabismus are critical for initiating appropriate treatment and avoiding long-term consequences such as amblyopia (lazy eye) and abnormal binocular vision development. […] The accuracy of our model in both binary and multi-class classification tasks demonstrates its effectiveness in diagnosing strabismus and distinguishing between various severities and types. […] The effective incorporation of such deep learning models has the potential to transform strabismus diagnosis by enabling early identification, improved treatment planning, and ultimately, better patient outcomes.
#4 Strabismus Surgery Complications – EyeWiki
https://eyewiki.org/Strabismus_Surgery_Complications
Strabismus surgery is typically recommended when a patients eye alignment can no longer be treated with conservative measures such as eyeglasses, eye patching, prisms, and orthoptic exercises. […] Generally, complications of strabismus surgery have an excellent prognosis for recovery with proper treatment. […] Prognosis: A scleral perforation usually does not create a problem other than a chorioretinal scar, but in some cases can trigger endophthalmitis, vitreous hemorrhage, or retinal detachment. […] Prognosis: Although most cases of post-operative infection have a good prognosis, severe orbital cellulitis can cause optic neuropathy and blindness, and endophthalmitis carries a significant risk of permanent vision loss even with prompt treatment. […] Prognosis: Change in refraction is typically temporary and resolves after a few months. […] Prognosis: When severe, anterior segment ischemia can progress to necrosis and phthisis bulbi, but most cases resolve with corticosteroids over time.
#5 Prognostic preoperative factors for successful outcome of surgery in horizontal strabismus
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5516467/
Surgery for horizontal strabismus reportedly has a success rate of 60%80%. However, which preoperative factors are predictive of this success is not clear. […] To identify prognostic factors those are predictive of successful outcome in horizontal strabismus surgery. […] Successful outcome was defined as a postoperative angle of deviation within 10 prism diopter of orthophoria at 6 weeks postoperatively. […] On MLR, esotropia (ET) (odds ratio [OR]: 4.46) and absence of dense amblyopia (OR: 5.90) were associated with success. […] With an overall success rate of 83%, ET and absence of dense amblyopia were significantly predictive of surgical success. […] Our study revealed that ET (as opposed to XT) and the absence of dense amblyopia were the only factors significantly predictive of surgical success. […] Numerous studies and ours show that surgical success in strabismus surgery remains largely unpredictive. We could only identify a significant odd of success with ET and absence of dense amblyopia.
#6
https://journals.lww.com/tjop/fulltext/2020/10040/visual_outcome_and_factors_influencing_surgical.8.aspx
The available data on strabismus surgery in South East Asian countries are scarce. This study aimed to identify visual outcome and factors influencing surgical outcome of horizontal strabismus surgery in a Southeast Asian cohort. […] Surgery was considered successful if the post-operative deviation was within 10 prism diopters at 6 months’ postoperative period. […] The success rate was 81.6%. […] The success rate was good. Postoperative best-corrected visual acuity was promising. Age of onset, gender, presence of amblyopia, type of deviation, amount of deviation, and postoperative best-corrected visual acuity did not influence the outcome of horizontal strabismus surgery in our review. […] We found no significant association between demographic (i.e., age of onset and gender), preoperative factors (i.e., amblyopia before surgery, type of deviation, and preoperative amount of deviation), and surgical outcome at 6 months’ postoperative period (P 0.05).
#7
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00417-024-06404-1
Strabismus surgery in infants was shown to have a satisfactory outcome with a low retreatment rate. […] Surgical success rate was not linked to age, sex, type of strabismus or the preoperative parameters AOD, refractive error and visual acuity in this study. […] The overall success rate of strabismus surgery in infants is satisfactory at 74.19%. […] In conclusion, the analysis showed that strabismus surgery has a good postoperative outcome and can be considered as a safe and effective treatment method for pediatric strabismus.
#8 Prognostic preoperative factors for successful outcome of surgery in horizontal strabismus
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5516467/
Surgery for horizontal strabismus reportedly has a success rate of 60%80%. However, which preoperative factors are predictive of this success is not clear. […] To identify prognostic factors those are predictive of successful outcome in horizontal strabismus surgery. […] Successful outcome was defined as a postoperative angle of deviation within 10 prism diopter of orthophoria at 6 weeks postoperatively. […] On MLR, esotropia (ET) (odds ratio [OR]: 4.46) and absence of dense amblyopia (OR: 5.90) were associated with success. […] With an overall success rate of 83%, ET and absence of dense amblyopia were significantly predictive of surgical success. […] Our study revealed that ET (as opposed to XT) and the absence of dense amblyopia were the only factors significantly predictive of surgical success. […] Numerous studies and ours show that surgical success in strabismus surgery remains largely unpredictive. We could only identify a significant odd of success with ET and absence of dense amblyopia.
#9
https://journals.lww.com/tjop/fulltext/2020/10040/visual_outcome_and_factors_influencing_surgical.8.aspx
The available data on strabismus surgery in South East Asian countries are scarce. This study aimed to identify visual outcome and factors influencing surgical outcome of horizontal strabismus surgery in a Southeast Asian cohort. […] Surgery was considered successful if the post-operative deviation was within 10 prism diopters at 6 months’ postoperative period. […] The success rate was 81.6%. […] The success rate was good. Postoperative best-corrected visual acuity was promising. Age of onset, gender, presence of amblyopia, type of deviation, amount of deviation, and postoperative best-corrected visual acuity did not influence the outcome of horizontal strabismus surgery in our review. […] We found no significant association between demographic (i.e., age of onset and gender), preoperative factors (i.e., amblyopia before surgery, type of deviation, and preoperative amount of deviation), and surgical outcome at 6 months’ postoperative period (P 0.05).
#10 Strabismus Surgery for Psychosocial ReasonsâA Literature Review | British and Irish Orthoptic Journal
https://bioj-online.com/articles/10.22599/bioj.352
In adults who underwent strabismus surgery for psychosocial reasons, improved postoperative ocular alignment and/or improved health related quality of life (HRQoL) were common. […] There was a lack of consensus on how postoperative success should be defined and measured. […] There is a growing need for robust evidence in this specific subgroup of patients due to a lack of evidence specifically reporting postoperative outcomes in adults with strabismus and psychosocial symptoms. […] Most of the evidence describing the outcomes of strabismus surgery in patients without visual symptoms reported improved postoperative ocular alignment and/or improved HRQoL. […] Overall, there was a lack of evidence specifically reporting the outcomes of strabismus surgery in adults with psychosocial symptoms.
#11 Prognostic preoperative factors for successful outcome of surgery in horizontal strabismus
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5516467/
Surgery for horizontal strabismus reportedly has a success rate of 60%80%. However, which preoperative factors are predictive of this success is not clear. […] To identify prognostic factors those are predictive of successful outcome in horizontal strabismus surgery. […] Successful outcome was defined as a postoperative angle of deviation within 10 prism diopter of orthophoria at 6 weeks postoperatively. […] On MLR, esotropia (ET) (odds ratio [OR]: 4.46) and absence of dense amblyopia (OR: 5.90) were associated with success. […] With an overall success rate of 83%, ET and absence of dense amblyopia were significantly predictive of surgical success. […] Our study revealed that ET (as opposed to XT) and the absence of dense amblyopia were the only factors significantly predictive of surgical success. […] Numerous studies and ours show that surgical success in strabismus surgery remains largely unpredictive. We could only identify a significant odd of success with ET and absence of dense amblyopia.
#12 Prognostic preoperative factors for successful outcome of surgery in horizontal strabismus
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5516467/
Surgery for horizontal strabismus reportedly has a success rate of 60%80%. However, which preoperative factors are predictive of this success is not clear. […] To identify prognostic factors those are predictive of successful outcome in horizontal strabismus surgery. […] Successful outcome was defined as a postoperative angle of deviation within 10 prism diopter of orthophoria at 6 weeks postoperatively. […] On MLR, esotropia (ET) (odds ratio [OR]: 4.46) and absence of dense amblyopia (OR: 5.90) were associated with success. […] With an overall success rate of 83%, ET and absence of dense amblyopia were significantly predictive of surgical success. […] Our study revealed that ET (as opposed to XT) and the absence of dense amblyopia were the only factors significantly predictive of surgical success. […] Numerous studies and ours show that surgical success in strabismus surgery remains largely unpredictive. We could only identify a significant odd of success with ET and absence of dense amblyopia.
#13 Effectiveness of Strabismus Surgery in Intermittent Exotropia and Factors Influencing Outcome
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10889094/
A smaller preoperative squint angle seemed to significantly increase the likelihood of surgical success. In the 176 patients from whom follow-up data after first surgery were available, it was noticeable that only 40 patients were still in the range of surgical success while 133 patients had exotropia 10 PD for distance gaze.
#14 Effectiveness of Strabismus Surgery in Intermittent Exotropia and Factors Influencing Outcome
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10889094/
Intermittent exotropia (IXT) is known to relapse after surgery. No factors to predict or prevent recurrence are known with certainty. This study investigated surgical outcome, potential influencing factors, and reoperation rate in patients with IXT. After the first surgery, 83.8% of patients had a successful surgical outcome on postoperative day 1 (POD1) (esodeviation 5 PD or exodeviation 10 PD). Logistic regression analysis revealed that small preoperative angles of exodeviation increased the probability for surgical success. A total of 8.5% had their reoperation within one year after the first surgery, 52.9% within five years. Cox regression analysis revealed that large preoperative angles of exodeviation, far/near incomitance and alphabet pattern strabismus increased the risk of reoperation. Most patients achieved surgical success on POD1, yet the squint angles often increased after surgery, resulting in reoperation in some patients. In our results, there was a clear tendency that the squint angles became more divergent again in the course of time after surgery. The more time that passed after surgery, the more the patients showed divergent squint angles. A total of 65 patients (12.1% of all patients included in this study and 36.9% of the patients from whom follow-up data were available) returned for reoperation because of a remaining or recurrent divergent squint angle. According to our KaplanMeier analysis, 8.5% of patients required reoperation within one year after first surgery, 38.9% within three years, and 52.9% within five years. Large preoperative squint angles, alphabet pattern strabismus, and far/near incomitance could possibly increase the risk for reoperation during follow-up.
#15
https://journals.lww.com/tjop/fulltext/2020/10040/visual_outcome_and_factors_influencing_surgical.8.aspx
The available data on strabismus surgery in South East Asian countries are scarce. This study aimed to identify visual outcome and factors influencing surgical outcome of horizontal strabismus surgery in a Southeast Asian cohort. […] Surgery was considered successful if the post-operative deviation was within 10 prism diopters at 6 months’ postoperative period. […] The success rate was 81.6%. […] The success rate was good. Postoperative best-corrected visual acuity was promising. Age of onset, gender, presence of amblyopia, type of deviation, amount of deviation, and postoperative best-corrected visual acuity did not influence the outcome of horizontal strabismus surgery in our review. […] We found no significant association between demographic (i.e., age of onset and gender), preoperative factors (i.e., amblyopia before surgery, type of deviation, and preoperative amount of deviation), and surgical outcome at 6 months’ postoperative period (P 0.05).
#16
https://journals.lww.com/tjop/fulltext/2020/10040/visual_outcome_and_factors_influencing_surgical.8.aspx
We found that postoperative visual acuity had no significant association with surgical outcome (P = 0.588). 91.8% of our patients had best-corrected visual acuity of 6/12 or better at 6 months after the surgery. This is likely related to a high percentage (65.3%) of alternating type of strabismus in our review. […] The success rate of strabismus surgery in our institution was parallel with published reports from other Asian countries. The postoperative best-corrected visual outcome was good. Age of onset, gender, presence of amblyopia before the surgery, type of deviation, amount of deviation, and postoperative best-corrected visual acuity did not influence the outcome of horizontal strabismus surgery in our patients.
#17
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00417-024-06404-1
Strabismus surgery in infants was shown to have a satisfactory outcome with a low retreatment rate. […] Surgical success rate was not linked to age, sex, type of strabismus or the preoperative parameters AOD, refractive error and visual acuity in this study. […] The overall success rate of strabismus surgery in infants is satisfactory at 74.19%. […] In conclusion, the analysis showed that strabismus surgery has a good postoperative outcome and can be considered as a safe and effective treatment method for pediatric strabismus.
#18 Effectiveness of Strabismus Surgery in Intermittent Exotropia and Factors Influencing Outcome
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10889094/
Intermittent exotropia (IXT) is known to relapse after surgery. No factors to predict or prevent recurrence are known with certainty. This study investigated surgical outcome, potential influencing factors, and reoperation rate in patients with IXT. After the first surgery, 83.8% of patients had a successful surgical outcome on postoperative day 1 (POD1) (esodeviation 5 PD or exodeviation 10 PD). Logistic regression analysis revealed that small preoperative angles of exodeviation increased the probability for surgical success. A total of 8.5% had their reoperation within one year after the first surgery, 52.9% within five years. Cox regression analysis revealed that large preoperative angles of exodeviation, far/near incomitance and alphabet pattern strabismus increased the risk of reoperation. Most patients achieved surgical success on POD1, yet the squint angles often increased after surgery, resulting in reoperation in some patients. In our results, there was a clear tendency that the squint angles became more divergent again in the course of time after surgery. The more time that passed after surgery, the more the patients showed divergent squint angles. A total of 65 patients (12.1% of all patients included in this study and 36.9% of the patients from whom follow-up data were available) returned for reoperation because of a remaining or recurrent divergent squint angle. According to our KaplanMeier analysis, 8.5% of patients required reoperation within one year after first surgery, 38.9% within three years, and 52.9% within five years. Large preoperative squint angles, alphabet pattern strabismus, and far/near incomitance could possibly increase the risk for reoperation during follow-up.
#19 Effectiveness of Strabismus Surgery in Intermittent Exotropia and Factors Influencing Outcome
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10889094/
Intermittent exotropia (IXT) is known to relapse after surgery. No factors to predict or prevent recurrence are known with certainty. This study investigated surgical outcome, potential influencing factors, and reoperation rate in patients with IXT. After the first surgery, 83.8% of patients had a successful surgical outcome on postoperative day 1 (POD1) (esodeviation 5 PD or exodeviation 10 PD). Logistic regression analysis revealed that small preoperative angles of exodeviation increased the probability for surgical success. A total of 8.5% had their reoperation within one year after the first surgery, 52.9% within five years. Cox regression analysis revealed that large preoperative angles of exodeviation, far/near incomitance and alphabet pattern strabismus increased the risk of reoperation. Most patients achieved surgical success on POD1, yet the squint angles often increased after surgery, resulting in reoperation in some patients. In our results, there was a clear tendency that the squint angles became more divergent again in the course of time after surgery. The more time that passed after surgery, the more the patients showed divergent squint angles. A total of 65 patients (12.1% of all patients included in this study and 36.9% of the patients from whom follow-up data were available) returned for reoperation because of a remaining or recurrent divergent squint angle. According to our KaplanMeier analysis, 8.5% of patients required reoperation within one year after first surgery, 38.9% within three years, and 52.9% within five years. Large preoperative squint angles, alphabet pattern strabismus, and far/near incomitance could possibly increase the risk for reoperation during follow-up.
#20 Squint in Children (Strabismus): Symptoms and Treatment
https://patient.info/eye-care/visual-problems/squint-in-children-strabismus
If treatment is started in older children then some improvement in vision may still occur but full normal vision in the affected eye is unlikely ever to be achieved. […] Squint (strabismus) surgery usually greatly improves the straightness of the eyes. […] It is possible that several years after successful surgery, the squint may gradually return again. […] Most patients notice improvement in their squint (strabismus) after a single episode of surgery. […] It is not always possible to predict perfectly the amount of correction to the eye muscles needed to achieve perfect eye alignment in every direction, and sometimes squints return slightly over time.
#21 Effectiveness of Strabismus Surgery in Intermittent Exotropia and Factors Influencing Outcome
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10889094/
Intermittent exotropia (IXT) is known to relapse after surgery. No factors to predict or prevent recurrence are known with certainty. This study investigated surgical outcome, potential influencing factors, and reoperation rate in patients with IXT. After the first surgery, 83.8% of patients had a successful surgical outcome on postoperative day 1 (POD1) (esodeviation 5 PD or exodeviation 10 PD). Logistic regression analysis revealed that small preoperative angles of exodeviation increased the probability for surgical success. A total of 8.5% had their reoperation within one year after the first surgery, 52.9% within five years. Cox regression analysis revealed that large preoperative angles of exodeviation, far/near incomitance and alphabet pattern strabismus increased the risk of reoperation. Most patients achieved surgical success on POD1, yet the squint angles often increased after surgery, resulting in reoperation in some patients. In our results, there was a clear tendency that the squint angles became more divergent again in the course of time after surgery. The more time that passed after surgery, the more the patients showed divergent squint angles. A total of 65 patients (12.1% of all patients included in this study and 36.9% of the patients from whom follow-up data were available) returned for reoperation because of a remaining or recurrent divergent squint angle. According to our KaplanMeier analysis, 8.5% of patients required reoperation within one year after first surgery, 38.9% within three years, and 52.9% within five years. Large preoperative squint angles, alphabet pattern strabismus, and far/near incomitance could possibly increase the risk for reoperation during follow-up.
#22 Squint in Children (Strabismus): Symptoms and Treatment
https://patient.info/eye-care/visual-problems/squint-in-children-strabismus
If treatment is started in older children then some improvement in vision may still occur but full normal vision in the affected eye is unlikely ever to be achieved. […] Squint (strabismus) surgery usually greatly improves the straightness of the eyes. […] It is possible that several years after successful surgery, the squint may gradually return again. […] Most patients notice improvement in their squint (strabismus) after a single episode of surgery. […] It is not always possible to predict perfectly the amount of correction to the eye muscles needed to achieve perfect eye alignment in every direction, and sometimes squints return slightly over time.
#23 Squint in Children (Strabismus): Symptoms and Treatment
https://patient.info/eye-care/visual-problems/squint-in-children-strabismus
The medical name for squint is strabismus. […] Squint is one of the most common eye problems in children. […] This can lead to a type of visual loss in the affected eye, called amblyopia, which can become permanent unless treated early in childhood. […] The treatment for amblyopia is to prevent the squinting early enough to give the vision processing parts of the brain a chance to develop. […] If amblyopia is not treated before the age of about 7-8 years, the visual impairment usually remains permanent. […] Squint is the most common cause of amblyopia. […] Generally, the younger the child is treated, the quicker the improvement in vision is likely to be and the better the chance of restoring full normal vision. […] If treatment is started before the age of about 7 years then it is often possible to restore normal vision.
#24 Squint in Children (Strabismus): Symptoms and Treatment
https://patient.info/eye-care/visual-problems/squint-in-children-strabismus
The medical name for squint is strabismus. […] Squint is one of the most common eye problems in children. […] This can lead to a type of visual loss in the affected eye, called amblyopia, which can become permanent unless treated early in childhood. […] The treatment for amblyopia is to prevent the squinting early enough to give the vision processing parts of the brain a chance to develop. […] If amblyopia is not treated before the age of about 7-8 years, the visual impairment usually remains permanent. […] Squint is the most common cause of amblyopia. […] Generally, the younger the child is treated, the quicker the improvement in vision is likely to be and the better the chance of restoring full normal vision. […] If treatment is started before the age of about 7 years then it is often possible to restore normal vision.
#25 Squint in Children (Strabismus): Symptoms and Treatment
https://patient.info/eye-care/visual-problems/squint-in-children-strabismus
The medical name for squint is strabismus. […] Squint is one of the most common eye problems in children. […] This can lead to a type of visual loss in the affected eye, called amblyopia, which can become permanent unless treated early in childhood. […] The treatment for amblyopia is to prevent the squinting early enough to give the vision processing parts of the brain a chance to develop. […] If amblyopia is not treated before the age of about 7-8 years, the visual impairment usually remains permanent. […] Squint is the most common cause of amblyopia. […] Generally, the younger the child is treated, the quicker the improvement in vision is likely to be and the better the chance of restoring full normal vision. […] If treatment is started before the age of about 7 years then it is often possible to restore normal vision.
#26 Squint in Children (Strabismus): Symptoms and Treatment
https://patient.info/eye-care/visual-problems/squint-in-children-strabismus
The medical name for squint is strabismus. […] Squint is one of the most common eye problems in children. […] This can lead to a type of visual loss in the affected eye, called amblyopia, which can become permanent unless treated early in childhood. […] The treatment for amblyopia is to prevent the squinting early enough to give the vision processing parts of the brain a chance to develop. […] If amblyopia is not treated before the age of about 7-8 years, the visual impairment usually remains permanent. […] Squint is the most common cause of amblyopia. […] Generally, the younger the child is treated, the quicker the improvement in vision is likely to be and the better the chance of restoring full normal vision. […] If treatment is started before the age of about 7 years then it is often possible to restore normal vision.
#27 Squint in Children (Strabismus): Symptoms and Treatment
https://patient.info/eye-care/visual-problems/squint-in-children-strabismus
If treatment is started in older children then some improvement in vision may still occur but full normal vision in the affected eye is unlikely ever to be achieved. […] Squint (strabismus) surgery usually greatly improves the straightness of the eyes. […] It is possible that several years after successful surgery, the squint may gradually return again. […] Most patients notice improvement in their squint (strabismus) after a single episode of surgery. […] It is not always possible to predict perfectly the amount of correction to the eye muscles needed to achieve perfect eye alignment in every direction, and sometimes squints return slightly over time.
#28
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00417-024-06404-1
Strabismus surgery in infants was shown to have a satisfactory outcome with a low retreatment rate. […] Surgical success rate was not linked to age, sex, type of strabismus or the preoperative parameters AOD, refractive error and visual acuity in this study. […] The overall success rate of strabismus surgery in infants is satisfactory at 74.19%. […] In conclusion, the analysis showed that strabismus surgery has a good postoperative outcome and can be considered as a safe and effective treatment method for pediatric strabismus.
#29 Strabismus Surgery Complications – EyeWiki
https://eyewiki.org/Strabismus_Surgery_Complications
Strabismus surgery is typically recommended when a patients eye alignment can no longer be treated with conservative measures such as eyeglasses, eye patching, prisms, and orthoptic exercises. […] Generally, complications of strabismus surgery have an excellent prognosis for recovery with proper treatment. […] Prognosis: A scleral perforation usually does not create a problem other than a chorioretinal scar, but in some cases can trigger endophthalmitis, vitreous hemorrhage, or retinal detachment. […] Prognosis: Although most cases of post-operative infection have a good prognosis, severe orbital cellulitis can cause optic neuropathy and blindness, and endophthalmitis carries a significant risk of permanent vision loss even with prompt treatment. […] Prognosis: Change in refraction is typically temporary and resolves after a few months. […] Prognosis: When severe, anterior segment ischemia can progress to necrosis and phthisis bulbi, but most cases resolve with corticosteroids over time.
#30 Strabismus Surgery Complications – EyeWiki
https://eyewiki.org/Strabismus_Surgery_Complications
Strabismus surgery is typically recommended when a patients eye alignment can no longer be treated with conservative measures such as eyeglasses, eye patching, prisms, and orthoptic exercises. […] Generally, complications of strabismus surgery have an excellent prognosis for recovery with proper treatment. […] Prognosis: A scleral perforation usually does not create a problem other than a chorioretinal scar, but in some cases can trigger endophthalmitis, vitreous hemorrhage, or retinal detachment. […] Prognosis: Although most cases of post-operative infection have a good prognosis, severe orbital cellulitis can cause optic neuropathy and blindness, and endophthalmitis carries a significant risk of permanent vision loss even with prompt treatment. […] Prognosis: Change in refraction is typically temporary and resolves after a few months. […] Prognosis: When severe, anterior segment ischemia can progress to necrosis and phthisis bulbi, but most cases resolve with corticosteroids over time.
#31 Strabismus Surgery Complications – EyeWiki
https://eyewiki.org/Strabismus_Surgery_Complications
Strabismus surgery is typically recommended when a patients eye alignment can no longer be treated with conservative measures such as eyeglasses, eye patching, prisms, and orthoptic exercises. […] Generally, complications of strabismus surgery have an excellent prognosis for recovery with proper treatment. […] Prognosis: A scleral perforation usually does not create a problem other than a chorioretinal scar, but in some cases can trigger endophthalmitis, vitreous hemorrhage, or retinal detachment. […] Prognosis: Although most cases of post-operative infection have a good prognosis, severe orbital cellulitis can cause optic neuropathy and blindness, and endophthalmitis carries a significant risk of permanent vision loss even with prompt treatment. […] Prognosis: Change in refraction is typically temporary and resolves after a few months. […] Prognosis: When severe, anterior segment ischemia can progress to necrosis and phthisis bulbi, but most cases resolve with corticosteroids over time.
#32 Strabismus Surgery Complications – EyeWiki
https://eyewiki.org/Strabismus_Surgery_Complications
Strabismus surgery is typically recommended when a patients eye alignment can no longer be treated with conservative measures such as eyeglasses, eye patching, prisms, and orthoptic exercises. […] Generally, complications of strabismus surgery have an excellent prognosis for recovery with proper treatment. […] Prognosis: A scleral perforation usually does not create a problem other than a chorioretinal scar, but in some cases can trigger endophthalmitis, vitreous hemorrhage, or retinal detachment. […] Prognosis: Although most cases of post-operative infection have a good prognosis, severe orbital cellulitis can cause optic neuropathy and blindness, and endophthalmitis carries a significant risk of permanent vision loss even with prompt treatment. […] Prognosis: Change in refraction is typically temporary and resolves after a few months. […] Prognosis: When severe, anterior segment ischemia can progress to necrosis and phthisis bulbi, but most cases resolve with corticosteroids over time.
#33 Strabismus Surgery Complications – EyeWiki
https://eyewiki.org/Strabismus_Surgery_Complications
Strabismus surgery is typically recommended when a patients eye alignment can no longer be treated with conservative measures such as eyeglasses, eye patching, prisms, and orthoptic exercises. […] Generally, complications of strabismus surgery have an excellent prognosis for recovery with proper treatment. […] Prognosis: A scleral perforation usually does not create a problem other than a chorioretinal scar, but in some cases can trigger endophthalmitis, vitreous hemorrhage, or retinal detachment. […] Prognosis: Although most cases of post-operative infection have a good prognosis, severe orbital cellulitis can cause optic neuropathy and blindness, and endophthalmitis carries a significant risk of permanent vision loss even with prompt treatment. […] Prognosis: Change in refraction is typically temporary and resolves after a few months. […] Prognosis: When severe, anterior segment ischemia can progress to necrosis and phthisis bulbi, but most cases resolve with corticosteroids over time.
#34 Strabismus Surgery for Psychosocial ReasonsâA Literature Review | British and Irish Orthoptic Journal
https://bioj-online.com/articles/10.22599/bioj.352
In adults who underwent strabismus surgery for psychosocial reasons, improved postoperative ocular alignment and/or improved health related quality of life (HRQoL) were common. […] There was a lack of consensus on how postoperative success should be defined and measured. […] There is a growing need for robust evidence in this specific subgroup of patients due to a lack of evidence specifically reporting postoperative outcomes in adults with strabismus and psychosocial symptoms. […] Most of the evidence describing the outcomes of strabismus surgery in patients without visual symptoms reported improved postoperative ocular alignment and/or improved HRQoL. […] Overall, there was a lack of evidence specifically reporting the outcomes of strabismus surgery in adults with psychosocial symptoms.
#35 Strabismus Surgery for Psychosocial ReasonsâA Literature Review | British and Irish Orthoptic Journal
https://bioj-online.com/articles/10.22599/bioj.352
In adults who underwent strabismus surgery for psychosocial reasons, improved postoperative ocular alignment and/or improved health related quality of life (HRQoL) were common. […] There was a lack of consensus on how postoperative success should be defined and measured. […] There is a growing need for robust evidence in this specific subgroup of patients due to a lack of evidence specifically reporting postoperative outcomes in adults with strabismus and psychosocial symptoms. […] Most of the evidence describing the outcomes of strabismus surgery in patients without visual symptoms reported improved postoperative ocular alignment and/or improved HRQoL. […] Overall, there was a lack of evidence specifically reporting the outcomes of strabismus surgery in adults with psychosocial symptoms.
#36 Strabismus Surgery for Psychosocial ReasonsâA Literature Review | British and Irish Orthoptic Journal
https://bioj-online.com/articles/10.22599/bioj.352
In adults who underwent strabismus surgery for psychosocial reasons, improved postoperative ocular alignment and/or improved health related quality of life (HRQoL) were common. […] There was a lack of consensus on how postoperative success should be defined and measured. […] There is a growing need for robust evidence in this specific subgroup of patients due to a lack of evidence specifically reporting postoperative outcomes in adults with strabismus and psychosocial symptoms. […] Most of the evidence describing the outcomes of strabismus surgery in patients without visual symptoms reported improved postoperative ocular alignment and/or improved HRQoL. […] Overall, there was a lack of evidence specifically reporting the outcomes of strabismus surgery in adults with psychosocial symptoms.
#37 Automated strabismus detection and classification using deep learning analysis of facial images | Scientific Reports
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-025-88154-6
Strabismus, or eye misalignment, is a common condition affecting individuals of all ages. Early detection and accurate classification are essential for proper treatment and avoiding long-term complications. […] The proposed deep learning model achieved an accuracy of 86.38% for binary classification and 92.7% for multi-class classification. These results demonstrate the potential of our approach to assist healthcare professionals in early strabismus detection and treatment planning, ultimately improving patient outcomes. […] Early identification and precise categorization of strabismus are critical for initiating appropriate treatment and avoiding long-term consequences such as amblyopia (lazy eye) and abnormal binocular vision development. […] The accuracy of our model in both binary and multi-class classification tasks demonstrates its effectiveness in diagnosing strabismus and distinguishing between various severities and types. […] The effective incorporation of such deep learning models has the potential to transform strabismus diagnosis by enabling early identification, improved treatment planning, and ultimately, better patient outcomes.
#38 Automated strabismus detection and classification using deep learning analysis of facial images | Scientific Reports
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-025-88154-6
Strabismus, or eye misalignment, is a common condition affecting individuals of all ages. Early detection and accurate classification are essential for proper treatment and avoiding long-term complications. […] The proposed deep learning model achieved an accuracy of 86.38% for binary classification and 92.7% for multi-class classification. These results demonstrate the potential of our approach to assist healthcare professionals in early strabismus detection and treatment planning, ultimately improving patient outcomes. […] Early identification and precise categorization of strabismus are critical for initiating appropriate treatment and avoiding long-term consequences such as amblyopia (lazy eye) and abnormal binocular vision development. […] The accuracy of our model in both binary and multi-class classification tasks demonstrates its effectiveness in diagnosing strabismus and distinguishing between various severities and types. […] The effective incorporation of such deep learning models has the potential to transform strabismus diagnosis by enabling early identification, improved treatment planning, and ultimately, better patient outcomes.
#39 Prognostic preoperative factors for successful outcome of surgery in horizontal strabismus
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5516467/
Surgery for horizontal strabismus reportedly has a success rate of 60%80%. However, which preoperative factors are predictive of this success is not clear. […] To identify prognostic factors those are predictive of successful outcome in horizontal strabismus surgery. […] Successful outcome was defined as a postoperative angle of deviation within 10 prism diopter of orthophoria at 6 weeks postoperatively. […] On MLR, esotropia (ET) (odds ratio [OR]: 4.46) and absence of dense amblyopia (OR: 5.90) were associated with success. […] With an overall success rate of 83%, ET and absence of dense amblyopia were significantly predictive of surgical success. […] Our study revealed that ET (as opposed to XT) and the absence of dense amblyopia were the only factors significantly predictive of surgical success. […] Numerous studies and ours show that surgical success in strabismus surgery remains largely unpredictive. We could only identify a significant odd of success with ET and absence of dense amblyopia.
#40 Squint in Children (Strabismus): Symptoms and Treatment
https://patient.info/eye-care/visual-problems/squint-in-children-strabismus
If treatment is started in older children then some improvement in vision may still occur but full normal vision in the affected eye is unlikely ever to be achieved. […] Squint (strabismus) surgery usually greatly improves the straightness of the eyes. […] It is possible that several years after successful surgery, the squint may gradually return again. […] Most patients notice improvement in their squint (strabismus) after a single episode of surgery. […] It is not always possible to predict perfectly the amount of correction to the eye muscles needed to achieve perfect eye alignment in every direction, and sometimes squints return slightly over time.
#41
https://journals.lww.com/tjop/fulltext/2020/10040/visual_outcome_and_factors_influencing_surgical.8.aspx
The available data on strabismus surgery in South East Asian countries are scarce. This study aimed to identify visual outcome and factors influencing surgical outcome of horizontal strabismus surgery in a Southeast Asian cohort. […] Surgery was considered successful if the post-operative deviation was within 10 prism diopters at 6 months’ postoperative period. […] The success rate was 81.6%. […] The success rate was good. Postoperative best-corrected visual acuity was promising. Age of onset, gender, presence of amblyopia, type of deviation, amount of deviation, and postoperative best-corrected visual acuity did not influence the outcome of horizontal strabismus surgery in our review. […] We found no significant association between demographic (i.e., age of onset and gender), preoperative factors (i.e., amblyopia before surgery, type of deviation, and preoperative amount of deviation), and surgical outcome at 6 months’ postoperative period (P 0.05).
#42 Effectiveness of Strabismus Surgery in Intermittent Exotropia and Factors Influencing Outcome
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10889094/
Intermittent exotropia (IXT) is known to relapse after surgery. No factors to predict or prevent recurrence are known with certainty. This study investigated surgical outcome, potential influencing factors, and reoperation rate in patients with IXT. After the first surgery, 83.8% of patients had a successful surgical outcome on postoperative day 1 (POD1) (esodeviation 5 PD or exodeviation 10 PD). Logistic regression analysis revealed that small preoperative angles of exodeviation increased the probability for surgical success. A total of 8.5% had their reoperation within one year after the first surgery, 52.9% within five years. Cox regression analysis revealed that large preoperative angles of exodeviation, far/near incomitance and alphabet pattern strabismus increased the risk of reoperation. Most patients achieved surgical success on POD1, yet the squint angles often increased after surgery, resulting in reoperation in some patients. In our results, there was a clear tendency that the squint angles became more divergent again in the course of time after surgery. The more time that passed after surgery, the more the patients showed divergent squint angles. A total of 65 patients (12.1% of all patients included in this study and 36.9% of the patients from whom follow-up data were available) returned for reoperation because of a remaining or recurrent divergent squint angle. According to our KaplanMeier analysis, 8.5% of patients required reoperation within one year after first surgery, 38.9% within three years, and 52.9% within five years. Large preoperative squint angles, alphabet pattern strabismus, and far/near incomitance could possibly increase the risk for reoperation during follow-up.
#43 Prognostic preoperative factors for successful outcome of surgery in horizontal strabismus
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5516467/
Surgery for horizontal strabismus reportedly has a success rate of 60%80%. However, which preoperative factors are predictive of this success is not clear. […] To identify prognostic factors those are predictive of successful outcome in horizontal strabismus surgery. […] Successful outcome was defined as a postoperative angle of deviation within 10 prism diopter of orthophoria at 6 weeks postoperatively. […] On MLR, esotropia (ET) (odds ratio [OR]: 4.46) and absence of dense amblyopia (OR: 5.90) were associated with success. […] With an overall success rate of 83%, ET and absence of dense amblyopia were significantly predictive of surgical success. […] Our study revealed that ET (as opposed to XT) and the absence of dense amblyopia were the only factors significantly predictive of surgical success. […] Numerous studies and ours show that surgical success in strabismus surgery remains largely unpredictive. We could only identify a significant odd of success with ET and absence of dense amblyopia.
#44 Effectiveness of Strabismus Surgery in Intermittent Exotropia and Factors Influencing Outcome
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10889094/
A smaller preoperative squint angle seemed to significantly increase the likelihood of surgical success. In the 176 patients from whom follow-up data after first surgery were available, it was noticeable that only 40 patients were still in the range of surgical success while 133 patients had exotropia 10 PD for distance gaze.
#45 Automated strabismus detection and classification using deep learning analysis of facial images | Scientific Reports
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-025-88154-6
Strabismus, or eye misalignment, is a common condition affecting individuals of all ages. Early detection and accurate classification are essential for proper treatment and avoiding long-term complications. […] The proposed deep learning model achieved an accuracy of 86.38% for binary classification and 92.7% for multi-class classification. These results demonstrate the potential of our approach to assist healthcare professionals in early strabismus detection and treatment planning, ultimately improving patient outcomes. […] Early identification and precise categorization of strabismus are critical for initiating appropriate treatment and avoiding long-term consequences such as amblyopia (lazy eye) and abnormal binocular vision development. […] The accuracy of our model in both binary and multi-class classification tasks demonstrates its effectiveness in diagnosing strabismus and distinguishing between various severities and types. […] The effective incorporation of such deep learning models has the potential to transform strabismus diagnosis by enabling early identification, improved treatment planning, and ultimately, better patient outcomes.
#46 Squint in Children (Strabismus): Symptoms and Treatment
https://patient.info/eye-care/visual-problems/squint-in-children-strabismus
The medical name for squint is strabismus. […] Squint is one of the most common eye problems in children. […] This can lead to a type of visual loss in the affected eye, called amblyopia, which can become permanent unless treated early in childhood. […] The treatment for amblyopia is to prevent the squinting early enough to give the vision processing parts of the brain a chance to develop. […] If amblyopia is not treated before the age of about 7-8 years, the visual impairment usually remains permanent. […] Squint is the most common cause of amblyopia. […] Generally, the younger the child is treated, the quicker the improvement in vision is likely to be and the better the chance of restoring full normal vision. […] If treatment is started before the age of about 7 years then it is often possible to restore normal vision.
#47 Automated strabismus detection and classification using deep learning analysis of facial images | Scientific Reports
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-025-88154-6
Strabismus, or eye misalignment, is a common condition affecting individuals of all ages. Early detection and accurate classification are essential for proper treatment and avoiding long-term complications. […] The proposed deep learning model achieved an accuracy of 86.38% for binary classification and 92.7% for multi-class classification. These results demonstrate the potential of our approach to assist healthcare professionals in early strabismus detection and treatment planning, ultimately improving patient outcomes. […] Early identification and precise categorization of strabismus are critical for initiating appropriate treatment and avoiding long-term consequences such as amblyopia (lazy eye) and abnormal binocular vision development. […] The accuracy of our model in both binary and multi-class classification tasks demonstrates its effectiveness in diagnosing strabismus and distinguishing between various severities and types. […] The effective incorporation of such deep learning models has the potential to transform strabismus diagnosis by enabling early identification, improved treatment planning, and ultimately, better patient outcomes.