Materiały źródłowe

• #1 About Abusive Head Trauma | Child Abuse and Neglect Prevention | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/child-abuse-neglect/about/about-abusive-head-trauma.html

  Abusive head trauma is a leading cause of child abuse deaths in children under five. […] In the United States, abusive head trauma is a leading cause of child abuse deaths in children under five. […] Accounts for about one-third of all child maltreatment deaths. […] Pediatric Abusive Head Trauma: Recommended Definitions for Public Health Surveillance and Research: This publication improves the quality and consistency of data collected on abusive head trauma in children. […] Period of Purple Crying: This resource, developed by the National Center on Shaken Baby Syndrome (NCSBS), helps prevent shaken baby syndrome and abusive head trauma by providing programs and services to parents and professionals all over North America.

• #1 Pediatric Abusive Head Trauma – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499836/

  Shaken baby syndrome is difficult to diagnose. As a result, the incidence is uncertain. This results from a lack of a centralized reporting system, signs of maltreatment not being present, unclear presentation, and acute head trauma not being a single isolated event but one that is part of chronic neglect and abuse that ends in severe morbidity and mortality. […] In the first year of life, the incidence of abusive head trauma is estimated to be approximately 35 cases per 100,000 infants. The morbidity and mortality from abusive head trauma are significant. Approximately 65% have significant neurological disabilities, and between 5 and 35% of infants die of injuries sustained. Most survivors have both cognitive and neurologic impairment. […] Abusive head trauma is a subset of a much larger problem. Each year, millions of families of children are investigated by Child Protective Services for abuse and neglect. On average, over 3 million children per year are the subject of maltreatment reports. Of those, 20% are found to have confirmatory evidence of maltreatment.

• #2

  https://step2.medbullets.com/pediatrics/120614/shaken-baby-syndrome

  A form of child abuse resulting in cranial injury […] Epidemiology […] 40% of deaths from child abuse occur in those younger than 12 months […] abusive head injury is the most common cause of death.

• #2 Shaken Baby Syndrome

  https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/515880

  Shaken baby syndrome (SBS) is a violent act of abuse that can cause myriad neurologic, cognitive, and other functional deficits. […] Challenges in detecting and reporting SBS cases have been difficult to overcome, thus the true incidence rate is unclear. There is no centralized reporting system for SBS which can lead to the underreporting of this particularly severe form of maltreatment. […] Additionally, SBS is typically not an isolated event; rather it may be part of a more chronic pattern of maltreatment.

• #3 Shaken baby syndrome – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaken_baby_syndrome

  The incidence of shaken baby syndrome is unknown due to difficulty in diagnosis, which may be caused by lack of centralized reporting system, absent signs of maltreatment, unclear presentation, and acute head trauma being classified under chronic neglect. Incidence is estimated to be 35 out of 100,000 infants, 65% of these infants have significant neurological disabilities, and 5 to 35% of infants die as a result of sustained injuries. For children under the age of one, US-based studies have found rates of 27.5 out of 100,000 infants for the years 1997 and 2000 and a rate of 32.2 out of 100,000 in the year 2003. […] However, these statistics are presumably underestimates of the actual incidence of SBS, because there are children whose injuries may not be perceived as serious enough to be hospitalized, and those who have been hospitalized but diagnosis was missed. On the other hand, there may be significant overdiagnosis of SBS, which would make these findings an over-estimate.

• #4 Joint Statement on Traumatic Head Injury due to Child Maltreatment (THI-CM): An update to the Joint Statement on Shaken Baby Syndrome – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/publications/healthy-living/joint-statement-traumatic-head-injury-child-maltreatment.html

  Traumatic head injuries comprise a small proportion of child maltreatment (abuse, neglect and exposure to intimate partner violence) cases in Canada. However, THI-CM may result in permanent disability or death, and represents a significant and preventable burden to families and society. […] THI-CM is relatively uncommon in Canada and is present in a small proportion of cases of child maltreatment. However, it accounts for significant morbidity and mortality. […] The recognition of THI-CM is often challenging. These cases are frequently not recognized or are misdiagnosed as conditions other than head injury. Statistics on the frequency of THI-CM likely underestimate the scope of the problem. […] THI-CM is most commonly diagnosed in infants less than 1 year of age, but can also be seen in older children.

• #4 What Is Shaken Baby Syndrome? | The Shaken Baby Alliance

  https://shakenbaby.org/what-is-shaken-baby-syndrome/

  Thousands of children each year are victims of SBS/AHT/blunt force trauma injuries. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) identifies SBS as a preventable and severe form of physical child abuse that results in an injury to the brain of the child (1). Among infants and young children who are victims of child physical abuse, SBS/AHT is the most common cause of death and long-term disability (2). The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) reports an estimated incidence of 32 to 38 cases per 100,000 children per year in their first year of life, of which many go unreported (3). […] Failure to recognize AHT and respond appropriately at any step in the process, from medical diagnosis to child protection and legal decision-making can place children at risk. (4) […] Ultimately, nearly 25% of SBS/AHT victims die from the abuse and approximately 70% of survivors suffer some degree of permanent neurologic impairment, including static encephalopathy, intellectual disability, cerebral palsy, cortical blindness, seizure disorders, behavior problems, and learning disabilities (5).

• #5 ICD-10 codes for surveillance of non-fatal abusive head trauma in Aotearoa New Zealand: a retrospective cohort study | BMJ Open

  https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/13/6/e069199

  The combined 20102019 incidence for non-fatal AHT in metropolitan Auckland and Northland, as determined by the CPT, was 27.0 (95% CI 20.9 to 34.4) per 100000 per year for infants and 6.4 (95% CI 5.1 to 8) per 100000 per year for children under 5years of age. […] The best estimate of the incidence of AHT in New Zealand came from a national prospective study from 2000 to 2002, where the maximum estimate was 31.1 (95% CI 23.1 to 40.9) per 100000 infants under 1year of age.

• #6 Shaken Baby Syndrome – AANS

  https://www.aans.org/patients/conditions-treatments/shaken-baby-syndrome/

  Shaken Baby Syndrome is primarily seen in children younger than age two, with the majority of cases occurring before the baby’s first birthday. The National Center on Shaken Baby Syndrome estimates that there are between 600 and 1400 cases in the U.S. a year. […] This syndrome is the most common cause of death and long-term disability in infants and young children who are victims of child abuse.

• #7 Pediatric Abusive Head Trauma – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499836/

  Unfortunately, despite extensive research, there are no accurate statistics. Experts believe the incidence of pediatric abusive head trauma is about 1000 to 1500 infants per year. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), of the 2000 children who die from abuse annually, abusive head trauma accounts for approximately 10%. The victim of the shaken baby syndrome is typically between 3 and eight months. It is also reported in newborns and children up to 4 years of age. Up to 25% of all children diagnosed with shaken baby syndrome die from their injuries. […] New York, California, Texas, Michigan, Florida, Illinois, Massachusetts, Indiana, Ohio, and Kentucky have the highest rates of child abuse.

• #8 Shaken Baby Syndrome

  https://oklahoma.gov/health/health-education/children—family-health/improving-infant-outcomes/injury-prevention-for-babies/shaken-baby-syndrome.html

  Shaken baby syndrome (SBS) is the leading cause of death in abusive head trauma (AHT) cases. An estimated 1,200 to 1,400 children are injured or killed by shaking every year in the U.S. […] Over 300 babies a year die from being shaken in the U.S.

• #9 Shaken Baby Syndrome | Department of Health | Commonwealth of Pennsylvania

  https://www.pa.gov/agencies/health/programs/maternal-health-and-infant-care/shaken-baby-syndrome.html

  In the United States, the yearly rate of SBS is between 750 and 3,750 infants. […] One third of the victims of SBS survive with few or no consequences, one third of the victims suffer permanent injury and one third of the victims die. […] Most victims are under one year of age. […] Most SBS victims are male. […] SBS most often occurs when an adult is frustrated and angry because the baby won’t stop crying. […] Toilet training difficulties and feeding problems can also lead to SBS.

• #10 Shaken baby syndrome – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaken_baby_syndrome

  Small children are at particularly high risk for abuse associated with SBS given the large difference in size between the small child and the caretaker. SBS is primarily observed in children under the age of two but may occur in those up to age five. The majority of cases typically occur before the infant’s first birthday with the average victim age between three and eight months old. In the US, deaths due to SBS constitute about 10% of deaths due to child abuse.

• #11 Shaken Baby Syndrome | Office of Justice Programs

  https://www.ojp.gov/ncjrs/virtual-library/abstracts/shaken-baby-syndrome

  This overview of shaken baby syndrome (SBS) discusses its history, epidemiology, clinical presentation, clinical management, morbidity and mortality, and prevention. […] According to the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) Committee on Child Abuse and Neglect (2001), head injuries are the chief cause of traumatic death and the leading cause of abuse fatalities in children. […] The morbidity and mortality of inflicted head injury is worse than accidental head injury.

• #12 The Epidemiology, Clinical Characteristics and Public Health Implications of Shaken Baby Syndrome. – Child Welfare Information Gateway

  https://cwlibrary.childwelfare.gov/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=alma991000272109707651&context=L&vid=01CWIG_INST:01CWIG&lang=en&adaptor=Local%20Search%20Engine&tab=catalog&query=sub%2Cexact%2CEpidemiology%2CAND&mode=advanced&offset=60

  This chapter reviews the epidemiology and public health implications of Shaken Baby Syndrome (SBS). The discussion identifies common risk factors and symptoms of SBS and highlights the long-term health consequences of the condition for society, as well as the injured child. […] In most cases of SBS, the perpetrator is a male and the child is younger than one year old. Risks are highest for male infants, babies born prematurely, and babies who had no prenatal care. Family characteristics include single parent, young mother, poor socioeconomic status, and social service participation. […] More information is needed about the effectiveness of various prevention approaches, the epidemiology of SBS, and long-term outcomes.

• #13 Epidemiology, Clinical Characteristics and Public Health Implications of Shaken Baby Syndrome (From The Shaken Baby Syndrome: A Multidisciplinary Approach, P 19-40, 2001, Stephen Lazoritz and Vincent J. Palusci, eds. — See NCJ-195979) | Office of Justice

  https://www.ojp.gov/ncjrs/virtual-library/abstracts/epidemiology-clinical-characteristics-and-public-health

  Epidemiology, Clinical Characteristics and Public Health Implications of Shaken Baby Syndrome (From The Shaken Baby Syndrome: A Multidisciplinary Approach, P 19-40, 2001, Stephen Lazoritz and Vincent J. Palusci, eds. — See NCJ-195979) […] This paper discusses the sociodemographic characteristics of the „shaken baby” (shaken baby syndrome), along with common risk factors found among infants, families, and perpetrators. […] Most clinical studies of child maltreatment and SBS have attempted to identify the factors associated with the victim, perpetrator, and the family; some have also examined geographic differences as well as timing and „triggers” as a cause for shaking. […] Generally, young children are at high risk for loss of life from child maltreatment. From 1995 to 1997, nearly 78 percent of the victims were under 5 years old, and 38 percent were under 1 year old.

• #14 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Shaken-Baby-Syndrome.aspx

  The risk of SBS and its consequences increases the younger an infant is. […] Boys are more likely than girls to be affected with SBS and in 9 out of every 10 cases the perpetrator is a male. […] He is typically the biological father of the child, but in some instances the abuser may be the infants step-father or the mothers boyfriend. […] However, biological mothers may also be the cause in a few cases, which usually occur while the mother is attempting to punish the child corporally.

• #15 Shaken Baby Syndrome – EyeWiki

  https://eyewiki.org/Shaken_Baby_Syndrome

  Shaken Baby Syndrome (SBS) affects an estimated 1400 children/year in the United States and it is thought an astounding 2 million children are abused each year in the US alone. […] Subdural hemorrhage, occipital lobe insult, and Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) 15 are important risk factors for retinal hemorrhages. […] Children between 3 and 8 months old are at greatest risk of abusive head trauma, and age 2 years is a risk factor for retinal hemorrhages; however, a dilated fundus exam should be performed in children of any age with history or exam findings concerning for child abuse. […] Going forward, machine learning algorithms may be able to assist with identification of at-risk patients based on demographic information and contents of free-text clinical notes.

• #16 The shaken baby syndrome: review of 10 cases | HKMJ

  https://www.hkmj.org/abstracts/v5n4/337.htm

  The shaken baby syndrome: review of 10 cases […] To study the characteristics of the shaken baby syndrome from 10 cases in Hong Kong. […] All 10 patients presented with coma: the mean score on the Glasgow coma scale was 4.8 (range, 3-10). […] In all 10 cases, the history provided by the carers were incompatible with the patient’s presentation. […] Nine patients presented with seizures. […] Retinal haemorrhages were detected in all patients, but peripheral signs of bruising were observed in only three. […] Acute subdural haematoma was found in eight patients; one of the remaining two children had subarachnoid and subdural haemorrhages, whereas the other had subarachnoid and intracerebral haemorrhages. […] The suspected abusers included either or both parents (n=3), childminders (n=3), and maids (n=2); the identity of the abusers were unknown in two cases.

• #17 Trends in shaken baby syndrome diagnosis codes among young children hospitalized for abuse | Injury Epidemiology | Full Text

  https://injepijournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40621-021-00334-w

  To investigate national trends of SBS diagnosis codes and how trends varied among patient and hospital characteristics. […] The rate (per 100,000 census population of children age 3 and younger) of confirmed and possible SBS diagnosis codes was 5.4 (0.3) between 1998 and 2014, whereas the rate of non-SBS abuse was 19.6 (1.0). […] Confirmed SBS diagnosis codes have declined since 2002, while possible SBS diagnosis codes have increased. […] The discrepancy between trends in possible and confirmed SBS diagnosis codes suggests differences in norms for utilizing SBS diagnosis codes, which has implications for which hospital admissions are coded as AHT. […] This baseline data, an essential component of child abuse surveillance, will enable ongoing efforts to track, prevent, and reduce child abuse.

• #18 Trends in shaken baby syndrome diagnosis codes among young children hospitalized for abuse | Injury Epidemiology | Full Text

  https://injepijournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40621-021-00334-w

  The incidence of AHT is likely underestimated due to our ability to surveil AHT and the secrecy, stigma, and shame associated with child abuse. […] The continued reliance on SBS codes suggests that medical professionals find utility in the diagnosis, yet little is known about the use of SBS diagnosis codes per year or over time. […] In the absence of this data, researchers will not know the extent to which SBS is diagnosed, or the patient and hospital characteristics associated with SBS diagnosis. […] Our findings also highlight the relativity defining and applying SBS diagnosis codes to children admitted to the hospital for shaking injuries. […] The overall rate of total SBS diagnosis codes was 5.4 (0.3) for every 100,000 children 3 years of age or younger from 1998 to 2014, whereas the rate of non-SBS abuse was 19.6 (1.0). […] Our study findings demonstrated that while confirmed SBS has decreased since 2002, possible SBS has increased.

• #19 Passive surveillance of shaken baby syndrome using hospital inpatient data – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18374263/

  Background: The conference from which these articles came addressed the question of public health surveillance for shaken baby syndrome (SBS) and explores one component of a comprehensive SBS surveillance system that would be relatively easy to implement and maintain: passive surveillance based on hospital inpatient data. […] Results: Based on 2006 analyses, California inpatient data are presented for 1998-2004. […] Conclusions: Despite the limitations of inpatient data, a passive surveillance system like the one proposed here can provide a critical component for a comprehensive SBS surveillance system and may be adequate for some purposes, including identifying high-risk areas or groups for intervention and monitoring trends over time.

• #20 Leading Experts Investigate Shaken Baby Syndrome | ScienceDaily

  https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/04/080410101213.htm

  Shaken Baby Syndrome is the leading cause of death from childhood maltreatment. […] An international symposium sponsored by the National Center on Shaken Baby Syndrome examined how to establish the incidence of inflicted traumatic brain injury in young children and explored issues of definitions, passive versus active surveillance, study designs, proxy measures, statistical issues and prevention. […] Presentations addressed two main themes: (1) the adequacy of current and/or projected systems for measuring the incidence of shaken baby syndrome; and (2) a review of available strategies for evaluating the effectiveness of primary programs for its prevention in large jurisdictions. […] Keenan, Minns and Trent described their experiences with active and passive surveillance systems. […] Writing in the supplement, Guest Editors Ronald G. Barr, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, and Child Family Research Institute, and Desmond K. Runyan, The University of North Caroline, Chapel Hill, state, „…it is apparent that there is a 'bad news/good news’ storyline emerging here. While the challenges to measuring inflicted injury are real and considerable, it is equally clear that considerable progress has been made and that reliable and valid measurement appears feasible and obtainable.”

• #21 General Law – Part I, Title XVI, Chapter 111, Section 24L

  https://malegislature.gov/Laws/GeneralLaws/PartI/TitleXVI/Chapter111/Section24l

  Section 24L. (a) The department of public health shall collaborate with the department of children and families, the child abuse prevention board and staff of the Children’s Trust Fund, the office of the child advocate, other state agencies serving families and children, health care providers, law enforcement personnel, human service providers, and child advocacy organizations to develop and implement a comprehensive, state-wide shaken baby syndrome prevention initiative to reduce death and disability resulting from shaken baby syndrome. The initiative shall be subject to appropriation and shall include, but not be limited to: […] (4) the creation of a surveillance and data collection program to measure the incidence of shaken baby syndrome and traumatic brain injury in infants and children.

• #22 Statistical Problems in the Diagnosis of Shaken Baby Syndrome/Abusive Head Trauma: Limitations to Algorithms and the Need for Reliable Data

  https://arxiv.org/html/2412.10648v1

  The medical and legal controversy surrounding the diagnosis of Shaken Baby Syndrome/Abusive Head Trauma (SBS/AHT) raises critical questions about its scientific foundation and reliability. […] Current health records are insufficient because there is a lack of ground truth, reliance on circular reasoning, contextual bias, heterogeneity across institutions, and integration of legal decisions into medical assessments. […] Thus, current data is insufficient to reliably distinguish SBS/AHT from other medical conditions or accidental injuries. […] There is a need for systematic data collection of the additional contextual information used by physicians and pathologists to make determinations of abuse. […] Furthermore, because of the legal nature of the diagnosis, i.e., its accuracy, repeatability, and reproducibility, must be tested.

• #23 Statistical Problems in the Diagnosis of Shaken Baby Syndrome/Abusive Head Trauma: Limitations to Algorithms and the Need for Reliable Data

  https://arxiv.org/html/2412.10648v1

  Better data and evaluating the scientific validity of SBS/AHT are essential to protect vulnerable children while ensuring fairness and accuracy in legal proceedings involving allegations of abuse. […] Despite extensive research efforts, determining the prevalence of the diagnosis of SBS/AHT accurately remains challenging. […] This article highlights the need for a systematic effort to collect and analyze data related to SBS/AHT, to standardize diagnostic practices, and to ensure that legal decisions are based on reliable and objective medical evidence. […] The CDC is aware of the heterogeneity of SBS/AHT diagnoses. […] It has attempted to standardize diagnostic criteria by using multiple medical (ICD) codes and categorizing cases as definite, presumptive, or probable AHT. […] The fact that there are 23 pages of ICD codes that are included in the SBS/AHT diagnosis, begs the question of whether the CDCs recommendation is a clearly defined standard for diagnosing SBS/AHT.

• #24 Shaken Baby Syndrome

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/shaken-baby-syndrome/67016F1A1F6ED92141A179E9A5D145FB

  Since the early 2000s, a growing body of scientific studies in neuropathology, neurology, neurosurgery, biomechanics, statistics, criminology and psychology has cast doubt on the forensic reliability of medical determinations of Shaken Baby Syndrome (SBS), more recently termed Abusive Head Trauma (AHT). […] Studies have increasingly documented that accidental short falls and a wide range of medical conditions, can cause the same symptoms and findings associated with this syndrome. […] Nevertheless, inaccurate diagnoses, unrealistic confidence expression, and wrongful convictions continue to this day. […] With comprehensive coverage across multiple disciplines, it explains the scientific evidence challenging SBS and advances efforts to evaluate how deaths and serious brain injuries in infants should be analysed and investigated. […] Chapter 16 – Epidemiology of Findings Claimed to Be Highly Specific for Shaken Baby Syndrome/Abusive Head Trauma, a Prerequisite to Improve Diagnosis of Child Abuse.

• #25 Shaken Baby Syndrome/Abusive Head Trauma Opinion Evidence in American Courts (Chapter 19) – Shaken Baby Syndrome

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/shaken-baby-syndrome/shaken-baby-syndromeabusive-head-trauma-opinion-evidence-in-american-courts/783D2E8B3C49C7ABD6F1C8387A33C56F

  The clinical diagnostic process invokes unvalidated general-causation theory (shaking) as an explanation for clinical findings in infants. […] While child abuse may be a valid diagnosis for triggering social service intervention, it is not a scientifically sound diagnosis. […] Lacking foundational validity and support in the relevant scientific fields, SBS/AHT lacks reliability and general acceptance. […] Expert opinion of SBS/AHT general causation theory is inadmissible under a Daubert or Frye analysis.

• #26 Early Childhood Peace Consortium

  https://ecdpeace.org/shaken-baby-syndrome-and-triple-dose-strategy-its-prevention

  OBJECTIVES: Inflicted traumatic brain injury associated with Shaken Baby Syndrome (SBS) is a leading cause of injury mortality and morbidity in infants. A triple-dose SBS prevention program was implemented with the aim to reduce the incidence of SBS. The objectives of this study were to describe the epidemiology of SBS, the triple-dose prevention program, and its evaluation. […] METHODS: Descriptive and spatial epidemiologic profiles of SBS cases treated at Childrens Hospital, London Health Sciences Centre, from 1991 to 2010 were created. […] RESULTS: Forty-three percent of severe infant injuries were intentional. A total of 54 SBS cases were identified. The mean age was 6.7 months (standard deviation, 10.9 months), with 61% of infant males. […] CONCLUSIONS: SBS is a devastating intentional injury that often results in poor outcomes for the child. Implementing a triple-dose prevention program that provides education on crying patterns, coping strategies, and the dangers of shaking is key to SBS prevention. The program increased knowledge. Parents rated the program as useful. The media campaign allowed us to extend the primary prevention beyond new parents to help create a cultural change in the way crying, the primary trigger for SBS, is viewed. Targeting our intervention increased the likelihood that our message was reaching the population in greatest need.

• #27 Child & Adolescent Health – Arkansas Department of Health

  https://healthy.arkansas.gov/programs-services/community-family-child-health/family-health/child-adolescent-health/

  Arkansas Act 1208 of 2013 was created to strengthen the education about shaken baby syndrome mandated by Arkansas Act 1128 of 2011; which required birthing facilities to ensure that all new mothers receive information on shaken baby syndrome. A brochure was developed to provide pertinent and factual messages that focus on prevention of abusive head trauma (shaken baby syndrome). ADH sends these brochures annually to every birthing hospital. […] Act 1208 of 2013 mandates other providers and agencies, including prenatal providers and child care facilities to distribute information to families about shaken baby syndrome. It also requires any educational material created on shaken baby syndrome to be reviewed and approved by the Arkansas Department of Health. The ADH Child and Adolescent Health Section will continue to provide the brochures annually and as needed to each birthing hospital to give to new parents. Hospitals may also download the brochures here. For questions about the brochures call: 501-280-4790.

• #28 The Epidemiology, Clinical Characteristics and Public Health Implications of Shaken Baby Syndrome. – Child Welfare Information Gateway

  http://cwlibrary.childwelfare.gov/discovery/fulldisplay/alma991000272109707651/01CWIG_INST:01CWIG

  This chapter reviews the epidemiology and public health implications of Shaken Baby Syndrome (SBS). The discussion identifies common risk factors and symptoms of SBS and highlights the long-term health consequences of the condition for society, as well as the injured child. […] More information is needed about the effectiveness of various prevention approaches, the epidemiology of SBS, and long-term outcomes.

• #29 ICD-10 codes for surveillance of non-fatal abusive head trauma in Aotearoa New Zealand: a retrospective cohort study | BMJ Open

  https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/13/6/e069199

  Objectives To assess the validity of an International Classification of Diseases (ICD) code based definition of non-fatal head trauma caused by child abuse (abusive head trauma) for population surveillance in New Zealand. […] The ICD-10 code broad definition of AHT is a reasonable epidemiological tool for passive surveillance of AHT in New Zealand but it underestimates the incidence. […] The need for better population surveillance of AHT has been recognised for some time. […] In New Zealand, there is no passive surveillance of AHT. […] The objective of this study was to examine the validity of the CDC broad definition, adapted for use with the ICD-10-AM, for passive surveillance of non-fatal AHT in New Zealand. […] The principal finding of our study was the relatively low sensitivity of the broad definition of non-fatal AHT, identifying only 67% of cases of non-fatal AHT (95%CI 57 to 75).

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