Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Shaken baby syndrome – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/shaken-baby-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20366619

  Shaken baby syndrome is a serious brain injury that results from forcefully shaking an infant or a toddler. […] Shaken baby syndrome can damage or destroy a child’s brain cells. This form of child abuse can cause permanent brain damage or death. […] Shaken baby syndrome usually occurs when a parent or caregiver severely shakes a baby or toddler due to frustration or anger. It often happens because the child won’t stop crying. […] Shaken baby syndrome is not caused by bouncing a child on your knee or minor falls. […] Babies have weak neck muscles and can’t support the weight of their heads. If a baby is forcefully shaken, their brain moves back and forth inside the skull. This causes bruising, swelling and bleeding.

• #1 National Center on Shaken Baby Syndrome – Learn More

  https://www.dontshake.org/learn-more

  Shaken Baby Syndrome/Abusive Head Trauma (SBS/AHT) is a term used to describe the constellation of signs and symptoms resulting from violent shaking or shaking and impacting of the head of an infant or small child. The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) describes SBS as a subset of AHT with injuries having the potential to result in death or permanent neurologic disability. […] SBS is a form of child abuse that happens when an infant or small child is violently shaken. […] Violent shaking for just a few seconds has the potential to cause severe injuries. […] Factors that contribute to a babys vulnerability include: Babies heads are heavy and large in proportion to their body size, Babies have weak neck muscles, Babies have fragile, undeveloped brains, There is a large size and strength difference between the victim and the perpetrator.

• #1 Shaken Baby Syndrome (Abusive Head Trauma): Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/13779-shaken-baby-syndrome

  Shaken baby syndrome most often happens at the hands of an overwhelmed and frustrated caregiver who cant cope with a babys inconsolable crying. The caregiver gets angry or stressed and loses control. Most times, the caregiver didnt mean to harm the baby, but its still a form of child abuse. […] When someone shakes a baby or young child violently, shaken baby syndrome can occur. Hitting the child on the head, throwing them and dropping them on purpose can also cause the condition. Shaking or hitting a child can cause their brain to shake back and forth inside their skull. […] Children’s brains are softer and their ligaments are weaker. Their neck muscles arent fully developed yet. In addition, their heads are large and heavy in proportion to the rest of their bodies. The violent shaking tears the childs blood vessels, nerves and tissues, causing their brain to swell, bruise and bleed. […] Shaken baby syndrome is a type of child abuse. It happens when someone violently shakes a baby or small child.

• #1 Shaken baby syndrome – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaken_baby_syndrome

  This figure has been criticized for circular reasoning, selection bias and that violent shaking very rarely causes serious injury. […] The most common symptoms are said to be retinal bleeds, multiple fractures of the long bones, and subdural hematomas (bleeding in the brain). […] Retinal hemorrhage (bleeding) occurs in around 85% of SBS cases and the severity of retinal hemorrhage correlates with severity of head injury. […] The type of retinal bleeds are often believed to be particularly characteristic of this condition, making the finding useful in establishing the diagnosis, although again such patterns are not found when shaking is independently witnessed, and is almost certainly due to selection bias. […] The mechanical basis for SBS comes from a combination of babies having weaker neck muscles and larger heads.

• #1 Shaken baby syndrome – UF Health

  https://ufhealth.org/conditions-and-treatments/shaken-baby-syndrome-3

  Shaken baby syndrome is a severe form of child abuse caused by violently shaking an infant or child. […] Shaken baby syndrome can occur from as little as 5 seconds of shaking. […] Most cases are due to an angry parent or caregiver shaking the baby to punish or quiet it. Such shaking most often takes place when the infant is crying inconsolably and the frustrated caregiver loses control. […] Injuries are most likely to happen when the baby is shaken and then the baby’s head hits something. […] Shaken baby syndrome does not result from gentle bouncing, playful swinging or tossing the child in the air, or jogging with the child.

• #1 Shaken baby syndrome (SBS) Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments

  https://www.upmc.com/services/womens-health/conditions/shaken-baby-syndrome

  Shaken baby syndrome (SBS) is a traumatic brain injury that an infant can suffer after having been shaken violently. […] The leading cause of shaken baby syndrome is frustration with a baby who won’t stop crying. […] The leading cause of shaken baby syndrome is frustration with a baby who won’t stop crying. […] Shaken baby syndrome is not caused by mild impacts, like bouncing a baby on your knee, rolling off the couch, or tossing a baby into the air. […] SBS occurs most often in infants younger than 6 months but can happen in children up to age 1. […] An estimated 80% of babies that survive shaken baby syndrome will have lifelong disabilities. […] Shaken baby syndrome is entirely preventable.

• #1 Shaken Baby Syndrome (Abusive Head Trauma): Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/13779-shaken-baby-syndrome

  Shaken baby syndrome is a type of severe child abuse that occurs when a caregiver violently shakes a child. The condition can cause swelling, bruising and bleeding in a babys brain, and it can lead to brain damage, lifelong disabilities and even death. […] Shaken baby syndrome is a type of brain injury that occurs when a baby or toddler is shaken violently. This can cause swelling, bruising and bleeding in and around their brain. […] Shaken baby syndrome most often happens when a parent or other caregiver becomes frustrated or angry because of a babys crying. It can occur from as little as 5 seconds of shaking. The resulting injuries can lead to brain damage, permanent disabilities and death. […] Parents or caregivers may shake a baby because its been crying for a long time. They may think that shaking the baby will make them stop crying.

• #1 Pediatric Abusive Head Trauma – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499836/

  Pediatric abusive head trauma (AHT), or shaken baby syndrome, most often involves shaking, blunt impact, or a combination of both in infants and young children, which can lead to neurological injury. […] Another term for this condition is shaken baby syndrome (SBS). Shaking, blunt impact or the combination can result in neurological injury. AHT is the most dangerous and deadly form of child abuse. […] Risk factors for abusive head trauma may include behaviors and situations that involve the child, the family, and the caregiver. Infants who inconsolably cry are at risk of a frustrated caregiver responding with violent shaking. Colic is a risk factor. […] Risk factors for abusive head trauma include: Behavioral health problems, Domestic violence history, Frustration intolerance, Lack of childcare experience, Lack of prenatal care, Low education level, Low socioeconomic status, Single-parent families, Young parents without support.

• #1 Pediatric Abusive Head Trauma – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499836/

  Acute head trauma perpetrators are most frequently the father or stepfather, mothers boyfriend, female babysitter, and the mother. Shaking is often associated with the perpetrators level of frustration and tension. […] Abusive head trauma is the primary cause of death and disability in infants and young children from child abuse. Child abuse has been identified as the major cause of brain injuries in one-fourth of children older than 2. […] Abusive head trauma typically involves injury to the intracranial contents or skull of an infant or child younger than 5 years old as a result of violent shaking or blunt impact. The outcome ranges from complete recovery to significant brain damage and death. […] The perpetrator is usually a caregiver or parent, with 65% to 90% being male. The National Center for Shaken Baby Syndrome estimates that each year between 1200 to 1400 children are injured or killed by abusive head injuries annually in the United States. […] Abusive head trauma does not always present with retinal or subdural hemorrhage or traumatic brain injury. Unexplained cervical spine injuries, seizures, or fractures should also lead the clinician to consider abusive head trauma.

• #1 Study: Men More Likely to be Accused of Shaking Infants – Northwestern Now

  https://news.northwestern.edu/stories/2013/08/the-medill-justice-projects-study-shows-men-far-more-likely-than-women-to-be-accused-of-violently-shaking-infants/

  Men are nearly three times more likely than women to be accused of violently shaking an infant. […] Out of nearly 3,000 cases nationwide, 72.5 percent of those accused of shaken-baby syndrome crimes are men, while 27.5 percent are women. […] Shaken-baby syndrome crimes involve caregivers who are accused of inflicting severe head trauma on children, typically under the age of 2, causing a triad of symptoms — brain bleeding, brain swelling and bleeding within the eye. […] Experts interviewed about the gender discrepancy point to more than one cause for why so many more men than women are accused of shaken-baby syndrome crimes. […] While there is no clear consensus on the causes, some experts posit that men are not as socialized as women in how to care for infants.

• #1

  https://www.boystownpediatrics.org/knowledge-center/shaken-baby-syndrome

  Shaken baby syndrome is a head trauma injury caused by forceful and vigorous shaking of an infant or young child. […] Infants are at higher risk for shaken baby syndrome because of their large head size and poor muscle control. […] Shaken baby syndrome is a form of child abuse. […] The babies are susceptible to injury for several reasons most of it has to do with a very large size of their heads and their poor head control. […] It takes a significant amount of shaking and force to cause shaken baby syndrome. […] Shaken baby syndrome is often caused by fairly violent acts against the infant, typically out of anger. […] Anywhere from 15 to 25 percent of cases end in death, and children that are fortunate enough to survive end up with long-term neurological problems.

• #1 Shaken Baby Syndrome – AANS

  https://www.aans.org/patients/conditions-treatments/shaken-baby-syndrome/

  The National Center on Shaken Baby Syndrome estimates that there are between 600 and 1400 cases in the U.S. a year. […] This syndrome is the most common cause of death and long-term disability in infants and young children who are victims of child abuse. […] Shaken baby syndrome is completely preventable. Taking care of a baby can present challenges, especially for first-time parents. However, it is important to remember that it is never acceptable to shake, throw or hit a baby.

• #1 National Center on Shaken Baby Syndrome – Facts & Info

  https://www.dontshake.org/learn-more/item/114-facts-and-info

  The lifetime average cost for an SBS/AHT death is an estimated $5.7 million. […] SBS/AHT is the leading cause of physical child abuse deaths in the U.S. […] Shaken Baby Syndrome is a collection of findings, all of which may not be present in any individual child with the condition. Injuries that characterize Shaken Baby Syndrome are intracranial hemorrhage (bleeding in and around the brain); retinal hemorrhage (bleeding in the retina of the eye); and fractures of the ribs and at the ends of the long bones. […] Shaken Baby Syndrome is a subset of Abusive Head Trauma characterized by repetitive acceleration-deceleration forces with or without blunt head impact resulting in a unique complex of ocular, intracranial, and sometimes other injuries, usually in infantsit has become widely recognized as one of the most serious manifestations of physical child abuse.

• #1 Shaken baby syndrome – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaken_baby_syndrome

  The injuries were believed to occur because shaking the child subjected the head to acceleration-deceleration and rotational forces. […] However in the 50 years since that time, no scientifically reliable evidence has been found to support this hypothesis. […] The association of diagnosed SBS with deliberate assault is a matter of legal and medical contention, with conflicting opinions as to whether one necessarily implies the other. […] According to Gabaeff (2018), shaken baby syndrome is an „unproven hypothesis”. […] A 2017 review concluded that there is insufficient scientific evidence to assess the accuracy of diagnosing traumatic shaking. […] A 2023 academic review by Squier states: „There is insufficient scientific evidence to assume that an infant with the triad of subdural haemorrhage (SDH), retinal haemorrhage, and encephalopathy must have been shaken”, and that „research has shown the triad is not sufficient to infer shaking or abuse and the shaking hypothesis does not meet the standards of evidence based medicine.”

• #1 Shaken baby syndrome – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaken_baby_syndrome

  Shaken baby syndrome (SBS), also known as abusive head trauma (AHT), is a controversial and scientifically disputed medical condition in children younger than five years old, hypothesized to be caused by blunt trauma, vigorous shaking, or a combination of both. […] According to literature, the condition is caused by violent shaking with or without blunt impact that can lead to long-term health consequences for infants or children. […] Some medical professionals propose that SBS is the result of respiratory abnormalities leading to hypoxia and swelling of the brain. […] The concept is controversial in child abuse pediatrics, with critics arguing it is an unproven hypothesis that has little diagnostic accuracy. […] According to proponents, SBS is the leading cause of fatal head injuries in children under two, with a risk of death of about 25%.

• #1 Diseases & Conditions That Mimic Shaken Baby Syndrome – Mark D. Freeman Esq.

  https://www.shakenbabydefense.com/science/explanations

  In many cases, medical findings that are typically found in abuse have accidental or medical explanations. […] It is not known what causes this condition, but birth trauma has been suggested as one potential cause, and the condition often manifests itself as lethargy, vomiting or seizures typically in the two to six-month old range. […] More recent research has disproven this false belief. We now know that short falls can transmit greater force to a childs head than human shaking. […] Birth trauma is known to routinely cause subdural hemorrhage and retinal hemorrhage births, including births via cesaerian section. […] Bruising, subdural hemorrhage and retinal hemorrhage are recognized to occur from minor or no trauma when a child has a bleeding disorder. […] Collagen disorders such as Osteogenesis Imperfecta, Ehlers Danlos Syndrome, and others are recognized to make patients susceptible to bone fragility fractures, subdural hemorrhage, retinal hemorrhage and bruising. […] Vitamin K deficiency is well-recognized to cause subdural hemorrhage. […] There is a long list of medical conditions that can make a child susceptible to subdural hemorrhage and retinal hemorrhages.

• #1 Robert Roberson and the controversy of shaken baby syndrome | The Texas Tribune

  https://www.texastribune.org/2024/10/17/robert-roberson-shaken-baby-controversy/

  In 2009, the American Academy of Pediatrics widened the shaken baby syndrome term to abusive head trauma, and acknowledged that symptoms can be caused by incidents other than shaking, including short falls. […] Last year, a judge in New Jersey likened the shaken baby syndrome to junk science, and noted that no study has ever validated the hypothesis that shaking a child can cause the triad of symptoms associated with shaken baby syndrome. […] There’s been a recognition, at least in certain courts, that the science has changed so much that they’re actually vacating convictions.

• #1 Rethinking Shaken Baby Syndrome : NPR

  https://www.npr.org/2011/06/29/137471992/rethinking-shaken-baby-syndrome

  Others including many pediatricians strongly defend the diagnosis and say they often see its devastation. They say that violent shaking alone can cause a child’s death or severe brain damage with lifelong disabilities. […] Covington says that when she meets with prosecutors, police and medical examiners, they say they’re already reluctant to bring even pretty clear cases. […] „If you have a spare couple million bucks and you’d like to finance a meeting, preferably in one of the good places like Vegas or Bermuda or whatever then away we go,” he says with a laugh.

• #1 ‘We believe you harmed your child’: the war over shaken baby convictions | Children | The Guardian

  https://www.theguardian.com/news/2017/dec/08/shaken-baby-syndrome-war-over-convictions

  The triad became the diagnostic tool for detecting violent abuse. […] Doctors began questioning the idea that a baby could be killed by shaking and yet have no other signs of violent attack. 'If you grip a baby hard enough to shake it, you’re going to bruise it, you’re going to fracture ribs, you’re going to break the neck.’ […] The prosecutorial forces launched a counter-attack. Their first victory came in 2005, during an appeal hearing against three shaken-baby convictions, including that of Lorraine Harris. […] The latest scientific evidence seems to support the sceptics. In 2016, Swedish academics published the most in-depth review of the literature on the triad yet, assessing 1,065 papers. What they found was 'very low-quality scientific evidence’ for the hypothesis that the triad is caused by shaking. Author Niels Lynöe told the New Scientist: 'You can’t use these studies to say that whenever you see these changes in the infant brain, the infant has been shaken. It’s not possible according to current knowledge.’ […] Smith argues, you’re never going to see such proof in a scientific study because the only way to scientifically prove shaking causes the triad is to actually shake a baby. And, of course, that’s not allowed.”

• #1 10 Common Baby Questions | Children’s Hospital Colorado

  https://www.childrenscolorado.org/conditions-and-advice/calm-a-crying-baby/parents/about-shaken-baby-syndrome/

  Babies, especially infants, dont have a lot of ways to communicate what they want and how theyre feeling. […] No parent or caregiver ever thinks they could intentionally harm a child. But it happens. An adult loses patience, just for an instant, and shakes a crying baby. That momentary lapse in judgment can bring a lifetime of sorrow. Shaking a baby can cause serious and sometimes fatal head injuries or permanent disabilities called shaken baby syndrome (SBS). You can prevent SBS by educating everyone who cares for your child about the dangers of shaking a baby, and how to appropriately respond to crying.

• #1 What is Shaken Baby Syndrome? – Happiest Baby

  https://www.happiestbaby.com/blogs/baby/shaken-baby-syndrome

  Shaken Baby Syndrome (SBS) is a tragic problem where ~1,000 to 3,000 babies are injured by their caregivers every year (25% die and 80% of the survivors are permanently brain damaged). […] The #1 trigger and most common cause of shaken baby syndrome is a crying baby (and the violent motion that a frustrated parent uses to shake the baby’s head, usually whipping it roughly 1 to 2 feet back and forth). […] The National Center on Shaken Baby Syndrome reports that SBS is not caused by „tossing a baby in the air, jogging with your baby, or driving over bumps in your car. […] „Accidental falls, even down stairways, are not generally the cause of brain injuries in infants. Household falls from furniture or down stairs most commonly result in minor trauma. High-velocity impact injuries, falls from extreme heights or falls onto extremely hard surfaces provide the opportunities for more severe injuries, like those seen in SBS injuries.” […] For that reason, the 5 S’s are taught in university hospitals and public health programs in over 20 nations to help support parents… and to reduce shaken baby syndrome.

• #1 Shaken baby syndrome – HonorHealth

  https://www.honorhealth.com/medical-services/maternity/shaken-baby-syndrome

  Shaken baby syndrome is the collection of signs and symptoms resulting from the violent shaking of an infant or small child. Shaken baby syndrome is a form of child abuse and the consequence of an assault, not the result of active play or clumsy handling. Shaken baby syndrome is the leading cause of death in child abuse cases in the U.S. […] Shaken baby syndrome occurs when an infant or small child is shaken forcefully and/or if the head is hit hard against an object such as a mattress, floor or wall. […] The forceful motion of the head hitting an object or snapping back and forth causes the fragile and immature brain of the child to slam against the skull. […] It only takes seconds of shaking to cause irreversible brain damage in an infant. […] Most incidences of shaken baby syndrome occur when a baby will not stop crying. […] Regardless of the state of aggravation, it is never acceptable to shake a baby or young child. […] Finally, remind your child’s caregivers that it is NEVER okay to shake a baby or child. If you suspect or know that a child has been shaken, seek medical attention immediately.

• #1 Shaken Baby Syndrome – Description of the Problem

  https://www.health.ny.gov/prevention/injury_prevention/shaken_baby_syndrome/description.htm

  Shaken Baby Syndrome (SBS) occurs when an adult or older child violently shakes a young child, sometimes hitting the baby’s head on a surface such as a bed or floor. […] Shaking can cause many health problems, such as brain injury, cerebral palsy, blindness, hearing loss, learning and behavior problems, seizures, paralysis, and death. […] One in four children who is shaken dies from their injuries. […] Most adults who admit to shaking a baby say that they became frustrated and upset when the baby would not stop crying. […] Evidence based research suggests that programs that teach parents and caregivers about the dangers of shaking a baby, as well as ways to cope with the stresses of caring for a child, are very effective in reducing the incidence of SBS.

• #2 Shaken Baby Syndrome (Abusive Head Trauma): Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/13779-shaken-baby-syndrome

  Shaken baby syndrome is a type of severe child abuse that occurs when a caregiver violently shakes a child. The condition can cause swelling, bruising and bleeding in a babys brain, and it can lead to brain damage, lifelong disabilities and even death. […] Shaken baby syndrome is a type of brain injury that occurs when a baby or toddler is shaken violently. This can cause swelling, bruising and bleeding in and around their brain. […] Shaken baby syndrome most often happens when a parent or other caregiver becomes frustrated or angry because of a babys crying. It can occur from as little as 5 seconds of shaking. The resulting injuries can lead to brain damage, permanent disabilities and death. […] Parents or caregivers may shake a baby because its been crying for a long time. They may think that shaking the baby will make them stop crying.

• #2 Shaken Baby Syndrome: Causes and SymptomsCircleBumpCheckedFilledMedicalBookmarkBookmarkTickBookmarkAddCheckBoxCheckBoxFilled

  https://www.thebump.com/a/shaken-baby-syndrome

  Shaken baby syndrome describes a set of symptoms that result from deliberate and violent shaking to quiet baby, says Marisa McPeck-Stringham, an information and research specialist at the National Center on Shaken Baby Syndrome. It can lead to permanent brain damage and, in the most severe cases, even death. Babies under a year old are at the greatest risk for shaken baby syndrome, especially between 2 and 4 months, a stage when babies tend to cry a lot. […] Infants are susceptible to shaken baby syndrome for a few key reasons: They have big, heavy heads; weak neck muscles and fragile, underdeveloped brains. When a baby is shaken, their head rotates in a figure eight motion, McPeck-Stringham explains. The acceleration and deceleration of their brain causes violent and catastrophic injury equivalent to a high-impact car accident, even if the shaking lasts for only seconds long, she says.

• #2 Shaken Baby Syndrome | Abusive Head Trauma – Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment, Prevention

  https://www.medindia.net/health/conditions/shaken-baby-syndrome.htm

  Shaken baby syndrome is a type of traumatic brain injury in babies or toddlers due to abuse; it is included under abusive head trauma (AHT) and inflicted traumatic brain injury (ITBI). […] The other cause of abusive head trauma in babies is due to hitting the head on a blunt surface, which may or may not be following the episode of shaking of the baby. […] In shaken baby syndrome, the injuries result from violent shaking of the baby. […] The problem of shaken baby syndrome arises not due to any health issues in the child, but due to the response of the adult taking care of the child, who may not be prepared enough to handle a newborn. […] Shaken baby syndrome is a condition following repeated violent shaking of the baby. […] Some of the causes include: Excessive crying that causes frustration in the caregiver who may be tired, impulsive or lack control over his / her anger.

• #2 Shaken Baby Syndrome: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatments

  https://www.healthline.com/health/shaken-baby-syndrome

  Shaken baby syndrome occurs when someone violently shakes an infant or toddler. […] People may shake an infant out of frustration or anger, often because the child wont stop crying. Although shaking does eventually make the baby stop crying, its usually because the shaking has damaged their brain. […] Babies have weak neck muscles and often have difficulty supporting their heads. When an infant is forcefully shaken, their head moves uncontrollably. The violent movement repeatedly throws the babys brain against the inside of the skull, causing bruising, swelling, and bleeding.

• #2

  https://www.aapos.org/glossary/shaken-baby-syndrome

  Shaken baby syndrome (SBS), also known as non-accidental trauma (NAT), is a diagnosis that may include a combination of findings including broken long bones such as arms or legs, skull fractures, brain bleeding and retinal hemorrhages. SBS occurs when a baby is shaken repeatedly, often by a frustrated caretaker in an effort to quiet an inconsolable baby. A babys head is disproportionately large and the blood vessels are fragile, which makes the brain and eyes more susceptible to bleeding from a shaking injury. […] Injuries from SBS can lead to permanent visual and developmental disabilities, or even death. […] Permanent damage to vision can also occur as a result of direct injury to the eye or the brain. Damage to the brain is the main reason for poor vision. Scarring of the retina or atrophy of the optic nerve may show up months after the injury and is usually irreversible. Brain injury may also lead to developmental delays, seizures, paralysis, and even death. Nearly a quarter of shaken infants can die from their injuries.

• #2 National Center on Shaken Baby Syndrome – Facts & Info

  https://www.dontshake.org/learn-more/item/114-facts-and-info

  Abusive head trauma (AHT), which includes shaken baby syndrome, is a preventable and severe form of physical child abuse that results in an injury to the brain of an infant or child. AHT is most common in children under age five, with children under one year of age at most risk. It is caused by violent shaking or blunt impact. […] Shaken Baby Syndrome (also known as Shaken Impact Syndrome) is a serious form of abuse inflicted upon a child. It usually occurs when a parent or other caregiver shakes a baby out of anger or frustration, often because the baby will not stop crying. […] The injuries seen in cases of SBS/AHT are caused by violent shaking and, in some cases, impact. This is due to the rapid and repeated acceleration and deceleration of the victims head whipping back and forth and side to side. Shaking injuries require massive, violent force. One shake is all it takes to cause traumatic brain injuries in an infant.

• #2 Shaken Baby Syndrome – Facts and Figures

  https://www.health.ny.gov/prevention/injury_prevention/shaken_baby_syndrome/sbs_fact_sheet.htm

  SBS is usually caused by a frustrated parent or caregiver who shakes a baby when it will not stop crying, or because of some other personal stress like money or relationship problems. […] It only takes a few seconds of violent shaking to cause permanent damage.

• #2 What is Shaken Baby Syndrome? – Happiest Baby

  https://www.happiestbaby.com/blogs/baby/shaken-baby-syndrome

  Shaken Baby Syndrome (SBS) is a tragic problem where ~1,000 to 3,000 babies are injured by their caregivers every year (25% die and 80% of the survivors are permanently brain damaged). […] The #1 trigger and most common cause of shaken baby syndrome is a crying baby (and the violent motion that a frustrated parent uses to shake the baby’s head, usually whipping it roughly 1 to 2 feet back and forth). […] The National Center on Shaken Baby Syndrome reports that SBS is not caused by „tossing a baby in the air, jogging with your baby, or driving over bumps in your car. […] „Accidental falls, even down stairways, are not generally the cause of brain injuries in infants. Household falls from furniture or down stairs most commonly result in minor trauma. High-velocity impact injuries, falls from extreme heights or falls onto extremely hard surfaces provide the opportunities for more severe injuries, like those seen in SBS injuries.” […] For that reason, the 5 S’s are taught in university hospitals and public health programs in over 20 nations to help support parents… and to reduce shaken baby syndrome.

• #2 Shaken baby syndrome – UF Health

  https://ufhealth.org/conditions-and-treatments/shaken-baby-syndrome-3

  Shaken baby syndrome is a severe form of child abuse caused by violently shaking an infant or child. […] Shaken baby syndrome can occur from as little as 5 seconds of shaking. […] Most cases are due to an angry parent or caregiver shaking the baby to punish or quiet it. Such shaking most often takes place when the infant is crying inconsolably and the frustrated caregiver loses control. […] Injuries are most likely to happen when the baby is shaken and then the baby’s head hits something. […] Shaken baby syndrome does not result from gentle bouncing, playful swinging or tossing the child in the air, or jogging with the child.

• #2 National Center on Shaken Baby Syndrome – Facts & Info

  https://www.dontshake.org/learn-more/item/114-facts-and-info

  Common factors associated with increased risk of child abuse are often individual characteristics, substance abuse, and young age of the parent or caregivers; the age, health, physical, mental, emotional, and social development of the child; history of violence within the family structure; poverty and economic conditions, social attitudes, promotion of violence, and cultural norms of the community; lack of education and resources for the family.

• #2 Shaken Baby Syndrome – Causes, Symptoms and Treatment | Apollo Hospitals

  https://www.apollohospitals.com/diseases-and-conditions/shaken-baby-syndrome-causes-symptoms-and-treatment

  The shaken baby syndrome is a severe brain injury caused by forceful shaking of a toddler or infant that damages the infants brain cells preventing the childs brain from receiving adequate oxygen. […] The shaken baby syndrome is usually caused due to reckless handling of a baby by either the parents or the medical practitioners that lead to severe brain damage. […] In this case, if the baby is handled recklessly or shaken forcefully, their weak brain inside moves to and fro repeatedly that may cause swelling, bruising, or even bleeding since the organs are already fragile, tender, and underdeveloped. […] The following things may make either parents or caregivers to more posibbly shake a baby forcefully and cause shaken baby syndrome: Unrealistic expectations from the babies, Single or young parenthood, Domestic violence, Stress, Unstable family situations, Alcohol or substance abuse, Depression, A history of mistreatment as a child. […] Prevention is better than cure, since there is no treatment for brain damage in babies. Careful handling, avoiding repeated and forceful shaking of the baby can prevent the shaken baby syndrome.

• #2 Shaken Baby Syndrome | Abusive Head Trauma – Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment, Prevention

  https://www.medindia.net/health/conditions/shaken-baby-syndrome.htm

  Social factors in the family which include: Low socioeconomic status, Lack of support from extended family, Unstable family. […] Parental issues which include: Being parents at a very young age, Abuse or neglect experienced by the parents during childhood, Depression, Higher expectations from the child.

• #2 Shaken Baby Syndrome – AANS

  https://www.aans.org/patients/conditions-treatments/shaken-baby-syndrome/

  Shaken Baby Syndrome (also known as Shaken Impact Syndrome) is a serious form of abuse inflicted upon a child. It usually occurs when a parent or other caregiver shakes a baby out of anger or frustration, often because the baby will not stop crying. […] Severe shaking causes the baby’s head to move violently back and forth, resulting in serious and sometimes fatal brain injury. […] Shaking, with or without the sudden deceleration of the head when it impacts a surface, can cause the following: Subdural hematoma, which is a collection of blood between the surface of the brain and the dura (the tough, fibrous outer membrane surrounding the brain.) This occurs when the veins that bridge from the brain to the dura are stretched beyond their elasticity, causing tears and bleeding. […] The perpetrator of the abuse is most often the father, boyfriend of the mother, female babysitter or the mother. Parents experiencing stress because of environmental, social, biological or financial situations may be more prone to impulsive and violent behavior.

• #2 What Is Shaken Baby Syndrome? | The Shaken Baby Alliance

  https://shakenbaby.org/what-is-shaken-baby-syndrome/

  The most common triggers for this form of child physical abuse include crying, potty training, feeding issues, and interrupting an activity of the caregiver. […] Dr. Suzanne Starling studied the relationship of the perpetrators to their victims and found that fathers are responsible for the injuries 37% of the time, boyfriends of the mother 20.5%, female babysitters 17.3%, mothers 12.6%, and others 12.6%.

• #2 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Shaken-Baby-Syndrome.aspx

  The risk of SBS and its consequences increases the younger an infant is. Boys are more likely than girls to be affected with SBS and in 9 out of every 10 cases the perpetrator is a male. […] However, biological mothers may also be the cause in a few cases, which usually occur while the mother is attempting to punish the child corporally.

• #2 Pediatric Abusive Head Trauma – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499836/

  Acute head trauma perpetrators are most frequently the father or stepfather, mothers boyfriend, female babysitter, and the mother. Shaking is often associated with the perpetrators level of frustration and tension. […] Abusive head trauma is the primary cause of death and disability in infants and young children from child abuse. Child abuse has been identified as the major cause of brain injuries in one-fourth of children older than 2. […] Abusive head trauma typically involves injury to the intracranial contents or skull of an infant or child younger than 5 years old as a result of violent shaking or blunt impact. The outcome ranges from complete recovery to significant brain damage and death. […] The perpetrator is usually a caregiver or parent, with 65% to 90% being male. The National Center for Shaken Baby Syndrome estimates that each year between 1200 to 1400 children are injured or killed by abusive head injuries annually in the United States. […] Abusive head trauma does not always present with retinal or subdural hemorrhage or traumatic brain injury. Unexplained cervical spine injuries, seizures, or fractures should also lead the clinician to consider abusive head trauma.

• #2 Shaken Baby Syndrome – AANS

  https://www.aans.org/patients/conditions-treatments/shaken-baby-syndrome/

  The National Center on Shaken Baby Syndrome estimates that there are between 600 and 1400 cases in the U.S. a year. […] This syndrome is the most common cause of death and long-term disability in infants and young children who are victims of child abuse. […] Shaken baby syndrome is completely preventable. Taking care of a baby can present challenges, especially for first-time parents. However, it is important to remember that it is never acceptable to shake, throw or hit a baby.

• #2 Rethinking Shaken Baby Syndrome : NPR

  https://www.npr.org/2011/06/29/137471992/rethinking-shaken-baby-syndrome

  To Guthkelch, this suggests the boy may have instead died from natural causes. „I think I used the expression in my report, 'I wouldn’t hang a cat on the evidence of shaking, as presented.’ ” […] Other scientists built on his research. Now shaken baby syndrome is diagnosed when doctors find unexplained bleeding on the brain and two other symptoms: bleeding behind the retinas and brain swelling. This constellation of symptoms is referred to as „the triad.” […] Too many medical experts see that triad of symptoms and conclude a child has been shaken without considering other possibilities, Guthkelch says. „I don’t think that the famous triad, however well some people think it’s defined, can ever be so well-defined that you can say that and nothing else cause it that meaning shaking.” […] Some skeptics cite research by biomechanical engineers that says you can’t shake a baby with so much force that you cause internal head injuries but leave no external marks, bruises or injuries to the neck or spine.

• #2 Shaken Baby Syndrome: Magnetic Resonance Imaging Features in Abusive Head Trauma

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/11/2/179

  The mechanism of shaking is recognized as the leading mechanism of injury in AHT, with repeated forces in a whiplash-like manner applied on the infant’s chest or extremities causing shaking movements and subjecting the head to continuous accelerations and decelerations, as well as rotational forces. […] The characteristic clinical triad of AHT consists of subdural hematoma (SDH), retinal hemorrhage (RH), and hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, often in absence of further lesions detectable and without further possible explanations. […] The presence of RH is considered pathognomonic for SBS and is generally associated with more severe neurological damage and a worse clinical outcome. […] The violent shaking of the infant can lead to the tearing of bridging veins, due to acceleration–deceleration and rotational forces on the infant’s head.

• #2 Robert Roberson and the controversy of shaken baby syndrome | The Texas Tribune

  https://www.texastribune.org/2024/10/17/robert-roberson-shaken-baby-controversy/

  Starting in the 1980s, shaken baby syndrome was commonly diagnosed when doctors detected what’s known as the triad of symptoms unexplained bleeding on the brain, bleeding behind the retinas and brain swelling. […] Over time, a consensus emerged that shaking could be the only way this triad of symptoms could emerge. […] Since Roberson was convicted in 2002, a lot more science has emerged about the diagnosis of shaken baby syndrome. […] Research began to show that many of the same symptoms associated with shaken baby syndrome could also occur from short falls, as well as a wide range of naturally occurring medical conditions and accidental traumas. […] Guthkelch himself disavowed the way his hypothesis had been used and, before his death, became an outspoken advocate against the primacy of the shaken baby diagnosis.

• #2 ‘We believe you harmed your child’: the war over shaken baby convictions | Children | The Guardian

  https://www.theguardian.com/news/2017/dec/08/shaken-baby-syndrome-war-over-convictions

  „Experts call these symptoms 'the triad’. Effie had brain swelling, bleeding in the eyes, and blood in a protective layer that sits between the brain and the skull called the dura – injuries that can cause blindness, serious disability, epilepsy and, often, death. As the report later filed by the local authority would conclude, they were 'likely to be due to an episode of abusive head trauma involving a shaking mechanism’ […] Despite the certainty with which police, hospital staff and their local authority treated Effie’s parents, the science that underpins shaken baby syndrome is anything but sure. In fact, questions about whether the triad of symptoms found in Effie’s scans are caused by abuse or other innocent events have seen medics, scientists and the police go to war. […] On one side, there’s the view of the police, prosecutors and the medical establishment: when this triad of symptoms is found, it very strongly suggests shaking, even when other signs that a baby has been aggressively shaken, such as bruising, neck injuries or fractures, are absent.

• #2 ‘We believe you harmed your child’: the war over shaken baby convictions | Children | The Guardian

  https://www.theguardian.com/news/2017/dec/08/shaken-baby-syndrome-war-over-convictions

  The triad became the diagnostic tool for detecting violent abuse. […] Doctors began questioning the idea that a baby could be killed by shaking and yet have no other signs of violent attack. 'If you grip a baby hard enough to shake it, you’re going to bruise it, you’re going to fracture ribs, you’re going to break the neck.’ […] The prosecutorial forces launched a counter-attack. Their first victory came in 2005, during an appeal hearing against three shaken-baby convictions, including that of Lorraine Harris. […] The latest scientific evidence seems to support the sceptics. In 2016, Swedish academics published the most in-depth review of the literature on the triad yet, assessing 1,065 papers. What they found was 'very low-quality scientific evidence’ for the hypothesis that the triad is caused by shaking. Author Niels Lynöe told the New Scientist: 'You can’t use these studies to say that whenever you see these changes in the infant brain, the infant has been shaken. It’s not possible according to current knowledge.’ […] Smith argues, you’re never going to see such proof in a scientific study because the only way to scientifically prove shaking causes the triad is to actually shake a baby. And, of course, that’s not allowed.”

• #2 Using ‘non-accidental head injury’ and not ‘shaken baby syndrome’ | NSPCC Learning

  https://learning.nspcc.org.uk/news/why-language-matters/non-accidental-head-injury-not-shaken-baby-syndrome

  The term shaken baby syndrome is outdated and doesnt cover the other causes of non-accidental head injury in infants and young children. There is a stigma of violence and blame around the term, both from the words themselves and the use of the term in the media. […] Using non-accidental head injury helps professionals identify other actions that may result in non-accidental head injury and think about the wider safeguarding context around the injury. […] The context around an infant harmed or killed due to a non-accidental head injury can be complex.

• #2 National Center on Shaken Baby Syndrome – Learn More

  https://www.dontshake.org/learn-more

  SBS/AHT is well researched with over 700 publications in more than 100 peer-reviewed high impact medical journals. […] SBS/AHT is the leading cause of physical child abuse deaths in the U.S. […] Approximately 25% of victims of SBS/AHT die. […] Shaken Baby Syndrome is a collection of findings, all of which may not be present in any individual child with the condition. […] Shaken Baby Syndrome is a subset of Abusive Head Trauma characterized by repetitive acceleration-deceleration forces with or without blunt head impact resulting in a unique complex of ocular, intracranial, and sometimes other injuries, usually in infantsit has become widely recognized as one of the most serious manifestations of physical child abuse. […] Abusive head trauma (AHT), which includes shaken baby syndrome, is a preventable and severe form of physical child abuse that results in an injury to the brain of an infant or child. AHT is most common in children under age five, with children under one year of age at most risk. It is caused by violent shaking or blunt impact.

• #2 Shaken Baby Syndrome: A Diagnosis Challenged | The Child Cases | FRONTLINE | PBS

  http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/the-child-cases/shaken-baby-syndrome/

  Shaken baby syndrome was a fairly accepted diagnosis through the 1980s and ’90s — an excellent primer on its history and controversy can be found in Emily Bazelon’s February 2011 New York Times Magazine article on the subject. While some forensic pathologists no longer consider shaken baby syndrome when doing autopsies — one, Dr. Jon Thogmartin, told us that his colleagues are backing away from it „in droves” — there is still fierce disagreement about the subject in the forensic, medical and legal communities. […] Defenders of the diagnosis say that the „triad” of symptoms — subdural and retinal hemorrhaging and swelling around the brain — more often than not points to abuse from shaking. […] Statistics show that more than 1,000 children are diagnosed with shaken-baby syndrome per year, and anywhere between 100-200 of these cases result in a criminal trial. In the course of reporting The Child Cases with NPR and ProPublica, we found several instances of people being convicted of shaking a baby to death, only to be exonerated after new evidence came to light. […] And, importantly, the problem is not only the misdiagnosis of shaken baby syndrome; there are a myriad of other diseases that can mimic child abuse, including blood disorders and vitamin deficiencies.

• #2 Shaken Baby Syndrome/Abusive Head Trauma Opinion Evidence in American Courts (Chapter 19) – Shaken Baby Syndrome

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/shaken-baby-syndrome/shaken-baby-syndromeabusive-head-trauma-opinion-evidence-in-american-courts/783D2E8B3C49C7ABD6F1C8387A33C56F

  The clinical diagnostic process invokes unvalidated general-causation theory (shaking) as an explanation for clinical findings in infants. […] Such diagnosis of abuse triggers social service and law enforcement intervention. […] Biomechanical, neuropathological, and forensic pathology research disputes the validity of the shaking theory. […] While child abuse may be a valid diagnosis for triggering social service intervention, it is not a scientifically sound diagnosis. […] Lacking foundational validity and support in the relevant scientific fields, SBS/AHT lacks reliability and general acceptance. […] Expert opinion of SBS/AHT general causation theory is inadmissible under a Daubert or Frye analysis.

• #2

  https://www.nuhs.edu.sg/patient-care/find-a-condition/shaken-baby-syndrome

  Shaken Baby Syndrome refers to the type of traumatic brain injury inflicted on a baby when he or she is forcefully shaken and occurs for the following reasons. As a baby’s neck muscles are still not well developed and provides little support for their relatively large, heavy head, violent shaking causes the baby’s head to rotate uncontrollably. This causes the fragile brain to bounce back and forth within the skull resulting in rupturing of blood vessels and nerves throughout the brain and tearing of the brain tissue. The end result is bruising, swelling, bleeding of the brain and increased pressure within the skull which can lead to permanent, severe brain damage or death. […] Shaken Baby Syndrome is commoner than we think. In the United States alone, an estimated 1200 to 1400 cases of Shaken Baby Syndrome occur each year. […] Shaken Baby Syndrome is 100% preventable. It usually happens when a baby is crying inconsolably and the frustrated caregiver momentarily loses control.

• #2 Understanding and Preventing Shaken Baby Syndrome

  https://www.texashealth.org/baby-care/Pregnancy/understanding-and-preventing-shaken-baby-syndrome

  Crying is normal for newborns and older babies. […] One of the most common causes of shaken baby syndrome, a dangerous, even life-threatening condition, is parent or caregiver frustration with infant crying. Shaken baby syndrome is the neurological damage done when an infant is picked up and shaken hard back and forth. […] Shaken baby syndrome is not merely jostling a baby on ones knee. The American Academy of Pediatrics describes the shaking as hard enough so that if anyone was observing they would know that this is inappropriate. […] Never shake your baby out of anger, stress or frustration. And be sure to give other caregivers for your baby the same information and advice.

• #2 Shaken Baby Syndrome | Department of Health | Commonwealth of Pennsylvania

  https://www.pa.gov/agencies/health/programs/maternal-health-and-infant-care/shaken-baby-syndrome.html

  Shaken Baby Syndrome (SBS) is the term used to describe the signs and symptoms resulting from a child being shaken. […] Shaking a baby is dangerous because: A baby’s head is large and heavy in proportion to the baby’s body. There is space between the brain and skull to allow for growth and development. The baby’s neck muscles are not yet developed. […] Violently shaking a baby or young child forces the head to whip back and forth, causing blood vessels in the brain and eyes to rip and bleed. In addition, this motion causes the brain to move and bounce against the skull which can cause brain damage. […] Shaking a baby can cause: blindness, broken bones, cerebral palsy, death, hearing loss, intellectual/developmental disabilities, paralysis, seizures, speech or learning difficulties. […] SBS most often occurs when an adult is frustrated and angry because the baby won’t stop crying. Toilet training difficulties and feeding problems can also lead to SBS.

• #2 Shaken Baby – Children’s Network

  https://cn.sbcounty.gov/campaigns/shaken-baby/

  Shaken Baby Syndrome, or more recently known as abusive head trauma, occurs when a parent or caregiver becomes frustrated with a babys crying. Long periods of crying have often resulted in a baby being violently shaken (CDC, 2018). […] It is the leading cause of physical child abuse death for kids under five years of age (CDC, 2018). […] San Bernardino County was seeing an increase in child deaths related to shaken baby syndrome through reviewing child deaths at the Child Death Review Team.

• #2 Shaken Baby Syndrome (Abusive Head Trauma): Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/13779-shaken-baby-syndrome

  Shaken baby syndrome most often happens at the hands of an overwhelmed and frustrated caregiver who cant cope with a babys inconsolable crying. The caregiver gets angry or stressed and loses control. Most times, the caregiver didnt mean to harm the baby, but its still a form of child abuse. […] When someone shakes a baby or young child violently, shaken baby syndrome can occur. Hitting the child on the head, throwing them and dropping them on purpose can also cause the condition. Shaking or hitting a child can cause their brain to shake back and forth inside their skull. […] Children’s brains are softer and their ligaments are weaker. Their neck muscles arent fully developed yet. In addition, their heads are large and heavy in proportion to the rest of their bodies. The violent shaking tears the childs blood vessels, nerves and tissues, causing their brain to swell, bruise and bleed. […] Shaken baby syndrome is a type of child abuse. It happens when someone violently shakes a baby or small child.

• #2 6. Triggers/Risk Factors for Shaken Baby Syndrome | ATrain Education

  https://www.atrainceu.com/content/6-triggersrisk-factors-shaken-baby-syndrome

  A trigger is a prompt or external stimulus that leads to a behavior or causes a response something that sets you off. Triggers tell us Do something now! A trigger can be internal (fatigue, frustration, anger, desire) or external (a crying baby, a remark). It is known that certain triggers and risk factors increase the likelihood of a parent or caregivers abusing an infant. […] A risk factor is any characteristic of a person, a situation, or a persons environment that increase the likelihood that a person will engage in a particular behavior. […] Helping parents and caregivers understand what triggers abusive behavior is the first step in preventing child abuse. […] Inconsolable or excessive crying is the most common trigger for shaking a baby. […] A parents perception of crying as a problem is the most common risk factor for SBS.

• #3 Shaken baby syndrome – UF Health

  https://ufhealth.org/conditions-and-treatments/shaken-baby-syndrome-3

  Shaken baby syndrome is a severe form of child abuse caused by violently shaking an infant or child. […] Shaken baby syndrome can occur from as little as 5 seconds of shaking. […] Most cases are due to an angry parent or caregiver shaking the baby to punish or quiet it. Such shaking most often takes place when the infant is crying inconsolably and the frustrated caregiver loses control. […] Injuries are most likely to happen when the baby is shaken and then the baby’s head hits something. […] Shaken baby syndrome does not result from gentle bouncing, playful swinging or tossing the child in the air, or jogging with the child.

• #3 Shaken Baby Syndrome: Retinal Hemorrhaging. A Biomechanical Approach to Understanding the Mechanism of Causation

  https://digitalcommons.odu.edu/mae_etds/134/

  Shaken Baby Syndrome (SBS) is a form of abuse where typically an infant, age six months or less, is held and shaken. There may or may not be direct impact associated with this action. Further, there is very little agreement on the actual mechanism of SBS. Clinical studies are limited in showing the exact mechanism of injury and only offer postulations and qualitative descriptions. […] The physiology of infants makes injury due to SBS more likely. Infants have relatively large heads supported by weak necks that simply act as tethers (Prange et al., 2003). Therefore, there is minimal resistance to shaking. In addition, the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) layer surrounding the infant’s brain is up to 10 mm thick as opposed to 12 mm in older children and adults (Morison, 2002). This thick layer reduces the resistance in rotation of the brain and can cause shearing injuries to the brain tissue. […] In addition, retinal hemorrhaging has been reported in SBS. The infant’s eyes have a vitreous that is typically more gelatinous and with a higher viscosity than in adult eyes. In addition, this vitreous is firmly attached to the retina and is difficult to remove (Levin, 2000).

• #3 Shaken Baby Syndrome: Magnetic Resonance Imaging Features in Abusive Head Trauma

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/11/2/179

  Shaken baby syndrome (SBS) is included in the child abuse spectrum and is responsible for roughly 50% of the serious or fatal traumatic brain injury cases. […] The first description of children with chronic subdural hematoma and fractures of long bones with or without retinal hemorrhages dates back in 1946; the same author later suggested that „whiplash shaking and jerking” are common causes of the skeletal and the cerebrovascular lesion in abused infants. […] Specifically, he showed the effects of rotational acceleration/deceleration of whiplash as the etiology of subdural hematomas and the retinal hemorrhages associated to no/poor external marks of injury. […] In most recent years both „abusive head trauma” (AHT) and „shaken baby syndrome” (SBS) became accepted terms for diagnosis of non-accidental brain injury in children; however, it has been established that shaking and/or shaking with impact or blunt impact alone can be cause for AHT.

• #3 Shaken Baby Syndrome: Magnetic Resonance Imaging Features in Abusive Head Trauma

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/11/2/179

  The mechanism of shaking is recognized as the leading mechanism of injury in AHT, with repeated forces in a whiplash-like manner applied on the infant’s chest or extremities causing shaking movements and subjecting the head to continuous accelerations and decelerations, as well as rotational forces. […] The characteristic clinical triad of AHT consists of subdural hematoma (SDH), retinal hemorrhage (RH), and hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, often in absence of further lesions detectable and without further possible explanations. […] The presence of RH is considered pathognomonic for SBS and is generally associated with more severe neurological damage and a worse clinical outcome. […] The violent shaking of the infant can lead to the tearing of bridging veins, due to acceleration–deceleration and rotational forces on the infant’s head.

• #3 6. Triggers/Risk Factors for Shaken Baby Syndrome | ATrain Education

  https://www.atrainceu.com/content/6-triggersrisk-factors-shaken-baby-syndrome

  A trigger is a prompt or external stimulus that leads to a behavior or causes a response something that sets you off. Triggers tell us Do something now! A trigger can be internal (fatigue, frustration, anger, desire) or external (a crying baby, a remark). It is known that certain triggers and risk factors increase the likelihood of a parent or caregivers abusing an infant. […] A risk factor is any characteristic of a person, a situation, or a persons environment that increase the likelihood that a person will engage in a particular behavior. […] Helping parents and caregivers understand what triggers abusive behavior is the first step in preventing child abuse. […] Inconsolable or excessive crying is the most common trigger for shaking a baby. […] A parents perception of crying as a problem is the most common risk factor for SBS.

• #3 Shaken Baby Syndrome: Causes and SymptomsCircleBumpCheckedFilledMedicalBookmarkBookmarkTickBookmarkAddCheckBoxCheckBoxFilled

  https://www.thebump.com/a/shaken-baby-syndrome

  In general, shaken baby syndrome occurs when a parent or caregiver becomes frustrated, usually in response to continuous crying, and shakes baby as a last-effort attempt to get them to be quiet. Shaken baby syndrome is child abuse. I don’t think any parent thinks they’re capable of child abuse, but it’s important to know that it can happen to loving parents, and to know the catastrophic effects, McPeck-Stringham says. […] According to the National Center on Shaken Baby Syndrome, 25 percent of babies with shaken baby syndrome die, and upward of 80 percent of surviving victims suffer from lifelong disabilities.

• #3

  https://extension.unr.edu/publication.aspx?PubID=4878

  Emergency treatment for a baby who has been shaken usually includes life sustaining measures such as respiratory support and surgery to stop internal bleeding and bleeding in the brain. […] In comparison with accidental traumatic brain injury in infants, injuries to babies who have been shaken have a much worse prognosis. Damage to the retina of the eye can cause blindness. The majority of infants who survive severe shaking will have some form of neurological or mental disability, such as cerebral palsy or mental retardation, which may not be fully apparent before 6 years of age. […] Research has not given a firm answer to the exact number of shakes necessary to create injuries to a babys brain. Nor has it shown how long a person might typically shake a child in abusive circumstances. Shaking probably lasts a maximum of 20 seconds or less. In most cases the period of shaking is 5 to 10 seconds. To cause brain damage sufficient to allow clinical detection of the syndrome, severe force must be used. […] Shaking occurs most frequently when a caregiver loses control with an inconsolable crying baby.

• #3 Shaken baby syndrome can cause permanent brain damage, long-term disabilities or death – a pediatrician examines the preventable tragedy

  https://theconversation.com/shaken-baby-syndrome-can-cause-permanent-brain-damage-long-term-disabilities-or-death-a-pediatrician-examines-the-preventable-tragedy-243882

  In these incidents, the infant is typically grabbed around the chest and shaken back and forth several times. Small blood vessels around the brain break and bleed, causing blood to flow around the brain. This condition is called a subdural hematoma. […] In the most severe forms of shaking, the tissue of the brain itself is injured, and the child may experience unconsciousness or even stop breathing. […] Crying in infancy is a common trigger in cases where shaking occurs. Other risk factors include isolation, poverty, domestic violence and substance use. […] During severe economic downturns, the rate of shaken baby incidents rises, since research shows that social stressors often contribute.

• #3 6. Triggers/Risk Factors for Shaken Baby Syndrome | ATrain Education

  https://www.atrainceu.com/content/6-triggersrisk-factors-shaken-baby-syndrome

  Those kinds of risk factors help us target prevention efforts and help us think about prevention, but in my mind, really, any adult who is tired and stressed, who is dealing with an irritable crying baby, is at risk. […] Parents who lack an understanding of a childs needs or who lack child development and parenting skills are at increased risk for maltreating a child under their care. […] Substance abuse and mental health issues (eg, depression) put a parent or caregiver at increased risk for committing child abuse. […] A nonbiological transient caregiver in the home such as the mothers male partner is a risk factor for child abuse.

• #3 Study: Men More Likely to be Accused of Shaking Infants – Northwestern Now

  https://news.northwestern.edu/stories/2013/08/the-medill-justice-projects-study-shows-men-far-more-likely-than-women-to-be-accused-of-violently-shaking-infants/

  Men are nearly three times more likely than women to be accused of violently shaking an infant. […] Out of nearly 3,000 cases nationwide, 72.5 percent of those accused of shaken-baby syndrome crimes are men, while 27.5 percent are women. […] Shaken-baby syndrome crimes involve caregivers who are accused of inflicting severe head trauma on children, typically under the age of 2, causing a triad of symptoms — brain bleeding, brain swelling and bleeding within the eye. […] Experts interviewed about the gender discrepancy point to more than one cause for why so many more men than women are accused of shaken-baby syndrome crimes. […] While there is no clear consensus on the causes, some experts posit that men are not as socialized as women in how to care for infants.

• #3 What is Shaken Baby Syndrome? – Happiest Baby

  https://www.happiestbaby.com/blogs/baby/shaken-baby-syndrome

  Shaken Baby Syndrome (SBS) is a tragic problem where ~1,000 to 3,000 babies are injured by their caregivers every year (25% die and 80% of the survivors are permanently brain damaged). […] The #1 trigger and most common cause of shaken baby syndrome is a crying baby (and the violent motion that a frustrated parent uses to shake the baby’s head, usually whipping it roughly 1 to 2 feet back and forth). […] The National Center on Shaken Baby Syndrome reports that SBS is not caused by „tossing a baby in the air, jogging with your baby, or driving over bumps in your car. […] „Accidental falls, even down stairways, are not generally the cause of brain injuries in infants. Household falls from furniture or down stairs most commonly result in minor trauma. High-velocity impact injuries, falls from extreme heights or falls onto extremely hard surfaces provide the opportunities for more severe injuries, like those seen in SBS injuries.” […] For that reason, the 5 S’s are taught in university hospitals and public health programs in over 20 nations to help support parents… and to reduce shaken baby syndrome.

• #3 National Center on Shaken Baby Syndrome – Learn More

  https://www.dontshake.org/learn-more

  SBS/AHT is well researched with over 700 publications in more than 100 peer-reviewed high impact medical journals. […] SBS/AHT is the leading cause of physical child abuse deaths in the U.S. […] Approximately 25% of victims of SBS/AHT die. […] Shaken Baby Syndrome is a collection of findings, all of which may not be present in any individual child with the condition. […] Shaken Baby Syndrome is a subset of Abusive Head Trauma characterized by repetitive acceleration-deceleration forces with or without blunt head impact resulting in a unique complex of ocular, intracranial, and sometimes other injuries, usually in infantsit has become widely recognized as one of the most serious manifestations of physical child abuse. […] Abusive head trauma (AHT), which includes shaken baby syndrome, is a preventable and severe form of physical child abuse that results in an injury to the brain of an infant or child. AHT is most common in children under age five, with children under one year of age at most risk. It is caused by violent shaking or blunt impact.

• #3 Shaken Baby Syndrome – symptoms, average, Definition, Description, Demographics, Causes and symptoms, Diagnosis

  http://www.healthofchildren.com/S/Shaken-Baby-Syndrome.html

  Shaken baby syndrome (SBS) is a collective term for the internal head injuries a baby or young child sustains from being violently shaken. […] Shaken baby syndrome was first described in medical literature in 1972. […] Infants and small children are especially vulnerable to SBS because their neck muscles are still too weak to adequately support their disproportionately large heads, and their young brain tissue and blood vessels are extremely fragile. […] When an infant is vigorously shaken by the arms, legs, shoulders, or chest, the whiplash motion repeatedly jars the baby’s brain with tremendous force, causing internal damage and bleeding. […] While there may be no obvious external signs of injury following shaking, the child may suffer internally from brain bleeding and bruising (called subdural hemorrhage and hematoma); brain swelling and damage (called cerebral edema); mental retardation; blindness, hearing loss, paralysis, speech impairment, and learning disabilities; and death. […] To diagnose SBS, physicians look for at least one of three classic conditions: bleeding at the back of one or both eyes (retinal hemorrhage), subdural hematoma, or cerebral edema. […] Unfortunately, children who receive violent shaking have a poor prognosis for complete recovery.

• #3 ‘We believe you harmed your child’: the war over shaken baby convictions | Children | The Guardian

  https://www.theguardian.com/news/2017/dec/08/shaken-baby-syndrome-war-over-convictions

  The triad became the diagnostic tool for detecting violent abuse. […] Doctors began questioning the idea that a baby could be killed by shaking and yet have no other signs of violent attack. 'If you grip a baby hard enough to shake it, you’re going to bruise it, you’re going to fracture ribs, you’re going to break the neck.’ […] The prosecutorial forces launched a counter-attack. Their first victory came in 2005, during an appeal hearing against three shaken-baby convictions, including that of Lorraine Harris. […] The latest scientific evidence seems to support the sceptics. In 2016, Swedish academics published the most in-depth review of the literature on the triad yet, assessing 1,065 papers. What they found was 'very low-quality scientific evidence’ for the hypothesis that the triad is caused by shaking. Author Niels Lynöe told the New Scientist: 'You can’t use these studies to say that whenever you see these changes in the infant brain, the infant has been shaken. It’s not possible according to current knowledge.’ […] Smith argues, you’re never going to see such proof in a scientific study because the only way to scientifically prove shaking causes the triad is to actually shake a baby. And, of course, that’s not allowed.”

• #4 Shaken Baby Syndrome Cases: Symptoms & Compensation for SBS

  https://www.wkw.com/birth-injuries/blog/shaken-baby-syndrome-cases/

  According to the American Academy of Pediatricians (AAP), almost 25% of infants affected by shaken baby syndrome die. Of those who survive, about 70% have long-term neurological problems. […] The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) publishes an annual report on child maltreatment. HHS considers the following risk factors for child abuse: Alcohol and drug abuse, Domestic violence, Financial problems, Housing problems (substandard, overcrowded, or unsafe housing and homelessness), Participation in social services programs, Caregiver disabilities (including physical, intellectual, and emotional disabilities). […] Although shaken baby syndrome is a common cause of brain injuries in children, it is not considered a birth injury. Birth injuries are injuries to infants that result from the labor and delivery process.

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