Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Sudden Infant Death Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560807/

  Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) is the abrupt and unexplained death of an infant less than 1-year old. Despite investigation (review of clinical history, investigation of the death, and a complete autopsy), no evidence supports a specific single cause of death. […] The exact etiology of SIDS is not clear. Studies suggest that SIDS is associated with suboptimal physiologic responses to hypoxemia and hypercarbia and a combination of several intrinsic and extrinsic factors. The most important preventable SIDS risk factor is a supine sleeping position. […] Studies suggest that 95% of the SIDS cases were associated with at least one risk factor, and 78% of the cases were associated with at least two risk factors. Several studies identify the prone sleeping position, sleeping on soft surfaces, sleeping with soft objects, co-sleeping with a parent/parents, maternal smoking during pregnancy, maternal age less than 20 years, late/no prenatal care, preterm birth, low birth weight, lack of breastfeeding, and overheating as risk factors in SIDS deaths.

• #2 Sudden Infant Death Syndrome: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/804412-overview

  Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), the leading cause of sudden unexpected infant deaths (SUIDs) in the United States, is diagnosed only after a thorough investigation of the scene, interview of caregivers, and a complete forensic autopsy. […] SIDS is defined as the sudden, unexpected death of an infant less than 1 year of age that cannot be explained despite a thorough investigation, including a complete autopsy, examination of the death scene, and review of the clinical and social history. […] SIDS may occur in infants and children younger than 16 months of age, but the peak incidence is between 2 and 4 months of age. […] Although the overall rate of SIDS in the United States has declined by more than 50% since 1990, rates for non-Hispanic Black and American Indian/Alaska Native infants remain disproportionately higher than the rest of the US population.

• #3 Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/sids.html

  Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) is the sudden and unexplained death of a baby younger than 1 year old. Most SIDS deaths are associated with sleep, which is why it’s sometimes still called „crib death.” […] SIDS is the leading cause of death among infants 1 month to 1 year old, and remains unpredictable despite years of research. […] Most SIDS deaths happen in babies between 1 and 4 months old, and cases rise during cold weather. […] Babies might have a higher risk of SIDS if: their mother smoked, drank, or used drugs during pregnancy and after birth; their mother had poor prenatal care; they were born prematurely or at a low birth weight; there’s a family history of SIDS; their mothers were younger than 20 when they gave birth; they are around tobacco smoke after birth; they get overheated; they sleep on a soft surface; they sleep with soft objects or loose blankets and pillows; they sleep in a parents bed.

• #4 Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/conditions-diseases/sudden-infant-death-syndrome-sids

  SIDS is the sudden and unexplained death of an infant under 1 year of age. SIDS is sometimes called crib death because the death occurs when a baby is sleeping in a crib. It is one of the leading causes of death in babies from 1 month to 1 year of age, occurring most often between 2 and 4 months of age. The exact causes of SIDS are still unclear and research is ongoing. There are some factors which make babies higher risk for SIDS. Some risk factors are preventable, but others are not. Evidence has shown that some babies who die from SIDS have brain abnormalities. Some SIDS babies are born with brain abnormalities that make them vulnerable to sudden death during infancy. These abnormalities may be caused by exposure of the baby during pregnancy to a toxic substance, or from a decrease in oxygen. Events such as decreased oxygen, too much carbon dioxide intake, overheating, or an infection may be related to SIDS. Immune system problems. The numbers of cells and proteins made by the immune system of some SIDS babies have been reported to be higher than normal. Some of these proteins can interact with the brain to change heart rate and breathing during sleep, or can put the baby into a deep sleep. Such effects might be strong enough to cause the baby’s death, particularly if the baby has an underlying brain defect. Some babies who die suddenly may be born with a metabolic disorder. These babies can develop high levels of abnormal proteins that could lead to a rapid and deadly interruption in breathing and heart functioning.

• #5 What Causes SIDS? | Safe to Sleep®

  http://safetosleep.nichd.nih.gov/about/causes

  The Triple-Risk Model for understanding SIDS deaths is depicted as three intersecting circles. Each circle represents a scenario that, when combined with the other scenarios, may result in SIDS. […] First, the baby has one or more unknown medical conditions, such as a brain or genetic problem that affects the heart rate or breathing. There is no way for healthcare providers or parents to know about these medical conditions. […] Then the baby goes through an important period of development. In their first 6 months, babies go through periods of fast growth and changes, such as changes in blood pressure, breathing, and sleeping patterns. During these periods, their body may be unstable and react in unusual or unexpected ways. […] Lastly, the baby encounters one or more outside stressors, such as being placed on their stomach to sleep or being exposed to secondhand smoke in their environment. These things put additional stress on the body or how it functions.

• #6 Sudden Infant Death Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560807/

  A generally accepted model is a triple-risk model: SIDS occurs in infants with underlying vulnerability who undergo a trigger event at a vulnerable developmental stage. […] Infants dying as a result of SIDS display suboptimal physiologic regulatory responses. […] The exact nature of the trigger is unknown. Studies suggest that the prone positioning predisposes to suffocation, resulting from decreased arousal, the type of bedding material, and overheating. […] SIDS occurs most frequently between 2 and 4 months of age, a period marked by important changes in the cardiac, ventilatory, and sleep-wake patterns. […] Large epidemiologic studies have demonstrated that SIDS is associated with many preventable risk factors, of which the most important is prone sleeping.

• #7 What Causes SIDS? | Safe to Sleep®

  http://safetosleep.nichd.nih.gov/about/causes

  The Triple-Risk Model for understanding SIDS deaths is depicted as three intersecting circles. Each circle represents a scenario that, when combined with the other scenarios, may result in SIDS. […] First, the baby has one or more unknown medical conditions, such as a brain or genetic problem that affects the heart rate or breathing. There is no way for healthcare providers or parents to know about these medical conditions. […] Then the baby goes through an important period of development. In their first 6 months, babies go through periods of fast growth and changes, such as changes in blood pressure, breathing, and sleeping patterns. During these periods, their body may be unstable and react in unusual or unexpected ways. […] Lastly, the baby encounters one or more outside stressors, such as being placed on their stomach to sleep or being exposed to secondhand smoke in their environment. These things put additional stress on the body or how it functions.

• #8 What Causes SIDS? | Safe to Sleep®

  http://safetosleep.nichd.nih.gov/about/causes

  The Triple-Risk Model for understanding SIDS deaths is depicted as three intersecting circles. Each circle represents a scenario that, when combined with the other scenarios, may result in SIDS. […] First, the baby has one or more unknown medical conditions, such as a brain or genetic problem that affects the heart rate or breathing. There is no way for healthcare providers or parents to know about these medical conditions. […] Then the baby goes through an important period of development. In their first 6 months, babies go through periods of fast growth and changes, such as changes in blood pressure, breathing, and sleeping patterns. During these periods, their body may be unstable and react in unusual or unexpected ways. […] Lastly, the baby encounters one or more outside stressors, such as being placed on their stomach to sleep or being exposed to secondhand smoke in their environment. These things put additional stress on the body or how it functions.

• #9 What Causes SIDS? | Safe to Sleep®

  http://safetosleep.nichd.nih.gov/about/causes

  The Triple-Risk Model for understanding SIDS deaths is depicted as three intersecting circles. Each circle represents a scenario that, when combined with the other scenarios, may result in SIDS. […] First, the baby has one or more unknown medical conditions, such as a brain or genetic problem that affects the heart rate or breathing. There is no way for healthcare providers or parents to know about these medical conditions. […] Then the baby goes through an important period of development. In their first 6 months, babies go through periods of fast growth and changes, such as changes in blood pressure, breathing, and sleeping patterns. During these periods, their body may be unstable and react in unusual or unexpected ways. […] Lastly, the baby encounters one or more outside stressors, such as being placed on their stomach to sleep or being exposed to secondhand smoke in their environment. These things put additional stress on the body or how it functions.

• #10 SIDS – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIDS

  Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), sometimes known as cot death or crib death, is the sudden unexplained death of a child of less than one year of age. […] The exact cause of SIDS is unknown. […] The requirement of a combination of factors including a specific underlying susceptibility, a specific time in development, and an environmental stressor has been proposed. […] These environmental stressors may include sleeping on the stomach or side, overheating, and exposure to tobacco smoke. […] Accidental suffocation from bed sharing (also known as co-sleeping) or soft objects may also play a role. […] Another risk factor is being born before 37 weeks of gestation. […] Between 1% and 5% of SIDS cases are estimated to be misidentified infanticides caused by intentional suffocation.

• #11 What Causes SIDS? | Safe to Sleep®

  http://safetosleep.nichd.nih.gov/about/causes

  A baby lies on their back, with hands up near the face. The sleep area is free of toys, bedding, and other items. […] By itself, each risk situation is usually not a problem. Most babies can adjust to stresses and changes in body system function and recover from these factors if they occur alone or even two at a time. However, when all three occur at the same time, a death from SIDS becomes more likely. […] For example, a baby with an unknown and undetectable medical condition starts going through a normal developmental period that makes the breathing system unstable. If an outside stressor, like being placed on the stomach to sleep, occurs at the same time, the baby may not be able to overcome all three factors to continue breathing normally. The baby may die, and the cause of death may be SIDS. […] Because outside stressors are the only factor in the Triple-Risk Model that caregivers can control or change, the Safe to Sleep campaign focuses on reducing or eliminating outside stressors.

• #12 What Causes SIDS? | Safe to Sleep®

  http://safetosleep.nichd.nih.gov/about/causes

  Researchers do not know exactly what causes Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS). However, they do have an informed idea, or theory, that may explain how SIDS happens. […] Researchers have found problems in the brains of babies who died from SIDS. In some cases, the problem was found in a network of nerve cells in a part of the brain that controls breathing, heart rate, blood pressure, temperature, and waking from sleep. Other research suggests that changes in the babys genes may cause problems with how the body functions, including breathing and waking from sleep. […] Researchers also found that babies who died from SIDS had high levels of serotonin in their blood. This finding could suggest a problem with how the body uses serotonin, a chemical that carries messages between nerves. Out-of-balance levels of serotonin could affect how the babys body handles regular functions or everyday processes, like waking from sleep and breathing.

• #13 Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sudden-infant-death-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20352800

  Sudden infant death syndrome is the unexplained death of a baby. The cause of SIDS is unknown. But it may be caused by problems in the area of an infant’s brain that controls breathing and waking up from sleep. […] Both physical and sleep factors put an infant at risk of SIDS. These factors vary from child to child. […] Physical factors associated with SIDS include: Brain defects. Some infants are born with problems that make them more likely to die of SIDS. In many of these babies, the part of the brain that controls breathing and waking up from sleep hasn’t developed enough to work properly. Low birth weight. Being born early or being part of a multiple birth increases the chances that a baby’s brain hasn’t fully developed at birth. The baby may have less control over such automatic processes as breathing and heart rate. Respiratory infection. Many infants who died of SIDS had recently had a cold. A cold may lead to breathing problems.

• #14 Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/sudden-infant-death-syndrome-sids/

  Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) sometimes known as cot death is the sudden, unexpected and unexplained death of an apparently healthy baby. […] The exact cause of SIDS is unknown, but it’s thought to be down to a combination of factors. […] Experts believe SIDS occurs at a particular stage in a baby’s development and that it affects babies vulnerable to certain environmental stresses. […] This vulnerability may be caused by being born prematurely or having a low birthweight, or because of other reasons that have not been identified yet. […] Environmental stresses could include tobacco smoke, getting tangled in bedding, a minor illness or a breathing obstruction. […] Babies who die of SIDS are thought to have problems in the way they respond to these stresses and how they regulate their heart rate, breathing and temperature.

• #15 What Causes SIDS? | Safe to Sleep®

  http://safetosleep.nichd.nih.gov/about/causes

  Researchers do not know exactly what causes Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS). However, they do have an informed idea, or theory, that may explain how SIDS happens. […] Researchers have found problems in the brains of babies who died from SIDS. In some cases, the problem was found in a network of nerve cells in a part of the brain that controls breathing, heart rate, blood pressure, temperature, and waking from sleep. Other research suggests that changes in the babys genes may cause problems with how the body functions, including breathing and waking from sleep. […] Researchers also found that babies who died from SIDS had high levels of serotonin in their blood. This finding could suggest a problem with how the body uses serotonin, a chemical that carries messages between nerves. Out-of-balance levels of serotonin could affect how the babys body handles regular functions or everyday processes, like waking from sleep and breathing.

• #16

  https://www.nbcnews.com/health/health-news/sudden-infant-death-syndrome-clues-possible-factors-rcna85986

  The results showed that the babies who’d died of SIDS were more likely to have an altered version of the serotonin-related brain receptor than the control cases. […] With SIDS, however, that response may not kick in, perhaps because of the altered brain receptor. If an infant is unable to restore their breathing and heart rate, that can hinder blood flow and oxygen supply. […] Still, researchers have long suspected that serotonin plays some role in SIDS given its association with breathing. […] It’s likely that genetics also affects an infant’s vulnerability to SIDS, though scientists aren’t sure in what capacity. […] Another factor may be infections that infants contract early in life, according to Dr. Michelle Caraballo, a pediatric pulmonologist at Childrens Health in North Texas and an assistant professor at UT Southwestern. […] There are still ways to protect against SIDS, however. […] Breastfeeding has been shown to lower the risk of SIDS, while using alcohol or tobacco while pregnant can raise the risk. […] At the end of the day, we don’t know the exact cause of death in the majority of cases.

• #17

  https://abc7.com/sids-cause-sudden-infant-death-syndrome-breakthrough-babies/11845007/

  According to the study, babies who died from SIDS had lower levels of the enzyme butyrylcholinesterase than living babies. […] A new study found that babies who died from SIDS had lower levels of the enzyme butyrylcholinesterase than living babies. […] Researchers are calling the small peer-reviewed study, published in The Lancet medical journal on May 6, a potential breakthrough in understanding SIDS and developing preventative measures to reduce the risk of disease. […] According to the study, babies who died from SIDS had lower levels of the enzyme butyrylcholinesterase than living babies or those who died from other causes, ABC Chief Medical Correspondent Dr. Jen Ashton said on „Good Morning America” Friday. […] Butyrylcholinesterase, or BChE, is thought to be involved in brain arousal pathways, which control critical bodily functions like the drive to take a breath, Ashton said. […] „Potentially, this would represent a target for intervention if you could screen babies, find that they have a low enzyme level and improve that. But again, this is preliminary research at this point,” she said.

• #18 Have Scientists Really Found the Cause of SIDS?

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/cause-of-sids-study-5296144

  A recent study has gained attention for linking an enzyme to an increased risk of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). […] The researchers found that the babies who died of SIDS had a lower level of the enzyme butyrylcholinesterase (BChE). A deficiency of BChE could present inherent vulnerability to SIDS in some infants, they said. […] However, some noted that while the findings offered a first step, they came with several limitations and the authors didn’t establish BChE levels as an exact cause for the syndrome. […] This paper produces suggestive evidence that there may be some correlation between this enzyme and SIDS. […] Low levels of this enzyme could indicate that the cholinergic system is not functioning at full capacity. […] Though not all babies with low levels of BChE will succumb to SIDS, the researchers wrote that a deficit of the enzyme in babies who died from SIDS represents a measurable, specific vulnerability prior to their death. […] The findings open up new potential for research, Howard said. […] It will take much more extensive studies and a deeper understanding of the connection between BChE and SIDS outcomes. […] Scientists have yet to find the exact cause of SIDS.

• #19 Sudden Infant Death Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560807/

  Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) is the abrupt and unexplained death of an infant less than 1-year old. Despite investigation (review of clinical history, investigation of the death, and a complete autopsy), no evidence supports a specific single cause of death. […] The exact etiology of SIDS is not clear. Studies suggest that SIDS is associated with suboptimal physiologic responses to hypoxemia and hypercarbia and a combination of several intrinsic and extrinsic factors. The most important preventable SIDS risk factor is a supine sleeping position. […] Studies suggest that 95% of the SIDS cases were associated with at least one risk factor, and 78% of the cases were associated with at least two risk factors. Several studies identify the prone sleeping position, sleeping on soft surfaces, sleeping with soft objects, co-sleeping with a parent/parents, maternal smoking during pregnancy, maternal age less than 20 years, late/no prenatal care, preterm birth, low birth weight, lack of breastfeeding, and overheating as risk factors in SIDS deaths.

• #20 Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/sids.html

  SIDS is more likely in babies placed on their stomachs to sleep than babies sleeping on their backs. […] Some researchers believe that stomach sleeping may block the airway. […] Infants who die from SIDS may have a problem with the part of the brain that helps control breathing and waking during sleep. […] The Safe Sleep campaign reminds parents and caregivers to put infants to sleep on their backs and provide a safe sleep environment. […] Studies have shown that babies who receive their vaccines have a lower risk of SIDS.

• #21 Sudden infant death syndrome Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/sudden-infant-death-syndrome

  Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) is the unexpected, sudden death of a child under age 1. An autopsy does not show an explainable cause of death. […] The cause of SIDS is unknown. Many doctors and researchers now believe that SIDS is caused by many factors, including: Problems with the baby’s ability to wake up (sleep arousal) and Inability of the baby’s body to detect a buildup of carbon dioxide in the blood. […] SIDS rates have gone down sharply since doctors began recommending that babies be put on their backs or sides to sleep to reduce the chance of problem. However, SIDS is still a major cause of death in infants under 1 year old. Thousands of babies die of SIDS in the United States each year. […] The following may increase the risk for SIDS: Sleeping on the stomach, Being around cigarette smoke while in the womb or after being born, Sleeping in the same bed as their parents (co-sleeping), Soft bedding in the crib, Multiple birth babies (being a twin, triplet, or member of a larger multiple birth), Premature birth, Having a brother or sister who had SIDS, Mothers who smoke or use illegal drugs, Being born to a teen mother, Short time period between pregnancies, Late or no prenatal care, Living in poverty situations. […] While studies show that babies with the above risk factors are more likely to be affected, the impact or importance of each factor is not well-defined or understood.

• #22 First Genetic Risk Factors Identified for Sudden Unexplained Death in Children After Age 1 | NYU Langone News

  https://nyulangone.org/news/first-genetic-risk-factors-identified-sudden-unexplained-death-children-after-age-1

  Mutations found in the current study are known to slow calcium channel inactivation, prolong the current running through them, and potentially lead to abnormal heart rhythms that can cause the heart to stop, say the study authors. […] In addition, more than 91 percent of the children died while asleep or resting, including 50 percent of those with de novo mutations affecting genes involved with calcium physiology in the heart and brain.

• #23 Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/conditions-diseases/sudden-infant-death-syndrome-sids

  SIDS is the sudden and unexplained death of an infant under 1 year of age. SIDS is sometimes called crib death because the death occurs when a baby is sleeping in a crib. It is one of the leading causes of death in babies from 1 month to 1 year of age, occurring most often between 2 and 4 months of age. The exact causes of SIDS are still unclear and research is ongoing. There are some factors which make babies higher risk for SIDS. Some risk factors are preventable, but others are not. Evidence has shown that some babies who die from SIDS have brain abnormalities. Some SIDS babies are born with brain abnormalities that make them vulnerable to sudden death during infancy. These abnormalities may be caused by exposure of the baby during pregnancy to a toxic substance, or from a decrease in oxygen. Events such as decreased oxygen, too much carbon dioxide intake, overheating, or an infection may be related to SIDS. Immune system problems. The numbers of cells and proteins made by the immune system of some SIDS babies have been reported to be higher than normal. Some of these proteins can interact with the brain to change heart rate and breathing during sleep, or can put the baby into a deep sleep. Such effects might be strong enough to cause the baby’s death, particularly if the baby has an underlying brain defect. Some babies who die suddenly may be born with a metabolic disorder. These babies can develop high levels of abnormal proteins that could lead to a rapid and deadly interruption in breathing and heart functioning.

• #24 How Newly Identified Biomarkers Could Reveal Risk Factors for SIDS | UC San Francisco

  https://www.ucsf.edu/news/2024/09/428381/how-newly-identified-biomarkers-could-reveal-risk-factors-sids

  Investigators in this study knew from previous research that the metabolic system how bodies process and store energy might play a part in SIDS. […] In the 354 infants who died from SIDS, they found that there were some metabolic biomarkers that may be associated with increased risk. […] For example, infants with lower levels of C-3 and elevated levels of C-14OH appear to have a higher risk of dying from SIDS. […] These findings are in line with previous research that has found an association between enzymes of fatty acid oxidation, like these, and SIDS. […] The research is still preliminary, and the scientists said that it needs to be validated in additional settings. […] While the end goal of creating a screening test for SIDS is still distant, the development signals the promise of future breakthroughs in prevention of this devastating syndrome.

• #25

  https://www.nbcnews.com/health/health-news/sudden-infant-death-syndrome-clues-possible-factors-rcna85986

  The results showed that the babies who’d died of SIDS were more likely to have an altered version of the serotonin-related brain receptor than the control cases. […] With SIDS, however, that response may not kick in, perhaps because of the altered brain receptor. If an infant is unable to restore their breathing and heart rate, that can hinder blood flow and oxygen supply. […] Still, researchers have long suspected that serotonin plays some role in SIDS given its association with breathing. […] It’s likely that genetics also affects an infant’s vulnerability to SIDS, though scientists aren’t sure in what capacity. […] Another factor may be infections that infants contract early in life, according to Dr. Michelle Caraballo, a pediatric pulmonologist at Childrens Health in North Texas and an assistant professor at UT Southwestern. […] There are still ways to protect against SIDS, however. […] Breastfeeding has been shown to lower the risk of SIDS, while using alcohol or tobacco while pregnant can raise the risk. […] At the end of the day, we don’t know the exact cause of death in the majority of cases.

• #26 What causes SIDS? Study suggests genetics may be at play in sudden infant death syndrome

  https://medicalxpress.com/news/2023-01-sids-genetics-play-sudden-infant.html

  The cause of sudden infant death syndrome, or SIDS, continues to be a medical mystery but a new study suggests genetics may play a role. […] Over the course of 39 years, researchers found siblings of infants who died of SIDS had a four-fold higher risk of dying suddenly compared to the general population, according to the report published in JAMA Network Open. […] The large study reinforces previous research that shows SIDS may be more of a medical problem than previously thought, said Dr. Richard Goldstein, director of the Robert’s Program on Sudden Unexpected Death in Pediatrics at Boston Children’s Hospital. […] The study identified 2,384 siblings of 1,540 infants who died from SIDS among 2.6 million births in Denmark between January 1978 and December 2016. […] Health experts say new evidence continues to reinforce genetics may play a role in SIDS and it’s important to invest in more research as data shows SIDS is the 12th most underfunded pediatric condition by the National Institutes of Health, according to a 2021 study published in JAMA Pediatrics. […] „We think there are mechanisms at play that we’re on the trail of,” Goldstein said.

• #27 Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sudden-infant-death-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20352800

  Sudden infant death syndrome is the unexplained death of a baby. The cause of SIDS is unknown. But it may be caused by problems in the area of an infant’s brain that controls breathing and waking up from sleep. […] Both physical and sleep factors put an infant at risk of SIDS. These factors vary from child to child. […] Physical factors associated with SIDS include: Brain defects. Some infants are born with problems that make them more likely to die of SIDS. In many of these babies, the part of the brain that controls breathing and waking up from sleep hasn’t developed enough to work properly. Low birth weight. Being born early or being part of a multiple birth increases the chances that a baby’s brain hasn’t fully developed at birth. The baby may have less control over such automatic processes as breathing and heart rate. Respiratory infection. Many infants who died of SIDS had recently had a cold. A cold may lead to breathing problems.

• #28 SIDS | Causes & Risk Factors

  https://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/health/s/sids

  Its normal for babies to sense when they do not get enough oxygen while sleeping. […] Babies are at an increased risk for SIDS if they do not inhale enough oxygen or if they inhale too much carbon dioxide. […] Some babies affected by SIDS have had an increased number of immune system cells and proteins. […] Many babies who have died from SIDS have had respiratory infections prior to their deaths. […] More SIDS cases occur during the colder months of the year, when respiratory and intestinal infections are more common. […] Metabolic disorders, such as medium chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency, can also put a baby at an increased risk of SIDS. […] If there is a family history of metabolic disorders or childhood deaths of unknown cause, genetic screening of the parents can be completed.

• #29 Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/conditions-diseases/sudden-infant-death-syndrome-sids

  SIDS is the sudden and unexplained death of an infant under 1 year of age. SIDS is sometimes called crib death because the death occurs when a baby is sleeping in a crib. It is one of the leading causes of death in babies from 1 month to 1 year of age, occurring most often between 2 and 4 months of age. The exact causes of SIDS are still unclear and research is ongoing. There are some factors which make babies higher risk for SIDS. Some risk factors are preventable, but others are not. Evidence has shown that some babies who die from SIDS have brain abnormalities. Some SIDS babies are born with brain abnormalities that make them vulnerable to sudden death during infancy. These abnormalities may be caused by exposure of the baby during pregnancy to a toxic substance, or from a decrease in oxygen. Events such as decreased oxygen, too much carbon dioxide intake, overheating, or an infection may be related to SIDS. Immune system problems. The numbers of cells and proteins made by the immune system of some SIDS babies have been reported to be higher than normal. Some of these proteins can interact with the brain to change heart rate and breathing during sleep, or can put the baby into a deep sleep. Such effects might be strong enough to cause the baby’s death, particularly if the baby has an underlying brain defect. Some babies who die suddenly may be born with a metabolic disorder. These babies can develop high levels of abnormal proteins that could lead to a rapid and deadly interruption in breathing and heart functioning.

• #30 Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/conditions-diseases/sudden-infant-death-syndrome-sids

  SIDS is the sudden and unexplained death of an infant under 1 year of age. SIDS is sometimes called crib death because the death occurs when a baby is sleeping in a crib. It is one of the leading causes of death in babies from 1 month to 1 year of age, occurring most often between 2 and 4 months of age. The exact causes of SIDS are still unclear and research is ongoing. There are some factors which make babies higher risk for SIDS. Some risk factors are preventable, but others are not. Evidence has shown that some babies who die from SIDS have brain abnormalities. Some SIDS babies are born with brain abnormalities that make them vulnerable to sudden death during infancy. These abnormalities may be caused by exposure of the baby during pregnancy to a toxic substance, or from a decrease in oxygen. Events such as decreased oxygen, too much carbon dioxide intake, overheating, or an infection may be related to SIDS. Immune system problems. The numbers of cells and proteins made by the immune system of some SIDS babies have been reported to be higher than normal. Some of these proteins can interact with the brain to change heart rate and breathing during sleep, or can put the baby into a deep sleep. Such effects might be strong enough to cause the baby’s death, particularly if the baby has an underlying brain defect. Some babies who die suddenly may be born with a metabolic disorder. These babies can develop high levels of abnormal proteins that could lead to a rapid and deadly interruption in breathing and heart functioning.

• #31 SIDS: Could brain infections be a cause? – Boston Children’s Answers

  https://answers.childrenshospital.org/sids-brain-infections/

  Some infants who pass away from sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) are known to have had acute minor infections. Could these have played a role in their death? […] Using next-generation molecular tools, a new study provides evidence that undiagnosed inflammation and occult infection can contribute to SIDS and the brainstem pathology seen in some infants. […] Researchers led by Robin Haynes, PhD, at Boston Children’s Hospital and Benjamin Okaty, PhD, at Harvard Medical School analyzed autopsy samples from 71 infants who died from SIDS and 20 controls. […] Of 64 infants with SIDS who were screened, six had strikingly elevated neopterin levels, suggesting they had brain inflammation. […] In one 11-day-old infant, this revealed a viral pathogen: human parechovirus 3 (HPeV3), an infection of emerging concern in newborns and young infants.

• #32 Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sudden-infant-death-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20352800

  A baby’s sleeping position, items in the crib and other conditions may increase the risk of SIDS. Examples include: Sleeping on the stomach or side. Babies placed in these positions to sleep might have more trouble breathing than those placed on their backs. Sleeping on a soft surface. Lying face down on a fluffy comforter, a soft mattress or a waterbed can block an infant’s airway. Sharing a bed. The risk of SIDS rises if a baby sleeps in the same bed with parents, siblings or pets. But it may help if the infant sleeps in a separate bed in the same room with parents. That seems to lower the risk of SIDS. Overheating. Being too warm while sleeping can increase a baby’s risk of SIDS. […] SIDS can happen to any infant. But researchers have found several factors that might raise the risk. They include: Sex. Boys are slightly more likely than girls to die of SIDS. Age. Infants are at higher risk between the second and fourth months of life. Race. For reasons that aren’t well understood, SIDS occurs more often in Black, Native American and Alaska Native infants. Family history. Babies with siblings who died of SIDS are at higher risk of SIDS. Secondhand smoke. Babies who live with smokers have a higher risk of SIDS. Premature birth. Being born early and having a low birth weight increase a baby’s chances of SIDS. […] During pregnancy, mothers also affect their babies’ risk of SIDS, especially if they: Are younger than 20. Smoke cigarettes. Use drugs or alcohol. Do not receive good medical care while pregnant.

• #33 Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/sids.html

  Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) is the sudden and unexplained death of a baby younger than 1 year old. Most SIDS deaths are associated with sleep, which is why it’s sometimes still called „crib death.” […] SIDS is the leading cause of death among infants 1 month to 1 year old, and remains unpredictable despite years of research. […] Most SIDS deaths happen in babies between 1 and 4 months old, and cases rise during cold weather. […] Babies might have a higher risk of SIDS if: their mother smoked, drank, or used drugs during pregnancy and after birth; their mother had poor prenatal care; they were born prematurely or at a low birth weight; there’s a family history of SIDS; their mothers were younger than 20 when they gave birth; they are around tobacco smoke after birth; they get overheated; they sleep on a soft surface; they sleep with soft objects or loose blankets and pillows; they sleep in a parents bed.

• #34 Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sudden-infant-death-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20352800

  A baby’s sleeping position, items in the crib and other conditions may increase the risk of SIDS. Examples include: Sleeping on the stomach or side. Babies placed in these positions to sleep might have more trouble breathing than those placed on their backs. Sleeping on a soft surface. Lying face down on a fluffy comforter, a soft mattress or a waterbed can block an infant’s airway. Sharing a bed. The risk of SIDS rises if a baby sleeps in the same bed with parents, siblings or pets. But it may help if the infant sleeps in a separate bed in the same room with parents. That seems to lower the risk of SIDS. Overheating. Being too warm while sleeping can increase a baby’s risk of SIDS. […] SIDS can happen to any infant. But researchers have found several factors that might raise the risk. They include: Sex. Boys are slightly more likely than girls to die of SIDS. Age. Infants are at higher risk between the second and fourth months of life. Race. For reasons that aren’t well understood, SIDS occurs more often in Black, Native American and Alaska Native infants. Family history. Babies with siblings who died of SIDS are at higher risk of SIDS. Secondhand smoke. Babies who live with smokers have a higher risk of SIDS. Premature birth. Being born early and having a low birth weight increase a baby’s chances of SIDS. […] During pregnancy, mothers also affect their babies’ risk of SIDS, especially if they: Are younger than 20. Smoke cigarettes. Use drugs or alcohol. Do not receive good medical care while pregnant.

• #35 SIDS – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIDS

  SIDS rates are higher in babies of mothers who smoke during pregnancy. […] Placing an infant to sleep while lying on the belly or side rather than on the back increases the risk for SIDS. […] Sharing a bed with parents or siblings increases the risk for SIDS. […] Breastfeeding is associated with a lower risk of SIDS. […] Low birth weight is a significant risk factor. […] Premature birth increases the risk of SIDS death roughly fourfold. […] Genetics plays a role, as SIDS is more prevalent in males. […] Drinking of alcohol by parents is linked to SIDS. […] A 2022 study found that infants who died of SIDS exhibited significantly lower specific activity of butyrylcholinesterase, an enzyme involved in the brain’s arousal pathway, shortly after birth. […] SIDS has been linked to cold weather, with this association believed to be due to over-bundling and thus, overheating.

• #36 Sudden infant death syndrome: What causes SIDS?

  https://www.babycenter.com/baby/sleep/sudden-infant-death-syndrome-sids_419

  Babies born early and at a low birth weight are at higher risk. […] Babies younger than 4 months old are at higher risk. […] Boys are at slightly higher risk than girls. […] Twins have twice the risk of SIDS, which is largely due to the overall lower birth weight of twins. […] Babies of women who smoked or used drugs or alcohol during pregnancy, had inadequate prenatal care, or were younger than 20 when they gave birth are at higher risk. […] Babies with a sibling or cousin who died of SIDS are at higher risk. […] The risk of SIDS is highest for infants who are Black, Native American, or Alaskan Native, followed by white. Asian/Pacific Islander and Hispanic infants are at lower risk. […] Babies who live with smokers are at higher risk.

• #37 Sudden infant death syndrome Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/sudden-infant-death-syndrome

  Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) is the unexpected, sudden death of a child under age 1. An autopsy does not show an explainable cause of death. […] The cause of SIDS is unknown. Many doctors and researchers now believe that SIDS is caused by many factors, including: Problems with the baby’s ability to wake up (sleep arousal) and Inability of the baby’s body to detect a buildup of carbon dioxide in the blood. […] SIDS rates have gone down sharply since doctors began recommending that babies be put on their backs or sides to sleep to reduce the chance of problem. However, SIDS is still a major cause of death in infants under 1 year old. Thousands of babies die of SIDS in the United States each year. […] The following may increase the risk for SIDS: Sleeping on the stomach, Being around cigarette smoke while in the womb or after being born, Sleeping in the same bed as their parents (co-sleeping), Soft bedding in the crib, Multiple birth babies (being a twin, triplet, or member of a larger multiple birth), Premature birth, Having a brother or sister who had SIDS, Mothers who smoke or use illegal drugs, Being born to a teen mother, Short time period between pregnancies, Late or no prenatal care, Living in poverty situations. […] While studies show that babies with the above risk factors are more likely to be affected, the impact or importance of each factor is not well-defined or understood.

• #38 Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sudden-infant-death-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20352800

  A baby’s sleeping position, items in the crib and other conditions may increase the risk of SIDS. Examples include: Sleeping on the stomach or side. Babies placed in these positions to sleep might have more trouble breathing than those placed on their backs. Sleeping on a soft surface. Lying face down on a fluffy comforter, a soft mattress or a waterbed can block an infant’s airway. Sharing a bed. The risk of SIDS rises if a baby sleeps in the same bed with parents, siblings or pets. But it may help if the infant sleeps in a separate bed in the same room with parents. That seems to lower the risk of SIDS. Overheating. Being too warm while sleeping can increase a baby’s risk of SIDS. […] SIDS can happen to any infant. But researchers have found several factors that might raise the risk. They include: Sex. Boys are slightly more likely than girls to die of SIDS. Age. Infants are at higher risk between the second and fourth months of life. Race. For reasons that aren’t well understood, SIDS occurs more often in Black, Native American and Alaska Native infants. Family history. Babies with siblings who died of SIDS are at higher risk of SIDS. Secondhand smoke. Babies who live with smokers have a higher risk of SIDS. Premature birth. Being born early and having a low birth weight increase a baby’s chances of SIDS. […] During pregnancy, mothers also affect their babies’ risk of SIDS, especially if they: Are younger than 20. Smoke cigarettes. Use drugs or alcohol. Do not receive good medical care while pregnant.

• #39 Sudden Infant Death Syndrome SIDS

  https://portal.ct.gov/dph/family-health/sudden-infant-death-syndrome/sudden-infant-death-syndrome-sids

  In the United States, SIDS is one of the leading causes of infant mortality and the leading cause of postneonatal (28 to 364 days) mortality. Each year, approximately 3,000 infants die of SIDS. […] Since the Back To Sleep campaign was initiated in 1994, SIDS rates have dropped over 40 percent nationwide. […] It is important to recognize that SIDS deaths can occur in any family and across all racial, ethnic, and socioeconomic groups. However, while SIDS crosses all racial and ethnic boundaries, data indicate that African American infants are about two times more likely than Caucasian infants to die of SIDS. Native American infants are about three times more likely to die of SIDS. […] More deaths are reported in the fall and winter months, possibly due to overbundling and overheating of the infant. […] Research suggests that the majority of SIDS deaths occur in the early morning. In most cases, SIDS deaths occur during sleep, and there is usually no sign of the infant having struggled. SIDS deaths are also associated with no signs of pain or suffering.

• #40 Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sudden-infant-death-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20352800

  A baby’s sleeping position, items in the crib and other conditions may increase the risk of SIDS. Examples include: Sleeping on the stomach or side. Babies placed in these positions to sleep might have more trouble breathing than those placed on their backs. Sleeping on a soft surface. Lying face down on a fluffy comforter, a soft mattress or a waterbed can block an infant’s airway. Sharing a bed. The risk of SIDS rises if a baby sleeps in the same bed with parents, siblings or pets. But it may help if the infant sleeps in a separate bed in the same room with parents. That seems to lower the risk of SIDS. Overheating. Being too warm while sleeping can increase a baby’s risk of SIDS. […] SIDS can happen to any infant. But researchers have found several factors that might raise the risk. They include: Sex. Boys are slightly more likely than girls to die of SIDS. Age. Infants are at higher risk between the second and fourth months of life. Race. For reasons that aren’t well understood, SIDS occurs more often in Black, Native American and Alaska Native infants. Family history. Babies with siblings who died of SIDS are at higher risk of SIDS. Secondhand smoke. Babies who live with smokers have a higher risk of SIDS. Premature birth. Being born early and having a low birth weight increase a baby’s chances of SIDS. […] During pregnancy, mothers also affect their babies’ risk of SIDS, especially if they: Are younger than 20. Smoke cigarettes. Use drugs or alcohol. Do not receive good medical care while pregnant.

• #41 Sudden Infant Death Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560807/

  Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) is the abrupt and unexplained death of an infant less than 1-year old. Despite investigation (review of clinical history, investigation of the death, and a complete autopsy), no evidence supports a specific single cause of death. […] The exact etiology of SIDS is not clear. Studies suggest that SIDS is associated with suboptimal physiologic responses to hypoxemia and hypercarbia and a combination of several intrinsic and extrinsic factors. The most important preventable SIDS risk factor is a supine sleeping position. […] Studies suggest that 95% of the SIDS cases were associated with at least one risk factor, and 78% of the cases were associated with at least two risk factors. Several studies identify the prone sleeping position, sleeping on soft surfaces, sleeping with soft objects, co-sleeping with a parent/parents, maternal smoking during pregnancy, maternal age less than 20 years, late/no prenatal care, preterm birth, low birth weight, lack of breastfeeding, and overheating as risk factors in SIDS deaths.

• #42 Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sudden-infant-death-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20352800

  A baby’s sleeping position, items in the crib and other conditions may increase the risk of SIDS. Examples include: Sleeping on the stomach or side. Babies placed in these positions to sleep might have more trouble breathing than those placed on their backs. Sleeping on a soft surface. Lying face down on a fluffy comforter, a soft mattress or a waterbed can block an infant’s airway. Sharing a bed. The risk of SIDS rises if a baby sleeps in the same bed with parents, siblings or pets. But it may help if the infant sleeps in a separate bed in the same room with parents. That seems to lower the risk of SIDS. Overheating. Being too warm while sleeping can increase a baby’s risk of SIDS. […] SIDS can happen to any infant. But researchers have found several factors that might raise the risk. They include: Sex. Boys are slightly more likely than girls to die of SIDS. Age. Infants are at higher risk between the second and fourth months of life. Race. For reasons that aren’t well understood, SIDS occurs more often in Black, Native American and Alaska Native infants. Family history. Babies with siblings who died of SIDS are at higher risk of SIDS. Secondhand smoke. Babies who live with smokers have a higher risk of SIDS. Premature birth. Being born early and having a low birth weight increase a baby’s chances of SIDS. […] During pregnancy, mothers also affect their babies’ risk of SIDS, especially if they: Are younger than 20. Smoke cigarettes. Use drugs or alcohol. Do not receive good medical care while pregnant.

• #43 Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sudden-infant-death-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20352800

  A baby’s sleeping position, items in the crib and other conditions may increase the risk of SIDS. Examples include: Sleeping on the stomach or side. Babies placed in these positions to sleep might have more trouble breathing than those placed on their backs. Sleeping on a soft surface. Lying face down on a fluffy comforter, a soft mattress or a waterbed can block an infant’s airway. Sharing a bed. The risk of SIDS rises if a baby sleeps in the same bed with parents, siblings or pets. But it may help if the infant sleeps in a separate bed in the same room with parents. That seems to lower the risk of SIDS. Overheating. Being too warm while sleeping can increase a baby’s risk of SIDS. […] SIDS can happen to any infant. But researchers have found several factors that might raise the risk. They include: Sex. Boys are slightly more likely than girls to die of SIDS. Age. Infants are at higher risk between the second and fourth months of life. Race. For reasons that aren’t well understood, SIDS occurs more often in Black, Native American and Alaska Native infants. Family history. Babies with siblings who died of SIDS are at higher risk of SIDS. Secondhand smoke. Babies who live with smokers have a higher risk of SIDS. Premature birth. Being born early and having a low birth weight increase a baby’s chances of SIDS. […] During pregnancy, mothers also affect their babies’ risk of SIDS, especially if they: Are younger than 20. Smoke cigarettes. Use drugs or alcohol. Do not receive good medical care while pregnant.

• #44 Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sudden-infant-death-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20352800

  A baby’s sleeping position, items in the crib and other conditions may increase the risk of SIDS. Examples include: Sleeping on the stomach or side. Babies placed in these positions to sleep might have more trouble breathing than those placed on their backs. Sleeping on a soft surface. Lying face down on a fluffy comforter, a soft mattress or a waterbed can block an infant’s airway. Sharing a bed. The risk of SIDS rises if a baby sleeps in the same bed with parents, siblings or pets. But it may help if the infant sleeps in a separate bed in the same room with parents. That seems to lower the risk of SIDS. Overheating. Being too warm while sleeping can increase a baby’s risk of SIDS. […] SIDS can happen to any infant. But researchers have found several factors that might raise the risk. They include: Sex. Boys are slightly more likely than girls to die of SIDS. Age. Infants are at higher risk between the second and fourth months of life. Race. For reasons that aren’t well understood, SIDS occurs more often in Black, Native American and Alaska Native infants. Family history. Babies with siblings who died of SIDS are at higher risk of SIDS. Secondhand smoke. Babies who live with smokers have a higher risk of SIDS. Premature birth. Being born early and having a low birth weight increase a baby’s chances of SIDS. […] During pregnancy, mothers also affect their babies’ risk of SIDS, especially if they: Are younger than 20. Smoke cigarettes. Use drugs or alcohol. Do not receive good medical care while pregnant.

• #45 Sudden unexpected death in infants (SUDI and SIDS) | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/healthyliving/sudden-unexpected-death-in-infants-sudi-and-sids

  Sudden unexpected death in infancy (SUDI) is the name for the sudden and unexpected death of a baby when there is no apparent cause of death. […] The cause of SUDI is not known. There are no consistent warning signs to alert us that a SUDI might occur, but there are risk factors to consider. These include vulnerability, age and external risk factors such as over-heating and unsafe sleeping practices. […] Research into the causes of SUDI continues. […] If a baby is exposed to tobacco smoke in utero (during the pregnancy), they have a higher risk of SUDI. Babies exposed to tobacco smoke after birth are also at increased risk of SUDI. […] Overheating is a significant risk factor of SUDI. […] There is no convincing scientific evidence that any specific baby-care product reduces the risk of SUDI.

• #46 Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sudden-infant-death-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20352800

  A baby’s sleeping position, items in the crib and other conditions may increase the risk of SIDS. Examples include: Sleeping on the stomach or side. Babies placed in these positions to sleep might have more trouble breathing than those placed on their backs. Sleeping on a soft surface. Lying face down on a fluffy comforter, a soft mattress or a waterbed can block an infant’s airway. Sharing a bed. The risk of SIDS rises if a baby sleeps in the same bed with parents, siblings or pets. But it may help if the infant sleeps in a separate bed in the same room with parents. That seems to lower the risk of SIDS. Overheating. Being too warm while sleeping can increase a baby’s risk of SIDS. […] SIDS can happen to any infant. But researchers have found several factors that might raise the risk. They include: Sex. Boys are slightly more likely than girls to die of SIDS. Age. Infants are at higher risk between the second and fourth months of life. Race. For reasons that aren’t well understood, SIDS occurs more often in Black, Native American and Alaska Native infants. Family history. Babies with siblings who died of SIDS are at higher risk of SIDS. Secondhand smoke. Babies who live with smokers have a higher risk of SIDS. Premature birth. Being born early and having a low birth weight increase a baby’s chances of SIDS. […] During pregnancy, mothers also affect their babies’ risk of SIDS, especially if they: Are younger than 20. Smoke cigarettes. Use drugs or alcohol. Do not receive good medical care while pregnant.

• #47 Sudden Infant Death Syndrome SIDS

  https://portal.ct.gov/dph/family-health/sudden-infant-death-syndrome/sudden-infant-death-syndrome-sids

  In the United States, SIDS is one of the leading causes of infant mortality and the leading cause of postneonatal (28 to 364 days) mortality. Each year, approximately 3,000 infants die of SIDS. […] Since the Back To Sleep campaign was initiated in 1994, SIDS rates have dropped over 40 percent nationwide. […] It is important to recognize that SIDS deaths can occur in any family and across all racial, ethnic, and socioeconomic groups. However, while SIDS crosses all racial and ethnic boundaries, data indicate that African American infants are about two times more likely than Caucasian infants to die of SIDS. Native American infants are about three times more likely to die of SIDS. […] More deaths are reported in the fall and winter months, possibly due to overbundling and overheating of the infant. […] Research suggests that the majority of SIDS deaths occur in the early morning. In most cases, SIDS deaths occur during sleep, and there is usually no sign of the infant having struggled. SIDS deaths are also associated with no signs of pain or suffering.

• #48 Sudden Infant Death Syndrome | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2009/0515/p870.html

  Other factors related to poor social and economic status, such as a crowded household, parental unemployment, and single parent status, also increase the risk of SIDS. […] The relationship between prone sleeping position and SIDS was first noted in 1965, but recommendations supporting supine sleeping were not issued until the early 1990s. […] Significant controversy revolves around the pathophysiology of SIDS. […] Current literature supports a triple-risk model, which suggests that SIDS is the final common pathway of three coinciding factors. […] Current SIDS research topics include investigation of ion channel abnormalities, autonomic nervous system disturbances, and the effects of nicotine on the developing brain. […] Pre- and postnatal exposure to cigarette smoke has been a known risk factor for SIDS for more than 30 years. […] Families who have had an infant die from SIDS should be treated with compassion and empathy.

• #49 Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/sids.html

  Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) is the sudden and unexplained death of a baby younger than 1 year old. Most SIDS deaths are associated with sleep, which is why it’s sometimes still called „crib death.” […] SIDS is the leading cause of death among infants 1 month to 1 year old, and remains unpredictable despite years of research. […] Most SIDS deaths happen in babies between 1 and 4 months old, and cases rise during cold weather. […] Babies might have a higher risk of SIDS if: their mother smoked, drank, or used drugs during pregnancy and after birth; their mother had poor prenatal care; they were born prematurely or at a low birth weight; there’s a family history of SIDS; their mothers were younger than 20 when they gave birth; they are around tobacco smoke after birth; they get overheated; they sleep on a soft surface; they sleep with soft objects or loose blankets and pillows; they sleep in a parents bed.

• #50

  https://www.healthychildren.org/English/tips-tools/ask-the-pediatrician/Pages/are-some-babies-at-higher-risk-for-sids.aspx

  Recent research shows that every cigarette smoked during pregnancy increases your baby’s risk of SIDS. […] In fact, It has been estimated that, if everyone stopped smoking during pregnancy, up to one-third of SIDS deaths could be avoided. […] SIDS peaks between 1 and 4 months of age, and 90% of the cases take place in the first 6 months of life. […] Our best working model is the Triple Risk Hypothesis, which proposes 3 factors in these deaths: 1) an underlying abnormality or immaturity in the baby’s breathing or sleep waking systems, 2) a critical period of development (first months of life), and 3) environmental factors or stressors (such as stomach or side sleeping, overheating or covering the nose and mouth). […] Each death results from the interaction of multiple factors. […] However, we also know that there are other reasons that these babies die. Up to 10% of SIDS deaths are due to sudden irregular heartbeats, some may be related to specific abnormalities in the brain. […] Some may be triggered by an abnormal immune response to infection.

• #51 SIDS – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIDS

  SIDS rates are higher in babies of mothers who smoke during pregnancy. […] Placing an infant to sleep while lying on the belly or side rather than on the back increases the risk for SIDS. […] Sharing a bed with parents or siblings increases the risk for SIDS. […] Breastfeeding is associated with a lower risk of SIDS. […] Low birth weight is a significant risk factor. […] Premature birth increases the risk of SIDS death roughly fourfold. […] Genetics plays a role, as SIDS is more prevalent in males. […] Drinking of alcohol by parents is linked to SIDS. […] A 2022 study found that infants who died of SIDS exhibited significantly lower specific activity of butyrylcholinesterase, an enzyme involved in the brain’s arousal pathway, shortly after birth. […] SIDS has been linked to cold weather, with this association believed to be due to over-bundling and thus, overheating.

• #52 Sudden infant death syndrome Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/sudden-infant-death-syndrome

  Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) is the unexpected, sudden death of a child under age 1. An autopsy does not show an explainable cause of death. […] The cause of SIDS is unknown. Many doctors and researchers now believe that SIDS is caused by many factors, including: Problems with the baby’s ability to wake up (sleep arousal) and Inability of the baby’s body to detect a buildup of carbon dioxide in the blood. […] SIDS rates have gone down sharply since doctors began recommending that babies be put on their backs or sides to sleep to reduce the chance of problem. However, SIDS is still a major cause of death in infants under 1 year old. Thousands of babies die of SIDS in the United States each year. […] The following may increase the risk for SIDS: Sleeping on the stomach, Being around cigarette smoke while in the womb or after being born, Sleeping in the same bed as their parents (co-sleeping), Soft bedding in the crib, Multiple birth babies (being a twin, triplet, or member of a larger multiple birth), Premature birth, Having a brother or sister who had SIDS, Mothers who smoke or use illegal drugs, Being born to a teen mother, Short time period between pregnancies, Late or no prenatal care, Living in poverty situations. […] While studies show that babies with the above risk factors are more likely to be affected, the impact or importance of each factor is not well-defined or understood.

• #53 Sudden infant death syndrome Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/sudden-infant-death-syndrome

  Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) is the unexpected, sudden death of a child under age 1. An autopsy does not show an explainable cause of death. […] The cause of SIDS is unknown. Many doctors and researchers now believe that SIDS is caused by many factors, including: Problems with the baby’s ability to wake up (sleep arousal) and Inability of the baby’s body to detect a buildup of carbon dioxide in the blood. […] SIDS rates have gone down sharply since doctors began recommending that babies be put on their backs or sides to sleep to reduce the chance of problem. However, SIDS is still a major cause of death in infants under 1 year old. Thousands of babies die of SIDS in the United States each year. […] The following may increase the risk for SIDS: Sleeping on the stomach, Being around cigarette smoke while in the womb or after being born, Sleeping in the same bed as their parents (co-sleeping), Soft bedding in the crib, Multiple birth babies (being a twin, triplet, or member of a larger multiple birth), Premature birth, Having a brother or sister who had SIDS, Mothers who smoke or use illegal drugs, Being born to a teen mother, Short time period between pregnancies, Late or no prenatal care, Living in poverty situations. […] While studies show that babies with the above risk factors are more likely to be affected, the impact or importance of each factor is not well-defined or understood.

• #54 SIDS – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIDS

  SIDS makes up about 80% of sudden and unexpected infant deaths (SUIDs). […] The most effective method of reducing the risk of SIDS is putting a child less than one-year-old on their back to sleep. […] Other measures include a firm mattress separate from but close to caregivers, no loose bedding, a relatively cool sleeping environment, using a pacifier, and avoiding exposure to tobacco smoke. […] Breastfeeding and immunization may also be preventative. […] Rates of SIDS vary nearly tenfold in developed countries from one in a thousand to one in ten thousand. […] SIDS was the third leading cause of death in children less than one year old in the United States in 2011. […] It is the most common cause of death between one month and one year of age. […] About 90% of cases happen before six months of age, with it being most frequent between two months and four months of age.

• #55

  https://www.healthychildren.org/English/tips-tools/ask-the-pediatrician/Pages/are-some-babies-at-higher-risk-for-sids.aspx

  Although there is no „SIDS gene,” many genes have been identified that may play a role in certain SIDS cases. […] There are genes related to some cardiac arrythmias, others that affect brain chemicals (neurotransmitters) involved in sleep arousals (a baby’s ability to wake up), and others that impact immune response to infection, to name a few. […] The best thing you can do for your baby at this time is create a safe sleep environment to minimize the risk of SIDS and to prevent issues like suffocation. […] Babies are safest sleeping on the back, close to but separate from the parents (room sharing-not bed sharing) in an uncluttered crib, bassinet or play yard (no pillows, loose blankets, stuffed animals, etc.). […] Providing human milk to your baby for at least 2 months can decrease the risk of SIDS by 50%! […] Although the overall risk of SIDS is low–a little under 1 death per 1000 live births–this number is still much too high.

• #56 Sudden Infant Death Syndrome | Children’s Hospital Colorado

  https://www.childrenscolorado.org/conditions-and-advice/conditions-and-symptoms/conditions/sids/

  Another theory is that stomach sleeping can increase an infant’s risk of „rebreathing” exhaled air, particularly if the infant is sleeping on a soft mattress or with bedding, stuffed toys or a pillow near the face. […] A third possibility is that infants who succumb to SIDS may have an abnormality in the part of the brain that controls breathing and helps the baby awaken during sleep. […] Because we dont know exactly what causes SIDS, we dont know how to completely prevent it. However, we do know several steps that parents and other caregivers can take to lower a baby’s risk of SIDS. […] The evidence that links stomach sleeping to SIDS led the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) to recommend in the 1992 Back to Sleep campaign to ensure that all healthy infants younger than 1 year of age be put to sleep on their backs. […] Studies have shown that routine immunization can reduce the risk of SIDS by 50%.

• #57 Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) – Causes | Family Doctor

  https://familydoctor.org/condition/sudden-infant-death-syndrome-sids/

  There is no sure way to prevent SIDS, but there are ways to reduce your baby’s risks. […] Keep up on your baby’s vaccinations and well-child visits. Research shows that getting vaccinations on schedule reduces the threat of SIDS by 50%. […] Premature birth or low birth weight also may be associated with SIDS. Mothers less than 20 years old also may be a factor.

• #58 Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS/Cot Death)

  https://patient.info/doctor/sudden-infant-death-syndrome

  The issue of advising parents about sharing a bed with their baby is a potentially sensitive one and has received much prominence in the literature of late. Although it is a very common practice worldwide, there is emerging evidence that co-sleeping does increase the risk of SIDS. […] Evidence shows that bedding has covered the infant’s head in a significant number of deaths from SIDS. Soft bedding increases the risk of sudden infant death syndrome by five times and by much more if the baby is prone. […] The following are associated with a reduced risk of sudden infant death syndrome: Breastfeeding; Dummies; Room-sharing. […] SIDS cannot be prevented completely but experience shows that it can be reduced. This requires attention to the various risk factors outlined above. In particular, advice about placing the baby to sleep in the supine position in the infant’s parental bedroom and avoidance of parental smoking are important.

• #59 Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sudden-infant-death-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20352800

  A baby’s sleeping position, items in the crib and other conditions may increase the risk of SIDS. Examples include: Sleeping on the stomach or side. Babies placed in these positions to sleep might have more trouble breathing than those placed on their backs. Sleeping on a soft surface. Lying face down on a fluffy comforter, a soft mattress or a waterbed can block an infant’s airway. Sharing a bed. The risk of SIDS rises if a baby sleeps in the same bed with parents, siblings or pets. But it may help if the infant sleeps in a separate bed in the same room with parents. That seems to lower the risk of SIDS. Overheating. Being too warm while sleeping can increase a baby’s risk of SIDS. […] SIDS can happen to any infant. But researchers have found several factors that might raise the risk. They include: Sex. Boys are slightly more likely than girls to die of SIDS. Age. Infants are at higher risk between the second and fourth months of life. Race. For reasons that aren’t well understood, SIDS occurs more often in Black, Native American and Alaska Native infants. Family history. Babies with siblings who died of SIDS are at higher risk of SIDS. Secondhand smoke. Babies who live with smokers have a higher risk of SIDS. Premature birth. Being born early and having a low birth weight increase a baby’s chances of SIDS. […] During pregnancy, mothers also affect their babies’ risk of SIDS, especially if they: Are younger than 20. Smoke cigarettes. Use drugs or alcohol. Do not receive good medical care while pregnant.

• #60 The search for what causes SIDS

  https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20221024-the-search-for-what-causes-sids

  Sudden infant death syndrome kills thousands of babies every year. We don’t yet know the cause of SIDS or its cure. But researchers are getting closer. […] We also don’t know what causes SIDS. […] „For many years, we thought there was a thing called SIDS. That’s not the working model right now,” says Richard Goldstein, a leading SIDS researcher and paediatric palliative care specialist at Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School. „SIDS is a descriptor it’s a description of an outcome. And that outcome is that a seemingly well infant is placed to sleep and dies during their sleep for no apparent cause.” […] But when it comes to SIDS, in particular, minimising risk isn’t the same as eradicating deaths and understanding what raises SIDS risk isn’t the same as knowing what causes it.

• #61

  https://abc7.com/sids-cause-sudden-infant-death-syndrome-breakthrough-babies/11845007/

  According to the study, babies who died from SIDS had lower levels of the enzyme butyrylcholinesterase than living babies. […] A new study found that babies who died from SIDS had lower levels of the enzyme butyrylcholinesterase than living babies. […] Researchers are calling the small peer-reviewed study, published in The Lancet medical journal on May 6, a potential breakthrough in understanding SIDS and developing preventative measures to reduce the risk of disease. […] According to the study, babies who died from SIDS had lower levels of the enzyme butyrylcholinesterase than living babies or those who died from other causes, ABC Chief Medical Correspondent Dr. Jen Ashton said on „Good Morning America” Friday. […] Butyrylcholinesterase, or BChE, is thought to be involved in brain arousal pathways, which control critical bodily functions like the drive to take a breath, Ashton said. […] „Potentially, this would represent a target for intervention if you could screen babies, find that they have a low enzyme level and improve that. But again, this is preliminary research at this point,” she said.

• #62 New Research on Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)

  https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/family-resources-education/700childrens/2022/08/new-sids-research

  Researchers continue to try to find the underlying reasons that increase the risk of SIDS. While no clear answer has been found yet, the thought is that those infants have a decreased ability to arouse themselves. […] Recently a new research study was released online, with findings that could be the key to determining what an underlying vulnerability is in babies that die from SIDS, despite being in a safe sleep environment. The authors describe decreased levels of the blood enzyme butryrylcholinesterase (BChE) activity in infants that died from SIDS versus those that died from other causes, versus those who did not die. […] The results demonstrated that those infants who died from SIDS had statistically significant decreased BChE activity level when compared to the controls and the babies who died but not from SIDS. While these findings seem to have found a possible medical reason for the unexplained deaths, more research needs to be done before it can be confirmed.

• #63 Sudden infant death syndrome may have a biological cause | New Scientist

  https://www.newscientist.com/article/2375424-sudden-infant-death-syndrome-may-have-a-biological-cause/

  Sudden infant death syndrome may partly be caused by reduced binding of the neurotransmitter serotonin to receptors in the lower brainstem. […] Researchers may have identified a biological mechanism behind sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). […] Among the babies who died of SIDS, the researchers identified differences in how the neurotransmitter serotonin bound to their so-called 5-HT2A/C receptors, found in the lower brainstem. […] Among the babies who died of SIDS, there was reduced serotonin binding to the 5-HT2A/C receptors or the binding didn’t increase as expected as the infants got older, compared with the babies who died of non-SIDS causes, says Haynes. […] These differences may combine with other biological and environmental factors, such as an infant’s sleeping position, to increase their risk of SIDS, say the researchers.

• #64 First Genetic Risk Factors Identified for Sudden Unexplained Death in Children After Age 1 | NYU Langone News

  https://nyulangone.org/news/first-genetic-risk-factors-identified-sudden-unexplained-death-children-after-age-1

  A new study found that changes in specific genes may contribute each year to the roughly 400 sudden unexplained deaths in children (SUDC) aged 1 year and older and separately from sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). […] Children younger than 1 year old who die suddenly are diagnosed with SIDS, and older children with SUDC. But the conditions likely have many factors in common, say the study authors. […] Our study is the largest of its kind to date, the first to prove that there are definite genetic causes of SUDC, and the first to fill in any portion of the risk picture, says senior study author Richard Tsien, DPhil, chair of the Department of Neuroscience and Physiology and director of the Neuroscience Institute at NYU Langone. […] Among the children that died, we found a tenfold greater frequency of genetic changes in these genes than in the general population.

• #65 SIDS: Could brain infections be a cause? – Boston Children’s Answers

  https://answers.childrenshospital.org/sids-brain-infections/

  Some infants who pass away from sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) are known to have had acute minor infections. Could these have played a role in their death? […] Using next-generation molecular tools, a new study provides evidence that undiagnosed inflammation and occult infection can contribute to SIDS and the brainstem pathology seen in some infants. […] Researchers led by Robin Haynes, PhD, at Boston Children’s Hospital and Benjamin Okaty, PhD, at Harvard Medical School analyzed autopsy samples from 71 infants who died from SIDS and 20 controls. […] Of 64 infants with SIDS who were screened, six had strikingly elevated neopterin levels, suggesting they had brain inflammation. […] In one 11-day-old infant, this revealed a viral pathogen: human parechovirus 3 (HPeV3), an infection of emerging concern in newborns and young infants.

• #66 Sudden infant death syndrome: Study uncovers potential cause

  https://nypost.com/2024/01/05/health/sudden-infant-death-syndrome-study-uncovers-potential-cause/

  After spending years studying the cause of sudden infant death syndrome, or SIDS, doctors believe they have identified a cause, according to a new study published in the journal Neurology. […] Brief seizures accompanied by muscle convulsions have been named as a possible reason for the mysterious and tragic deaths a tragic loss suffered by thousands of families in the United States each year. […] Our study, although small, offers the first direct evidence that seizures may be responsible for some sudden deaths in children, which are usually unwitnessed during sleep, the lead researcher, NYU Langones Dr. Laura Gould, said in a statement. […] Researchers have identified brief seizures accompanied by muscle convulsions as a potential cause for these mysterious deaths. […] Convulsive seizures may be the smoking gun that medical science has been looking for to understand why these children die, study senior investigator and neurologist Dr. Orrin Devinsky, who helped Gould establish the registry, said in a statement.

• #67 How Newly Identified Biomarkers Could Reveal Risk Factors for SIDS | UC San Francisco

  https://www.ucsf.edu/news/2024/09/428381/how-newly-identified-biomarkers-could-reveal-risk-factors-sids

  Investigators in this study knew from previous research that the metabolic system how bodies process and store energy might play a part in SIDS. […] In the 354 infants who died from SIDS, they found that there were some metabolic biomarkers that may be associated with increased risk. […] For example, infants with lower levels of C-3 and elevated levels of C-14OH appear to have a higher risk of dying from SIDS. […] These findings are in line with previous research that has found an association between enzymes of fatty acid oxidation, like these, and SIDS. […] The research is still preliminary, and the scientists said that it needs to be validated in additional settings. […] While the end goal of creating a screening test for SIDS is still distant, the development signals the promise of future breakthroughs in prevention of this devastating syndrome.

• #68 SIDS | Causes & Risk Factors

  https://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/health/s/sids

  Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) is the sudden and unexplained death of a baby under 1 year of age. It is a major cause of death in babies from 1 month to 1 year of age. In most cases, the baby seems healthy. The death is sudden, most often occurring during sleep, and cant be predicted. […] Despite 30 years of research, experts have not yet found an exact cause for SIDS. […] Research has shown that some babies who die from SIDS had brain abnormalities that made them more at risk for sudden death during infancy. […] These studies found abnormalities in the „arcuate nucleus, the part of the brain that helps control breathing and blood pressure. […] Babies born with defects in other parts of the brain or body may also be more prone to SIDS. […] These abnormalities may result from the fetus exposure to toxins or decreases in oxygen during pregnancy.

• #69 SIDS: Could brain infections be a cause? – Boston Children’s Answers

  https://answers.childrenshospital.org/sids-brain-infections/

  The comparison revealed differences in gene expression in several brain cell types as well as vascular cells. […] The picture that’s emerging is that SIDS can result from an interplay of many factors. Brainstem infections, inflammation, genetic risk factors, and, of course, infant sleep position may all contribute.

• #70 New Research on Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)

  https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/family-resources-education/700childrens/2022/08/new-sids-research

  Sudden unexpected infant deaths (SUIDs) are the leading cause of infant death in the United States and most western countries for infants. The most recognizable SUID is Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS). When no cause of death can be found after a thorough death scene investigation, complete autopsy and a review of the infants medical record, the cause of death becomes SIDS if the infant is between 1 month and 1 year of age. […] SIDS has no known cause at this time but is believed to have multiple factors that lead to the death of the infant. The leading theory for the cause of SIDS is the Triple Risk Model, which is defined as three specific factors coming together to cause the death. The three factors are a vulnerable infant, in a critical period of development (2-4 months), and environmental stressors like exposure to cigarette smoking during and after pregnancy, soft mattresses, bedding and objects in the bed, co-sleeping, etc. When these three factors overlap, the incidence of SIDS increases.

• #71 Sudden Unexpected Infant Death (SUID) and Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) – Pediatrics – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/miscellaneous-disorders-in-infants-and-children/sudden-unexpected-infant-death-suid-and-sudden-infant-death-syndrome-sids

  Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) is a subset of SUID and is the sudden and unexpected death of an infant or young child between 1 month and 1 year of age in which an examination of the death scene, thorough postmortem examination, and clinical history fail to show cause. […] The cause of SIDS is unknown, although it is most likely due to dysfunction of neural cardiorespiratory control mechanisms. The dysfunction may be intermittent or transient, and multiple mechanisms are probably involved. Factors that may be involved are the infant having a poor sleep arousal mechanism, an inability to detect elevated CO2 levels in the blood, or a cardiac channelopathy that affects heart rhythm. […] The definite association between a prone (on stomach) sleeping position and an increased risk of SUID has been documented strongly. […] Etiology is unclear, although a number of risk factors have been identified. […] The most important modifiable risk factors involve the sleep setting, particularly prone sleeping, along with avoidance of bed-sharing and sleeping on very soft surfaces or with loose bedding.

• #72 Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/sids.html

  Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) is the sudden and unexplained death of a baby younger than 1 year old. Most SIDS deaths are associated with sleep, which is why it’s sometimes still called „crib death.” […] SIDS is the leading cause of death among infants 1 month to 1 year old, and remains unpredictable despite years of research. […] Most SIDS deaths happen in babies between 1 and 4 months old, and cases rise during cold weather. […] Babies might have a higher risk of SIDS if: their mother smoked, drank, or used drugs during pregnancy and after birth; their mother had poor prenatal care; they were born prematurely or at a low birth weight; there’s a family history of SIDS; their mothers were younger than 20 when they gave birth; they are around tobacco smoke after birth; they get overheated; they sleep on a soft surface; they sleep with soft objects or loose blankets and pillows; they sleep in a parents bed.

• #73 How Newly Identified Biomarkers Could Reveal Risk Factors for SIDS | UC San Francisco

  https://www.ucsf.edu/news/2024/09/428381/how-newly-identified-biomarkers-could-reveal-risk-factors-sids

  This study is a critical step toward integrating metabolic markers with potential genetic markers and other risk factors to better assess the risk of SIDS in infants, Oltman said. […] Next, he and his team plan to look at other metabolic markers and their genetic counterparts to see if they can identify even more contributing factors to SIDS.

• #74

  https://abc7.com/sids-cause-sudden-infant-death-syndrome-breakthrough-babies/11845007/

  According to the study, babies who died from SIDS had lower levels of the enzyme butyrylcholinesterase than living babies. […] A new study found that babies who died from SIDS had lower levels of the enzyme butyrylcholinesterase than living babies. […] Researchers are calling the small peer-reviewed study, published in The Lancet medical journal on May 6, a potential breakthrough in understanding SIDS and developing preventative measures to reduce the risk of disease. […] According to the study, babies who died from SIDS had lower levels of the enzyme butyrylcholinesterase than living babies or those who died from other causes, ABC Chief Medical Correspondent Dr. Jen Ashton said on „Good Morning America” Friday. […] Butyrylcholinesterase, or BChE, is thought to be involved in brain arousal pathways, which control critical bodily functions like the drive to take a breath, Ashton said. […] „Potentially, this would represent a target for intervention if you could screen babies, find that they have a low enzyme level and improve that. But again, this is preliminary research at this point,” she said.

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