Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Eisenmenger syndrome – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/eisenmenger-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20350580

  Eisenmenger syndrome is most often a complication of having a hole between two chambers of the heart. The hole is called a ventricular septal defect. It causes more blood to flow to the lungs’ arteries. Eventually the extra blood flow causes blood vessels to stiffen and narrow, increasing pressure in the lungs’ arteries. The high pressure causes the walls of the right lower heart chamber, called the right ventricle, to get thick. […] Eisenmenger syndrome is a long-term complication of an unrepaired heart condition present at birth, called a congenital heart defect. Eisenmenger syndrome is life-threatening. […] In Eisenmenger syndrome, there is irregular blood flow in the heart and lungs. This causes the blood vessels in the lungs to become stiff and narrow. Blood pressure rises in the lungs’ arteries. Eisenmenger syndrome causes permanent to the blood vessels in the lungs.

• #2 Eisenmenger Syndrome: Causes, Symptoms and Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17921-eisenmenger-syndrome

  Eisenmenger syndrome is the development of pulmonary hypertension (high blood pressure in the lungs) due to an untreated congenital heart defect. The disease can cause complications including permanent heart and lung damage. Nonsurgical treatments focus on easing symptoms, but there is no cure. […] Eisenmenger syndrome typically develops in children and young adults who have an uncorrected ventricular septal defect (VSD). […] Symptoms of Eisenmenger syndrome can differ depending on the heart defect and affected organs. They dont generally occur until puberty or early adulthood. Then they slowly worsen. […] The most common signs and symptoms of the condition include: Angina (chest pain). Arrhythmias (abnormal heartbeat). Clubbing (abnormally large and curved fingernails and toenails). Coughing up blood. Cyanosis (skin with a bluish or grayish color). Dizziness or fainting. Edema (swelling in the legs, ankles, feet or abdomen). Heart palpitations (fast, pounding or skipped heartbeats). Lethargy (fatigue and lack of energy). Shortness of breath (dyspnea).

• #3 Eisenmenger syndrome | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/%D9%85%D8%AA%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A9-%D8%A3%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%86%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%B1?content_id=CON-20155125

  Eisenmenger syndrome is most often a complication of having a hole between two chambers of the heart. The hole is called a ventricular septal defect. It causes more blood to flow to the lungs’ arteries. Eventually the extra blood flow causes blood vessels to stiffen and narrow, increasing pressure in the lungs’ arteries. The high pressure causes the walls of the right lower heart chamber, called the right ventricle, to get thick. […] In Eisenmenger syndrome, there is irregular blood flow in the heart and lungs. This causes the blood vessels in the lungs to become stiff and narrow. Blood pressure rises in the lungs’ arteries. Eisenmenger syndrome causes permanent to the blood vessels in the lungs. […] Symptoms of Eisenmenger syndrome include: Blue or gray skin. Depending on skin color, these changes may be harder or easier to see. Chest pain or tightness. Coughing up blood. Dizziness or fainting. Easily tiring and shortness of breath with activity. Headaches. Large, rounded fingernails or toenails, called clubbing. Numbness or tingling in fingers or toes. Shortness of breath while at rest. Skipped or racing heartbeats.

• #4 Eisenmenger Syndrome – ACHA

  https://www.achaheart.org/your-heart/educational-qas/types-of-heart-defects/eisenmenger-syndrome/

  Eisenmenger Syndrome (ES) was first described in 1897 by Dr. Victor Eisenmenger. It occurs as the result of a heart defect in which there is a defect or hole (shunt) between two chambers in your heart. With this defect, blood moves from the left side of the heart to the corresponding right chamber. This increases blood flow into the lungs. If the defect or hole is not closed, over time, this increased flow of blood to the lungs damages the lung arteries and tissues. As a result, pressure in the lung arteries increases. This is known as pulmonary arterial hypertension. This increased pressure eventually leads to shunt reversal. This means the blood now moves in the wrong direction from a right sided chamber (low oxygen) to a left heart chamber causing low oxygen in the blood in your body. This leads to cyanosis and other manifestations of ES.

• #5 Eisenmenger Syndrome Causes | Stanford Health Care

  https://stanfordhealthcare.org/medical-conditions/blood-heart-circulation/eisenmenger-syndrome/causes.html

  Eisenmenger syndrome progresses over time as a result of the effects of high blood pressure in the lungs. […] If the pulmonary hypertension continues without treatment, the pressure in the right side of the heart may increase to the point that the right side pressure is greater than the left. […] A reversal of the shunt resulting in a right-to-left shunt causes insufficient oxygen in the blood. […] In addition, high pressure in the lungs causes progressive changes in the pulmonary blood vessels, which results in irreversible damage to the lining of these blood vessels.

• #6 Eisenmenger syndrome Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/eisenmenger-syndrome

  Eisenmenger syndrome is a condition that affects blood flow from the heart to the lungs in some people who were born with structural problems of the heart. […] Eisenmenger syndrome may begin to develop before a child reaches puberty. However, it also can develop in young adulthood, and may progress throughout young adulthood. […] Symptoms include: Bluish lips, fingers, toes, and skin (cyanosis); Rounded fingernails and toenails (clubbing); Numbness and tingling of fingers and toes; Chest pain; Coughing up blood; Dizziness; Fainting; Feeling tired; Shortness of breath; Skipped heartbeats (palpitations); Stroke; Swelling in the joints caused by too much uric acid (gout).

• #7 Eisenmenger Syndrome: Symptoms, Cause, Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/heart-disease/eisenmenger-syndrome-facts

  The symptoms can take many years to show up, but once the issue develops, very little can be done about it. […] The most obvious sign is bluish skin. Fingers and toes may be rounded or club-like, and you’ll also likely notice fatigue and shortness of breath, especially with exercise. […] Sometimes infants and small children show symptoms that are caused by the heart problem. These include: Trouble feeding, Slow growth, Lung infections, Unusual sweating. […] Other symptoms can show up as the disease affects different parts of the body. If you have it, you may have: Belly pain, Chest pain, Fainting, Headaches, Heart palpitations, Swelling in your legs and ankles, Weight gain. […] This damage happens slowly, and symptoms can take many years to show up. The process starts before a child turns 2, and by the teenage years, blood starts to flow the opposite way through the hole in the heart and oxygen levels drop. Health problems start in the teens and 20s.

• #8 Eisenmenger Syndrome – Pediatrics – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/congenital-cardiovascular-anomalies/eisenmenger-syndrome

  Eisenmenger syndrome is a complication of uncorrected large intracardiac or aortic to pulmonary artery left-to-right shunts. Increased pulmonary resistance may develop over time, eventually leading to severe pulmonary hypertension, bidirectional shunting with progressively increasing right-to-left shunting. Cyanosis and hypoxia inevitably lead to multiple complications discussed below. […] Symptoms of Eisenmenger syndrome develop at different ages depending on the cause. Patients with pre-tricuspid left-to-right shunts (ASD, partial anomalous pulmonary venous return) usually do not develop symptoms until later in life (age 20 to 40 years). However, patients with unrepaired post-tricuspid shunts (VSD, PDA, or more complex congenital heart disease) may develop irreversible, symptomatic pulmonary vascular disease within the first few years of life. Symptoms include cyanosis, syncope, dyspnea during exertion, fatigue, chest pain, and palpitations. Some patients die suddenly. Hemoptysis is a late symptom. Manifestations of cerebral emboli, brain abscess, or endocarditis may develop.

• #9 Eisenmenger’s Effects

  http://www.rnceus.com/vsd/eisen25.html

  Eisenmenger syndrome (ES) is an advanced form of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) associated with congenital heart defects (CHD). […] Symptoms of ES differ with the type of CHD and with age. Patients with uncorrected atrial septal defects (ASD) may not develop symptoms until 20 to 40 years of age. While patients with VSD, patent ductus arteriosus, or more complex defects may develop symptoms in infancy or early childhood, depending on the size of the defect and the rate of pulmonary vascular remodeling. […] Common signs and symptoms include: pulmonary hypertension elevated pressure in the precapillary vessels of the lungs, shortness of breath (exertional dyspnea), fatigue, lethargy, exercise intolerance, syncope, cyanosis, right heart failure, orthopnea, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, peripheral edema, ascites, hepatomegaly, jugular venous distention.

• #10 Eisenmenger Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507800/

  Eisenmenger syndrome (ES) is a constellation of symptoms that arise from a congenital heart defect and result in large anatomic shunts. Due to anatomic variations present at birth, hemodynamic forces initially result in a left-right shunt, which develops into severe pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) and elevated vascular resistance. Ultimately, due to increased pulmonary vascular resistance, the left-to-right shunt will become a right-to-left shunt, resulting in significant hypoxemia and cyanosis. […] The most common presentation in Eisenmenger syndrome is a patient with known congenital heart disease (CHD) presenting with worsening exertional dyspnea. Other common complaints may include swelling, volume retention, syncope, worsening cyanosis, palpitations, or hemoptysis. Due to the increase in red blood cell volume from chronic hypoxemia, patients also may present with polycythemia/viscosity-type symptoms such as dizziness, headaches, vision changes, end-organ damage, stroke. Digital clubbing is often seen in these patients. […] Patients with Eisenmenger syndrome have reduced life expectancies, with high mortality in the third and fourth decades. Ventricular failure, hemoptysis, pregnancy complications, and strokes are common causes of death. […] Most patients are dead within 12 to 24 months after the diagnosis is made.

• #11 Eisenmenger Syndrome | Stanford Health Care

  https://stanfordhealthcare.org/medical-conditions/blood-heart-circulation/eisenmenger-syndrome.html

  Eisenmenger syndrome is a condition that primarily affects adolescents and adults with certain congenital heart defects that are never repaired or repaired after the first year of life. […] The symptoms of Eisenmenger syndrome may resemble other medical conditions or heart problems. Always consult your doctor for a thorough evaluation. These symptoms may include, but are not limited to: Cyanosis (pale blue or grayish skin tone), Shortness of breath during activity, Shortness of breath at rest, Chest pain or tightness, Headache, dizziness or fainting, Numbness in toes or fingers, Blurred vision. […] Additionally, there are complications often associated with Eisenmenger syndrome. These may include: Blood clots, Hemorrhage, Stroke, Brain abscesses, Gout. […] Patients that are children or adolescents with a congenital heart disease that has not been repaired, or was repaired after age 1 are most at risk of developing Eisenmenger syndrome.

• #12 Orphanet: Eisenmenger syndrome

  https://www.orpha.net/en/disease/detail/97214

  A rare respiratory disease associated with unoperated congenital heart disease and characterized by congenital heart malformations with reversed or bi-directional shunting through an intra-cardiac or intervascular (usually aorto-pulmonary) communication with the development of PAH. […] The disease generally develops in children before puberty, but may develop in adolescence or early adulthood. Infants born with a large ventricular septal defect, an atrio-ventricular septal defect, or a persistently patent arterial duct are most susceptible. Clinical manifestations include exertional dyspnea, fatigue, lethargy, central cyanosis, chest pain, palpitations, atrial and ventricular arrhythmias. Right heart failure (with hepatomegaly, jugular venous distention and peripheral edema), is a very late complication.

• #13 Eisenmenger syndrome – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/eisenmenger-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20350580

  Symptoms of Eisenmenger syndrome include: Blue or gray skin. Depending on skin color, these changes may be harder or easier to see. Chest pain or tightness. Coughing up blood. Dizziness or fainting. Easily tiring and shortness of breath with activity. Headaches. Large, rounded fingernails or toenails, called clubbing. Numbness or tingling in fingers or toes. Shortness of breath while at rest. Skipped or racing heartbeats. […] Eisenmenger syndrome is a life-threatening condition. How well someone with Eisenmenger syndrome does depends on the specific cause and if there are other medical conditions. […] Complications of Eisenmenger syndrome may include: Low blood oxygen levels. The change in blood flow through the heart sends less oxygen to the body’s tissues and organs. Without quick treatment, the oxygen levels get worse. Irregular heartbeats, also called arrhythmias. Eisenmenger syndrome causes the heart walls to get bigger and thicker. It also causes a drop in oxygen levels. These changes may lead to irregular heartbeats. Some irregular heartbeats increase the risk of blood clots that can cause heart attacks or strokes. Sudden cardiac arrest. This is the sudden loss of heart activity due to an irregular heart rhythm. If not treated immediately, sudden cardiac arrest can quickly lead to death. Survival is possible with fast, proper medical care. Heart failure. The increased pressure in the heart can cause the heart muscle to weaken. It becomes harder for the heart to pump blood. Bleeding in the lungs. Eisenmenger syndrome can cause life-threatening bleeding in the lungs and airways. Bleeding also can occur in other parts of the body. Stroke. If a blood clot travels from the right side to the left side of the heart, the clot may block a blood vessel in the brain. A blood clot in the brain can lead to a stroke. Kidney disease. Low oxygen levels in the blood may lead to trouble with the kidneys. Gout. Eisenmenger syndrome can increase the risk of a type of arthritis called gout. Gout causes sudden, severe attacks of pain and swelling in one or more joints, usually the big toe. Heart infection. People with Eisenmenger syndrome have a higher risk of a heart infection called endocarditis. Pregnancy risks. During pregnancy, the heart and lungs have to work harder to support the growing baby. Because of this, pregnancy with Eisenmenger syndrome poses a high risk of death for both the pregnant person and the baby. If you have Eisenmenger syndrome, talk with your healthcare professional about your specific pregnancy risks.

• #14 Eisenmenger Syndrome: Causes, Symptoms, Complication and Treatment – CK Birla Hospital

  https://www.ckbhospital.com/blogs/eisenmenger-syndrome-causes-symptoms-complication-and-treatment/

  Eisenmenger syndrome progresses through several stages, which are: […] Symptoms of Eisenmenger syndrome can vary based on the specific heart defect and organs involved. Typically, they do not manifest until puberty or early adulthood, gradually worsening over time. […] Common indicators of the condition include: Chest pain (angina), Irregular heartbeats (arrhythmias), Enlarged and curved fingernails and toenails (clubbing), Coughing up blood, Bluish or greyish skin colouration (cyanosis), Episodes of dizziness or fainting, Swelling in the legs, ankles, feet, or abdomen (oedema), Rapid, pounding, or irregular heartbeats (heart palpitations), Fatigue and diminished energy levels (lethargy), Difficulty breathing (dyspnea). […] Typically stemming from one or multiple untreated congenital heart anomalies present since birth, Eisenmenger syndrome progressively results in irreversible lung impairment and associated complications. […] By the time Eisenmenger syndrome develops, surgical repair of the underlying heart defect is usually no longer an option. However, individuals with severe symptoms and organ damage may require a heart or lung transplant.

• #15 Eisenmenger Syndrome: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/154555-overview

  Clinically, patients gradually develop the following complications of advanced pulmonary vascular disease: Dyspnea upon exertion, Syncope due to low cardiac output, Chest pain, Cyanosis, Congestive right heart failure, Pulmonary hemorrhage/hemoptysis, Dysrhythmia, Stroke, Brain abscess, Erythrocytosis and hyperviscosity complications, Endocarditis. […] Without intervention, reversal of flow may happen in early childhood or around puberty, and progression of symptoms may lead to death by the second or third decade of life. […] The usual life expectancy of a patient with Eisenmenger syndrome is 20-40 years if the syndrome is diagnosed promptly and treated with vigilance. […] The onset of pulmonary hemorrhage is usually the hallmark of rapid progression of the disease. […] The quality of life is poor in patients with Eisenmenger syndrome, because exercise tolerance is extremely limited (due to limited oxygen uptake resulting from an inability to increase pulmonary blood flow) and complications are profound. […] Uncorrected congenital heart disease with development of the Eisenmenger complex portends an insidious progression to near-complete physical disability.

• #16 Eisenmenger Syndrome – Pediatrics – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/congenital-cardiovascular-anomalies/eisenmenger-syndrome

  Symptoms usually do not occur until age 20 to 40 years in patients with pre-tricuspid shunting; in patients with a post-tricuspid shunt, symptoms can occur during the first few years of life. Symptoms include cyanosis, syncope, dyspnea during exertion, fatigue, chest pain, palpitations, atrial and ventricular arrhythmias, hemoptysis, right heart failure, and sudden death.

• #17 Eisenmenger Syndrome – ACHA

  https://www.achaheart.org/your-heart/educational-qas/types-of-heart-defects/eisenmenger-syndrome/

  The symptoms depend on the organs that are affected. The most common visible signs are cyanosis (blueness) and clubbing (large rounded finger nails or toe nails). Other signs and symptoms include: Chest pain, Heart palpitations, Coughing up blood (hemoptysis), Dizziness and fainting (syncope), Fever, poor appetite and sweating when there is blood stream infection, Feeling tired, Shortness of breath at rest or with walking, Weight gain or leg swelling, Abdominal pain, Stroke like symptoms including visual disturbances and headache, Gout. […] The diagnosis of ES is based on the presence of three symptoms: A cardiac shunt or opening between the two chambers on opposite sides of the heart, Pulmonary hypertension that cannot be reversed with medication, Cyanosis or blueness. […] The prognosis for patients with Eisenmenger Syndrome is improving with better diagnosis and care.

• #18 Eisenmenger Syndrome – Congenital Heart Disease in Adults – Cardiovascular Diseases – Diseases – McMaster Textbook of Internal Medicine

  https://empendium.com/mcmtextbook/chapter/B31.II.2.12.5.

  Eisenmenger syndrome (pulmonary vascular disease leading to shunt reversal) is a result of an untreated large left-to-right shunt (interatrial, interventricular, or aortopulmonary) and increased pulmonary perfusion, leading to severe irreversible pulmonary hypertension and shunt reversal (ie, a right-to-left shunt). […] Symptoms: Significant reduction in exercise tolerance, resting dyspnea exacerbated with exercise, palpitations, and chest pain. Patients with high hematocrit levels develop symptoms of hyperviscosity and hemoptysis. Syncope may occur in those with advanced disease. Cyanosis and symptoms are often exacerbated in conditions associated with decreased systemic vascular resistance. This typically happens during a febrile illness. […] Natural history: Patients with Eisenmenger syndrome and simple defects (shunts) have an average life expectancy 40 years, while in those with complex defects, the survival is shorter. The most common causes of death are heart failure, sudden cardiac death, and massive hemoptysis. The risk factors for severe complications or death include pregnancy, general anesthesia, dehydration, hemorrhage, surgical procedures (noncardiac), diuretics overuse, certain oral contraceptives, anemia (usually after unnecessary phlebotomies), cardiac catheterization, intravenous therapy, and pulmonary infections.

• #19 Eisenmenger’s Syndrome | Conditions | UCSF Health

  https://www.ucsfhealth.org/conditions/eisenmengers-syndrome

  Eisenmenger’s syndrome refers to this combination of reversed blood flow with pulmonary hypertension. It results in cyanosis or low oxygen content in the blood and may eventually result in failure of the right ventricle. […] Signs and symptoms of Eisenmenger’s syndrome include: Cyanosis, a blue tinge to the skin resulting from lack of oxygen; High red blood cell count; Swollen or clubbed finger tips; Fainting, called syncope; Heart failure; Arrhythmia or irregular heart rhythms; Bleeding disorders; Coughing up blood; Iron deficiency; Kidney problems; Stroke; Gout; Gallstones. […] The survival rate for people with Eisenmenger’s syndrome at age 25 is 42 percent. Adult patients with Eisenmenger’s syndrome should be seen by a cardiologist specializing in the care of adults with congenital heart disease to monitor for late complications. All patients will need to take antibiotics during subsequent surgeries or dental procedures to protect against endocarditis. Pregnancy and childbirth are extremely hazardous in women who have Eisenmenger’s; they should not get pregnant but must choose contraception carefully to avoid blood pressure problems.

• #20 Eisenmenger Syndrome: Symptoms, Cause, Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/heart-disease/eisenmenger-syndrome-facts

  As the disease progresses, the lack of oxygen affects organs and tissues throughout your body. That can put you at greater risk for: Anemia, Arrhythmia (irregular heartbeat), Gallstones, Gout, Heart failure, Infection of your heart, lung, skin, or brain, Kidney disease, Problems with bleeding and blood clotting, Stroke.

• #21 Eisenmenger syndrome – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eisenmenger_syndrome

  One of the most severe and common complications of Eisenmenger syndrome is cardiac arrhythmia, especially supraventricular arrhythmias. Approximately 40% of patients diagnosed with Eisenmenger syndrome were also found to have these arrhythmias during routine ECG screenings. These arrhythmias have worse prognosis in patients with Eisenmenger syndrome, compared to the general population, and can be a source of sudden cardiac death.

• #22 Orphanet: Eisenmenger syndrome

  https://www.orpha.net/en/disease/detail/97214

  Patients are at extremely high risk of death or major complications during pregnancy and the puerperium. […] Life expectancy depends on the type and severity of the underlying defect and right ventricular function, and ranges from 20 to 50 years. In patients with the syndrome the maternal mortality rate exceeds 50%. The chances of preterm delivery and low birth weight are extremely high and the likelihood of livebirth drops dramatically with lower maternal oxygen saturation levels (to below 10% in some series) if maternal resting oxygen saturations are less than 85%.

• #23 Eisenmenger’s Syndrome | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/eisenmengers-syndrome

  Graham Steell murmur: a diastolic murmur audible along the left sternal border due to functional incompetence of the pulmonary valve in patients with pulmonary hypertension. The Graham Steell murmur is a high-pitched, decrescendo murmur, loudest during inspiration. […] […] […] Prognosis […] Eisenmenger’s syndrome is a devastating condition that has a considerable impact on patients’ lives. […] Although Eisenmenger’s syndrome has a better prognosis compared to other patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension, it grossly affects quality of life and morbidity is frequent. […] Long-term prognosis remains unfavourable, despite recent advances in medical management: 5-year survival is estimated between 74% and 81%, and long-term survival is even lower, with 57% of patients surviving 10 years.

• #24 Eisenmenger Syndrome in Children

  https://library.oumedicine.com/Library/Wellness/TodaysMedicine/90,P08482

  Treatment focuses on lowering the pressure in the pulmonary artery. It also aims to bring more oxygen to the lung tissues and ease the cyanosis. […] Some children with Eisenmenger syndrome may live into middle adulthood. A few may live into their 50s or 60s. […] Symptoms that get worse or new symptoms can be early warning signs. Call your child’s healthcare provider as soon as possible.

• #25 Eisenmenger Syndrome – ACHA

  https://www.achaheart.org/your-heart/educational-qas/types-of-heart-defects/eisenmenger-syndrome/

  With recent advances in management and treatment, many people with Eisenmenger Syndrome live longer and lead more active lives. If you have this condition, it is essential that you are treated by an ACHD doctor and a team with expertise in managing your condition and associated symptoms. Care from doctors who understand the challenges you face and can provide the high level treatment you need is crucial.

• #26 Mayo Clinic Health Library – Eisenmenger syndrome | Swiss Medical Network

  https://www.swissmedical.net/en/healtcare-library/con-20155125

  Eisenmenger syndrome causes permanent damage to the blood vessels in the lungs. […] Symptoms of Eisenmenger syndrome include: Blue or gray skin. Depending on skin color, these changes may be harder or easier to see. Chest pain or tightness. Coughing up blood. Dizziness or fainting. Easily tiring and shortness of breath with activity. Headaches. Large, rounded fingernails or toenails, called clubbing. Numbness or tingling in fingers or toes. Shortness of breath while at rest. Skipped or racing heartbeats. […] If you have any symptoms of Eisenmenger syndrome, see your healthcare professional. Make an appointment even if you have never been diagnosed with a heart condition. […] Eisenmenger syndrome is a life-threatening condition. How well someone with Eisenmenger syndrome does depends on the specific cause and if there are other medical conditions.

• #26 Mayo Clinic Health Library – Eisenmenger syndrome | Swiss Medical Network

  https://www.swissmedical.net/en/healtcare-library/con-20155125

  The goals of Eisenmenger syndrome treatment are to: Manage symptoms. Improve quality of life. Prevent complications. […] Medicines are the main treatment for Eisenmenger syndrome. Medicines can’t cure Eisenmenger syndrome, but they can help improve quality of life. […] Healthcare professionals don’t recommend surgery to repair the hole in the heart once Eisenmenger syndrome has developed. […] If you have Eisenmenger syndrome, pregnancy poses serious health risks and can be life-threatening for you and the baby. Healthcare professionals say it’s critical that pregnancy be avoided if you have Eisenmenger syndrome.

• #27 Eisenmenger’s Syndrome | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/eisenmengers-syndrome

  The leading reasons for mortality are sudden cardiac death, progressive heart failure, and infectious diseases. […] Various factors have been shown to be associated with mortality, such as decreased arterial oxygen saturation, functional class, impaired exercise tolerance, syncopal events, iron deficiency, presence of pre-tricuspid shunts, arrhythmias, increased (NT-pro) brain natriuretic peptide, echocardiographic variables of right ventricular dysfunction, and hospitalisation for heart failure.

• #28 Treatment of adults with Eisenmenger syndrome—state of the art in the 21st century: a short overview – Diller – Cardiovascular Diagnosis and Therapy

  https://cdt.amegroups.org/article/view/74370/html

  Patients are almost always symptomatic with reduced exercise capacity and life expectancy is limited in this condition. […] Main symptoms include shortness of breath, fatigue, exercise intolerance and palpitations. […] Patients with Eisenmenger syndrome, by and large, represent the most symptomatic subgroup of ACHD patients and the group with the lowest average exercise capacity. […] Neurologic complications are common in Eisenmenger patients and require immediate attention. […] Survival prospects of Eisenmenger patients are variable and predicting individual prognosis remains challenging. […] Given the degree of pulmonary arterial hypertension, survival prospects of Eisenmenger patients are relatively preserved compared to patients with idiopathic pulmonary hypertension. […] Recent data suggests, however, that untreated Eisenmenger patients have significantly confined life expectancy especially in the presence of complex underlying heart defects.

• #29 Preventing disease progression in Eisenmenger syndrome – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33853494/

  Eisenmenger syndrome describes a condition in which a congenital heart defect has caused severe pulmonary vascular disease, resulting in reversed (right-left) or bidirectional shunting and chronic cyanosis. […] The clinical manifestations of Eisenmenger syndrome are driven by the systemic effects of the pulmonary hypertension, congenital defect and long-standing cyanosis. […] Expert care is essential for avoiding pitfalls and preventing disease progression in this severe chronic condition, which is associated with significant morbidity and mortality.

• #30 Eisenmenger syndrome | Health Library | Memorial Health System

  https://www.mhsystem.org/health-library/con-20155125/

  If you have Eisenmenger syndrome, you are usually sent to a doctor trained in heart diseases, called a cardiologist. Its helpful to find a cardiologist who has experience treating people who have congenital heart defects. Regular health checkups at least once a year are an important part of Eisenmenger syndrome treatment. […] Medicines are the main treatment for Eisenmenger syndrome. Medicines cant cure Eisenmenger syndrome, but they can help improve quality of life. […] Healthcare professionals dont recommend surgery to repair the hole in the heart once Eisenmenger syndrome has developed. […] If you have Eisenmenger syndrome, these tips may help improve your quality of life. Drink plenty of fluids. Ask your healthcare team how much fluid you need each day. You may need to drink more fluids when you are sick or when you are in a heated room or on an airplane. […] If you have Eisenmenger syndrome, pregnancy poses serious health risks and can be life-threatening for you and the baby. Healthcare professionals say its critical that pregnancy be avoided if you have Eisenmenger syndrome.

• #31 Eisenmenger Syndrome in Children

  https://austinregionalclinic.staywellsolutionsonline.com/Conditions/Neuroscience/Tools/90,P08482

  Eisenmenger syndrome is an advanced form of pulmonary artery hypertension. In this condition, the arteries that carry blood from the heart to the lungs narrow because of muscle buildup. This makes the pressure of blood flow against the walls of the arteries (blood pressure) too high. The heart must work harder to pump blood into the lungs. This causes lung damage. […] The following are the most common symptoms of Eisenmenger syndrome: Blue or grayish skin from less oxygen in the blood (cyanosis), Shortness of breath at rest or with activity, Feeling tired, Chest pain or chest tightness, Skipping or racing heartbeats, Headache, Dizziness or fainting (syncope), Numbness or tingling of fingers and toes, or both, Blurred vision, Changes in the fingers and toes (clubbing), Swelling, Enlarged liver. […] Treatment focuses on lowering the pressure in the pulmonary artery. It also aims to bring more oxygen to the lung tissues and ease the cyanosis. […] Symptoms that get worse or new symptoms can be early warning signs. Call your child’s healthcare provider as soon as possible.

• #32 Eisenmenger syndrome | UM Health-Sparrow

  https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/eisenmenger-syndrome

  Symptoms of Eisenmenger syndrome include: Blue or gray skin. Depending on skin color, these changes may be harder or easier to see. Chest pain or tightness. Coughing up blood. Dizziness or fainting. Easily tiring and shortness of breath with activity. Headaches. Large, rounded fingernails or toenails, called clubbing. Numbness or tingling in fingers or toes. Shortness of breath while at rest. Skipped or racing heartbeats. […] If you have any symptoms of Eisenmenger syndrome, see your healthcare professional. Make an appointment even if you have never been diagnosed with a heart condition. […] Eisenmenger syndrome is a life-threatening condition. How well someone with Eisenmenger syndrome does depends on the specific cause and if there are other medical conditions.

• #33 Eisenmenger syndrome – Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust

  https://www.leedsth.nhs.uk/patients/resources/eisenmenger-syndrome/

  Eisenmenger Syndrome occurs when a hole in the heart (or other defect) allows too much blood to reach the lungs in childhood, damaging the lung arteries and leading to high blood pressure in the lungs. This is called ‘pulmonary hypertension’. […] If you have lower than normal levels of oxygen in the blood this is called cyanosis and this can cause a range of symptoms but these can be very variable. Many people feel very well with Eisenmenger syndrome for many years. Some people are short of breath on exercise and may be generally tired. Chest pains occur from time to time, but are not usually a sign of major problems. Palpitations, fainting and coughing up blood are important symptoms that you should always tell your doctor about. […] As the blood pressure in the lungs increases, the right side of the heart has to work harder to push the blood around the lungs. Over time, this pumping action of the heart can become tired. This makes you more breathless on exercise and can cause fluid to collect around your ankles and stomach. […] High pressure in the lungs causes the heart to stretch. This can lead to abnormal heart rhythms. This can give symptoms of palpitations, dizziness and fainting. Abnormal rhythms can also increase the risk of developing clots in the heart.

• #34

  https://www.meetaugust.ai/en/library/diseases-conditions/view/eisenmenger-syndrome

  Eisenmenger syndrome can cause several noticeable symptoms. One common sign is a bluish or grayish tint to the skin. Other symptoms include: […] Shortness of breath, even when resting: This is a critical symptom and should not be ignored. […] If you experience any of these symptoms, it’s crucial to see a doctor. Even if you haven’t been diagnosed with a heart problem before, it’s important to get checked out. Seek immediate medical attention for serious symptoms like shortness of breath or chest pain. Early diagnosis and treatment are key to managing Eisenmenger syndrome.

• #35 Eisenmenger Syndrome: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment!

  https://www.lybrate.com/topic/eisenmenger-syndrome

  Treatment of Eisenmenger Syndrome includes medications and other procedures to maintain health and manage the damage caused by the irreversible heart damage. […] It is advised not to indulge in any form of a moderate or extensive form of physical activity if you are suffering from Eisenmenger Syndrome. […] There is no recovery period for congenital diseases like Eisenmenger Syndrome. This is because the nature of the disease is irreversible in nature which doesn’t have any sure so far. […] Eisenmenger Syndrome is a medical complication that occurs when the hole in the patient’s heart gets unrecognized or unrepaired for a long duration. It is a congenital disorder. This means either developed by genetics or developed during pregnancy. There is no treatment plan that can permanently cure the illness. A treatment plan will be focusing on the management of the damage caused by the heart hole.

• #36 Review of Eisenmenger Syndrome

  https://www.acc.org/Latest-in-Cardiology/ten-points-to-remember/2022/03/30/17/59/Eisenmenger-Syndrome-JACC

  Eisenmenger syndrome (ES) is defined as pulmonary hypertension at a systemic level, caused by a high pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR), with reversed or bidirectional shunt at the aortopulmonary, ventricular, or atrial level. […] ES is characterized by chronic hypoxemia and multiorgan involvement, including secondary erythrocytosis and increased thrombotic and bleeding risk, arrhythmias, increased infection risk, and progressive heart failure. […] Independent prognosticators for poor outcomes in ES include Down syndrome and pre-tricuspid shunt, older age, lower oxygen saturations, World Health Organization (WHO) functional class III, reduced exercise capacity, elevated B-type natriuretic peptide, and iron deficiency. […] Pregnancy in women with ES has historically been associated with maternal mortality as high as 50%. Recent registries have reported maternal mortality of 10%, although morbidity remains extremely high, with 55% of women experiencing heart failure during pregnancy or the post-partum period. For this reason, women with ES should continue to be counseled against pregnancy.

• #37 Eisenmenger Syndrome (links) – ACHD NZ

  https://achd.nz/eisenmenger-syndrome/

  Eisenmenger syndrome results in less blood going through the lungs and therefore less oxygen being picked up. This results in low oxygen levels in the blood going around your body, which causes a blue tinge to lips and skin and is picked up as a low oxygen saturation on the probe that is put on your finger in the clinic. […] Low oxygen levels can have consequences for many organs of the body, and can lead to problems including abnormal kidney function, gout, gallstones and strokes. […] Pregnancy is very dangerous for women with Eisenmenger Syndrome. The risk of dying during pregnancy is up to 50%. […] Even if you survive pregnancy, it can cause a long term deterioration of your overall health. […] The placenta has low resistance to blood flow, meaning that it is very easy for blood to go through the blood vessels in the placenta. In women with Eisenmenger syndrome this results in more blood going around the body and less blood going through the lungs, making oxygen levels even lower than they are prior to the pregnancy.

• #38 Eisenmenger Syndrome – Zero To Finals

  https://zerotofinals.com/paediatrics/cardiology/eisenmengersyndrome/

  Eisenmenger syndrome can develop within a few years with large lesions or in adulthood with small shunts. It can develop more rapidly during pregnancy. […] Over time, the extra blood flowing into the right side of the heart and the lungs increases the pressure in the pulmonary vessels, causing pulmonary hypertension. When the pulmonary pressure exceeds the systemic pressure, blood begins to flow from the right to the left side of the heart across the defect, described as a right-to-left shunt. Deoxygenated blood bypasses the lungs and enters the body, causing cyanosis. […] Findings related to the right-to-left shunt and chronic hypoxia: Cyanosis, Finger clubbing, Dyspnoea (shortness of breath), Plethoric complexion (reddish skin related to polycythaemia). […] Eisenmenger syndrome reduces life expectancy by around 20 years compared with healthy individuals. The main causes of death are heart failure, infection, thromboembolism and haemorrhage. The mortality can be up to 50% in pregnancy.

• #39 Eisenmenger syndrome | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/eisenmenger-syndrome-1?lang=us

  The Eisenmenger syndrome is a complication of an uncorrected high-flow, high-pressure congenital heart anomaly leading to chronic pulmonary arterial hypertension and shunt reversal. […] In general by the time true Eisenmenger syndrome develops patients are already symptomatic with easy fatigue, dyspnea, chest pain and syncope being common. With shunt reversal, patients become cyanotic and gradually there is a compensatory increase in hematocrit (erythrocytosis). Hemoptysis may also develop due to the rupture of small pulmonary arteriolar aneurysms. Furthermore, patients may also develop clubbing, which can be in the hands and feet in the case of Eisenmenger syndrome due to ASD or VSD, or just in the feet (’differential clubbing’) when due to PDA. […] Although Eisenmenger phenomenon is one of the most severe manifestations of pulmonary arterial hypertension, the prognosis is better than that of idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension. Survival, as measured by age reached: 30 years of age: 75%; 40 years of age: 70%; 55 years of age: 55%. […] Complications: hemoptysis, syncope, sudden death.

• #40 Treatment of adults with Eisenmenger syndrome—state of the art in the 21st century: a short overview – Diller – Cardiovascular Diagnosis and Therapy

  https://cdt.amegroups.org/article/view/74370/html

  Risk factors of mortality in Eisenmenger patients include age, lower oxygen saturation, complexity of the underlying heart defect, signs and symptoms of heart failure, levels of brain natriuretic peptides, low six minute walk test distance, NYHA functional class, presence of Down syndrome, absence of sinus rhythm or arrhythmias, the presence of a pre-tricuspid shunt, worse right ventricular function, low albumin and increased C-reactive protein. […] The key principle in the clinical management of Eisenmenger syndrome patients remains to cause no harm to the fragile balanced pathophysiological state. […] Eisenmenger patients require life-long expert assessment and therapy at specialized centers.

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