Zespół eisenmengera
Rokowania, prognozy i postęp choroby

Zespół Eisenmengera stanowi najcięższą postać nadciśnienia płucnego wtórnego do dużych, nienaprawionych przecieków wrodzonych wad serca. Pomimo postępów w terapii nadciśnienia płucnego, długoterminowe przeżycie pozostaje niekorzystne, z typową oczekiwaną długością życia wynoszącą 20-40 lat. Przegląd systematyczny wykazał 10-letni wskaźnik śmiertelności na poziomie 30-40%, a wśród nieleczonych pacjentów sięgający 60-70%. Czynniki prognostyczne negatywnie wpływające na rokowanie obejmują upośledzenie tolerancji wysiłku, hipoksemię, niedobór żelaza, zaburzenia rytmu serca, podwyższone stężenie BNP, dysfunkcję prawej komory oraz hospitalizacje z powodu niewydolności serca. Dysfunkcja lewej komory (LVEF ≤50%) oraz przerost prawej komory również korelują ze zwiększoną śmiertelnością.

Zespół Eisenmengera – Rokowanie (Prognosis)

Zespół Eisenmengera (ang. Eisenmenger syndrome) stanowi najcięższą postać nadciśnienia płucnego związanego z wrodzonymi wadami serca, występującą u pacjentów z dużymi, nienaprawionymi przeciekami. Pomimo wprowadzenia zaawansowanych terapii nadciśnienia płucnego, które znacząco poprawiły wydolność czynnościową i zwiększyły oczekiwaną długość życia, długoterminowe przeżycie pozostaje niekorzystne.1

Oczekiwana długość życia

Zespół Eisenmengera jest chorobą śmiertelną. Typowa oczekiwana długość życia pacjenta z zespołem Eisenmengera wynosi 20-40 lat, pod warunkiem szybkiej diagnozy i czujnego leczenia. Większość pacjentów nie przeżywa dłużej niż do drugiej lub trzeciej dekady życia, chociaż niektórzy mogą dożyć szóstej dekady.2

Przegląd systematyczny przeprowadzony przez Dillera i współpracowników wykazał 10-letni wskaźnik śmiertelności na poziomie 30-40%. W badaniu obejmującym 153 niemieckich pacjentów z zespołem Eisenmengera, 10-letnia śmiertelność wynosiła około 60-70% u osób, które nie otrzymały terapii ukierunkowanej na chorobę.3

Diller i współpracownicy zasugerowali również, że wskaźniki przeżycia dla nieleczonych pacjentów z zespołem Eisenmengera mogły być przeszacowane w poprzednich badaniach i nie uległy poprawie od lat 70. XX wieku. Ich raport opierał się na przeglądzie 12 badań opublikowanych między 1971 a 2013 rokiem (łącznie 1131 pacjentów), w połączeniu z analizą 219 współczesnych, nieleczonych pacjentów z ich własnej instytucji. Badacze stwierdzili, że prawie żadne z badań nie uwzględniało odpowiednio efektu „nieśmiertelnego czasu” (immortal time bias), co prowadziło do przeszacowania szans przeżycia pacjentów nawet o 20 lat.4

Czynniki prognostyczne

Istnieje kilka czynników, które wpływają na rokowanie u pacjentów z zespołem Eisenmengera. Do niekorzystnych czynników prognostycznych należą:567

56

Badanie przeprowadzone przez Salehiana i współpracowników wykazało, że dysfunkcja lewej komory (definiowana jako frakcja wyrzutowa lewej komory [LVEF] ≤50%), przerost prawej komory, zaburzenia rytmu serca, niskie stężenie albumin w surowicy oraz objawy niewydolności serca prognozują śmiertelność u pacjentów z zespołem Eisenmengera.8

Długoterminowe przeżycie zależy również od wieku pacjenta w momencie wystąpienia nadciśnienia płucnego oraz współistnienia dodatkowych niekorzystnych cech, takich jak zespół Downa.9

Przyczyny zgonu

Główne przyczyny śmierci u pacjentów z zespołem Eisenmengera obejmują:10

  • Postępującą niewydolność serca
  • Choroby zakaźne
  • Nagły zgon sercowy

10

Najczęstszym terminalnym wydarzeniem w tym zespole jest kombinacja hipoksemii i zaburzeń rytmu serca w warunkach szybkiego wzrostu naczyniowego oporu płucnego lub spadku systemowego oporu naczyniowego (SVR).11

Pojawienie się krwawienia płucnego jest zwykle oznaką szybkiej progresji choroby.12 Zespół Eisenmengera może powodować zagrażające życiu krwawienia w płucach i drogach oddechowych.13

Komplikacje i jakość życia

Jakość życia pacjentów z zespołem Eisenmengera jest niska, ponieważ tolerancja wysiłku jest znacznie ograniczona (z powodu ograniczonego poboru tlenu wynikającego z niemożności zwiększenia przepływu krwi przez płuca), a powikłania są poważne.14

Nieleczona wrodzona wada serca z rozwojem zespołu Eisenmengera prowadzi do podstępnej progresji do niemal całkowitej niepełnosprawności fizycznej.15

Powikłania zespołu Eisenmengera mogą obejmować niskie stężenie tlenu we krwi. Zmiana przepływu krwi przez serce powoduje dostarczanie mniejszej ilości tlenu do tkanek i narządów ciała. Bez szybkiego leczenia poziom tlenu pogarsza się.16

Znaczenie oceny ryzyka

Opracowanie skali ryzyka ma kluczowe znaczenie dla ukierunkowania terapii klinicznej u pacjentów z zespołem Eisenmengera.17 Systematyczna ocena czynników ryzyka pozwala na bardziej precyzyjne prowadzenie leczenia i potencjalnie poprawę rokowania w tej ciężkiej chorobie.

Rokowanie u pacjenta z zespołem Eisenmengera zależy od konkretnej przyczyny oraz współistnienia innych schorzeń.18 Dlatego też kompleksowa ocena kliniczna i regularne monitorowanie stanu pacjenta są niezbędne dla optymalizacji opieki i poprawy wyników leczenia.

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  1. 17.04.2026
  2. www.leksykon.com.pl

Materiały źródłowe

  • #1 Eisenmenger syndrome: diagnosis, prognosis and clinical management – PubMed
    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32690623/
    Eisenmenger syndrome (ES) represents the most severe phenotype of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) associated with congenital heart disease (CHD) and occurs in patients with large unrepaired shunts. […] Although the recent use of advanced PAH therapies has substantially improved functional capacity and increased life expectancy, long-term survival remains poor. Progressive heart failure, infectious diseases and sudden cardiac death comprise the main causes of death in patients with ES. Impaired exercise tolerance, decreased arterial oxygen saturation, iron deficiency, pre-tricuspid shunts, arrhythmias, increased brain natriuretic peptide, echocardiographic indices of right ventricular dysfunction and hospitalisation for heart failure predict mortality. […] Finally, the development of a risk score is of utmost importance to guide clinical therapy.
  • #2 Eisenmenger Syndrome: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/154555-overview
    Eisenmenger syndrome is uniformly fatal; however, some patients survive into the sixth decade of life. The usual life expectancy of a patient with Eisenmenger syndrome is 20-40 years if the syndrome is diagnosed promptly and treated with vigilance. The onset of pulmonary hemorrhage is usually the hallmark of rapid progression of the disease. […] A systematic review by Diller et al was able to estimate 10-year mortality rates of 30-40%. […] In a study of 153 German patients with Eisenmenger syndrome, 10-year mortality approached 60-70% in those who did not receive disease-directed therapy. […] The quality of life is poor in patients with Eisenmenger syndrome, because exercise tolerance is extremely limited (due to limited oxygen uptake resulting from an inability to increase pulmonary blood flow) and complications are profound. Signs of poor prognosis are syncope, elevated right-sided pressures, and hypoxemia.
  • #3 Eisenmenger Syndrome: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/154555-overview
    Eisenmenger syndrome is uniformly fatal; however, some patients survive into the sixth decade of life. The usual life expectancy of a patient with Eisenmenger syndrome is 20-40 years if the syndrome is diagnosed promptly and treated with vigilance. The onset of pulmonary hemorrhage is usually the hallmark of rapid progression of the disease. […] A systematic review by Diller et al was able to estimate 10-year mortality rates of 30-40%. […] In a study of 153 German patients with Eisenmenger syndrome, 10-year mortality approached 60-70% in those who did not receive disease-directed therapy. […] The quality of life is poor in patients with Eisenmenger syndrome, because exercise tolerance is extremely limited (due to limited oxygen uptake resulting from an inability to increase pulmonary blood flow) and complications are profound. Signs of poor prognosis are syncope, elevated right-sided pressures, and hypoxemia.
  • #4 Eisenmenger Syndrome: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/154555-overview
    Diller et al indicated that survival rates for untreated patients with Eisenmenger syndrome may have been overestimated in previous studies and that these rates have not improved since the 1970s. […] Their report involved a literature review of 12 studies published between 1971 and 2013 (1131 patients total), in conjunction with an analysis of 219 contemporary, treatment-nave patients at the investigators own institution. […] The investigators stated that almost none of the studies appropriately accounted for immortal time bias and therefore overestimated patients survival chances by as much as 20 years. […] As noted earlier, when they took immortal time bias into account, Diller et al determined that the 10-year mortality rate among untreated patients approached 30-40%.
  • #5 Eisenmenger syndrome: diagnosis, prognosis and clinical management – PubMed
    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32690623/
    Eisenmenger syndrome (ES) represents the most severe phenotype of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) associated with congenital heart disease (CHD) and occurs in patients with large unrepaired shunts. […] Although the recent use of advanced PAH therapies has substantially improved functional capacity and increased life expectancy, long-term survival remains poor. Progressive heart failure, infectious diseases and sudden cardiac death comprise the main causes of death in patients with ES. Impaired exercise tolerance, decreased arterial oxygen saturation, iron deficiency, pre-tricuspid shunts, arrhythmias, increased brain natriuretic peptide, echocardiographic indices of right ventricular dysfunction and hospitalisation for heart failure predict mortality. […] Finally, the development of a risk score is of utmost importance to guide clinical therapy.
  • #6 Eisenmenger Syndrome: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/154555-overview
    Eisenmenger syndrome is uniformly fatal; however, some patients survive into the sixth decade of life. The usual life expectancy of a patient with Eisenmenger syndrome is 20-40 years if the syndrome is diagnosed promptly and treated with vigilance. The onset of pulmonary hemorrhage is usually the hallmark of rapid progression of the disease. […] A systematic review by Diller et al was able to estimate 10-year mortality rates of 30-40%. […] In a study of 153 German patients with Eisenmenger syndrome, 10-year mortality approached 60-70% in those who did not receive disease-directed therapy. […] The quality of life is poor in patients with Eisenmenger syndrome, because exercise tolerance is extremely limited (due to limited oxygen uptake resulting from an inability to increase pulmonary blood flow) and complications are profound. Signs of poor prognosis are syncope, elevated right-sided pressures, and hypoxemia.
  • #7 Eisenmenger Syndrome: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/154555-overview
    A study by Salehian et al reported that left ventricular (LV) dysfunction (defined as LV ejection fraction [LVEF] 50%), right ventricular (RV) hypertrophy, arrhythmias, low serum albumin, and signs and symptoms of heart failure predict mortality in patients with Eisenmenger syndrome. […] Uncorrected congenital heart disease with development of the Eisenmenger complex portends an insidious progression to near-complete physical disability. […] Patients with Eisenmenger syndrome usually do not survive beyond the second or third decade. Long-term survival depends on the patients age at the onset of pulmonary hypertension and the coexistence of additional adverse features, such as Down syndrome. […] The most frequent terminal event in this syndrome is a combination of hypoxemia and arrhythmia in the setting of rapid increases in pulmonary vascular resistance or decreases in systemic vascular resistance (SVR).
  • #8 Eisenmenger Syndrome: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/154555-overview
    A study by Salehian et al reported that left ventricular (LV) dysfunction (defined as LV ejection fraction [LVEF] 50%), right ventricular (RV) hypertrophy, arrhythmias, low serum albumin, and signs and symptoms of heart failure predict mortality in patients with Eisenmenger syndrome. […] Uncorrected congenital heart disease with development of the Eisenmenger complex portends an insidious progression to near-complete physical disability. […] Patients with Eisenmenger syndrome usually do not survive beyond the second or third decade. Long-term survival depends on the patients age at the onset of pulmonary hypertension and the coexistence of additional adverse features, such as Down syndrome. […] The most frequent terminal event in this syndrome is a combination of hypoxemia and arrhythmia in the setting of rapid increases in pulmonary vascular resistance or decreases in systemic vascular resistance (SVR).
  • #9 Eisenmenger Syndrome: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/154555-overview
    A study by Salehian et al reported that left ventricular (LV) dysfunction (defined as LV ejection fraction [LVEF] 50%), right ventricular (RV) hypertrophy, arrhythmias, low serum albumin, and signs and symptoms of heart failure predict mortality in patients with Eisenmenger syndrome. […] Uncorrected congenital heart disease with development of the Eisenmenger complex portends an insidious progression to near-complete physical disability. […] Patients with Eisenmenger syndrome usually do not survive beyond the second or third decade. Long-term survival depends on the patients age at the onset of pulmonary hypertension and the coexistence of additional adverse features, such as Down syndrome. […] The most frequent terminal event in this syndrome is a combination of hypoxemia and arrhythmia in the setting of rapid increases in pulmonary vascular resistance or decreases in systemic vascular resistance (SVR).
  • #10 Eisenmenger syndrome: diagnosis, prognosis and clinical management – PubMed
    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32690623/
    Eisenmenger syndrome (ES) represents the most severe phenotype of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) associated with congenital heart disease (CHD) and occurs in patients with large unrepaired shunts. […] Although the recent use of advanced PAH therapies has substantially improved functional capacity and increased life expectancy, long-term survival remains poor. Progressive heart failure, infectious diseases and sudden cardiac death comprise the main causes of death in patients with ES. Impaired exercise tolerance, decreased arterial oxygen saturation, iron deficiency, pre-tricuspid shunts, arrhythmias, increased brain natriuretic peptide, echocardiographic indices of right ventricular dysfunction and hospitalisation for heart failure predict mortality. […] Finally, the development of a risk score is of utmost importance to guide clinical therapy.
  • #11 Eisenmenger Syndrome: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/154555-overview
    A study by Salehian et al reported that left ventricular (LV) dysfunction (defined as LV ejection fraction [LVEF] 50%), right ventricular (RV) hypertrophy, arrhythmias, low serum albumin, and signs and symptoms of heart failure predict mortality in patients with Eisenmenger syndrome. […] Uncorrected congenital heart disease with development of the Eisenmenger complex portends an insidious progression to near-complete physical disability. […] Patients with Eisenmenger syndrome usually do not survive beyond the second or third decade. Long-term survival depends on the patients age at the onset of pulmonary hypertension and the coexistence of additional adverse features, such as Down syndrome. […] The most frequent terminal event in this syndrome is a combination of hypoxemia and arrhythmia in the setting of rapid increases in pulmonary vascular resistance or decreases in systemic vascular resistance (SVR).
  • #12 Eisenmenger Syndrome: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/154555-overview
    Eisenmenger syndrome is uniformly fatal; however, some patients survive into the sixth decade of life. The usual life expectancy of a patient with Eisenmenger syndrome is 20-40 years if the syndrome is diagnosed promptly and treated with vigilance. The onset of pulmonary hemorrhage is usually the hallmark of rapid progression of the disease. […] A systematic review by Diller et al was able to estimate 10-year mortality rates of 30-40%. […] In a study of 153 German patients with Eisenmenger syndrome, 10-year mortality approached 60-70% in those who did not receive disease-directed therapy. […] The quality of life is poor in patients with Eisenmenger syndrome, because exercise tolerance is extremely limited (due to limited oxygen uptake resulting from an inability to increase pulmonary blood flow) and complications are profound. Signs of poor prognosis are syncope, elevated right-sided pressures, and hypoxemia.
  • #13 Eisenmenger syndrome – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/eisenmenger-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20350580
    Eisenmenger syndrome is a life-threatening condition. How well someone with Eisenmenger syndrome does depends on the specific cause and if there are other medical conditions. […] Complications of Eisenmenger syndrome may include: Low blood oxygen levels. The change in blood flow through the heart sends less oxygen to the body’s tissues and organs. Without quick treatment, the oxygen levels get worse. […] Eisenmenger syndrome can cause life-threatening bleeding in the lungs and airways. […] If you have Eisenmenger syndrome, talk with your healthcare professional about your specific pregnancy risks.
  • #14 Eisenmenger Syndrome: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/154555-overview
    Eisenmenger syndrome is uniformly fatal; however, some patients survive into the sixth decade of life. The usual life expectancy of a patient with Eisenmenger syndrome is 20-40 years if the syndrome is diagnosed promptly and treated with vigilance. The onset of pulmonary hemorrhage is usually the hallmark of rapid progression of the disease. […] A systematic review by Diller et al was able to estimate 10-year mortality rates of 30-40%. […] In a study of 153 German patients with Eisenmenger syndrome, 10-year mortality approached 60-70% in those who did not receive disease-directed therapy. […] The quality of life is poor in patients with Eisenmenger syndrome, because exercise tolerance is extremely limited (due to limited oxygen uptake resulting from an inability to increase pulmonary blood flow) and complications are profound. Signs of poor prognosis are syncope, elevated right-sided pressures, and hypoxemia.
  • #15 Eisenmenger Syndrome: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/154555-overview
    A study by Salehian et al reported that left ventricular (LV) dysfunction (defined as LV ejection fraction [LVEF] 50%), right ventricular (RV) hypertrophy, arrhythmias, low serum albumin, and signs and symptoms of heart failure predict mortality in patients with Eisenmenger syndrome. […] Uncorrected congenital heart disease with development of the Eisenmenger complex portends an insidious progression to near-complete physical disability. […] Patients with Eisenmenger syndrome usually do not survive beyond the second or third decade. Long-term survival depends on the patients age at the onset of pulmonary hypertension and the coexistence of additional adverse features, such as Down syndrome. […] The most frequent terminal event in this syndrome is a combination of hypoxemia and arrhythmia in the setting of rapid increases in pulmonary vascular resistance or decreases in systemic vascular resistance (SVR).
  • #16 Eisenmenger syndrome – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/eisenmenger-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20350580
    Eisenmenger syndrome is a life-threatening condition. How well someone with Eisenmenger syndrome does depends on the specific cause and if there are other medical conditions. […] Complications of Eisenmenger syndrome may include: Low blood oxygen levels. The change in blood flow through the heart sends less oxygen to the body’s tissues and organs. Without quick treatment, the oxygen levels get worse. […] Eisenmenger syndrome can cause life-threatening bleeding in the lungs and airways. […] If you have Eisenmenger syndrome, talk with your healthcare professional about your specific pregnancy risks.
  • #17 Eisenmenger syndrome: diagnosis, prognosis and clinical management – PubMed
    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32690623/
    Eisenmenger syndrome (ES) represents the most severe phenotype of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) associated with congenital heart disease (CHD) and occurs in patients with large unrepaired shunts. […] Although the recent use of advanced PAH therapies has substantially improved functional capacity and increased life expectancy, long-term survival remains poor. Progressive heart failure, infectious diseases and sudden cardiac death comprise the main causes of death in patients with ES. Impaired exercise tolerance, decreased arterial oxygen saturation, iron deficiency, pre-tricuspid shunts, arrhythmias, increased brain natriuretic peptide, echocardiographic indices of right ventricular dysfunction and hospitalisation for heart failure predict mortality. […] Finally, the development of a risk score is of utmost importance to guide clinical therapy.
  • #18 Eisenmenger syndrome – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/eisenmenger-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20350580
    Eisenmenger syndrome is a life-threatening condition. How well someone with Eisenmenger syndrome does depends on the specific cause and if there are other medical conditions. […] Complications of Eisenmenger syndrome may include: Low blood oxygen levels. The change in blood flow through the heart sends less oxygen to the body’s tissues and organs. Without quick treatment, the oxygen levels get worse. […] Eisenmenger syndrome can cause life-threatening bleeding in the lungs and airways. […] If you have Eisenmenger syndrome, talk with your healthcare professional about your specific pregnancy risks.