Zaćma dziecięca
Epidemiologia

Zaćma dziecięca jest istotną, możliwą do uniknięcia przyczyną ślepoty u dzieci, odpowiadającą za 5-20% przypadków ślepoty dziecięcej globalnie, z prewalencją wahającą się od 0,32 do 22,9 na 10 000 dzieci (mediana 1,03). Występuje częściej w krajach azjatyckich (7,43/10 000) i w krajach rozwiniętych (1-3/10 000), a jej etiologia jest zróżnicowana, obejmując zarówno przyczyny genetyczne (około 25% przypadków), jak i nabyte, takie jak infekcje prenatalne (TORCH), urazy, ekspozycję na alkohol czy choroby metaboliczne. Obustronna zaćma stanowi większość przypadków (54,1-80,4%), a jej wczesne wykrycie i interwencja chirurgiczna są kluczowe dla dobrego rokowania wzrokowego, zwłaszcza w pierwszych miesiącach życia. Opóźnienia w diagnozie i leczeniu, szczególnie w krajach o niskich dochodach, znacząco pogarszają wyniki terapeutyczne i wpływają na rozwój dziecka.

Epidemiologia zaćmy dziecięcej

Zaćma dziecięca stanowi jedną z głównych, możliwych do uniknięcia przyczyn upośledzenia wzroku i ślepoty u dzieci na całym świecie. Jest ona priorytetem w programie VISION 2020: The Right to Sight, który ma na celu eliminację możliwej do uniknięcia ślepoty12. Szacuje się, że zaćma dziecięca odpowiada za 5% do 20% przypadków ślepoty u dzieci na świecie oraz stanowi 7,4-15,3% wszystkich przypadków ślepoty dziecięcej345.

Częstotliwość występowania

Częstość występowania zaćmy dziecięcej na świecie jest zróżnicowana i waha się w szerokim zakresie. Według systematycznych badań, ogólna prewalencja zaćmy dziecięcej mieści się w zakresie od 0,32 do 22,9 na 10 000 dzieci, z medianą 1,03126. Prewalencja zaćmy wrodzonej wynosi od 0,63 do 9,74 na 10 000 dzieci, z medianą 1,7112. Częstość występowania jest wyższa w niektórych regionach świata, szczególnie w Azji, gdzie według metaanalizy wynosi 7,43 na 10 000 dzieci7.

W krajach rozwiniętych prewalencja zaćmy wrodzonej szacowana jest na 1-3 przypadki na 10 0008. W Stanach Zjednoczonych częstość występowania zaćmy wrodzonej wynosi 1,2-6,0 przypadków na 10 0009. W Wielkiej Brytanii około 3-4 na 10 000 żywych urodzeń dotyczy dzieci z klinicznie istotną zaćmą310.

Metaanaliza obejmująca 8 302 708 dzieci z 17 badań populacyjnych z różnych kontynentów przeprowadzonych między 1959 a 2010 rokiem wykazała, że ogólna zbiorcza częstość występowania zaćmy wrodzonej wynosi 4,24 przypadków na 10 000 dzieci1112. Skumulowana skorygowana zachorowalność wynosi 2,49 na 10 000 w pierwszym roku życia, wzrastając do 3,46 do 15 roku życia13.

Różnice geograficzne i socjoekonomiczne

Występowanie zaćmy dziecięcej różni się w zależności od regionu i statusu ekonomicznego. Prewalencja zaćmy dziecięcej w gospodarkach o niskich dochodach wynosi od 0,42 do 2,05 na 10 000 dzieci, w porównaniu z 0,63 do 13,6 na 10 000 w gospodarkach o wysokich dochodach12. Te dane nie potwierdzają wcześniejszych doniesień sugerujących, że częstość występowania ślepoty z powodu zaćmy dziecięcej jest 10 razy wyższa w krajach o niskich dochodach w porównaniu z krajami o wysokich dochodach14.

Występowanie zaćmy dziecięcej jest wyższe w krajach rozwijających się ze względu na niski standard życia, choć częstość występowania zaćmy dziecięcej pozostaje taka sama niezależnie od płci i statusu edukacyjnego w społeczności5. W Indiach około 10% przypadków ślepoty dziecięcej jest spowodowane zaćmą15.

Obciążenie epidemiologiczne

Na całym świecie około 200 000 dzieci jest niewidomych z powodu obustronnej zaćmy151617. Każdego roku diagnozuje się około 20 000-40 000 nowych przypadków obustronnej zaćmy wrodzonej15169. Światowa częstość występowania zaćmy wrodzonej jest nieznana i prawdopodobnie niedoszacowana w krajach słabo rozwiniętych9.

Obciążenie niepełnosprawnością w przypadku utraty wzroku w dzieciństwie jest ogromne. Liczba lat ślepoty spowodowanych utratą wzroku w dzieciństwie jest prawie równa liczbie lat ślepoty spowodowanych zaćmą u dorosłych18. Niezależnie od przyczyny, ślepota dziecięca ma daleko idące skutki dla dziecka i rodziny przez całe życie, wpływając na możliwości edukacyjne i zawodowe, a także na każdy aspekt życia osobistego i społecznego rodziny18.

Charakterystyka epidemiologiczna zaćmy dziecięcej

Lateralność

Zaćma dziecięca może występować jednostronnie lub obustronnie. Obustronna zaćma stanowi większość przypadków, a według metaanalizy obejmuje 54,1% wszystkich przypadków pod względem lateralności19. W badaniu przeprowadzonym w Pakistanie wykazano, że obustronna zaćma wrodzona stanowiła 80,4% ze 112 przypadków, podczas gdy jednostronna zaćma stanowiła 19,6% przypadków15.

Lateralność zaćmy dziecięcej jest ważna przy określaniu rokowania wzrokowego. Jednostronna zaćma występująca przy urodzeniu lub we wczesnym dzieciństwie wiąże się ze zwiększonym ryzykiem amblyopii (niedowidzenia) z powodu blokady widzenia tylko w jednym oku20. Obustronna prezentacja może być dziedziczona, związana z chorobą ogólnoustrojową, ekspozycją lub współistniejącą chorobą oka20.

Morfologia zaćmy dziecięcej

Analiza podgrup morfologicznych w badaniach wskazuje, że zaćma całkowita i jądrowa są dwoma najczęstszymi typami zaćmy wrodzonej, co jest zgodne z większością wcześniej opublikowanych danych19. W badaniu Wu i wsp. stwierdzono, że zaćma wrodzona była częściej obustronna, a najczęściej występującym typem była zaćma całkowita7.

Klasyfikacja zaćmy u dzieci obejmuje różne typy morfologiczne, w tym zaćmę jądrową, blaszkową, cętkowaną, biegunową tylną, niebieskawą (z niebieskimi plamkami) oraz biegunową przednią21. Niektóre formy zaćmy mogą być klasycznie spotykane w określonych schorzeniach, np. zaćma biegunowa przednia w zespole Downa22.

Etiologia i czynniki ryzyka

Etiologia zaćmy dziecięcej jest zróżnicowana, a w wielu przypadkach przyczyna pozostaje nieustalona. Zaćmy dziecięce można podzielić na dwie główne grupy: dziedziczne i niedziedziczne23.

Defekty genetyczne są odpowiedzialne za około jedną czwartą wszystkich przypadków zaćmy wrodzonej. Zidentyfikowano wiele mutacji w ponad 100 genach związanych z zaćmą wrodzoną9. Około połowa zaćm wrodzonych ma etiologię genetyczną24. Zaćmy dziedziczne najczęściej są przekazywane w sposób autosomalny dominujący, choć transmisja może być sprzężona z chromosomem X lub autosomalna recesywna25.

Wśród przyczyn zaćm nabytych u dzieci wymienia się:

W badaniu przeprowadzonym w Indiach wśród zaćm nieurazowych, 7,2% miało charakter dziedziczny, 4,6% było spowodowanych zespołem różyczki wrodzonej, 15,1% było wtórnych, a w 73,0% przypadków przyczyna pozostała nieokreślona26. Konsangwinizm (małżeństwa między bliskimi krewnymi) stanowił istotny czynnik ryzyka zaćmy wrodzonej, szczególnie w przypadkach obustronnych, co wykazano w badaniu z Pakistanu15.

Współwystępowanie

Zaćma dziecięca może występować jako izolowana wada lub być związana z innymi nieprawidłowościami rozwojowymi oka. W duńskim badaniu ogólnokrajowym 23% przypadków zaćmy wrodzonej miało charakter dziedziczny i prawie wszystkie były obustronne oraz izolowane, bez dodatkowych nieprawidłowości ocznych czy ogólnoustrojowych27.

U pacjentów z zaćmą dziecięcą mogą współwystępować inne schorzenia okulistyczne, takie jak zez, oczopląs czy jaskra wtórna po operacji zaćmy2829. Obecność zeza i oczopląsu u wielu dzieci z zaćmą wskazuje na późne rozpoznanie29.

Wyzwania w nadzorze epidemiologicznym

Luki w danych epidemiologicznych

Przeglądy systematyczne dotyczące zaćmy dziecięcej podkreślają istotne luki w wiedzy epidemiologicznej na całym świecie, szczególnie w gospodarkach o niskich i niższych średnich dochodach, gdzie obciążenie zaćmą dziecięcą jest przypuszczalnie wysokie11430.

Istnieje niewiele danych na temat epidemiologii zaćmy dziecięcej, a dostępne informacje wykazują znaczne różnice wynikające z różnych projektów badań, definicji zaćmy dziecięcej oraz grup wiekowych wykorzystywanych w różnych raportach31. Większość istniejących danych dotyczących zaćmy dziecięcej pochodzi z badań populacyjnych dotyczących ślepoty dziecięcej, a stosunkowo niewiele badań było poświęconych zaćmie dziecięcej jako chorobie pierwotnej31.

Określenie prawdziwego globalnego obciążenia zaćmą wrodzoną/niemowlęcą, szczególnie w kontekście ograniczonej infrastruktury opieki zdrowotnej powszechnej w krajach o niższych i średnich dochodach, jest utrudnione przez metodologiczne wyzwania badań populacyjnych dotyczących rzadkich schorzeń32.

Wyzwania w gromadzeniu danych

Gromadzenie danych epidemiologicznych dotyczących zaćmy dziecięcej napotyka na szereg wyzwań, szczególnie w krajach o niskich dochodach. Obejmują one koszty i logistykę, w porównaniu z gospodarkami o wysokich dochodach, gdzie krajowe rejestry i systemy nadzoru ułatwiają zbieranie danych epidemiologicznych14.

Badania oceniające zapadalność są często czasochłonne i wymagają dużych nakładów, dlatego obecnie nie ma szczegółowych raportów dotyczących zapadalności na zaćmę dziecięcą33. Ze względu na trudności związane z badaniem oczu u dzieci, wcześniejsze badania epidemiologiczne koncentrowały się głównie na zaćmie wrodzonej/noworodkowej i dawały bardzo zróżnicowane wyniki33.

Wczesne wykrywanie i podejmowanie interwencji są kluczowe dla dobrego rokowania wzrokowego, szczególnie u noworodków8. Terminowe rozpoznanie zależy jednak od odpowiedniego dostępu do opieki medycznej i badań przesiewowych przeprowadzanych przez pediatrów9.

Późne rozpoznanie i dostęp do leczenia

Poprzednie raporty wykazały, że opóźnione zgłaszanie się do leczenia wśród dzieci z zaćmą dziecięcą jest powszechnym zjawiskiem w krajach o niskich dochodach16. Średni wiek dzieci zgłaszających się z zaćmą w wielu regionach rozwijających się jest wyższy niż w krajach o wysokich dochodach, a większość z nich zgłasza się późno na leczenie34.

W badaniu przeprowadzonym w Brazylii średni wiek w momencie operacji wynosił 64,5 miesiąca, z 15,0-miesięcznym opóźnieniem między pierwszą wizytą a operacją29. Takie późne zgłaszanie się wśród dzieci jest powodem poważnych obaw ze względu na jego negatywny wpływ na wynik leczenia34.

Badanie przeprowadzone w Wielkiej Brytanii wykazało, że u 29% dzieci zaćma wrodzona i niemowlęca nie została wykryta przez pracownika służby zdrowia przed pierwszymi urodzinami, pomimo zaleceń dotyczących rutynowego badania wszystkich noworodków i małych niemowląt pod kątem zaćmy35. W tym samym badaniu do 3. miesiąca życia 47% dzieci zostało wykrytych przez badania przesiewowe, a 57% zostało zbadanych przez okulistę36.

Znaczenie epidemiologii dla zdrowia publicznego

Implikacje dla programów skryningowych

Wczesne wykrycie i wczesna interwencja są kluczowe w leczeniu zaćmy dziecięcej3711. Wczesna diagnostyka pozostaje niezbędna w przypadku zaćmy wrodzonej, ponieważ czas operacji jest jednym z głównych czynników wpływających na wynik widzenia11.

Na całym świecie opracowano wczesne badania przesiewowe w kierunku zaćmy wrodzonej, aby zoptymalizować postępowanie z chorymi dziećmi11. Strategie są potrzebne do osiągnięcia wcześniejszej diagnozy i zwiększenia odsetka przypadków wykrywanych w badaniach przesiewowych w pierwszych 3 miesiącach życia35.

Badania przesiewowe powinny być przeprowadzane na oddziałach położniczych38. Zalecany jest również regularny monitoring procesu i wyników rutynowych badań okulistycznych na poziomie krajowym w celu oceny wydajności i poprawy jakości tego elementu nadzoru zdrowotnego małych niemowląt36.

Zapobieganie i wczesna interwencja

Z wyjątkiem kilku przypadków (np. kontroli poziomu cukru we krwi u diabetyków i szczepień matki w przypadku zakażeń prenatalnych), nie ma środków zapobiegawczych, które mogłyby zapobiec rozwojowi zaćmy dziecięcej22. Dlatego kluczowe znaczenie mają badania przesiewowe i wczesna diagnostyka22.

Nauczanie kobiet w wieku rozrodczym i dzieci w wieku szkolnym może zmniejszyć częstość występowania zaćmy pediatrycznej26. Badanie przeprowadzone w Indiach wykazało, że około 12% zaćmy nieurazowej jest spowodowanych przez potencjalnie możliwe do zapobieżenia przyczyny26.

W inicjatywie globalnej Vision 2020 mającej na celu zwalczanie możliwej do uniknięcia ślepoty, wśród przyczyn ślepoty dziecięcej wymieniono niedobór witaminy A, odrę, zapalenie spojówek noworodków i retinopatię wcześniaków, obok zaćmy wrodzonej23.

Alokacja zasobów i planowanie zdrowotne

Wiarygodne dane dotyczące prewalencji i zapadalności na zaćmę dziecięcą, specyficzne dla danego regionu, są ważne jako podstawa decyzji politycznych, w tym alokacji zasobów opartej na dowodach12.

Wiedza na temat epidemiologii zaćmy dziecięcej w danym środowisku umożliwi lepsze planowanie usług okulistyki dziecięcej6. Utworzenie systemu kierowania łączącego szpitale ogólne trzeciego stopnia z oddziałami okulistycznymi i specjalistycznymi ośrodkami okulistycznymi pomoże poprawić zapobieganie, diagnozowanie i leczenie zaćmy dziecięcej oraz usprawnić alokację zasobów medycznych37.

Wyniki badań epidemiologicznych dostarczają wskazówek dotyczących dalszych badań w tej dziedzinie i będą przydatne do projektowania badań przesiewowych w kierunku zaćmy wrodzonej, leczenia i powiązanych strategii zdrowia publicznego19.

Wyzwania i przyszłe kierunki w epidemiologii zaćmy dziecięcej

Poprawa systemów nadzoru

Istnieje potrzeba poprawy wczesnego wykrywania przypadków i usług kierowania oraz tworzenia ośrodków z wiedzą specjalistyczną w zakresie oceny, leczenia chirurgicznego i długoterminowego zarządzania dzieckiem z zaćmą17.

Zaleca się wprowadzenie środków mających na celu szkolenie personelu zarówno w salach porodowych, jak i podczas rutynowych badań przesiewowych niemowląt, w celu zwiększenia świadomości i wczesnych skierowań, co z kolei może prowadzić do wcześniejszej operacji6.

Dokładne i częste doradztwo dla społeczeństwa, obejmujące zapobieganie, identyfikację, interwencję i rehabilitację, a także współpraca z programami rządowymi, może pomóc w poprawie dostępu do leczenia zaćmy dziecięcej39.

Czynniki wpływające na dostęp do leczenia

Najważniejsze przeszkody w odpowiednim leczeniu zaćmy u dzieci to brak programów kierowania i specjalistycznych ośrodków okulistycznych dla dzieci, a także ograniczona liczba wyszkolonych specjalistów w tej dziedzinie i okulistów dziecięcych2940.

Istnieją również dowody na to, że w krajach azjatyckich dziewczęta z obustronną zaćmą nie uzyskują dostępu do usług w tym samym stopniu co chłopcy41. Badanie z Bangladeszu wykazało, że dzieci z lepszymi wynikami wzrokowymi po operacji zaćmy częściej uczęszczały do szkoły, więc operacja zaćmy przyczynia się do realizacji Celów Zrównoważonego Rozwoju dotyczących płci i edukacji41.

Stworzenie dotowanych ośrodków okulistycznych referencyjnych może również pomóc w obniżeniu kosztów i zwiększeniu akceptacji operacji6. Jakość, dostępność i przystępność cenowa usług związanych z zaćmą dziecięcą muszą być starannie rozważone, aby zmniejszyć ogólne obciążenie niepełnosprawnością wzrokową u tych pacjentów42.

Potrzeby badawcze i przyszłe kierunki

Potrzebne są dodatkowe badania z odpowiednimi, reprezentatywnymi próbkami i wspólną definicją przypadku, aby dokładniej oszacować częstość występowania zaćmy dziecięcej30. Dalsze badania powinny również koncentrować się na określeniu etiologii i czynników ryzyka zaćmy dziecięcej, szczególnie w obszarach o wysokiej częstości występowania43.

Wysoka liczba zaćm idiopatycznych na całym świecie stanowi wyzwanie dla planowania strategii zapobiegawczych43. Ustalenie molekularnej etiologii zaćmy wrodzonej jest niezbędne zarówno do identyfikacji i lepszego zrozumienia szlaków zaangażowanych w jej patogenezę, jak i do zapewnienia zindywidualizowanego poradnictwa genetycznego23.

Technologie sekwencjonowania nowej generacji są użyteczną i niezawodną metodą wykrywania i oceny podstawowej etiologii molekularnej tej heterogenicznej choroby genetycznej i prawdopodobnie będą dostarczać więcej danych w przyszłości24. Najnowsze innowacje, w tym sekwencjonowanie DNA, obrazowanie o wysokiej rozdzielczości i nowe narzędzia w chirurgii dziecięcej, poprawiły badania przesiewowe, wykrywanie i leczenie zaćmy wrodzonej11.

Kontrola zaćmy dziecięcej jest uznawana za priorytet w ramach programu WHO VISION 2020 – The Right to Sight44. Należy zrobić więcej, aby poprawić dostęp, zapewnić, że dzieci zgłaszają się na wizyty kontrolne po operacji, oraz zapewnić usługi dla osób słabowidzących dla dzieci, które nie mają dobrych wyników wzrokowych41.

Kolejne rozdziały

Zapraszamy do dalszego czytania naszego leksykonu.

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  1. 10.04.2026
  2. www.leksykon.com.pl

Materiały źródłowe

  • #1 Global prevalence of childhood cataract: a systematic review
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5023808/
    Childhood cataract is an avoidable cause of visual disability worldwide and is a priority for VISION 2020: The Right to Sight. […] The overall prevalence of childhood cataract and congenital cataract was in the range from 0.32 to 22.9/10000 children (median=1.03) and 0.63 to 9.74/10000 (median=1.71), respectively. […] The prevalence of childhood cataract in low-income economies was found to be 0.42 to 2.05 compared with 0.63 to 13.6/10000 in high-income economies. […] This review highlights substantial gaps in the epidemiological knowledge of childhood cataract worldwide, particularly from low and lower middle-income economies. […] Reliable region-specific data on the prevalence and incidence of childhood cataract is important as a basis for policy decisions, including the evidence-based allocation of resources.
  • #2 Global prevalence of childhood cataract: a systematic review | Eye
    https://www.nature.com/articles/eye2016156
    Childhood cataract is an avoidable cause of visual disability worldwide and is a priority for VISION 2020: The Right to Sight. […] The overall prevalence of childhood cataract and congenital cataract was in the range from 0.32 to 22.9/10000 children (median=1.03) and 0.63 to 9.74/10000 (median=1.71), respectively. […] The prevalence of childhood cataract in low-income economies was found to be 0.42 to 2.05 compared with 0.63 to 13.6/10000 in high-income economies. […] This review highlights substantial gaps in the epidemiological knowledge of childhood cataract worldwide, particularly from low and lower middle-income economies. […] Reliable region-specific data on the prevalence and incidence of childhood cataract is important as a basis for policy decisions, including the evidence-based allocation of resources.
  • #3 Cataracts in Children, Congenital and Acquired – EyeWiki
    https://eyewiki.org/Cataracts_in_Children,_Congenital_and_Acquired
    A cataract is any light scattering opacity of the lens. It is estimated that congenital cataracts are responsible for 5% to 20% of blindness in children worldwide. Incidence varies from country to country. One retrospective study of the prevalence of infantile cataracts in the U.S. showed a rate of 3-4 visually significant cataracts per 10,000 live births. […] These numbers underestimate the total number since they do not take into consideration visually insignificant cataracts. […] Management of a cataract in a child is different from adults because of the anatomically younger ocular tissues, continuous ocular growth and other associated structural anomalies. Management can be challenging for a surgeon intra-operatively as well as post-operatively because of potential immediate and long term complications and the necessary long term follow up required for adequate management of associated amblyopia. Not all pediatric cataracts require surgery.
  • #4
    https://journals.lww.com/ijo/fulltext/2017/65120/pediatric_cataract.13.aspx
    Pediatric cataract is a leading cause of childhood blindness. […] Pediatric cataract is an treatable leading cause of childhood blindness. It accounts for 7.4%15.3% of pediatric blindness and a significant avertable disability-adjusted life years. […] The incidence ranges from 1.8 to 3.6/10,000 per year and the median prevalence is about 1.03/10,000 children (0.3222.9/10,000). The prevalence of childhood cataract is higher in low-income economies (0.6313.6/10,000) compared to that of high-income economies (0.422.05/10,000). […] The diagnosis of cataract is incidentally made on routine screening in 41% of cases whereas leukocoria and strabismus led to the diagnosis in 24% and 19%, respectively.
  • #5 The Prevalence of Cataract in Children
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9645413/
    Cataract is the leading cause of childhood blindness in developing countries. Early detection and treatment of childhood cataracts can reduce the burden of blindness in the nation. Childhood cataracts are the second most common cause of blindness in the world after adult-onset cataract. In Asia, the incidence of childhood blindness is more than one million, and the most common cause of this is pediatric cataract. A developing nation like India contributes 7.4-15.3% of the total incidence of blindness, which reduces those children’s quality-adjusted life years. The prevalence of childhood cataracts is higher in developing countries due to the low standard of living; the incidence of childhood cataracts remains the same irrespective of sex and education status in the community. Diagnosis of cataract in children is an accidental finding during routine eye checkups.
  • #6 Epidemiological and Clinical Profiles of Childhood Cataract Seen at the Yaounde Central Hospital
    https://www.heraldopenaccess.us/openaccess/epidemiological-and-clinical-profiles-of-childhood-cataract-seen-at-the-yaounde-central-hospital
    Purpose: To describe the epidemiological and clinical profiles of childhood cataract seen at the Yaounde Central Hospital. […] The global prevalence of childhood cataract varies from 0.32 to 22.9/10000 children, with a median of 1.03 per 10000. […] Knowledge on the epidemiology of childhood cataract in our setting will enable better planning of paediatric ophthalmology services. […] Childhood cataract showed no gender preference. Acquired forms were unilateral and mostly of post traumatic origin. Congenital cataract was more frequent and usually bilateral. Late presentation was common and surgery uptake was low. We recommend the putting in place of measures to train personnel for both delivery room and routine baby check screening, in order to increase awareness and early referrals which may in turn lead to earlier surgery. The creation of subsidized reference ophthalmic centres could also help reduce cost and increase surgery uptake.
  • #7 Congenital Cataract and Its Genetics: The Era of Next-Generation Sequencing – Turkish Journal of Ophthalmology
    https://www.oftalmoloji.org/articles/congenital-cataract-and-its-genetics-the-era-of-next-generation-sequencing/doi/tjo.galenos.2020.08377
    Congenital cataract is a challenging ophthalmological disorder which can cause severe visual loss. It can be diagnosed at birth or during the first year of life. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial for the visual prognosis. […] In their systematic review and meta-analysis, Wu et al. reported that congenital cataract had the highest incidence in Asia (7.43/10,000) and was usually diagnosed after 1 year of age. They also reported that congenital cataracts were more frequently bilateral and the most common type was total cataract. […] Factors such as the dynamic genetic infrastructure of societies, socioeconomic and cultural characteristics, access to health services, and the presence of early screening programs may cause major differences in the prevalence of congenital cataracts as well as associated morbidities between populations.
  • #8 Cataract in children – UpToDate
    https://www.uptodate.com/contents/cataract-in-children/print
    Cataracts are a common and frequently curable cause of blindness in children. Early detection and prompt intervention are critical for a good visual outcome, particularly in newborns. […] The reported prevalence of childhood cataracts ranges from 1 to 15 per 10,000 children. The wide range reflects differences in populations, age groups, methods of ascertainment, and case definitions. The prevalence of congenital cataract in developed countries is 1 to 3 per 10,000.
  • #9 Congenital Cataract: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1210837-overview
    The prevalence of congenital cataracts in the United States has been reported to be 1.2-6.0 cases per 10,000. […] The worldwide incidence of congenital cataracts is unknown and likely underestimated in underdeveloped countries. It has been reported that there are approximately 20,000-40,000 cases of children born with congenital or childhood cataracts per year. […] Congenital or infantile cataracts are present within the first year of life. However, timely diagnosis depends on appropriate access to medical care and pediatrician screenings. […] A 2020 review of the genetics of congenital cataracts found that genetic defects are responsible for approximately one fourth of congenital cataracts. Multiple mutations have been identified in upwards of 100 genes associated with congenital cataracts. […] Visual morbidity may result from deprivation amblyopia, refractive amblyopia, nystagmus, strabismus, glaucoma, and retinal detachment.
  • #10
    https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/childhood-cataracts/
    Cataracts most commonly affect older adults (age-related cataracts), but some babies are born with cataracts. […] Children can also develop them at a young age. These are known as childhood cataracts. […] Cataracts in babies and children are rare. In the UK, around 3 to 4 in every 10,000 babies are born with cataracts. […] It’s particularly important to spot cataracts in children quickly because early treatment can reduce the risk of long-term vision problems. […] There are a number of reasons why a child may be born with cataracts or develop them while they’re still young. […] Possible causes include: a genetic fault inherited from the child’s parents that caused the lens to develop abnormally, certain genetic conditions, including Down’s syndrome, certain infections picked up by the mother during pregnancy, including rubella and chickenpox, an injury to the eye after birth.
  • #11 Recent developments in the management of congenital cataract
    https://atm.amegroups.org/article/view/49621/html
    Congenital cataract is a rare eye disease, with a variable prevalence of 0.69.3/10,000 live births. It remains one of the leading causes of visual loss in children worldwide. Congenital cataract is considered a preventable cause of blindness. However, a late diagnosis and treatment lead to irreversible deprivation amblyopia and permanent severe visual impairment or blindness. […] A meta-analysis calculated the prevalence of congenital cataract, based on 8,302,708 children from 17 population studies from different continents between 1959 and 2010. The overall pooled prevalence was 4.24 cases per 10,000 children. […] Early diagnostic remains essential in congenital cataract, since the timing of surgery is one of the main factor influencing visual outcome. Early screening for congenital cataracts has been developed worldwide to optimize management of affected children. […] Recent innovations including DNA sequencing, high resolution imaging and new tools in pediatric surgery have improved the screening, detection and management of congenital cataracts.
  • #12 Prevalence and epidemiological characteristics of congenital cataract: a systematic review and meta-analysis | Scientific Reports
    https://www.nature.com/articles/srep28564
    Congenital cataract (CC) is the primary cause of treatable childhood blindness worldwide. The establishment of reliable, epidemiological estimates is an essential first step towards management strategies. […] Reliable estimates of the prevalence and epidemiological characteristics of CC are essential for providing clues about the mechanisms of cataractogenesis, developing effective prevention strategies and implementing public health programs. […] Our analysis provides comprehensive, current estimates of the worldwide prevalence of CC and its major epidemiological characteristics. We estimated the global CC prevalence to be 4.24/10,000, with the highest prevalence observed in Asia and an increasing trend reported through the year 2000. […] The prevalence of CC was estimated to be 4 to 5 patients per 10,000 children worldwide, which makes it a rare disease based on WHO (6.5/10,000) and European (5/10,000) standards.
  • #13 Cataract | 5-Minute Pediatric Consult
    https://peds.unboundmedicine.com/pedscentral/view/5-Minute-Pediatric-Consult/617203/all/Cataract?q=Toxoplasmosis
    Prevalence of childhood cataracts is 1 to 15:10,000, with the range being attributable to reporting, definition, age, and variance in populations. […] Approximately four children per million total population will be born with bilateral congenital cataracts in developed countries. […] Adjusted cumulative incidence is 2.49 per 10,000 in the 1st year of life, increasing to 3.46 by age 15 years.
  • #14 Global prevalence of childhood cataract: a systematic review | Eye
    https://www.nature.com/articles/eye2016156
    Currently, there are no systematic reviews on the question of prevalence and incidence of childhood cataract. […] The median prevalence of childhood cataract was 1.03 per 10000 (range 0.3222.9/10000) children. […] It has been previously reported that the prevalence of blindness due to childhood cataract is 10 times higher in low-income economies compared with high-income economies. […] This is particularly challenging in low-income countries due to costs and the logistics involved, compared with high-income economies where national registries and surveillance systems facilitate epidemiological data collection. […] This review highlights substantial gaps in the epidemiological knowledge of childhood cataract worldwide, particularly from low- and lower middle-income economies, where the burden of childhood cataract is presumed to be high.
  • #15 EPIDEMIOLOGY
    https://www.aao.org/education/topic-detail/pediatric-cataract-asia-pacific-2
    Cataracts are estimated to be present in approximately 1 to 15/10,000 children worldwide, accounting for 5%20% of childhood blindness (Foster et al, 1997). […] Globally, about 200,000 children are blind from bilateral cataracts worldwide (Foster et al, 1997; Medsinge et al, 2015). […] About 20,000 to 40,000 new cases of bilateral congenital cataracts are diagnosed each year (Apple et al, 2000). […] In India, approximately 10% of childhood blindness is caused by cataract. […] A study conducted at the Holy Family Hospital in Rawalpindi, Pakistan found that bilateral cataracts constituted 80.4% of 112 cases of congenital cataract while unilateral cataracts accounted for 19.6% of cases. Consanguinity was a significant risk factor for congenital cataract, especially in bilateral cases (Rana et al, 2014).
  • #16 Age at detection and age at presentation of childhood cataract at a tertiary facility in Ibadan, Southwest Nigeria | BMC Ophthalmology | Full Text
    https://bmcophthalmol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12886-020-1323-7
    To describe factors which influence the age at detection and age at presentation of patients with childhood cataract at a tertiary eye care facility in Southwest Nigeria. […] Childhood cataract is a major cause of childhood blindness and impaired vision worldwide. In low income countries there is a high burden of childhood cataract with a child becoming bilaterally blind every minute. […] Blindness from childhood cataract is a huge challenge in terms of economic loss; social burden and morbidity, with an estimate of about 200,000 children blind from cataract worldwide and about 20,000-40,000 children born each year with congenital cataract. […] Previous reports have demonstrated that delayed presentation for treatment among children with childhood cataract is a common phenomenon in low income countries.
  • #17
    https://journals.lww.com/jcrs/fulltext/1997/23001/epidemiology_of_cataract_in_childhood__a_global.2.aspx
    Cataract is the most important cause of treatable childhood blindness. There are an estimated 200,000 children blind from cataract worldwide; 20,000 to 40,000 children with developmental bilateral cataract are born each year. […] In the developing world, there is a need to improve early case detection and referral services and to establish centers with expertise in the assessment, surgical treatment, and long-term management of the child with cataract.
  • #18 CRSToday | Childhood Blindness and Pediatric Cataract
    https://crstoday.com/articles/2005-oct/crst1005_12-php
    Too many children worldwide are afflicted with bilateral blindness due to cataracts, complications of cataract surgery, and ocular anomalies with cataracts. Worldwide, an estimated 1.5 million children are bilaterally blind. Most live in the developing world. The prevalence of blindness varies according to the socioeconomic development of the country and the mortality rate of those younger than 5 years of age. Ninety percent of the blind children in the world live in Asia or Africa, and 75% of all causes of childhood blindness in those areas are preventable or treatable. It has been estimated that 0.5 million children become blind each year, a rate of one new blind child every minute of every day. In developing countries, the rate of blindness can be as high as 1.5 per 1,000 people 10 times higher than in the industrialized world. For those who survive childhood, the burden of disability in terms of blind-years is huge. Indeed, the number of blind-years from childhood vision loss is almost equal to the number of blind-years caused by cataracts in adults. Irrespective of the cause, childhood blindness has far-reaching effects on the child and the family throughout life. It profoundly influences educational and employment opportunities as well as every aspect of the personal and social life of the family. Accounting for 8% to 39% of all cases, cataract is one of the most treatable causes of blindness in children. Nearly 200,000 children are bilaterally blind from unoperated cataracts, complications of cataract surgery, or the presence of ocular anomalies associated with the cataracts. Early detection and intervention are recommended to reduce the disability for affected children and their families. In industrialized countries, the visual outcome of surgery for childhood cataract has improved as a result of earlier detection, advances in surgical technique and technology, and a better application of amblyopia management. In contrast, the outcome of pediatric cataract surgery in many developing countries remains poor as a result of late detection, inadequate surgical facilities for children, a lack of pediatric anesthesia, and inadequate follow-up. In this article, we review the prevalence of childhood cataract and discuss ways to improve the outcome for affected children. The prevalence of childhood cataracts worldwide has been reported as one to 15/10,000 children. The wide range is because of the assortment of methods, the different age groups, and varying case definitions used in studies as well as true differences between populations. Pediatric cataract-associated blindness can be avoided or treated using a combination of preventive services at the community level, specialized surgical services in pediatric ophthalmic units, and low-vision devices and services. The quality, accessibility, and affordability of pediatric cataract services must be carefully addressed to decrease the overall burden of visual disability in these patients. For most of the nearly 200,000 children blind from cataracts, a life of sight is still possible. Increased capacity for pediatric cataract surgery and care are needed in many areas. In addition to the many ongoing efforts aimed at reducing the number of pediatric cataracts through rubella vaccination and improvements in nutrition, the following steps will help. First, communities need to do a better job of identifying and referring children with cataract early. Best practices need to be identified, codified, and implemented worldwide. Second, regional centers for the surgical treatment of pediatric cataract must be designated and properly equipped and staffed. These steps can lift the burden of avoidable blindness from childhood cataract throughout the world.
  • #19 Prevalence and epidemiological characteristics of congenital cataract: a systematic review and meta-analysis | Scientific Reports
    https://www.nature.com/articles/srep28564
    The pooled prevalence of subsets according to major epidemiological characteristics, including laterality, morphology, comorbidity and etiology, was also explored. Bilateral cataracts accounted for 54.1% of the laterality. […] The morphology subset analysis in our study indicated that total and nuclear cataracts were the two most common types of CC, which is concordant with most previously reported data. […] The findings of this study provide directions for further studies in this area and will be useful for the design of CC screening, treatment and related public health strategies.
  • #20 A Guide to Pediatric Cataracts
    https://eyesoneyecare.com/resources/guide-to-pediatric-cataracts/
    By understanding how to screen and manage pediatric cataracts, ophthalmologists can provide improved patient visual outcomes. […] The management of a cataract in a child is nuanced and requires understanding the role the crystalline lens plays in emmetropia, as well as accommodation. […] Cataracts may be congenital in origin, which means they are present at birth (though they may or may not have been identified). […] In general, unilateral cataracts that occur at birth or in young childhood have an increased risk of amblyopia due to the obstruction of vision in only one eye. […] The laterality of a pediatric cataract is important in determining the visual prognosis. […] A bilateral presentation may be inherited, associated with systemic disease or exposure, or ocular comorbidity.
  • #21 No Kidding Around: Managing Pediatric and Early-onset Cataract
    https://www.reviewofoptometry.com/article/no-kidding-around-managing-pediatric-and-earlyonset-cataract
    The opacification nomenclature includes nuclear, lamellar, pulverulent, posterior polar, cerulean (blue dot) and anterior polar opacities. […] The toxic effects of medications on the lens manifest as cloudiness in different anatomical locations, determined by the route of drug administration. […] Ocular trauma, resulting in permanent vision loss in 2% to 14% of children, is a leading cause of acquired monocular blindness, and may be the result of penetrating injury, concussive force, electric shock or radiation. […] The incidence of cataract resulting from electrocution varies greatly, due to differences in voltage and duration of contact with the current. […] Metabolic syndrome (MetS) represents a cluster of metabolic abnormalities involving central obesity, dyslipidemia, hyperglycemia and high blood pressure.
  • #21 No Kidding Around: Managing Pediatric and Early-onset Cataract
    https://www.reviewofoptometry.com/article/no-kidding-around-managing-pediatric-and-earlyonset-cataract
    Cataract can occur at all ages due to a multitude of precipitating events, but of course age-related cataract comprises the vast majority of cases. […] The prevalence of cataract in childhood is estimated between one and six per 10,000. […] Of patients diagnosed with lens disease in their first year of life, more than 8% had a positive family history of cataract. […] Congenital cataracts may be isolated, or can be associated with other developmental abnormalities of the eye. […] Causes of congenital cataracts include intrauterine infections (rubella, varicella, toxoplasmosis), metabolic disorders, trauma and juvenile ocular inflammatory disease. […] In many instances, especially in unilateral presentations, the etiology of the cataract is unknown. […] Most congenital cataracts are inherited as an autosomal dominant trait.
  • #22 A Guide to Pediatric Cataracts
    https://eyesoneyecare.com/resources/guide-to-pediatric-cataracts/
    Certain forms of cataracts may be classically found in certain conditions, such as anterior polar cataracts in Down syndrome. […] Prenatal factors that may lead to congenital cataracts include TORCH infections (toxoplasmosis, syphilis, rubella, cytomegalovirus, or herpes simplex) or fetal alcohol exposure. […] With few exceptions (e.g., blood sugar control in diabetics and maternal vaccination in prenatal infections), there are no preventative measures to avoid the development of pediatric cataracts. […] Therefore, screening examinations and early diagnosis are crucial in maximizing the visual prognosis. […] Any of the following should prompt referral and further work-up: leukocoria, nystagmus, strabismus, asymmetric eye size, photophobia, and decreased vision or visual response in preverbal child.
  • #23 Congenital Cataract and Its Genetics: The Era of Next-Generation Sequencing – Turkish Journal of Ophthalmology
    https://www.oftalmoloji.org/articles/congenital-cataract-and-its-genetics-the-era-of-next-generation-sequencing/doi/tjo.galenos.2020.08377
    Congenital cataract accounts for 7.4-15.5% of all childhood blindness. Early diagnosis and treatment are very important in terms of visual prognosis. Therefore, one of the most critical steps is recognizing congenital cataract at an early age through postnatal eye screening. […] Pediatric cataracts can be classified into two main groups, hereditary and nonhereditary. […] In the Vision 2020 global initiative to fight preventable blindness, vitamin A deficiency, measles, neonatal conjunctivitis, and retinopathy of prematurity were also shown to be among the causes of childhood blindness along with congenital cataract. […] Determining the molecular etiology of congenital cataract is essential both to identify and better understand the pathways involved in its pathogenesis and to provide individualized genetic counseling.
  • #24 Congenital Cataract and Its Genetics: The Era of Next-Generation Sequencing – Turkish Journal of Ophthalmology
    https://www.oftalmoloji.org/articles/congenital-cataract-and-its-genetics-the-era-of-next-generation-sequencing/doi/tjo.galenos.2020.08377
    Approximately half of congenital cataracts have a genetic etiology. […] Next-generation sequencing technologies are a useful and reliable method for detecting and evaluating the underlying molecular etiology of this heterogeneous genetic disease, and seem likely to continue to provide more data in the future.
  • #25 EPIDEMIOLOGY
    https://www.aao.org/education/topic-detail/pediatric-cataract-asia-pacific-2
    The etiology, and therefore the basic pathophysiology, of childhood cataract varies widely; in many children, the etiology may not be determined. […] More than 15 gene variants have been associated with pediatric cataract formation; these hereditary cataracts are most often autosomal dominant, though transmission can be X-linked or autosomal recessive. […] The most common causative infections accounting for bilateral congenital cataract include the following, which can be recalled with the acronym TORCHES: toxoplasmosis, rubella, cytomegalovirus (CMV), herpes simplex virus (HSV), Epstein-Barr syndrome, and syphilis. […] A retrospective review of the results of pediatric cataract surgery with primary IOL implantation in children in India found that, posterior capsule opacification was seen in 18.75% of eyes with polymethyl methacrylate lenses, 14.58% of eyes with hydrophobic acrylic lenses, and 13.9% of eyes with silicone lenses. Visual axis obscuration was reduced in children younger than 6 years of age who received primary posterior capsulotomy and anterior vitrectomy (Ram et al, 2011).
  • #26
    https://utoronto.scholaris.ca/items/42173e16-c365-44b6-a159-c741fec49595
    Background: Cataract is responsible for about 10% blindness among children in India. Etiology of cataract is not well defined especially for childhood cataracts and epidemiological data for Indian population is not available in details. […] Aim: This study was performed to survey the causes of childhood cataracts and to identify the preventable factors in four western states of India. […] Results: Out of 172 children, 88.4% had non-traumatic cataract and 11.6% had traumatic cataracts. Among non-traumatic cataracts, 7.2% were hereditary, 4.6% were due to congenital rubella syndrome, 15.1% were secondary and 73.0% were undetermined. […] Conclusions: Our study shows that nearly 12% of non-traumatic cataract is due to potentially preventable causes. Health education of women to childbearing age and school children can decrease incidence of pediatric cataracts.
  • #27 Familial Cataracts: Profile of Patients and Their Families at a Child Eye Care Tertiary Facility in a Developing Country
    https://www.ekjo.org/journal/view.php?doi=10.3341/kjo.2023.0028
    Childhood cataract is a significant cause of childhood blindness globally, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. Childhood cataracts may be familial which could present as congenital or developmental cataracts. Familial cataracts have been reported in literature as far back as 1888. In a nationwide Danish study, 23% of congenital cataracts were hereditary and almost all were bilateral and isolated without any additional ocular or systemic abnormalities. In majority of these, the inheritance pattern was autosomal dominant. Inheritance in familial cataract is mendelian with high penetrance and autosomal dominance mode is most common. However, there are reports of autosomal recessive and X-linked inheritance pattern. It has been postulated that the proportion of inherited cataracts is lower in developing countries due to a disproportionately higher risk of cataracts from infectious and other environmental causes. In spite of this, etiological diagnosis of childhood cataract is still limited in most low-and lower-middle-income countries due to nonavailability or affordability of diagnostics tests. This, therefore, necessitates a high level of clinical acumen to make a near accurate diagnosis based mainly on clinical features. Early identification and diagnosis can facilitate intervention that is timely and appropriate and in turn ensure that visual outcomes are optimized. With improved access to genetic testing, it has become important to describe varied clinical profiles to improve the awareness of clinicians. In the absence of genetic testing, a careful pedigree history and systemic examination can help narrow down the probable causes of congenital cataracts. This has the potential to reduce the burden of blindness from childhood cataract by improving awareness among parents at risk of having a baby with cataract and ensuring early intervention for those affected. With increasing availability and spread of pediatric ophthalmology practice in Nigeria, it is necessary to generate local data on pediatric ocular conditions including data on familial cataract. Therefore, a review of the pattern of presentation of familial cataract may be useful to guide ophthalmologists in genetic counseling, recurrence risk counseling, choosing effective surgical interventions and guide surveillance of families with familial cataracts. The aim of this study is to describe the clinical profile, pedigree charting, ocular and systemic comorbidities, and management of children with familial cataracts in the ophthalmology clinic of the University College Hospital Ibadan (Ibadan, Nigeria) over a 5-year period. In our cohort of patients, most of the charts were suggestive of an autosomal dominant mode of inheritance because at least one person was affected in each of the generations represented in those charts. This is in keeping with the reported pattern of inheritance in Caucasian patients. The apparent rarity of autosomal recessive familial cataracts in our population may be because consanguineous marriage is not commonly practiced in West Africa. Genetic counseling services are still at the nascent phase in routine clinical care of patients with cataracts. Better access to genetic testing and counseling services will enable the delivery of better health care to families with familial cataract.
  • #28 Cataracts in Children, Congenital and Acquired – EyeWiki
    https://eyewiki.org/Cataracts_in_Children,_Congenital_and_Acquired
    The course and prognosis of pediatric cataracts is highly variable. The likelihood and rate of progression is very difficult to predict. In addition, the presence of other ocular or systemic abnormalities contribute to the variable outcome. […] The most serious complication of congenital cataracts is permanent visual impairment. When the visual axis is blocked by a lens opacity during the sensitive period of visual development, irreversible amblyopia and permanent nystagmus may result. […] Lifelong careful follow-up is essential for all pediatric cataract cases.
  • #29 SciELO Brazil – Evaluation of childhood cataract characteristics at a tertiary referral center Evaluation of childhood cataract characteristics at a tertiary referral center
    https://www.scielo.br/j/abo/a/cHh8pd8Z9t94SprKnBLKYzm/?lang=en
    To examine the epidemiological characteristics of children undergoing cataract surgery at a referral center in Sao Paulo State, Brazil, as well as the facts surrounding treatment delays. […] The average age at surgery was 64.5 months, with 15.0 months delay between the first visit and surgery. […] The presence of strabismus and nystagmus in many of these children points to late diagnosis. […] The most significant impediments to adequate cataract treatment in children were the lack of referral programs and children’s specialized ophthalmologic centers, in addition to the restricted number of support professionals trained in the field and pediatric ophthalmology specialists. […] The inability to execute the RRT and the fact that the test did not identify an ocular change in 72% of the cases might have been one of the causes of the admission delay.
  • #30 Global prevalence of childhood cataract: a systematic review
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5023808/
    The present findings do not agree with this, and suggest higher prevalence estimates in high-income than lower income economies. […] Our prevalence estimates do not show higher prevalence in low income economies and these findings suggest that more studies with adequate, representative samples are needed with a common case definition to more accurately estimate the prevalence of childhood cataract. […] This review highlights substantial gaps in the epidemiological knowledge of childhood cataract worldwide, particularly from low- and lower middle-income economies, where the burden of childhood cataract is presumed to be high.
  • #31 Epidemiology of Pediatric Cataracts | Obgyn Key
    https://obgynkey.com/epidemiology-of-pediatric-cataracts/
    The distribution of a disease across different regions, periods, and populations is an external representation of how the etiological factors impact on the target population. It reveals epidemiological patterns, providing etiological clues that form the basis for further scientific enquiry and the formulation of research studies. These provide evidence for developing effective prevention and treatment policies, health resource allocation, and disease diagnosis. The main metrics of disease distribution include disease prevalence and incidence. Prevalence, also known as prevalence rate, is the proportion of a population found to have a certain disease (including old and new cases) at a given time. […] There is a paucity of data on the epidemiology of pediatric cataracts with considerable variations due to different study designs, definitions of pediatric cataracts, and age groups used in different reports. Most existing data on pediatric cataracts is derived from population-based studies of childhood blindness, and relatively few studies have investigated pediatric cataracts primarily as a disease.
  • #32 Epidemiology of Congenital Cataract | Ento Key
    https://entokey.com/epidemiology-of-congenital-cataract/
    Epidemiology of Congenital Cataract […] The objectives of epidemiology in understanding and managing disease processes include determining the burden of congenital cataract and cataract related blindness/visual impairment, studying the natural history, identifying the underlying causes/aetiological factors, including the causes of associated visual impairment/blindness, and informing the development of, and evaluating, preventive and therapeutic measures from the level of the individual to population based policies. […] Despite being an uncommon condition, congenital and infantile cataract remains a significant cause of childhood visual impairment worldwide and one of the most common causes of preventable childhood severe visual impairment or blindness. […] Determination of the true global burden of congenital/infantile cataract, particularly in the context of the limited health care infrastructure common to lower and middle income settings, is made difficult by the methodological challenges of population based research on rare conditions.
  • #33 Epidemiology of Pediatric Cataracts | Obgyn Key
    https://obgynkey.com/epidemiology-of-pediatric-cataracts/
    The prevalence of pediatric cataracts measures the proportion of children with cataracts in the target population within a particular time frame. Given the difficulty of eye examinations in children, previous epidemiological studies have mainly focused on congenital/newborn cataracts and produced wide-ranging results. […] The incidence of pediatric cataracts measures the proportion of new cases of cataracts in the target population over a certain time period. As studies assessing incidence are often time-consuming and resource-intensive, there are currently no specific reports of the incidence of pediatric cataracts.
  • #34 Age at detection and age at presentation of childhood cataract at a tertiary facility in Ibadan, Southwest Nigeria | BMC Ophthalmology | Full Text
    https://bmcophthalmol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12886-020-1323-7
    The aim of this study was to determine the factors which influenced the age at detection and the age at presentation of patients with childhood cataract at a child eye health tertiary facility in Ibadan, Southwest Nigeria. […] The average age of children presenting with cataracts in our setting is older than in high income countries and majority of them present late for treatment. Such late presentation among Nigerian children is a cause for grave concern because of its negative impact on treatment outcome. Education of mothers and other caregivers about childhood cataract and the need for early presentation and treatment may encourage earlier presentation among our population.
  • #35 National cross sectional study of detection of congenital and infantile cataract in the United Kingdom: role of childhood screening and surveillance | The BMJ
    https://www.bmj.com/content/318/7180/362
    Objectives: To determine the mode of detection and timing of ophthalmic assessment of a nationally representative group of children with congenital and infantile cataract. […] A substantial proportion of children with congenital and infantile cataract are not diagnosed by 3 months of age, although routine ocular examination of all newborn and young infants is recommended nationally. Strategies to achieve earlier detection through screening and surveillance are required. […] In this national study, 47% of children newly diagnosed with congenital or infantile cataract were detected through these examinations. […] Strategies are required to achieve earlier diagnosis and increase the proportion of cases detected through screening in the first 3 months of life. […] In this national cross sectional study, congenital and infantile cataracts were not detected by a health professional before the first birthday in 29% of cases, despite recommendations to examine all newborn and young infants routinely for cataract.
  • #36 National cross sectional study of detection of congenital and infantile cataract in the United Kingdom: role of childhood screening and surveillance | The BMJ
    https://www.bmj.com/content/318/7180/362
    The proportion of affected children having ophthalmic assessment by 3 months of age is a useful indicator of the performance of routine ocular examinations in infants in the United Kingdom. […] By this age, 47% of children in our study had been detected through screening and 57% had been assessed by an ophthalmologist. […] Regular monitoring of the process and outcome of routine ocular examinations at national level is required to assess the performance and improve the quality of this component of health surveillance of young infants.
  • #37 Epidemiology of Pediatric Cataracts | SpringerLink
    https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-981-10-2627-0_5
    The epidemiology of pediatric cataracts provides crucial evidence for improving or preserving visual acuity and preventing blindness in pediatric patients with cataracts. This chapter describes the distributions of blindness or moderate and severe vision impairment (MSVI) caused by pediatric cataracts across different populations, regions, and time periods, so as to characterize the epidemiological pattern of pediatric cataracts and provide scientific evidence for developing preventative and management strategies. […] Early detection and early intervention are key to treating pediatric cataracts. Establishing a referral system incorporating tertiary general hospitals with ophthalmic departments and specialist ophthalmic centers will help improve the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of pediatric cataracts and streamline medical resource allocation.
  • #38 The Prevalence of Cataract in Children
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9645413/
    Childhood blindness can be reduced by understanding different etiologies and clinical presentation of congenital cataracts. Early diagnosis of cataract in a child can be made with ultrasonography. Screening should be done in the maternity ward. Parental counseling for hereditary cataracts is important. In children, eye surgery should be done with precaution as the eye is a growing structure in the child. In mature cataract with nystagmus, if surgery is not performed it can lead to development of irreversible amblyopia. In all children, anterior and posterior capsulorhexis is done and IOL is implanted only in children more than one year of age with bilateral cataract. Lifelong follow-up is required to check for postoperative complications such as secondary glaucoma.
  • #39 Epidemiology and visual outcome of childhood cataract at tertiary eye care centre in west central India – IJCEO
    https://www.ijceo.org/html-article/13509
    Aim: To study epidemiological profile of childhood cataract visual outcome after cataract surgery in West Central India. […] Incidence of childhood cataract ranges from 1.8 to 3.6 /10,000 per year with a median prevalence of about 1.03/10,000 children(0.32-22.9/10,000). […] Childhood cataract is one of the leading causes of treatable blindness. […] The diagnosis of cataract is incidentally made on routine screening in 41% of cases whereas leukocoria and strabismus led to diagnosis in 24% and 19%, respectively. […] Treatment of childhood cataract has evolved but delivering the facilities to patients has been a biggest challenge to health care providers. […] This can be improved by delivering accurate frequent counseling to society including prevention, identification, intervention and rehabilitation and collaborating with government programs like RBSK and AYUSHMAN Bharat.
  • #40 SciELO Brazil – Evaluation of childhood cataract characteristics at a tertiary referral center Evaluation of childhood cataract characteristics at a tertiary referral center
    https://www.scielo.br/j/abo/a/cHh8pd8Z9t94SprKnBLKYzm/?lang=en
    In this group of operated children, heredity was the most important factor regarding etiology followed by preexisting ocular diseases, genetic syndromes, and infections. […] The lack of referral programs and children’s specialized ophthalmologic centers, as well as a restricted number of support professionals trained in the field and a low number of pediatric ophthalmology specialists, are likely the most important barriers to adequate cataract treatment in children.
  • #41 Community Eye Health Journal » The epidemiology of blindness in children: changing priorities
    https://archive.cehjournal.org/article/the-epidemiology-of-blindness-in-children-changing-priorities/
    The number of children who are blind from eye conditions (excluding refractive error) is falling in all regions. […] In many low-income countries where corneal scarring has declined, cataract has become the commonest cause of avoidable blindness in children. […] One of the main challenges is that affected children often present very late for surgery due to lack of awareness and cultural, social and economic barriers, which compromises the visual outcomes. […] There is also some evidence that, in Asian countries, girls with bilateral cataract do not access services at the same rate as boys. […] Another study from Bangladesh showed that children with better visual outcomes after cataract surgery were more likely to be in school, so cataract surgery contributes towards the Sustainable Development Goals regarding gender and education. […] More needs to be done to improve access, to ensure that children attend for follow-up after surgery, and to provide low vision services for the children who do not have good visual outcomes.
  • #42 CRSToday | Childhood Blindness and Pediatric Cataract
    https://crstoday.com/articles/2005-sep/crst1005_12-php-2
    The prevalence of childhood cataracts worldwide has been reported as one to 15/10,000 children. […] Pediatric cataract-associated blindness can be avoided or treated using a combination of preventive services at the community level, specialized surgical services in pediatric ophthalmic units, and low-vision devices and services. […] The quality, accessibility, and affordability of pediatric cataract services must be carefully addressed to decrease the overall burden of visual disability in these patients. […] For most of the nearly 200,000 children blind from cataracts, a life of sight is still possible. Increased capacity for pediatric cataract surgery and care are needed in many areas. […] These steps can lift the burden of avoidable blindness from childhood cataract throughout the world.
  • #43 Epidemiology of pediatric cataracts – A 5 year retrospective study – IJCEO
    https://www.ijceo.org/html-article/12312
    Epidemiology of pediatric cataracts A 5 year retrospective study […] Purpose: To determine the epidemiology, diagnosis and management of pediatric cataracts and to identify preventable factors and improve the visual prognosis in these patients. […] To date, there is limited public awareness regarding this condition especially in developing communities as well as limited published literature describing the epidemiological aspects of pediatric cataract in our region. […] The present study aims at the evaluation of clinical and epidemiological characteristics of pediatric cataracts diagnosed in our hospital over the past 5 years. […] Pediatric cataracts are still an important and potentially treatable cause of childhood blindness. Timely approach is the key for the success of treatment of pediatric cataracts. […] The high number of idiopathic cataracts worldwide and in this study pose a challenge for planning regarding prevention strategies.
  • #44 SciELO Brazil – The genetic and molecular basis of congenital cataract The genetic and molecular basis of congenital cataract
    https://www.scielo.br/j/abo/a/4cYqgmFyKy8K8tFVgbtNGxQ/
    The identification of the mutations causing childhood cataract should lead to a greater understanding of the mechanisms implicated in cataractogenesis and provide further insights into normal lens development and physiology. […] The control of blindness in children is considered a high priority within the World Health Organization’s (WHO’s) VISION 2020 – The Right to Sight program.