Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Anxiety Disorders: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Types

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9536-anxiety-disorders

  Anxiety disorders are a group of mental health conditions that cause fear, dread and other symptoms that are out of proportion to the situation. […] Like other types of mental health conditions, researchers dont know exactly what causes anxiety disorders. But they think a combination of factors plays a role: […] Chemical imbalances: Several neurotransmitters and hormones play a role in anxiety, including norepinephrine, serotonin, dopamine and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Imbalances in these chemicals can contribute to an anxiety disorder. […] Brain changes: A part of your brain called the amygdala plays an important role in managing fear and anxiety. Studies show that people with anxiety disorders show increased amygdala activity in response to anxiety cues. […] Genetics: Anxiety disorders tend to run in biological families. This suggests that genetics may play a role. You may be at an increased risk of developing one if you have a first-degree relative (biological parent or sibling) with an anxiety disorder. […] Environmental factors: Severe or long-lasting stress can change the balance of neurotransmitters that control your mood. Experiencing a lot of stress over a long period can contribute to an anxiety disorder. Experiencing a traumatic event can also trigger anxiety disorders.

• #1 7.4: Anxiety Disorders – Etiology – Social Sci LibreTexts

  https://socialsci.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Psychology/Psychological_Disorders/Fundamentals_of_Psychological_Disorders_3e_(Bridley_and_Daffin)/03%3A_Part_III._Mental_Disorders__Block_2/07%3A_Anxiety_Disorders/7.04%3A_Anxiety_Disorders_-_Etiology

  Specific to panic disorder is the implication of the locus coeruleus, the brain structure that serves as an on-off switch for norepinephrine neurotransmitters. It is believed that increased activation of the locus coeruleus results in panic-like symptoms; therefore, individuals with panic disorder may have a hyperactive locus coeruleus, leaving them more susceptible to experience more intense and frequent physiological arousal than the general public (Gorman, Kent, Sullivan, Coplan, 2000). […] Therefore, researchers argue that a more complex neuropathway is likely responsible for the development of panic disorder. More specifically, the corticostriatal-thalamocortical (CSTC) circuit, also known as the fear-specific circuit, is theorized as a major contributor to panic symptoms (Gutman, Gorman, Hirsch, 2004).

• #1 Anxiety disorders – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/anxiety/symptoms-causes/syc-20350961

  The causes of anxiety disorders aren’t fully understood. Life experiences such as traumatic events appear to trigger anxiety disorders in people who are already prone to anxiety. Inherited traits also can be a factor. […] For some people, anxiety may be linked to an underlying health issue. In some cases, anxiety signs and symptoms are the first indicators of a medical illness. If your doctor suspects your anxiety may have a medical cause, he or she may order tests to look for signs of a problem. […] Examples of medical problems that can be linked to anxiety include: Heart disease, Diabetes, Thyroid problems, such as hyperthyroidism, Respiratory disorders, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma, Drug misuse or withdrawal, Withdrawal from alcohol, anti-anxiety medications (benzodiazepines) or other medications, Chronic pain or irritable bowel syndrome, Rare tumors that produce certain fight-or-flight hormones.

• #1 7.4: Anxiety Disorders – Etiology – Social Sci LibreTexts

  https://socialsci.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Psychology/Psychological_Disorders/Fundamentals_of_Psychological_Disorders_3e_(Bridley_and_Daffin)/03%3A_Part_III._Mental_Disorders__Block_2/07%3A_Anxiety_Disorders/7.04%3A_Anxiety_Disorders_-_Etiology

  While genetics have been known to contribute to the presentation of anxiety symptoms, the interaction between genetics and stressful environmental influences appears to account for more anxiety disorders than genetics alone (Bienvenu, Davydow, Kendler, 2011). […] The quest to identify specific genes that may predispose individuals to develop anxiety disorders has led researchers to the serotonin transporter gene (5-HTTLPR). Mutation of the 5-HTTLPR gene is related to a reduction in serotonin activity and an increase in anxiety-related personality traits (Munafo, Brown, Hairiri, 2008). […] Researchers have identified several brain structures and pathways that are likely responsible for anxiety responses. Among those structures is the amygdala, the area of the brain that is responsible for storing memories related to emotional events (Gorman, Kent, Sullivan, Coplan, 2000).

• #1 What Causes Anxiety? Risk Factors and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/anxiety-causes

  The exact causes of anxiety disorders are unknown. According to the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), a combination of genetic and environmental factors may play a role. Brain chemistry is also being studied as a possible cause. The areas of your brain that control your fear response may be involved. […] Much research is being done into what causes anxiety disorders. Experts believe it involves a combination of factors, including genetic factors and social stress. […] Studies of twins suggest that genetics may play a role. For example, a study reported in PloS ONE suggests the RBFOX1 gene may be involved in the development of anxiety-related conditions, such as generalized anxiety disorder. The authors believe that both genetic and nongenetic factors play a part. […] Certain parts of the brain, such as the amygdala and hippocampus, are also being studied. Your amygdala is a small structure deep inside your brain that processes threats. It alerts the rest of your brain when there are signs of danger. It can trigger a fear and anxiety response. It seems to play a part in anxiety disorders that involve fear of specific things, such as cats, bees, or drowning.

• #1 Anxiety Disorders: Background, Anatomy, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/286227-overview

  Anxiety disorders appear to be caused by an interaction of biopsychosocial factors, including genetic vulnerability, which interact with situations, stress, or trauma to produce clinically significant syndromes. […] Genetic factors significantly influence risk for many anxiety disorders. Environmental factors such as trauma, neglect, chaos, or Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) can also contribute to risk for later anxiety disorders. The debate whether gene or environment is primary in anxiety disorders has evolved to a better understanding of the important role of the interaction between genes and environment. […] Panic disorder appears to be a genetically inherited (heritability of 40%) neurochemical dysfunction that may involve autonomic imbalance; decreased GABA-ergic tone; allelic polymorphism of the catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) gene; increased adenosine receptor function; increased cortisol; diminished benzodiazepine receptor function; and disturbances in serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine, cholecystokinin, and interleukin-1-beta.

• #1 7.4: Anxiety Disorders – Etiology – Social Sci LibreTexts

  https://socialsci.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Psychology/Psychological_Disorders/Fundamentals_of_Psychological_Disorders_3e_(Bridley_and_Daffin)/03%3A_Part_III._Mental_Disorders__Block_2/07%3A_Anxiety_Disorders/7.04%3A_Anxiety_Disorders_-_Etiology

  The cognitive perspective on the development of anxiety related disorders centers around dysfunctional thought patterns. […] Maladaptive assumptions are routinely observed in individuals with anxiety-related disorders, as they often engage in interpreting events as dangerous or overreacting to potentially stressful events, which contributes to an overall heightened anxiety level. […] Sensitivity to physiological arousal not only contributes to anxiety disorders in general, but also for panic disorder where individuals experience various physiological sensations and misinterpret them as catastrophic. […] Individuals with social anxiety disorder tend to hold unattainable or extremely high social beliefs and expectations. […] While characteristics such as living in poverty, experiencing significant daily stressors, and increased exposure to traumatic events are all identified as significant contributors to anxiety disorders, additional sociocultural influences such as gender and discrimination have also received considerable attention, mainly due to the epidemiological nature of the disorder.

• #1 4.6: Anxiety Disorders Etiology – Social Sci LibreTexts

  https://socialsci.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Psychology/Psychological_Disorders/Essentials_of_Abnormal_Psychology_(Bridley_and_Daffin)/04%3A_Anxiety_Disorders/4.06%3A_Anxiety_Disorders_Etiology

  These negative appraisals, in combination with a biological predisposition to anxiety likely contribute to the development of anxiety symptoms (Gallagher et al., 2013). […] Sensitivity to physiological arousal not only contributes to anxiety disorders in general, but also for panic disorder where individuals experience various physiological sensations and misinterpret them as catastrophic. […] One explanation for this theory is that individuals with panic disorder are actually more susceptible to more frequent and intensive physiological symptoms than the general public (Nillni, Rohan, Zvolensky, 2012). […] Social anxiety is also largely explained by cognitive theorists. […] Individuals with social anxiety disorder tend to hold unattainable or extremely high social beliefs and expectations.

• #1 4.6: Anxiety Disorders Etiology – Social Sci LibreTexts

  https://socialsci.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Psychology/Psychological_Disorders/Essentials_of_Abnormal_Psychology_(Bridley_and_Daffin)/04%3A_Anxiety_Disorders/4.06%3A_Anxiety_Disorders_Etiology

  The behavioral explanation for the development of anxiety disorders is largely reserved for phobias- both specific and social phobia. […] More specifically, behavioral theorists focus on classical conditioning when two events that occur close together become strongly associated with one another, despite their lack of causal relationship. […] Modeling is another behavioral explanation of the development of specific and social phobias. […] Finally, we will review the social constructs that contribute to and maintain anxiety disorders. […] While characteristics such as living in poverty, experiencing significant daily stressors, and increased exposure to traumatic events are all identified as major contributors to anxiety disorders, additional sociocultural influences such as gender and discrimination have also received a great deal of attention.

• #1 4.6 Anxiety Disorders Etiology – Fundamentals of Psychological Disorders

  https://opentext.wsu.edu/fundamentalsofpsychologicaldisorders/chapter/4-6-anxiety-disorders-etiology/

  The behavioral explanation for the development of anxiety disorders is largely reserved for phobias both specific and social phobia. […] More specifically, behavioral theorists focus on classical conditioning when two events that occur close together become strongly associated with one another, despite their lack of causal relationship. […] While modeling and classical conditioning largely explain the development of phobias, there is some speculation that the accumulation of a large number of these learned fears will develop into GAD. […] Finally, we will review the social constructs that contribute to and maintain anxiety disorders. […] While characteristics such as living in poverty, experiencing significant daily stressors, and increased exposure to traumatic events are all identified as major contributors to anxiety disorders, additional sociocultural influences such as gender and discrimination have also received a great deal of attention.

• #1 Anxiety disorders – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/anxiety/symptoms-causes/syc-20350961

  Sometimes anxiety can be a side effect of certain medications. […] It’s possible that your anxiety may be due to an underlying medical condition if: You don’t have any blood relatives (such as a parent or sibling) with an anxiety disorder, You didn’t have an anxiety disorder as a child, You don’t avoid certain things or situations because of anxiety, You have a sudden occurrence of anxiety that seems unrelated to life events and you didn’t have a previous history of anxiety. […] These factors may increase your risk of developing an anxiety disorder: Trauma. Children who endured abuse or trauma or witnessed traumatic events are at higher risk of developing an anxiety disorder at some point in life. Adults who experience a traumatic event also can develop anxiety disorders. […] Stress due to an illness. Having a health condition or serious illness can cause significant worry about issues such as your treatment and your future.

• #1 What causes anxiety? | Mental Health Foundation

  https://www.mentalhealth.org.uk/our-work/public-engagement/mental-health-awareness-week/anxiety-report/what-causes-anxiety

  Childhood trauma can also lead to negative beliefs about oneself or the world, making it more difficult to manage stressful situations and increasing the likelihood of developing anxiety. […] Negative life events can also contribute to anxiety. These are events that cause a significant emotional impact and disrupt our sense of security or well-being. […] Examples of negative life events that can, for some people, lead to anxiety include: Divorce or the end of a significant relationship which can leave a person feeling vulnerable and anxious. Experience of abuse or domestic violence which can result in living with intimidation and fear in your own home (which should be a safe space). Exposure to a stressful work, education, or community environment – for example, experiencing bullying, harassment, or discrimination in any of these environments which can lead to ongoing anxiety (in particular for women and marginalised communities).

• #1 What causes anxiety? | Mental Health Foundation

  https://www.mentalhealth.org.uk/our-work/public-engagement/mental-health-awareness-week/anxiety-report/what-causes-anxiety

  The relationship between socio-economic status and anxiety is complex, and influenced by a variety of individual, familial, and environmental factors. However, the evidence is clear that experiencing material deprivation and financial strain increases a persons risk of having a mental health problem such as anxiety. […] Specifically, poverty, unemployment, and low education levels can all increase the risk of someone developing anxiety. […] People experiencing financial stress and being unable to afford essentials including food, heat, and mortgage/rent due to rising inflation report higher levels of anxiety. […] The cost-of-living crisis has undoubtedly led to increased levels of material deprivation and financial strain in the UK population, which is putting peoples mental health at risk. Our research provides new evidence of the extent to which financial strain is negatively affecting peoples mental health, specifically their experience of anxiety.

• #1 10 Causes Of Anxiety Disorder – AnxietyCentre.com

  https://www.anxietycentre.com/articles/10-causes-of-anxiety-disorder/

  Overprotective parenting robs children of early life opportunities to learn and develop healthy coping skills in the face of adversity. […] Vulnerability makes children anxious. […] Overcritical parenting is often associated with the development of anxiety disorder. […] Low confidence in their abilities and self-worth fuels low self-esteem, and also ingrains in them a sense of performance-based self-worth, which are common underlying factors that contribute to the development of anxiety issues. […] Children who come from this type of background often behave anxiously because they feel incapable of standing on their own two feet. […] Learned helplessness and a sense of entitlement are common underlying factors that contribute to the development of anxiety disorder. […] Research has shown that children abandoned at an early age often struggle with anxiety issues (and depression).

• #1 What Causes Generalized Anxiety Disorder? The Symptoms and Causes of GAD – SUN Delaware

  https://sundelaware.com/what-causes-generalized-anxiety-disorder/

  Some behavioral health professionals also believe that anxiety can be a learned behavior. They suggest that having a primary caregiver or parent that exhibits anxious behavior during a childs formative years can greatly increase their risk of developing GAD. […] While this has numerous positive effects on modern life, the ever-present nature of social media can be mentally invasive. Research has shown that more time spent using social media has been linked to the increased presence of anxiety in young adults. For someone who suffers from GAD, interpreting social interactions and perceived threats can be difficult. […] People who suffer from GAD can feel a heightened sense of danger or rejection due to social misinterpretation, even when there is no actual threat present.

• #1 7.4: Anxiety Disorders – Etiology – Social Sci LibreTexts

  https://socialsci.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Psychology/Psychological_Disorders/Fundamentals_of_Psychological_Disorders_3e_(Bridley_and_Daffin)/03%3A_Part_III._Mental_Disorders__Block_2/07%3A_Anxiety_Disorders/7.04%3A_Anxiety_Disorders_-_Etiology

  Gender has largely been researched within anxiety disorders due to the consistent discrepancy in the diagnosis rate between men and women. […] One potential explanation for this discrepancy is the influence of social pressures on women. […] Exposure to discrimination and prejudice, particularly relevant to ethnic minorities and other marginalized groups, can also impact an individuals anxiety level.

• #1 4.6 Anxiety Disorders Etiology – Fundamentals of Psychological Disorders

  https://opentext.wsu.edu/fundamentalsofpsychologicaldisorders/chapter/4-6-anxiety-disorders-etiology/

  Gender has largely been researched within anxiety disorders due to the consistent discrepancy in diagnosis rates between men and women. […] One potential explanation for this discrepancy is the influence of social pressures on women. […] Therefore, it appears a combination of genetic, environmental, and social factors may explain why women tend to be diagnosed with anxiety disorders more often than men. […] Exposure to discrimination and prejudice, particularly relevant to racialized and other minoritized groups, can also impact anxiety levels. […] The repeated exposure to racism, discrimination, and prejudice over time can lead to fear responses in individuals, along with subsequent avoidance of social situations in an effort to protect themselves emotionally.

• #1 What causes anxiety? | Mental Health Foundation

  https://www.mentalhealth.org.uk/our-work/public-engagement/mental-health-awareness-week/anxiety-report/what-causes-anxiety

  Everyones experiences of anxiety are different, and the causes of anxiety can be complicated. What is clear is that the relationship between anxiety and any social and/or environmental factors is complex and bidirectional. […] Social and environmental factors can contribute to the development and maintenance of anxiety and affect our ability to engage effectively in social situations. These social and environmental factors can include childhood trauma, social isolation, negative life events, stress relating to work or education, physical or mental health problems, and social and societal pressures. […] Other studies suggest that women are more likely to experience physical and mental abuse than men, and abuse has been linked to the development of anxiety disorders. […] Childhood trauma such as physical, emotional, or sexual abuse, or neglect, can cause long-lasting effects on a persons mental health. Experiencing childhood trauma can predispose people to developing anxiety.

• #1 4.6: Anxiety Disorders Etiology – Social Sci LibreTexts

  https://socialsci.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Psychology/Psychological_Disorders/Essentials_of_Abnormal_Psychology_(Bridley_and_Daffin)/04%3A_Anxiety_Disorders/4.06%3A_Anxiety_Disorders_Etiology

  Gender has largely been researched within anxiety disorders due to the consistent discrepancy in diagnosis rate between men and women. […] One potential explanation for this discrepancy is the influence of social pressures on women. […] Therefore, it appears a combination of genetic, environmental, and social factors may explain why women tend to be diagnosed with anxiety disorders more often than men. […] Exposure to discrimination and prejudice, particularly relevant to ethnic minority and other marginalized groups, can also impact an individuals anxiety level. […] The repeated exposure to discrimination and prejudice over time can lead to fear responses in individuals, along with subsequent avoidance of social situations in efforts to protect themselves emotionally. […] Etiology was also discussed in the context of biological, psychological, and sociocultural theories.

• #1 Anxiety disorders – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/anxiety/symptoms-causes/syc-20350961

  Stress buildup. A big event or a buildup of smaller stressful life situations may trigger excessive anxiety for example, a death in the family, work stress or ongoing worry about finances. […] Personality. People with certain personality types are more prone to anxiety disorders than others are. […] Other mental health disorders. People with other mental health disorders, such as depression, often also have an anxiety disorder. […] Having blood relatives with an anxiety disorder. Anxiety disorders can run in families. […] Drugs or alcohol. Drug or alcohol use or misuse or withdrawal can cause or worsen anxiety.

• #1 7 Causes of Anxiety

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/anxiety-pictures/7-surprising-causes-of-anxiety.aspx

  There is a strong link between alcohol and anxiety. Research shows that people with anxiety disorders are 2 to 3 times more likely to have problems with drugs and alcohol at some point in their lives than the general population. […] Caffeine is a stimulant and that can be bad news for someone with anxiety. Caffeines jittery effects on your body are similar to those of a frightening event. […] Certain medications have some ugly side effects and can cause anxiety symptoms or an anxiety attack. […] The thyroid is a butterfly-shaped gland in the front of your neck that produces thyroid hormones. These hormones are important for regulating your metabolism and energy levels. But if your thyroid produces too much, it can cause anxiety symptoms, such as nervousness, irritability, heart palpitations, and sleeplessness. Hypothyroidism (in which your thyroid produces too little of the needed hormones) has also been linked to anxiety disorders. […] Stress and anxiety often go hand in hand stress can be what causes anxiety symptoms, and anxiety can make stress worse.

• #1 Generalized Anxiety Disorder – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441870/

  Generalized anxiety disorder is a mental health disorder that produces fear, worry, and a constant feeling of being overwhelmed. It is characterized by excessive, persistent, and unrealistic worry about everyday things. […] The etiology of generalized anxiety disorder may include: […] Stress […] A physical condition such as diabetes or other comorbidities such as depression […] Genetic, first-degree relatives with generalized anxiety disorder (25%) […] Environmental factors, such as child abuse […] Substance use disorder.

• #1 Generalized anxiety disorder – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/generalized-anxiety-disorder/symptoms-causes/syc-20360803

  As with many mental health conditions, the cause of generalized anxiety disorder likely arises from a complex interaction of biological and environmental factors, which may include: […] Differences in brain chemistry and function […] Genetics […] Differences in the way threats are perceived […] Development and personality […] The following factors may increase the risk of developing generalized anxiety disorder: […] A person whose temperament is timid or negative or who avoids anything dangerous may be more prone to generalized anxiety disorder than others are. […] Generalized anxiety disorder may run in families. […] People with generalized anxiety disorder may have a history of significant life changes, traumatic or negative experiences during childhood, or a recent traumatic or negative event. Chronic medical illnesses or other mental health disorders may increase risk.

• #1 Panic disorder – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/conditions/panic-disorder/

  As with many mental health conditions, the exact cause of panic disorder is not fully understood. […] But it’s thought to be linked to a combination of things, including: a traumatic or very stressful life experience, such as bereavement; having a close family member with panic disorder; an imbalance of neurotransmitters (chemical messengers) in the brain.

• #1 Anxiety Disorders | Introduction to Psychology

  https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-intropsych/chapter/anxiety-disorders/

  Conditioning theories of panic disorder propose that panic attacks are classical conditioning responses to subtle bodily sensations resembling those normally occurring when one is anxious or frightened (Bouton, Mineka, Barlow, 2001). […] Cognitive theories of generalized anxiety disorder suggest that worry represents a mental strategy to avoid more powerful negative emotions (Aikins Craske, 2001), perhaps stemming from earlier unpleasant or traumatic experiences.

• #1 Anxiety Disorders: Background, Anatomy, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/286227-overview

  Genetic factors seem to play a role in social anxiety disorder. Based on family and twin studies, the risk for social anxiety disorder appears to be moderately heritable. […] Genetic factors seem to play a role in specific phobia as well, and the risk for such phobias also seems to be moderately heritable. […] Agoraphobia may be the result of repeated, unexpected panic attacks, which, in turn, may be linked to cognitive distortions, conditioned responses, and/or abnormalities in noradrenergic, serotonergic, or GABA-related neurotransmission.

• #1 Frequently Asked Questions about Anxiety | Brain & Behavior Research Foundation

  https://bbrfoundation.org/faq/frequently-asked-questions-about-anxiety

  Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is an anxiety disorder that can develop after exposure to a terrifying event or ordeal in which grave physical harm occurred or was threatened. […] Social Phobia, or Social Anxiety Disorder, is an anxiety disorder characterized by overwhelming anxiety and excessive self-consciousness in everyday social situations.

• #1 Anxiety Disorder: Symptoms, Causes And Treatment

  https://whitelightbh.com/resources/mental-health/anxiety-disorder/

  Exposure to traumatic experiences, such as physical or emotional abuse, leads to severe and persistent stress, resulting in lasting anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), as studied by Adwas. […] Childhood sexual abuse contributes to the development of anxiety disorders, as studied by Adwas. The impact is severe, leading to chronic anxiety, depression, and difficulties in forming healthy relationships. […] Ongoing conflicts exacerbate anxiety symptoms, making it difficult to find peace and maintain emotional stability. […] Anxiety in the brain refers to the abnormal activation of brain regions involved in fear and stress, such as the amygdala and prefrontal cortex. Overactive areas of the brain associated with fear and stress response lead to heightened anxiety and panic attacks, according to Adwass findings, affecting overall mental health.

• #1 Frequently Asked Questions about Anxiety | Brain & Behavior Research Foundation

  https://bbrfoundation.org/faq/frequently-asked-questions-about-anxiety

  Anxiety disorders are generally treated with psychotherapy, medication, or both. […] Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) is an exaggerated anxiety and tension that persists for months on end and affects approximately 6.8 million Americans or about 3.1 percent of the population. GAD causes people to anticipate catastrophe and worry excessively about many things, from overarching concerns such as health, money or work to more routine concerns such as car repairs or appointments. […] Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is an anxiety disorder marked by fearful ideas and ritualistic behaviors. […] Panic disorder is characterized by unexpected and repeated episodes of intense fear accompanied by physical symptoms that may include chest pain, heart palpitations, shortness of breath, dizziness or abdominal distress.

• #1 Anxiety disorder – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder

  Causes Genetic, environmental, and psychological factors. […] Risk factors Child abuse, family history, poverty. […] A big factor that goes into anxiety disorder prevention starts in childhood. Based on the cited article, parents have a big part in whether or not their child will develop anxiety in their future. Specific interventions have been tested to educate parents with young children on how to care and prevent a disorder like anxiety from becoming a bigger issue in their child’s teen to adult life. […] It is not certain why some people have OCD, but behavioral, cognitive, genetic, and neurobiological factors may be involved.

• #1 What is Anxiety Disorder? | SAMHSALock

  https://www.samhsa.gov/mental-health/what-is-mental-health/conditions/anxiety

  It is not fully known what causes Panic Disorder, but factors such as genetics, trauma, major stress, having a disposition that is more prone to negative feelings, and changes in brain function play a part. […] It’s not fully known what are the causes of specific phobias. Factors such as negative experiences (e.g having a panic attack related to a situation or an object), genetics, learned behavior, and brain function. […] Researchers think brain circuits work differently for people who have OCD. It tends to run in families and the symptoms often begin in children or teens. […] It’s not fully known what are the specific causes of social anxiety disorder. Factors such as genetics, and learned behavior (such as developing social anxiety disorder after an incredibly embarrassing social situation) can be causes.

• #1 Causes and Risk Factors of Generalized Anxiety Disorder

  https://www.verywellmind.com/gad-causes-risk-factors-1392982

  Generalized anxiety disorder can create significant disruptions in a person’s life, but what exactly causes it? There is no single cause of generalized anxiety disorder, and evidence has shown that multiple factors influence the development of GAD. Some common factors include genetic predisposition, brain chemistry, family background, social influence, life experiences, and lifestyle behaviors. […] The causes of generalized anxiety disorder are complex, and many factors likely contribute and interact in the development and maintenance of the condition. Researchers do know that genetics can play a big part and that you are more likely to develop GAD if you have family members who also have an anxiety disorder. But genetics aren’t the sole cause. Brain structure, life experiences, and lifestyle factors can also trigger symptoms of GAD.

• #1 Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/generalized-anxiety-disorder-gad

  If left untreated, studies show that GAD is often a chronic illness with symptoms that tend to wax and wane across the lifespan. […] Early detection and intervention can reduce the severity of symptoms, enhance the child’s normal growth and development, and improve the quality of life experienced by children or adolescents with anxiety disorders.

• #2 Anxiety – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470361/

  Anxiety disorders appear to be caused by an interaction of biopsychosocial factors. Genetic vulnerability interacts with situations that are stressful or traumatic to produce clinically significant syndromes. […] Anxiety can be caused by the following conditions: Medications, Herbal medications, Substance abuse, Trauma, Childhood experiences, Panic disorders.

• #2 Anxiety Disorders: Background, Anatomy, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/286227-overview

  Anxiety disorders appear to be caused by an interaction of biopsychosocial factors, including genetic vulnerability, which interact with situations, stress, or trauma to produce clinically significant syndromes. […] Genetic factors significantly influence risk for many anxiety disorders. Environmental factors such as trauma, neglect, chaos, or Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) can also contribute to risk for later anxiety disorders. The debate whether gene or environment is primary in anxiety disorders has evolved to a better understanding of the important role of the interaction between genes and environment. […] Panic disorder appears to be a genetically inherited (heritability of 40%) neurochemical dysfunction that may involve autonomic imbalance; decreased GABA-ergic tone; allelic polymorphism of the catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) gene; increased adenosine receptor function; increased cortisol; diminished benzodiazepine receptor function; and disturbances in serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine, cholecystokinin, and interleukin-1-beta.

• #2 Causes of generalised anxiety disorder – Mental Health UK

  https://mentalhealth-uk.org/help-and-information/conditions/generalised-anxiety-disorder/causes/

  As with most mental health conditions the cause of generalised anxiety disorder (GAD) is likely to be from a complex interaction of several factors as opposed to a single reason. […] A combination of the following factors may increase your risk of developing GAD. […] There may be a genetic component. For example, if your parents live with GAD, you may have an increased chance of developing the disorder. […] Having a history of traumatic or upsetting experiences, such as sudden loss, instability at home, bullying, domestic violence, or child abuse may make it more likely that you develop GAD. […] Some drugs and substances may make some people more anxious than others. […] A long-term painful health condition or disability may make it more likely that someone develops GAD.

• #2 4.6: Anxiety Disorders Etiology – Social Sci LibreTexts

  https://socialsci.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Psychology/Psychological_Disorders/Essentials_of_Abnormal_Psychology_(Bridley_and_Daffin)/04%3A_Anxiety_Disorders/4.06%3A_Anxiety_Disorders_Etiology

  Specific to panic disorder is the implication of the locus coeruleus, the brain structure that serves as an on-off switch for norepinephrine neurotransmitters. […] It is believed that increased activation of the locus coeruleus results in panic like symptoms; therefore, individuals with panic disorder may have a hyperactive locus coeruleus, leaving them more susceptible to experience more intense and frequent physiological arousal than the general public (Gorman, Kent, Sullivan, Coplan, 2000). […] Therefore, researchers argue that a more complex neuropathway is likely implicated in the development of panic disorder. […] The cognitive perspective on the development of anxiety disorders centers around dysfunctional thought patterns. […] Maladaptive assumptions are routinely observed in individuals with anxiety disorders, as they often interpret events as dangerous and overreact to potentially stressful events, which contributes to a heightened overall anxiety level.

• #2 Anxiety Disorders: Types, Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/anxiety-panic/anxiety-disorders

  There isn’t a complete understanding of where anxiety disorders come from. Some causes of anxiety disorders include: […] Genetics. Anxiety disorders can run in families. […] Brain chemistry. Some research suggests anxiety disorders may be linked to faulty circuits in the brain that control fear and emotions. […] Environmental stress. This refers to stressful events you have seen or lived through. Life events often linked to anxiety disorders include childhood abuse and neglect, the death of a loved one, or being attacked or seeing violence. […] Drug or alcohol withdrawal or misuse. Certain drugs may be used to hide or decrease certain anxiety symptoms. Anxiety disorder often goes hand in hand with alcohol and substance use. […] Medical conditions. Some heart, lung, and thyroid conditions can cause symptoms similar to anxiety disorders or make anxiety symptoms worse. GI disorders (such as irritable bowel syndrome), respiratory conditions (such as asthma), and tumors that create certain hormones can be linked to anxiety. […] Certain medications. Withdrawal from certain medications, such as anti-anxiety drugs, can cause anxiety symptoms.

• #2 Anxiety disorders – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/anxiety/symptoms-causes/syc-20350961

  Stress buildup. A big event or a buildup of smaller stressful life situations may trigger excessive anxiety for example, a death in the family, work stress or ongoing worry about finances. […] Personality. People with certain personality types are more prone to anxiety disorders than others are. […] Other mental health disorders. People with other mental health disorders, such as depression, often also have an anxiety disorder. […] Having blood relatives with an anxiety disorder. Anxiety disorders can run in families. […] Drugs or alcohol. Drug or alcohol use or misuse or withdrawal can cause or worsen anxiety.

• #2 4.6: Anxiety Disorders Etiology – Social Sci LibreTexts

  https://socialsci.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Psychology/Psychological_Disorders/Essentials_of_Abnormal_Psychology_(Bridley_and_Daffin)/04%3A_Anxiety_Disorders/4.06%3A_Anxiety_Disorders_Etiology

  While genetics have been known to contribute to the presentation of anxiety symptoms, the interaction between genetics and stressful environmental influences accounts for more of anxiety disorders than genetics alone (Bienvenu, Davydow, Kendler, 2011). […] The quest to identify specific genes that may predispose individuals to develop anxiety disorders has lead researchers to the serotonin transporter gene (5-HTTLPR). […] Mutation of the 5-HTTLPR gene has been found to be related to a reduction in serotonin activity and an increase in anxiety-related personality traits (Munafo, Brown, Hairiri, 2008). […] Researchers have identified several brain structures and pathways that are likely responsible for anxiety responses. […] Among those structures is the amygdala, the area of the brain that is responsible for storing memories related to emotional events (Gorman, Kent, Sullivan, Coplan, 2000).

• #2 Symptoms and causes of anxiety and its diagnosis and management | Nursing Times

  https://www.nursingtimes.net/mental-health/symptoms-and-causes-of-anxiety-and-its-diagnosis-and-management-08-09-2020/

  Causes of anxiety can include stress and trauma, environmental factors and genetics. […] Although early exposure to stress and the experience of trauma are important risk factors for anxiety disorders, evidence also highlights biological causes, such as issues with the regulation of neurotransmitters and heritable genetic causes. […] A recent review identified that there is a genetic heritability of around 30% for GAD and that the same predisposing genes are present across sexes. […] Stress and particularly continued exposure to stress has been linked to anxiety, as well as having a negative impact on the body’s immune, cardiovascular, neuroendocrine and central nervous systems. […] Physical health problems can also cause or perpetuate anxiety disorders. […] Anxiety disorders that are comorbid with a physical illness can lead to a higher symptom burden and poorer health outcomes, so the detection and testing for pathological anxiety (anxiety that interferes with the person’s functioning) in medical settings is essential to meet patients’ holistic needs. […] Anxiety has also been shown to triple the risk of people with prediabetes developing type 2 diabetes, after taking account of sociodemographic, metabolic risk factors and lifestyle choices.

• #2 4.6 Anxiety Disorders Etiology – Fundamentals of Psychological Disorders

  https://opentext.wsu.edu/fundamentalsofpsychologicaldisorders/chapter/4-6-anxiety-disorders-etiology/

  These negative appraisals, in combination with a biological predisposition to anxiety, likely contribute to the development of anxiety symptoms (Gallagher et al., 2013). […] Anxiety sensitivity not only contributes to anxiety disorders in general, but also to panic disorder specifically. […] One explanation for this is that individuals with panic disorder are more susceptible to more frequent and intense physiological symptoms than the general public (Nillni, Rohan, Zvolensky, 2012). […] Social anxiety is also largely explained by cognitive theories. […] Individuals with social anxiety disorder tend to hold unattainable or extremely high social beliefs and expectations. […] Because of these beliefs, they anticipate social disasters will occur and therefore, avoid social encounters (or limit them to close friends/family members) in an effort to prevent the disaster (Moscovitch et al., 2013).

• #2 4.6 Anxiety Disorders Etiology – Fundamentals of Psychological Disorders

  https://opentext.wsu.edu/fundamentalsofpsychologicaldisorders/chapter/4-6-anxiety-disorders-etiology/

  The behavioral explanation for the development of anxiety disorders is largely reserved for phobias both specific and social phobia. […] More specifically, behavioral theorists focus on classical conditioning when two events that occur close together become strongly associated with one another, despite their lack of causal relationship. […] While modeling and classical conditioning largely explain the development of phobias, there is some speculation that the accumulation of a large number of these learned fears will develop into GAD. […] Finally, we will review the social constructs that contribute to and maintain anxiety disorders. […] While characteristics such as living in poverty, experiencing significant daily stressors, and increased exposure to traumatic events are all identified as major contributors to anxiety disorders, additional sociocultural influences such as gender and discrimination have also received a great deal of attention.

• #2 What causes anxiety? | Mental Health Foundation

  https://www.mentalhealth.org.uk/our-work/public-engagement/mental-health-awareness-week/anxiety-report/what-causes-anxiety

  Everyones experiences of anxiety are different, and the causes of anxiety can be complicated. What is clear is that the relationship between anxiety and any social and/or environmental factors is complex and bidirectional. […] Social and environmental factors can contribute to the development and maintenance of anxiety and affect our ability to engage effectively in social situations. These social and environmental factors can include childhood trauma, social isolation, negative life events, stress relating to work or education, physical or mental health problems, and social and societal pressures. […] Other studies suggest that women are more likely to experience physical and mental abuse than men, and abuse has been linked to the development of anxiety disorders. […] Childhood trauma such as physical, emotional, or sexual abuse, or neglect, can cause long-lasting effects on a persons mental health. Experiencing childhood trauma can predispose people to developing anxiety.

• #2 4.6: Anxiety Disorders Etiology – Social Sci LibreTexts

  https://socialsci.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Psychology/Psychological_Disorders/Essentials_of_Abnormal_Psychology_(Bridley_and_Daffin)/04%3A_Anxiety_Disorders/4.06%3A_Anxiety_Disorders_Etiology

  The behavioral explanation for the development of anxiety disorders is largely reserved for phobias- both specific and social phobia. […] More specifically, behavioral theorists focus on classical conditioning when two events that occur close together become strongly associated with one another, despite their lack of causal relationship. […] Modeling is another behavioral explanation of the development of specific and social phobias. […] Finally, we will review the social constructs that contribute to and maintain anxiety disorders. […] While characteristics such as living in poverty, experiencing significant daily stressors, and increased exposure to traumatic events are all identified as major contributors to anxiety disorders, additional sociocultural influences such as gender and discrimination have also received a great deal of attention.

• #2 4.6 Anxiety Disorders Etiology – Fundamentals of Psychological Disorders

  https://opentext.wsu.edu/fundamentalsofpsychologicaldisorders/chapter/4-6-anxiety-disorders-etiology/

  Gender has largely been researched within anxiety disorders due to the consistent discrepancy in diagnosis rates between men and women. […] One potential explanation for this discrepancy is the influence of social pressures on women. […] Therefore, it appears a combination of genetic, environmental, and social factors may explain why women tend to be diagnosed with anxiety disorders more often than men. […] Exposure to discrimination and prejudice, particularly relevant to racialized and other minoritized groups, can also impact anxiety levels. […] The repeated exposure to racism, discrimination, and prejudice over time can lead to fear responses in individuals, along with subsequent avoidance of social situations in an effort to protect themselves emotionally.

• #2 What Causes Anxiety? — Talkspace

  https://www.talkspace.com/mental-health/conditions/generalized-anxiety-disorder/causes/

  Some research suggests some personality traits can increase the risk factors of developing an anxiety disorder. A study of 489 university students over 6 years suggests that people who tend to experience negative feelings and depression are often more prone to developing an anxiety disorder. […] Witnessing or experiencing sexual abuse, physical abuse, an explosion, or any other type of violence may increase your risk of developing anxiety. […] Certain physical health conditions can contribute to anxiety and stress, including: A chronic disease or illness that affects daily life, A hormonal imbalance or other medical condition thats marked by anxiety, A disease that presents very challenging physical symptoms, such as heart palpitations associated with heart disease. […] Though anxiety on its own can be considered a mental health condition, additional mental health conditions can exacerbate an anxiety disorder. Co-occurring disorders may include substance abuse, eating disorders, and depression. […] Various prescription medications can cause anxiety as an adverse side effect. Some of the culprits could include corticosteroids like dexamethasone, asthma medications like fluticasone-salmeterol, ADHD drugs like Ritalin, and Parkinsons disease drugs like Rytary.

• #2 Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD): Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/23940-generalized-anxiety-disorder-gad

  Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is a mental health condition that causes fear, worry and a constant feeling of being overwhelmed. Its characterized by excessive, frequent and unrealistic worry about everyday things, such as job responsibilities, health or chores. […] Researchers dont know the exact cause of GAD, but they think its a complex combination of genetic, biological and environmental factors. […] Several areas of your brain and biological processes play a key role in fear and anxiety. Researchers are still learning more about these complex processes. […] Researchers have also found that the following environmental factors may put you at higher risk for developing GAD: Experiencing a traumatic event, Being in a stressful environment, Having to manage a chronic illness, Experiencing child abuse.

• #2 Anxiety Disorders: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Types

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9536-anxiety-disorders

  Anxiety disorders are a group of mental health conditions that cause fear, dread and other symptoms that are out of proportion to the situation. […] Like other types of mental health conditions, researchers dont know exactly what causes anxiety disorders. But they think a combination of factors plays a role: […] Chemical imbalances: Several neurotransmitters and hormones play a role in anxiety, including norepinephrine, serotonin, dopamine and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Imbalances in these chemicals can contribute to an anxiety disorder. […] Brain changes: A part of your brain called the amygdala plays an important role in managing fear and anxiety. Studies show that people with anxiety disorders show increased amygdala activity in response to anxiety cues. […] Genetics: Anxiety disorders tend to run in biological families. This suggests that genetics may play a role. You may be at an increased risk of developing one if you have a first-degree relative (biological parent or sibling) with an anxiety disorder. […] Environmental factors: Severe or long-lasting stress can change the balance of neurotransmitters that control your mood. Experiencing a lot of stress over a long period can contribute to an anxiety disorder. Experiencing a traumatic event can also trigger anxiety disorders.

• #3 Psychiatry.org – What are Anxiety Disorders?

  https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/anxiety-disorders/what-are-anxiety-disorders

  Anxiety disorders can run in families, suggesting that a combination of genes and environmental stresses can produce the disorders. […] The causes of anxiety disorders are currently unknown but likely involve a combination of factors including genetic, environmental, psychological and developmental.

• #3 What Causes Anxiety? Risk Factors and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/anxiety-causes

  The exact causes of anxiety disorders are unknown. According to the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), a combination of genetic and environmental factors may play a role. Brain chemistry is also being studied as a possible cause. The areas of your brain that control your fear response may be involved. […] Much research is being done into what causes anxiety disorders. Experts believe it involves a combination of factors, including genetic factors and social stress. […] Studies of twins suggest that genetics may play a role. For example, a study reported in PloS ONE suggests the RBFOX1 gene may be involved in the development of anxiety-related conditions, such as generalized anxiety disorder. The authors believe that both genetic and nongenetic factors play a part. […] Certain parts of the brain, such as the amygdala and hippocampus, are also being studied. Your amygdala is a small structure deep inside your brain that processes threats. It alerts the rest of your brain when there are signs of danger. It can trigger a fear and anxiety response. It seems to play a part in anxiety disorders that involve fear of specific things, such as cats, bees, or drowning.

• #3 7.4: Anxiety Disorders – Etiology – Social Sci LibreTexts

  https://socialsci.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Psychology/Psychological_Disorders/Fundamentals_of_Psychological_Disorders_3e_(Bridley_and_Daffin)/03%3A_Part_III._Mental_Disorders__Block_2/07%3A_Anxiety_Disorders/7.04%3A_Anxiety_Disorders_-_Etiology

  While genetics have been known to contribute to the presentation of anxiety symptoms, the interaction between genetics and stressful environmental influences appears to account for more anxiety disorders than genetics alone (Bienvenu, Davydow, Kendler, 2011). […] The quest to identify specific genes that may predispose individuals to develop anxiety disorders has led researchers to the serotonin transporter gene (5-HTTLPR). Mutation of the 5-HTTLPR gene is related to a reduction in serotonin activity and an increase in anxiety-related personality traits (Munafo, Brown, Hairiri, 2008). […] Researchers have identified several brain structures and pathways that are likely responsible for anxiety responses. Among those structures is the amygdala, the area of the brain that is responsible for storing memories related to emotional events (Gorman, Kent, Sullivan, Coplan, 2000).

• #3 Generalized anxiety disorder – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/generalized-anxiety-disorder/symptoms-causes/syc-20360803

  As with many mental health conditions, the cause of generalized anxiety disorder likely arises from a complex interaction of biological and environmental factors, which may include: […] Differences in brain chemistry and function […] Genetics […] Differences in the way threats are perceived […] Development and personality […] The following factors may increase the risk of developing generalized anxiety disorder: […] A person whose temperament is timid or negative or who avoids anything dangerous may be more prone to generalized anxiety disorder than others are. […] Generalized anxiety disorder may run in families. […] People with generalized anxiety disorder may have a history of significant life changes, traumatic or negative experiences during childhood, or a recent traumatic or negative event. Chronic medical illnesses or other mental health disorders may increase risk.

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