Wrodzona wada serca u dorosłych
Etiologia i przyczyny

Wrodzone wady serca (WWS) stanowią najczęstszą wadę wrodzoną, występującą u około 1% żywych urodzeń (13/1000 dzieci, 6/1000 dorosłych). Etiologia WWS jest wieloczynnikowa, z udziałem czynników genetycznych (15-20% przypadków) oraz środowiskowych. Do genetycznych przyczyn należą dziedziczenie rodzinne, zespoły chromosomalne (m.in. zespół Downa z 40-50% częstością WWS), mutacje genowe oraz zespoły mendelowskie (3-5%). Czynniki środowiskowe zwiększające ryzyko to m.in. cukrzyca matki (5-krotnie wyższe ryzyko), infekcje wirusowe (różyczka, grypa), ekspozycja na teratogeny (inhibitory ACE, retinoidy, leki przeciwdrgawkowe), alkohol, palenie tytoniu, fenyloketonuria, otyłość oraz zanieczyszczenia środowiska. WWS powstają w wyniku zaburzeń embriologicznych w pierwszych 6 tygodniach ciąży, dotyczących formowania się przegród, zastawek i naczyń serca.

Etiologia, przyczyny i czynniki ryzyka wrodzonej wady serca u dorosłych

Wrodzona wada serca (WWS) jest definiowana jako jeden lub więcej problemów ze strukturą serca obecnych od urodzenia. Stanowi ona najczęstszą wadę wrodzoną, występującą u około 1% wszystkich żywych urodzeń, co przekłada się na około 13 przypadków na 1000 dzieci i 6 przypadków na 1000 dorosłych.1 Wady te mogą dotyczyć ścian serca, zastawek, komór oraz naczyń krwionośnych, a ich nasilenie może wahać się od łagodnych (jak mały otwór w sercu) do zagrażających życiu (brakujące części serca).2 Dokładna etiologia większości przypadków wrodzonej wady serca pozostaje nieznana, jednak badania wskazują na kombinację czynników genetycznych i środowiskowych jako główne przyczyny.

Przyczyny genetyczne

Czynniki genetyczne odgrywają istotną rolę w rozwoju wrodzonych wad serca. Badania wskazują, że około 15-20% przypadków wrodzonej wady serca można przypisać czynnikom genetycznym, podczas gdy pozostałe 80% ma prawdopodobnie charakter wieloczynnikowy.34 Wśród zidentyfikowanych przyczyn genetycznych można wyróżnić:

  • Dziedziczenie rodzinne – WWS wydaje się występować rodzinnie, co sugeruje dziedziczny charakter.5 Jeśli rodzic ma wrodzoną wadę serca, ryzyko jej wystąpienia u dziecka wzrasta.6 Ryzyko to jest nieco wyższe, gdy dotknięty jest rodzic płci żeńskiej.7
  • Zespoły chromosomalne – Aberracje chromosomowe stanowią około 8-10% przypadków WWS.8 Najczęściej występującym zespołem genetycznym związanym z WWS jest zespół Downa, w którym około 40-50% dzieci ma wrodzoną wadę serca.910
  • Inne zespoły genetyczne związane z WWS obejmują zespół Turnera, zespół Noonana, zespół Marfana, zespół Holt-Oram, zespół Williams oraz zespół Di George’a (22q11.2).111213
  • Mutacje genowe – Zidentyfikowano co najmniej 30 genów związanych z niesyndromowymi formami WWS.14 Spontaniczne zmiany w DNA dziecka mogą powodować wady serca.15
  • Dziedziczenie jednogenowe – Około 3-5% WWS można przypisać zespołom mendelowskim, gdzie pojedyncza mutacja w DNA powoduje konsekwencje patologiczne, zgodnie z wzorcem dziedziczenia Mendla.16

Czynniki środowiskowe i zdrowotne matki

Oprócz przyczyn genetycznych, istnieje szereg czynników środowiskowych i zdrowotnych, które mogą zwiększać ryzyko rozwoju wrodzonej wady serca u płodu:1718

  • Cukrzyca matki – Preistniejąca cukrzyca typu 1 lub 2 zwiększa ryzyko WWS pięciokrotnie w porównaniu z populacją ogólną.19 Wysoki poziom insuliny we krwi może zakłócać prawidłowy rozwój płodu.20 Ścisła kontrola glikemii przed poczęciem i w czasie ciąży może zmniejszyć ryzyko rozwoju WWS u niemowląt.21
  • Infekcje wirusowe – Ekspozycja na różyczkę (odra niemiecka) w pierwszym trymestrze ciąży jest głównym czynnikiem ryzyka WWS.22 Również grypa przebyta w pierwszym trymestrze ciąży zwiększa ryzyko WWS.2324
  • Leki przyjmowane podczas ciąży – Niektóre leki, takie jak inhibitory konwertazy angiotensyny stosowane w leczeniu nadciśnienia, retinoidy stosowane w leczeniu trądziku, oraz leki przeciwdrgawkowe, zwiększają ryzyko WWS.252627
  • Alkohol i palenie tytoniu – Spożywanie alkoholu podczas ciąży może mieć toksyczny wpływ na tkanki płodu.28 Dzieci z płodowym zespołem alkoholowym mogą mieć WWS, takie jak ubytki przegrody międzyprzedsionkowej lub międzykomorowej.29 Palenie tytoniu podczas ciąży lub ekspozycja na dym tytoniowy zwiększa ryzyko wad wrodzonych serca u dziecka.30
  • Fenyloketonuria (PKU) – Kobiety w ciąży z nieleczoną fenyloketonurią mają większe ryzyko urodzenia dziecka z WWS.31
  • Ekspozycja na rozpuszczalniki organiczne – Kobiety narażone na niektóre rozpuszczalniki organiczne mogą mieć większe prawdopodobieństwo urodzenia dziecka z WWS.32
  • Otyłość – Zwiększająca się otyłość matki koreluje ze wzrostem ryzyka wad serca.33
  • Zanieczyszczenie środowiska – Ekspozycja na zanieczyszczenia środowiskowe, zwłaszcza w wysoko uprzemysłowionych lub zanieczyszczonych obszarach, może zwiększać ryzyko WWS.34

Badania wykazały również, że dieta bogata w kwas foliowy, witaminę B2, ryboflawinę i nikotynamid może pomóc chronić nienarodzone dzieci przed wrodzoną wadą serca.35

Zaburzenia rozwojowe podczas embriogenezy

Wrodzone wady serca powstają w wyniku zaburzeń w normalnym rozwoju serca podczas wczesnych etapów rozwoju płodowego, zwykle w ciągu pierwszych 6 tygodni ciąży, kiedy serce się formuje.3637 Dotyczy to:

  • Zmian w normalnym rozwoju zarodka we wczesnych stadiach wzrostu, gdy serce i inne struktury zaczynają się formować.38
  • Nieprawidłowego embriologicznego zwijania się struktury rurowej serca, gdzie przesunięcie o zaledwie kilka milimetrów może znacząco zmienić typ i ciężkość wrodzonej wady serca.39
  • Zaburzeń w formowaniu się przegród, zastawek lub naczyń krwionośnych serca.40

Typy wrodzonych wad serca u dorosłych

Istnieje co najmniej 35 znanych typów wad serca, które mogą występować u dorosłych.41 Niektóre z najczęstszych typów u dorosłych obejmują:

  • Ubytki przegrody międzyprzedsionkowej (ASD) – otwór w ścianie oddzielającej prawy i lewy przedsionek, zwiększający ilość krwi przepływającej przez płuca.42
  • Ubytki przegrody międzykomorowej (VSD) – otwór w ścianie oddzielającej prawą i lewą komorę, pozwalający na przesączanie się krwi z lewej do prawej komory.43
  • Przetrwały przewód tętniczy (PDA) – połączenie między dwoma głównymi tętnicami serca.44
  • Zwężenie zastawki aortalnej – zwężona zastawka aortalna, która nie może się odpowiednio otworzyć, aby umożliwić przepływ krwi.45
  • Zwężenie zastawki płucnej – zwężenie zastawki płucnej lub obszaru w pobliżu zastawki płucnej, które uniemożliwia przepływ krwi do płuc.46
  • Koarktacja aorty – zwężenie aorty, które utrudnia przepływ krwi.47
  • Zespół Eisenmengera – stan, w którym duże ubytki w sercu powodują odwrócenie przepływu krwi, omijając płuca.48
  • Zespół hipoplastycznego lewego serca – złożona kombinacja wad serca.49

Konsekwencje wrodzonej wady serca u dorosłych

Wrodzone wady serca u dorosłych mogą prowadzić do różnych powikłań i problemów zdrowotnych, nawet jeśli były leczone w dzieciństwie.50 Do najczęstszych powikłań należą:

  • Arytmie – zaburzenia rytmu serca występujące z różnych przyczyn, zarówno w naprawionych, jak i nienaprawionych WWS.51
  • Niewydolność serca – stan, w którym serce nie jest w stanie pompować wystarczającej ilości krwi, aby sprostać metabolicznym i hemodynamicznym potrzebom organizmu.52
  • Nadciśnienie płucne – podwyższone ciśnienie krwi w tętnicach łączących serce i płuca.53
  • Infekcyjne zapalenie wsierdzia – infekcja serca.54
  • Zakrzepy krwi – zwiększone ryzyko tworzenia się skrzepów we wnętrzu serca i przemieszczania się do płuc lub mózgu.55
  • Udar mózgu – osoby z WWS są narażone na większe ryzyko udaru.56
  • Cukrzyca typu 2 – zwiększone ryzyko rozwoju cukrzycy.57
  • Powikłania ciążowe – ciąża stanowi dodatkowe obciążenie dla serca i może powodować problemy u kobiet z WWS.5859

Warto zauważyć, że nawet wady, które mogły być leczone w dzieciństwie, mogą ponownie powodować problemy w dorosłości. Pierwotna naprawa może nie być już skuteczna lub początkowa wada mogła się pogorszyć z czasem.60 Tkanka bliznowata, która rozwinęła się wokół pierwotnej naprawy, może również powodować problemy, takie jak arytmie serca.61

Znaczenie specjalistycznej opieki dla dorosłych z WWS

Dorosłe osoby z wrodzoną wadą serca wymagają długoterminowej, specjalistycznej opieki medycznej przez całe życie.62 Jest to kluczowe z kilku powodów:

  • Dobry stan zdrowia nie oznacza, że pacjent nie potrzebuje konsultacji kardiologa ze specjalistycznym przeszkoleniem w zakresie wrodzonych wad serca.63
  • Programy dla dorosłych z wrodzonymi wadami serca łączą umiejętności specjalistów dorosłych przeszkolonych w zakresie wrodzonych wad serca oraz innych opiekunów, którzy są świadomi długoterminowych powikłań, które mogą się rozwinąć, oraz możliwości, że dalsza operacja lub zabiegi interwencyjne będą konieczne.64
  • Specjaliści chorób wrodzonych u dorosłych są wysoko wykwalifikowani w leczeniu problemów i mogą zalecać różne strategie, od uważnej obserwacji, przez leczenie farmakologiczne, po zabiegi lub operacje mające na celu naprawę powikłań lub problemów.65
  • Pacjenci powinni rozmawiać ze specjalistami chorób wrodzonych serca o dostosowaniu stylu życia, które może zapobiec problemom, na które są bardziej narażeni, takim jak zawał serca, udar mózgu i cukrzyca typu 2.66

Postępy w leczeniu i rokowaniu

Dzięki postępom w diagnostyce i leczeniu dzieci z wrodzoną wadą serca mogą dożyć dorosłości.67 Obecnie coraz więcej dorosłych przeżywa z wrodzonymi wadami serca, nawet tymi złożonymi, co jest obiecujące.68 Należy jednak pamiętać, że:

  • Pierwszy paradygmat, który należy zmienić, to zrozumienie, że chirurgia sercowo-naczyniowa jest restoracyjna (znacznie poprawia stan hemodynamiczny), ale nie jest w 100% lecznicza, z wyjątkiem kilku prostych przypadków WWS.69
  • Chociaż zabiegi chirurgiczne mogą pomóc sercu funkcjonować bardziej normalnie, mogą nie wyleczyć problemu całkowicie.70
  • Łagodne objawy WWS, które nie wymagały operacji w dzieciństwie, mogą się z czasem pogorszyć i wymagać leczenia w dorosłości.71

Wzrastająca populacja dorosłych z wrodzonymi wadami serca spowodowała zwiększenie liczby hospitalizacji z powodu niewydolności serca w ciągu ostatniej dekady.72 To podkreśla potrzebę lepszego zrozumienia i zarządzania tą rosnącą populacją pacjentów.

Wnioski

Wrodzone wady serca u dorosłych stanowią złożony problem medyczny, którego etiologia obejmuje kombinację czynników genetycznych i środowiskowych. Mimo że w wielu przypadkach dokładna przyczyna pozostaje nieznana, badacze zidentyfikowali szereg czynników ryzyka, takich jak predyspozycje genetyczne, zespoły chromosomalne, choroby matki podczas ciąży, ekspozycja na pewne leki i substancje toksyczne oraz niezdrowy styl życia podczas ciąży.7374

Dzięki postępom w opiece medycznej, coraz więcej osób z wrodzonymi wadami serca dożywa dorosłości i prowadzi aktywne życie. Jednakże osoby te wymagają specjalistycznej, dożywotniej opieki medycznej, nawet jeśli wada była leczona w dzieciństwie. Specjaliści chorób wrodzonych serca u dorosłych odgrywają kluczową rolę w monitorowaniu stanu zdrowia, zapobieganiu i leczeniu powikłań oraz poprawie jakości życia tych pacjentów.7576

Dalsze badania nad etiologią i patofizjologią wrodzonych wad serca, wraz z rozwijaniem specjalistycznych programów opieki dla dorosłych pacjentów, są niezbędne dla poprawy rokowania i jakości życia osób z tymi złożonymi schorzeniami.77

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  1. 18.04.2026
  2. www.leksykon.com.pl

Materiały źródłowe

  • #1 The Profile of an Adult with Congenital Heart Disease
    https://clinmedjournals.org/articles/ijcc/international-journal-of-clinical-cardiology-ijcc-5-131.php?jid=ijcc
    Congenital heart disease is the most frequent malformation. In the most recent data has a prevalence of thirteen cases per 1,000 children and six cases per 1,000 adults. […] Great strides in pediatric cardiovascular surgery and new hybrid treatment techniques for serious CHDs have increased the number of survivors. Currently, more than two thirds of all adults with congenital heart disease (ACHDs) fall into the categories of moderate and high complexity defects, and are a real diagnostic and treatment challenge for specialists. […] The current ACHD population is derived from two groups: Newly diagnosed or never diagnosed ACHDs and ACHDs who underwent surgery in childhood or adolescence. […] The first paradigm that should be broken is to understand that cardiovascular surgery is restorative (it substantially improves the hemodynamic condition), but is not 100% curative, except for a few simple CHD exceptions.
  • #2 About Congenital Heart Defects | Congenital Heart Defects (CHDs) | CDC
    https://www.cdc.gov/heart-defects/about/index.html
    Congenital heart defects affect how blood flows through the heart and out to the rest of the body. Congenital means they are present at birth. Heart defects can vary from mild (a small hole in the heart) to severe (missing parts of the heart). […] The causes of heart defects among most babies are unknown. Some babies have heart defects because of changes in their individual genes or chromosomes. A combination of genes, behaviors, and our environment may increase the risk for developing a heart defect. But we don’t fully understand how these factors might work together to cause heart defects. […] While we have more work to do, we have learned about factors that might increase the risk for heart defects. For example, the following has been linked to heart defects in babies: Certain conditions a mother has, like pre-existing diabetes or obesity, Smoking during pregnancy, Certain medications taken during pregnancy.
  • #3 Congenital heart disease: current knowledge about causes and inheritance | The Medical Journal of Australia
    https://www.mja.com.au/journal/2012/197/3/congenital-heart-disease-current-knowledge-about-causes-and-inheritance
    About 80% of congenital heart disease (CHD) is multifactorial and arises through various combinations of genetic and environmental contributors. […] About 20% of cases can be attributed to chromosomal anomalies, Mendelian syndromes, non-syndromal single gene disorders or teratogens. […] To date, more than 30 genes have been linked to non-syndromal forms of CHD. Their contribution to CHD remains unknown but is presumed to be relatively small. […] There is limited evidence for the contribution of specific environmental factors to CHD causation. […] However, folic acid supplementation in the pre- and peri-conception period, ensuring rubella vaccination has been completed before pregnancy, and maintaining good glycaemic control in mothers with diabetes may reduce the risk of CHD in infants.
  • #4 Causes
    https://www.cardiosmart.org/topics/congenital-heart-disease/causes
    In most cases, doctors don’t know why heart-related birth defects occur. Research suggests the following may play a role: […] Our genes. At least 15% of congenital heart disease can be traced back to genes passed down from mom or dad, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. […] Other genetic abnormalities. For example, half of all babies with Down Syndrome also have heart issues from birth, according to the National Heart Lung and Blood Institute. […] Certain viruses. For example, women who get German measles (rubella) during the first three months of pregnancy have a greater chance of having a baby with a heart defect. […] Other environmental (for example, high altitude) and maternal factors, including obesity, high cholesterol, diabetes and certain medications.
  • #5 Congenital heart disease in adults – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/adult-congenital-heart-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20355456
    Congenital heart disease is one or more problems with the heart’s structure that are present at birth. […] Researchers aren’t sure what causes most types of congenital heart disease. They think that gene changes, certain medicines or health conditions, and environmental or lifestyle factors, such as smoking, may play a role. […] Risk factors for congenital heart disease include: Genetics. Congenital heart disease appears to run in families, which means it is inherited. Changes in genes have been linked to heart problems present at birth. For instance, people with Down syndrome are often born with heart conditions. […] Having rubella during pregnancy may affect how the baby’s heart grows while in the womb. […] Having type 1 or type 2 diabetes during pregnancy also may change how the baby’s heart grows while in the womb. […] Taking certain medicines during pregnancy can cause congenital heart disease and other health problems present at birth. […] Drinking alcohol while pregnant has been linked to heart conditions in the baby. […] Smoking during pregnancy increases the risk of congenital heart defects in the baby.
  • #6 Congenital heart disease • Heart Research Institute
    https://www.hri.org.au/health/learn/cardiovascular-disease/congenital-heart-disease
    Congenital heart defects in CHD occur due to the heart not developing normally while the baby is in the womb. The defects can involve the walls and valves of the heart, as well as the arteries and veins near the heart. There is no known reason for CHD in most cases, although a combination of genetic and environmental factors in thought to play a part, as does family history. […] Risk factors include the following. […] Genetic conditions: Genetic health conditions that the baby inherits, such as Down syndrome, can cause CHD. About half of all children with Down syndrome have CHD. Other genetic conditions associated with CHD include Turner syndrome (which only affects females) and Noonan syndrome. […] Genetics are a factor in CHD, with family history playing a key role. […] If either parent has CHD, the risk of CHD increases in a pregnancy. The risk is slightly higher if the mother is the affected parent. […] If more than one child of the parents has CHD, the risk of having another child with CHD is increased.
  • #7 Congenital heart disease • Heart Research Institute
    https://www.hri.org.au/health/learn/cardiovascular-disease/congenital-heart-disease
    Congenital heart defects in CHD occur due to the heart not developing normally while the baby is in the womb. The defects can involve the walls and valves of the heart, as well as the arteries and veins near the heart. There is no known reason for CHD in most cases, although a combination of genetic and environmental factors in thought to play a part, as does family history. […] Risk factors include the following. […] Genetic conditions: Genetic health conditions that the baby inherits, such as Down syndrome, can cause CHD. About half of all children with Down syndrome have CHD. Other genetic conditions associated with CHD include Turner syndrome (which only affects females) and Noonan syndrome. […] Genetics are a factor in CHD, with family history playing a key role. […] If either parent has CHD, the risk of CHD increases in a pregnancy. The risk is slightly higher if the mother is the affected parent. […] If more than one child of the parents has CHD, the risk of having another child with CHD is increased.
  • #8 Congenital heart disease: current knowledge about causes and inheritance | The Medical Journal of Australia
    https://www.mja.com.au/journal/2012/197/3/congenital-heart-disease-current-knowledge-about-causes-and-inheritance
    Currently, about 20% of CHD cases can be attributed to known causes such as genetic syndromes and teratogens, but very little is known about the aetiology of most cases (about 80%). […] It is generally accepted that the group of CHD lesions with unknown aetiology follows a multifactorial inheritance model, which implicates both genetic and environmental factors in disease development. […] Chromosomal anomalies can cause CHD through several different mechanisms. […] Chromosomal anomalies account for about 8%10% of presenting cases of CHD. […] About 40%50% of patients with Down syndrome have a heart defect, and 80% of patients with VCFS have CHD. […] About 3%5% of CHD can be attributed to Mendelian syndromes where a single mutation in the DNA results in pathological consequences, following a Mendelian inheritance pattern.
  • #9 Congenital heart conditions | NHS inform
    https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/cardiovascular-disease/heart-disease/congenital-heart-disease/
    There are a number of genetic conditions (health conditions that a baby inherits from one or both parents) that can cause congenital heart disease. […] Downs syndrome is the most widely known genetic condition that can cause congenital heart disease. […] Approximately half of children with Downs syndrome will have congenital heart disease. […] In many cases of congenital heart disease, there is no clear reason why a baby is born with a defective heart.
  • #10 Congenital heart disease: current knowledge about causes and inheritance | The Medical Journal of Australia
    https://www.mja.com.au/journal/2012/197/3/congenital-heart-disease-current-knowledge-about-causes-and-inheritance
    Currently, about 20% of CHD cases can be attributed to known causes such as genetic syndromes and teratogens, but very little is known about the aetiology of most cases (about 80%). […] It is generally accepted that the group of CHD lesions with unknown aetiology follows a multifactorial inheritance model, which implicates both genetic and environmental factors in disease development. […] Chromosomal anomalies can cause CHD through several different mechanisms. […] Chromosomal anomalies account for about 8%10% of presenting cases of CHD. […] About 40%50% of patients with Down syndrome have a heart defect, and 80% of patients with VCFS have CHD. […] About 3%5% of CHD can be attributed to Mendelian syndromes where a single mutation in the DNA results in pathological consequences, following a Mendelian inheritance pattern.
  • #11 Congenital Heart Disease for Adults – UChicago Medicine
    https://www.uchicagomedicine.org/conditions-services/heart-vascular/congenital-heart-disease
    Congenital heart disease (CHD) a heart condition that someone is born with is the most common birth defect in the country. […] Congenital heart defects (CHD) develop before birth when one or more heart structures (valve, walls and/or vessels) have abnormal formations, weaknesses or other flaws that prevents normal heart functions. […] Congenital heart disease can develop for many reasons, such as hereditary or genetic anomaly, but CHD can also be intensified when you have a comorbidity that increases your risk of additional health concerns. Common causes of CHD include: […] Maternal factors (smoking and/or drinking while pregnant, taking certain medications during pregnancy) […] Hereditary conditions (family history of CHD) […] Genetic defects (Marfan syndrome, Ellis-van Creveld syndrome, Holt0Oram syndrome) […] Chromosome abnormalities (Down syndrome, Turners syndrome, Willams syndrome).
  • #12 Congenital Heart Disease: Symptoms & Causes | NewYork-Presbyterian
    https://www.nyp.org/heart/congenital-heart-disease/symptoms
    Congenital heart disease happens when something disrupts the normal development of the heart in utero. Often this takes place during the first six weeks of pregnancy. In most cases, doctors dont know what causes congenital heart disease. Sometimes it is inherited (runs in families). Certain genetic conditions are associated with high rates of congenital heart defects, including Downs syndrome, Turner syndrome, and Noonan syndrome. […] The specific cause of congenital heart disease is usually not known. But certain risk factors increase the chances of malformations during the hearts development, including: Smoking during pregnancy, Drinking alcohol during pregnancy, Rubella (German measles) during the first 8 to 10 weeks of pregnancy, Type 1 or type 2 diabetes (but not gestational diabetes), Flu (influenza) during the first three months of pregnancy, Taking certain medicines, including some for seizures and acne, Family history of congenital heart disease (inherited), Genetic conditions, including Downs, Turner, and Noonan syndromes.
  • #13 Congenital Heart Defects (CHD) | Children’s Hospital Colorado
    https://www.childrenscolorado.org/conditions-and-advice/conditions-and-symptoms/conditions/congenital-heart-defects-chd/
    „Congenital heart disease occur when the heart does not develop normally during the early weeks of the mother’s pregnancy. The exact reason this occurs is unknown, but research is ongoing. The following factors have been associated with CHD meaning these may or may not play a role: […] Medical conditions in the mom, such as diabetes, phenylketonuria (PKU), lupus, erythematosus, Sjogren’s syndrome or obesity […] Changes in genes or chromosomes (genetic mutations), including conditions like Down syndrome or Turner syndrome […] Medical conditions that can run in families, such as Marfan syndrome, cardiomyopathy or 22q11.2 (DiGeorge) syndrome […] A family history of congenital heart disease […] Assisted reproductive technology (such as IVF therapy) […] Certain medications taken during pregnancy.”
  • #14 Congenital heart disease: current knowledge about causes and inheritance | The Medical Journal of Australia
    https://www.mja.com.au/journal/2012/197/3/congenital-heart-disease-current-knowledge-about-causes-and-inheritance
    About 80% of congenital heart disease (CHD) is multifactorial and arises through various combinations of genetic and environmental contributors. […] About 20% of cases can be attributed to chromosomal anomalies, Mendelian syndromes, non-syndromal single gene disorders or teratogens. […] To date, more than 30 genes have been linked to non-syndromal forms of CHD. Their contribution to CHD remains unknown but is presumed to be relatively small. […] There is limited evidence for the contribution of specific environmental factors to CHD causation. […] However, folic acid supplementation in the pre- and peri-conception period, ensuring rubella vaccination has been completed before pregnancy, and maintaining good glycaemic control in mothers with diabetes may reduce the risk of CHD in infants.
  • #15 Congenital Heart Defects – Causes and Risk Factors | NHLBI, NIH
    https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/congenital-heart-defects/causes
    Congenital heart defects happen because the heart does not develop normally while the baby is growing in the womb. […] Doctors often do not know why congenital heart defects occur. […] Researchers do know that genetic can sometimes play a role. […] It is common for congenital heart defects to occur because of changes, or mutations, in the childs DNA. […] Rarely, congenital heart defects are caused by particular genes that are inherited from the parents. […] The risk of having a baby with a congenital heart defect is influenced by many factors including: Family history and genetics. […] Congenital heart disease is not usually passed along to your children, but there is some risk. […] The risk is greater if your babys other parent, or another of your children, has a congenital heart defect.
  • #16 Congenital heart disease: current knowledge about causes and inheritance | The Medical Journal of Australia
    https://www.mja.com.au/journal/2012/197/3/congenital-heart-disease-current-knowledge-about-causes-and-inheritance
    Currently, about 20% of CHD cases can be attributed to known causes such as genetic syndromes and teratogens, but very little is known about the aetiology of most cases (about 80%). […] It is generally accepted that the group of CHD lesions with unknown aetiology follows a multifactorial inheritance model, which implicates both genetic and environmental factors in disease development. […] Chromosomal anomalies can cause CHD through several different mechanisms. […] Chromosomal anomalies account for about 8%10% of presenting cases of CHD. […] About 40%50% of patients with Down syndrome have a heart defect, and 80% of patients with VCFS have CHD. […] About 3%5% of CHD can be attributed to Mendelian syndromes where a single mutation in the DNA results in pathological consequences, following a Mendelian inheritance pattern.
  • #17
    https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/congenital-heart-disease/causes/
    The increased risk is thought to be caused by high levels of the hormone insulin in the blood, which may interfere with the normal development of a foetus. […] If a pregnant woman drinks too much alcohol during pregnancy, it can have a poisonous effect on the tissue of the foetus. […] Children with foetal alcohol spectrum disorder can have congenital heart disease, such as atrial or ventricular septal defects. […] A rubella infection can cause multiple birth defects, including congenital heart disease. […] Women who get flu during the first trimester of pregnancy are at greater risk of having a baby with congenital heart disease than the general population. […] There are several medicines linked to an increased risk of a baby being born with congenital heart disease. […] Pregnant mothers with PKU who don’t do this are more likely to give birth to a baby with congenital heart disease than the general population. […] Women who are exposed to some organic solvents may be more likely to give birth to a baby with congenital heart disease than the general population.
  • #18 Congenital Heart Disease: Symptoms & Causes | NewYork-Presbyterian
    https://www.nyp.org/heart/congenital-heart-disease/symptoms
    Congenital heart disease happens when something disrupts the normal development of the heart in utero. Often this takes place during the first six weeks of pregnancy. In most cases, doctors dont know what causes congenital heart disease. Sometimes it is inherited (runs in families). Certain genetic conditions are associated with high rates of congenital heart defects, including Downs syndrome, Turner syndrome, and Noonan syndrome. […] The specific cause of congenital heart disease is usually not known. But certain risk factors increase the chances of malformations during the hearts development, including: Smoking during pregnancy, Drinking alcohol during pregnancy, Rubella (German measles) during the first 8 to 10 weeks of pregnancy, Type 1 or type 2 diabetes (but not gestational diabetes), Flu (influenza) during the first three months of pregnancy, Taking certain medicines, including some for seizures and acne, Family history of congenital heart disease (inherited), Genetic conditions, including Downs, Turner, and Noonan syndromes.
  • #19 Congenital heart disease: current knowledge about causes and inheritance | The Medical Journal of Australia
    https://www.mja.com.au/journal/2012/197/3/congenital-heart-disease-current-knowledge-about-causes-and-inheritance
    The proportion of cases falling into this group is still unknown, although it is presumed to be relatively small. […] Environmental factors influencing CHD can be broadly defined as any non-genetic factor with an associated risk of CHD development. […] The best documented maternal risk factor is maternal diabetes, with a reported fivefold increased risk of CHD from pregestational diabetes. […] Strict glycaemic control before conception and during pregnancy has been reported to reduce the risk of infants developing CHD. […] Despite the inconclusive evidence reported, it seems reasonable to suggest a few basic recommendations aimed at minimising possible CHD risk factors for women who are or intend to become pregnant. […] In a minority of cases, it is possible to provide a precise recurrence risk for CHD, based on known Mendelian inheritance in a family or on risk figures related to a chromosomal anomaly.
  • #20
    https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/congenital-heart-disease/causes/
    The increased risk is thought to be caused by high levels of the hormone insulin in the blood, which may interfere with the normal development of a foetus. […] If a pregnant woman drinks too much alcohol during pregnancy, it can have a poisonous effect on the tissue of the foetus. […] Children with foetal alcohol spectrum disorder can have congenital heart disease, such as atrial or ventricular septal defects. […] A rubella infection can cause multiple birth defects, including congenital heart disease. […] Women who get flu during the first trimester of pregnancy are at greater risk of having a baby with congenital heart disease than the general population. […] There are several medicines linked to an increased risk of a baby being born with congenital heart disease. […] Pregnant mothers with PKU who don’t do this are more likely to give birth to a baby with congenital heart disease than the general population. […] Women who are exposed to some organic solvents may be more likely to give birth to a baby with congenital heart disease than the general population.
  • #21 Congenital heart disease: current knowledge about causes and inheritance | The Medical Journal of Australia
    https://www.mja.com.au/journal/2012/197/3/congenital-heart-disease-current-knowledge-about-causes-and-inheritance
    The proportion of cases falling into this group is still unknown, although it is presumed to be relatively small. […] Environmental factors influencing CHD can be broadly defined as any non-genetic factor with an associated risk of CHD development. […] The best documented maternal risk factor is maternal diabetes, with a reported fivefold increased risk of CHD from pregestational diabetes. […] Strict glycaemic control before conception and during pregnancy has been reported to reduce the risk of infants developing CHD. […] Despite the inconclusive evidence reported, it seems reasonable to suggest a few basic recommendations aimed at minimising possible CHD risk factors for women who are or intend to become pregnant. […] In a minority of cases, it is possible to provide a precise recurrence risk for CHD, based on known Mendelian inheritance in a family or on risk figures related to a chromosomal anomaly.
  • #22 Congenital heart conditions | NHS inform
    https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/cardiovascular-disease/heart-disease/congenital-heart-disease/
    Congenital heart disease develops when abnormalities in the hearts structure prevent it from working as it should. […] Congenital heart disease can sometimes develop alongside certain genetic conditions, such as Downs syndrome. […] An infection during pregnancy, such as rubella, can also cause congenital heart disease. […] However, many cases of congenital heart disease have no clear cause. […] The known risk factors for congenital heart disease are listed below. […] Women with diabetes are five times more likely to give birth to a baby with congenital heart disease compared with women who do not have diabetes. […] The viral infection rubella (also known as German measles) is a major risk factor for congenital heart disease if a woman contracts an infection during early pregnancy.
  • #23
    https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/congenital-heart-disease/causes/
    The increased risk is thought to be caused by high levels of the hormone insulin in the blood, which may interfere with the normal development of a foetus. […] If a pregnant woman drinks too much alcohol during pregnancy, it can have a poisonous effect on the tissue of the foetus. […] Children with foetal alcohol spectrum disorder can have congenital heart disease, such as atrial or ventricular septal defects. […] A rubella infection can cause multiple birth defects, including congenital heart disease. […] Women who get flu during the first trimester of pregnancy are at greater risk of having a baby with congenital heart disease than the general population. […] There are several medicines linked to an increased risk of a baby being born with congenital heart disease. […] Pregnant mothers with PKU who don’t do this are more likely to give birth to a baby with congenital heart disease than the general population. […] Women who are exposed to some organic solvents may be more likely to give birth to a baby with congenital heart disease than the general population.
  • #24 Congenital Heart Disease: Symptoms & Causes | NewYork-Presbyterian
    https://www.nyp.org/heart/congenital-heart-disease/symptoms
    Congenital heart disease happens when something disrupts the normal development of the heart in utero. Often this takes place during the first six weeks of pregnancy. In most cases, doctors dont know what causes congenital heart disease. Sometimes it is inherited (runs in families). Certain genetic conditions are associated with high rates of congenital heart defects, including Downs syndrome, Turner syndrome, and Noonan syndrome. […] The specific cause of congenital heart disease is usually not known. But certain risk factors increase the chances of malformations during the hearts development, including: Smoking during pregnancy, Drinking alcohol during pregnancy, Rubella (German measles) during the first 8 to 10 weeks of pregnancy, Type 1 or type 2 diabetes (but not gestational diabetes), Flu (influenza) during the first three months of pregnancy, Taking certain medicines, including some for seizures and acne, Family history of congenital heart disease (inherited), Genetic conditions, including Downs, Turner, and Noonan syndromes.
  • #25 Congenital Heart Defects – Causes and Risk Factors | NHLBI, NIH
    https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/congenital-heart-defects/causes
    Smoking during pregnancy or exposure to secondhand smoke. […] Some medicines taken during the first trimester of pregnancy, such as angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors for high blood pressure and retinoic acids for acne treatment. […] Other medical conditions like diabetes, phenylketonuria (a rare, inherited disorder that affects how your body processes a protein called phenylalanine), or a viral infection called rubella.
  • #26 Congenital Heart Disease in Adults: Types, Symptoms, and TreatmentHealthline
    https://www.healthline.com/health/congenital-heart-disease-in-adults
    Some risk factors for congenital heart disease include: the use of certain medications during pregnancy, including retinoic acid for acne, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors for high blood pressure, and others; family history of congenital heart disease; medical conditions affecting the birthing parent, such as the viral infection rubella; smoking during pregnancy; alcohol use during pregnancy; genetic syndromes, such as Down syndrome and Turner syndrome.
  • #27 Congenital Heart Disease in Adults | Cks Hospital
    https://ckshospitals.com/congenital-heart-disease-in-adults/
    Taking certain medicines for acne, ibuprofen at the time of the second trimester of pregnancy later increases the risk of developing Adult congenital heart diseases in the newborn. […] The most common type of congenital heart disease in adults is Coarctation of the aorta, Ebsteins anomaly, Patent ductus arteriosus, Pulmonary valve stenosis, Septal defects, and Single ventricle defects. […] Congenital heart diseases generally develop at the time of birth but symptoms start seen commonly in adulthood.
  • #28
    https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/congenital-heart-disease/causes/
    The increased risk is thought to be caused by high levels of the hormone insulin in the blood, which may interfere with the normal development of a foetus. […] If a pregnant woman drinks too much alcohol during pregnancy, it can have a poisonous effect on the tissue of the foetus. […] Children with foetal alcohol spectrum disorder can have congenital heart disease, such as atrial or ventricular septal defects. […] A rubella infection can cause multiple birth defects, including congenital heart disease. […] Women who get flu during the first trimester of pregnancy are at greater risk of having a baby with congenital heart disease than the general population. […] There are several medicines linked to an increased risk of a baby being born with congenital heart disease. […] Pregnant mothers with PKU who don’t do this are more likely to give birth to a baby with congenital heart disease than the general population. […] Women who are exposed to some organic solvents may be more likely to give birth to a baby with congenital heart disease than the general population.
  • #29
    https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/congenital-heart-disease/causes/
    The increased risk is thought to be caused by high levels of the hormone insulin in the blood, which may interfere with the normal development of a foetus. […] If a pregnant woman drinks too much alcohol during pregnancy, it can have a poisonous effect on the tissue of the foetus. […] Children with foetal alcohol spectrum disorder can have congenital heart disease, such as atrial or ventricular septal defects. […] A rubella infection can cause multiple birth defects, including congenital heart disease. […] Women who get flu during the first trimester of pregnancy are at greater risk of having a baby with congenital heart disease than the general population. […] There are several medicines linked to an increased risk of a baby being born with congenital heart disease. […] Pregnant mothers with PKU who don’t do this are more likely to give birth to a baby with congenital heart disease than the general population. […] Women who are exposed to some organic solvents may be more likely to give birth to a baby with congenital heart disease than the general population.
  • #30 Congenital Heart Defects – Causes and Risk Factors | NHLBI, NIH
    https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/congenital-heart-defects/causes
    Smoking during pregnancy or exposure to secondhand smoke. […] Some medicines taken during the first trimester of pregnancy, such as angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors for high blood pressure and retinoic acids for acne treatment. […] Other medical conditions like diabetes, phenylketonuria (a rare, inherited disorder that affects how your body processes a protein called phenylalanine), or a viral infection called rubella.
  • #31
    https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/congenital-heart-disease/causes/
    The increased risk is thought to be caused by high levels of the hormone insulin in the blood, which may interfere with the normal development of a foetus. […] If a pregnant woman drinks too much alcohol during pregnancy, it can have a poisonous effect on the tissue of the foetus. […] Children with foetal alcohol spectrum disorder can have congenital heart disease, such as atrial or ventricular septal defects. […] A rubella infection can cause multiple birth defects, including congenital heart disease. […] Women who get flu during the first trimester of pregnancy are at greater risk of having a baby with congenital heart disease than the general population. […] There are several medicines linked to an increased risk of a baby being born with congenital heart disease. […] Pregnant mothers with PKU who don’t do this are more likely to give birth to a baby with congenital heart disease than the general population. […] Women who are exposed to some organic solvents may be more likely to give birth to a baby with congenital heart disease than the general population.
  • #32
    https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/congenital-heart-disease/causes/
    The increased risk is thought to be caused by high levels of the hormone insulin in the blood, which may interfere with the normal development of a foetus. […] If a pregnant woman drinks too much alcohol during pregnancy, it can have a poisonous effect on the tissue of the foetus. […] Children with foetal alcohol spectrum disorder can have congenital heart disease, such as atrial or ventricular septal defects. […] A rubella infection can cause multiple birth defects, including congenital heart disease. […] Women who get flu during the first trimester of pregnancy are at greater risk of having a baby with congenital heart disease than the general population. […] There are several medicines linked to an increased risk of a baby being born with congenital heart disease. […] Pregnant mothers with PKU who don’t do this are more likely to give birth to a baby with congenital heart disease than the general population. […] Women who are exposed to some organic solvents may be more likely to give birth to a baby with congenital heart disease than the general population.
  • #33 Congenital heart defect – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congenital_heart_defect
    A congenital heart defect (CHD), also known as a congenital heart anomaly, congenital cardiovascular malformation, and congenital heart disease, is a defect in the structure of the heart or great vessels that is present at birth. The cause of a congenital heart defect is often unknown. Risk factors include certain infections during pregnancy such as rubella, use of certain medications or drugs such as alcohol or tobacco, parents being closely related, or poor nutritional status or obesity in the mother. Having a parent with a congenital heart defect is also a risk factor. A number of genetic conditions are associated with heart defects, including Down syndrome, Turner syndrome, and Marfan syndrome. […] The cause of congenital heart disease may be genetic, environmental, or a combination of both. Genetic mutations, often sporadic, represent the largest known cause of congenital heart defects. Known environmental factors include certain infections during pregnancy such as rubella, drugs (alcohol, hydantoin, lithium and thalidomide) and maternal illness (diabetes mellitus, phenylketonuria, and systemic lupus erythematosus). Being overweight or obese increases the risk of congenital heart disease. Additionally, as maternal obesity increases, the risk of heart defects also increases. […] Congenital heart defects happen more often in twins than in single babies. Monochorionic twins, who share a placenta, have a greater risk of these heart defects compared to dichorionic twins, who have their own placentas.
  • #34 Neotia Getwel:Congenital Heart Disease in Adults: Causes and Symptoms
    https://neotiagetwelsiliguri.com/blog-details/congenital-heart-disease-in-adults-causes-and-symptoms
    Exposure to environmental pollutants, especially in highly industrialized or polluted areas, may increase the risk of CHD. Urban centers in India like Delhi and Mumbai face heavy air pollution, which may be linked to higher incidences of congenital anomalies. […] In many cases, congenital heart disease may go undetected in infancy or childhood due to limited access to pediatric cardiology services, especially in rural India. […] Though distinct from CHD, rheumatic fever still common in some parts of India can cause heart valve damage, leading to complications similar to CHD in adults.
  • #35 Congenital heart disease | Heart and Stroke Foundation
    https://www.heartandstroke.ca/heart-disease/conditions/congenital-heart-disease
    Congenital heart disease is a heart condition you are born with. The word congenital means present at birth. Congenital heart disease can range from very minor conditions which never cause problems, to more serious conditions that require treatment. […] A congenital heart defect happens when the chambers, walls or valves of your heart or the blood vessels near the heart dont develop normally before birth. […] In many cases, the cause of congenital heart disease is unknown. However, known causes include: exposure of the fetus to maternal illnesses such as diabetes, German measles (rubella), fever illnesses and issues with metabolizing an amino acid during pregnancy (phenylketonuria), smoking, alcohol or recreational drug use during pregnancy, certain therapeutic drugs, such as thalidomide, environmental factors like air pollution, pesticides and extreme heat waves, specific inherited genetic defects and chromosomal abnormalities. […] Diets rich in folic acid, vitamin B2, riboflavin and nicotinamide have been shown to help protect unborn children from congenital heart disease.
  • #36
    https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/congenital-heart-disease/causes/
    Congenital heart disease is caused when something disrupts the normal development of the heart. […] It’s thought that most cases occur when something affects the heart’s development during the first 6 weeks of pregnancy. […] While some things are known to increase the risk of congenital heart disease, no obvious cause is identified in most cases. […] Several genetic health conditions that a baby inherits from 1 or both parents can cause congenital heart disease. […] It’s also recognised that certain types of congenital heart disease run in families. […] Down’s syndrome is the most widely-known genetic condition that can cause congenital heart disease. […] About half of all children with Down’s syndrome have congenital heart disease. […] Women with diabetes have a higher risk of giving birth to a baby with congenital heart disease than women who don’t have diabetes.
  • #37 Adults With Congenital Heart Disease
    http://www.cardiosmart.org/topics/congenital-heart-disease/adults-with-congenital-heart-disease
    Congenital heart disease (also called congenital heart defects) occurs when there is a problem with the heart that is present at birth. […] Congenital heart disease is the most common birth defect. […] There are at least 35 known types of heart defects. […] Heart defects are likely due to multiple factors, including: Changes in the normal development of the embryo the earliest stages of growth when the heart and other structures are beginning to form. […] Genetics changes in certain genes or chromosomes that are linked to heart issues and may be passed on by parents. […] A woman’s health or medication use during pregnancy may also play a role, though this is less well understood. […] In many cases, this leads to disruption of normal heart development; for instance, abnormal embryologic folding of the heart’s tube structure, where being off by just a few millimeters can significantly change the type and severity of congenital heart disease.
  • #38 Adults With Congenital Heart Disease
    http://www.cardiosmart.org/topics/congenital-heart-disease/adults-with-congenital-heart-disease
    Congenital heart disease (also called congenital heart defects) occurs when there is a problem with the heart that is present at birth. […] Congenital heart disease is the most common birth defect. […] There are at least 35 known types of heart defects. […] Heart defects are likely due to multiple factors, including: Changes in the normal development of the embryo the earliest stages of growth when the heart and other structures are beginning to form. […] Genetics changes in certain genes or chromosomes that are linked to heart issues and may be passed on by parents. […] A woman’s health or medication use during pregnancy may also play a role, though this is less well understood. […] In many cases, this leads to disruption of normal heart development; for instance, abnormal embryologic folding of the heart’s tube structure, where being off by just a few millimeters can significantly change the type and severity of congenital heart disease.
  • #39 Adults With Congenital Heart Disease
    http://www.cardiosmart.org/topics/congenital-heart-disease/adults-with-congenital-heart-disease
    Congenital heart disease (also called congenital heart defects) occurs when there is a problem with the heart that is present at birth. […] Congenital heart disease is the most common birth defect. […] There are at least 35 known types of heart defects. […] Heart defects are likely due to multiple factors, including: Changes in the normal development of the embryo the earliest stages of growth when the heart and other structures are beginning to form. […] Genetics changes in certain genes or chromosomes that are linked to heart issues and may be passed on by parents. […] A woman’s health or medication use during pregnancy may also play a role, though this is less well understood. […] In many cases, this leads to disruption of normal heart development; for instance, abnormal embryologic folding of the heart’s tube structure, where being off by just a few millimeters can significantly change the type and severity of congenital heart disease.
  • #40 What is Congenital Heart Disease? | Symptoms and Causes
    https://www.structuralheart.abbott/patients/congenital-heart-disease
    Congenital heart disease (CHD) or congenital heart defects (CHD) refer to a problem with the heart’s structure that is present at birth. Such defects are not rare; they occur in nearly 1 out of 100 newborn infants. […] For most infants, the cause is unknown. In some cases, the defect could be caused by problems with the genes or chromosomes. Less commonly, the defect could be linked to the mother’s overall health, activities, or illnesses during pregnancy. […] Aortic valve stenosis is a narrowed aortic valve. A valve with stenosis cannot open as much as it should to allow for blood flow. Stenosis makes the left ventricle pump harder to get blood through the valve and out to the body. […] Several types of congenital heart disease involve openings or holes that allow blood to flow in the wrong direction.
  • #41 Adults With Congenital Heart Disease
    http://www.cardiosmart.org/topics/congenital-heart-disease/adults-with-congenital-heart-disease
    Congenital heart disease (also called congenital heart defects) occurs when there is a problem with the heart that is present at birth. […] Congenital heart disease is the most common birth defect. […] There are at least 35 known types of heart defects. […] Heart defects are likely due to multiple factors, including: Changes in the normal development of the embryo the earliest stages of growth when the heart and other structures are beginning to form. […] Genetics changes in certain genes or chromosomes that are linked to heart issues and may be passed on by parents. […] A woman’s health or medication use during pregnancy may also play a role, though this is less well understood. […] In many cases, this leads to disruption of normal heart development; for instance, abnormal embryologic folding of the heart’s tube structure, where being off by just a few millimeters can significantly change the type and severity of congenital heart disease.
  • #42 What is Congenital Heart Disease? | Symptoms and Causes
    https://www.structuralheart.abbott/patients/congenital-heart-disease
    This is a hole in the wall that separates the right atrium and left atrium. The hole increases the amount of blood that flows through the lungs. […] This is a hole in the wall that separates the right ventricle and left ventricle. The hole allows blood to seep from the left to the right ventricle. […] A patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) occurs when there is a connection between the heart’s two major arteries. […] Severe problems are usually diagnosed soon after birth. […] The symptoms of congenital heart disease vary depending on the type of disease and at what age the patient, family member, or doctor notices symptoms. […] Some types of disease, such as the holes that occur with ASD, VSD, and PDA, may close on their own in the first few days after birth.
  • #43 What is Congenital Heart Disease? | Symptoms and Causes
    https://www.structuralheart.abbott/patients/congenital-heart-disease
    This is a hole in the wall that separates the right atrium and left atrium. The hole increases the amount of blood that flows through the lungs. […] This is a hole in the wall that separates the right ventricle and left ventricle. The hole allows blood to seep from the left to the right ventricle. […] A patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) occurs when there is a connection between the heart’s two major arteries. […] Severe problems are usually diagnosed soon after birth. […] The symptoms of congenital heart disease vary depending on the type of disease and at what age the patient, family member, or doctor notices symptoms. […] Some types of disease, such as the holes that occur with ASD, VSD, and PDA, may close on their own in the first few days after birth.
  • #44 What is Congenital Heart Disease? | Symptoms and Causes
    https://www.structuralheart.abbott/patients/congenital-heart-disease
    This is a hole in the wall that separates the right atrium and left atrium. The hole increases the amount of blood that flows through the lungs. […] This is a hole in the wall that separates the right ventricle and left ventricle. The hole allows blood to seep from the left to the right ventricle. […] A patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) occurs when there is a connection between the heart’s two major arteries. […] Severe problems are usually diagnosed soon after birth. […] The symptoms of congenital heart disease vary depending on the type of disease and at what age the patient, family member, or doctor notices symptoms. […] Some types of disease, such as the holes that occur with ASD, VSD, and PDA, may close on their own in the first few days after birth.
  • #45 What is Congenital Heart Disease? | Symptoms and Causes
    https://www.structuralheart.abbott/patients/congenital-heart-disease
    Congenital heart disease (CHD) or congenital heart defects (CHD) refer to a problem with the heart’s structure that is present at birth. Such defects are not rare; they occur in nearly 1 out of 100 newborn infants. […] For most infants, the cause is unknown. In some cases, the defect could be caused by problems with the genes or chromosomes. Less commonly, the defect could be linked to the mother’s overall health, activities, or illnesses during pregnancy. […] Aortic valve stenosis is a narrowed aortic valve. A valve with stenosis cannot open as much as it should to allow for blood flow. Stenosis makes the left ventricle pump harder to get blood through the valve and out to the body. […] Several types of congenital heart disease involve openings or holes that allow blood to flow in the wrong direction.
  • #46 Types of Adult Congenital Heart Disease | NYU Langone Health
    https://nyulangone.org/conditions/adult-congenital-heart-disease/types
    Over time, this heart defect can cause the left side of the heart to enlarge. […] In some adults, large ventricular septal defects can cause a reversal of blood flow that bypasses the lungs, leading to Eisenmenger syndrome. […] Pulmonary stenosis is a narrowing of the pulmonary valve, or an area near the pulmonary valve, that prevents blood from flowing to the lungs. […] Most people have repairs for this condition in childhood. Sometimes, these repairs can lead to a leaky pulmonary valve in adulthood. […] Left open, a large patent ductus arteriosus may lead to heart failure, pulmonary hypertension, or Eisenmenger syndrome. […] If the narrowing is severe, it can cause heart failure in babies. In adults, it is commonly associated with hypertension, or high blood pressure, and decreased blood flow to the lower extremities, causing leg cramps. […] The backup of blood flow can cause the heart to enlarge, leading to heart failure. […] Adults with the Fontan circulation can develop heart rhythm disorders, blood clots, heart failure, or liver disease.
  • #47 Types of Adult Congenital Heart Disease | NYU Langone Health
    https://nyulangone.org/conditions/adult-congenital-heart-disease/types
    Over time, this heart defect can cause the left side of the heart to enlarge. […] In some adults, large ventricular septal defects can cause a reversal of blood flow that bypasses the lungs, leading to Eisenmenger syndrome. […] Pulmonary stenosis is a narrowing of the pulmonary valve, or an area near the pulmonary valve, that prevents blood from flowing to the lungs. […] Most people have repairs for this condition in childhood. Sometimes, these repairs can lead to a leaky pulmonary valve in adulthood. […] Left open, a large patent ductus arteriosus may lead to heart failure, pulmonary hypertension, or Eisenmenger syndrome. […] If the narrowing is severe, it can cause heart failure in babies. In adults, it is commonly associated with hypertension, or high blood pressure, and decreased blood flow to the lower extremities, causing leg cramps. […] The backup of blood flow can cause the heart to enlarge, leading to heart failure. […] Adults with the Fontan circulation can develop heart rhythm disorders, blood clots, heart failure, or liver disease.
  • #48 Types of Adult Congenital Heart Disease | NYU Langone Health
    https://nyulangone.org/conditions/adult-congenital-heart-disease/types
    Over time, this heart defect can cause the left side of the heart to enlarge. […] In some adults, large ventricular septal defects can cause a reversal of blood flow that bypasses the lungs, leading to Eisenmenger syndrome. […] Pulmonary stenosis is a narrowing of the pulmonary valve, or an area near the pulmonary valve, that prevents blood from flowing to the lungs. […] Most people have repairs for this condition in childhood. Sometimes, these repairs can lead to a leaky pulmonary valve in adulthood. […] Left open, a large patent ductus arteriosus may lead to heart failure, pulmonary hypertension, or Eisenmenger syndrome. […] If the narrowing is severe, it can cause heart failure in babies. In adults, it is commonly associated with hypertension, or high blood pressure, and decreased blood flow to the lower extremities, causing leg cramps. […] The backup of blood flow can cause the heart to enlarge, leading to heart failure. […] Adults with the Fontan circulation can develop heart rhythm disorders, blood clots, heart failure, or liver disease.
  • #49 Congenital Heart Disease | Loma Linda University Children’s Health
    https://lluch.org/conditions/congenital-heart-disease
    Congenital heart disease (CHD) is a problem that occurs as the baby’s heart is developing during pregnancy, before the baby is born. This is the most common type of birth defect. […] Most congenital heart defects have no known cause. Mothers will often wonder if something they did during the pregnancy caused the heart problem. In most cases, no cause can be found. Some heart problems do occur more often in families. So there may be a genetic link to some heart defects. Some heart problems are likely to occur if the mother had a disease while pregnant. Or they may occur if she was taking certain medicines, such as antiseizure medicines or the acne medicine isotretinoin. But most of the time, there is no clear reason for the heart defect. […] A complex combination of heart defects known as hypoplastic left heart syndrome can also occur.
  • #50 Congenital heart disease in adults – Augusta HealthSearchClose SearchSearch IconSearch IconClose Search IconMobile Menu IconMobile Menu Close IconInstagramFacebookTwitterYoutube
    https://www.augustahealth.com/disease/congenital-heart-disease-in-adults/
    Congenital heart disease can contribute to other health concerns later in life. Complications may occur years after a congenital heart defect is treated. […] Adult with congenital heart disease are at risk of developing complications — even if surgery was done to repair the defect during childhood. Lifelong follow-up care is important.
  • #51 The Profile of an Adult with Congenital Heart Disease
    https://clinmedjournals.org/articles/ijcc/international-journal-of-clinical-cardiology-ijcc-5-131.php?jid=ijcc
    In order of frequency, they are: Arrhythmias, heart failure (HF), syncope, endocarditis and pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). […] The causes are multifactorial and occur in both repaired and unrepaired CHD. […] Heart failure occurs as a consequence of a structural and functional heart flaw, which is incapable of maintaining an adequate cardiac output for the metabolic and hemodynamic demands. […] The growing population of ACHDs has increased the number of HF hospitalizations over the last decade. […] In summary, ACHDs are a constantly growing population due to the success of pediatric cardiovascular surgery, improved health care and childhood survival.
  • #52 The Profile of an Adult with Congenital Heart Disease
    https://clinmedjournals.org/articles/ijcc/international-journal-of-clinical-cardiology-ijcc-5-131.php?jid=ijcc
    In order of frequency, they are: Arrhythmias, heart failure (HF), syncope, endocarditis and pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). […] The causes are multifactorial and occur in both repaired and unrepaired CHD. […] Heart failure occurs as a consequence of a structural and functional heart flaw, which is incapable of maintaining an adequate cardiac output for the metabolic and hemodynamic demands. […] The growing population of ACHDs has increased the number of HF hospitalizations over the last decade. […] In summary, ACHDs are a constantly growing population due to the success of pediatric cardiovascular surgery, improved health care and childhood survival.
  • #53
    https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/congenital-heart-disease/complications/
    Children and adults with congenital heart disease are at an increased risk of developing further problems. […] Some types of congenital heart disease can cause the blood pressure inside the arteries that connect the heart and lungs to be much higher than it should be. This is known as pulmonary hypertension. […] Having a history of congenital heart disease can also increase the risk of a blood clot forming inside the heart and travelling up to the lungs or brain. […] Many women with congenital heart disease can have a healthy pregnancy, but pregnancy puts an extra strain on the heart and can cause problems.
  • #54 The Profile of an Adult with Congenital Heart Disease
    https://clinmedjournals.org/articles/ijcc/international-journal-of-clinical-cardiology-ijcc-5-131.php?jid=ijcc
    In order of frequency, they are: Arrhythmias, heart failure (HF), syncope, endocarditis and pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). […] The causes are multifactorial and occur in both repaired and unrepaired CHD. […] Heart failure occurs as a consequence of a structural and functional heart flaw, which is incapable of maintaining an adequate cardiac output for the metabolic and hemodynamic demands. […] The growing population of ACHDs has increased the number of HF hospitalizations over the last decade. […] In summary, ACHDs are a constantly growing population due to the success of pediatric cardiovascular surgery, improved health care and childhood survival.
  • #55
    https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/congenital-heart-disease/complications/
    Children and adults with congenital heart disease are at an increased risk of developing further problems. […] Some types of congenital heart disease can cause the blood pressure inside the arteries that connect the heart and lungs to be much higher than it should be. This is known as pulmonary hypertension. […] Having a history of congenital heart disease can also increase the risk of a blood clot forming inside the heart and travelling up to the lungs or brain. […] Many women with congenital heart disease can have a healthy pregnancy, but pregnancy puts an extra strain on the heart and can cause problems.
  • #56 Adult Congenital Heart Disease > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine
    https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/adult-congenital-heart-disease
    Lifelong specialized monitoring and care is critical to the health of anyone with congenital heart disease. […] Patients will want to talk to a congenital heart specialist about lifestyle adjustments that can prevent problems they are at higher risk for, such as heart attack, stroke, and type 2 diabetes. […] Congenital heart disease also can affect pregnancy. […] Adult congenital heart disease programs bring together the skills of adult specialists who are trained in congenital heart disease, as well as other caregivers who are aware of the long-term complications that can develop, and the possibility that further surgery or interventional procedures will be needed. […] Once a diagnosis is made, adult congenital heart specialists are highly skilled at treating problems. […] Their recommendations may range from watchful waiting to medication, to procedures or surgeries to fix the complication or problems.
  • #57 Adult Congenital Heart Disease > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine
    https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/adult-congenital-heart-disease
    Lifelong specialized monitoring and care is critical to the health of anyone with congenital heart disease. […] Patients will want to talk to a congenital heart specialist about lifestyle adjustments that can prevent problems they are at higher risk for, such as heart attack, stroke, and type 2 diabetes. […] Congenital heart disease also can affect pregnancy. […] Adult congenital heart disease programs bring together the skills of adult specialists who are trained in congenital heart disease, as well as other caregivers who are aware of the long-term complications that can develop, and the possibility that further surgery or interventional procedures will be needed. […] Once a diagnosis is made, adult congenital heart specialists are highly skilled at treating problems. […] Their recommendations may range from watchful waiting to medication, to procedures or surgeries to fix the complication or problems.
  • #58
    https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/congenital-heart-disease/complications/
    Children and adults with congenital heart disease are at an increased risk of developing further problems. […] Some types of congenital heart disease can cause the blood pressure inside the arteries that connect the heart and lungs to be much higher than it should be. This is known as pulmonary hypertension. […] Having a history of congenital heart disease can also increase the risk of a blood clot forming inside the heart and travelling up to the lungs or brain. […] Many women with congenital heart disease can have a healthy pregnancy, but pregnancy puts an extra strain on the heart and can cause problems.
  • #59 Adult Congenital Heart Disease > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine
    https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/adult-congenital-heart-disease
    Lifelong specialized monitoring and care is critical to the health of anyone with congenital heart disease. […] Patients will want to talk to a congenital heart specialist about lifestyle adjustments that can prevent problems they are at higher risk for, such as heart attack, stroke, and type 2 diabetes. […] Congenital heart disease also can affect pregnancy. […] Adult congenital heart disease programs bring together the skills of adult specialists who are trained in congenital heart disease, as well as other caregivers who are aware of the long-term complications that can develop, and the possibility that further surgery or interventional procedures will be needed. […] Once a diagnosis is made, adult congenital heart specialists are highly skilled at treating problems. […] Their recommendations may range from watchful waiting to medication, to procedures or surgeries to fix the complication or problems.
  • #60 Congenital Heart Disease: Types, Symptoms, Causes, and TreatmentHealthline
    https://www.healthline.com/health/congenital-heart-disease
    The treatment for congenital heart disease in adults can also vary depending on the severity of the heart defect. Some people may only need to monitor their condition closely, and others may require medications and surgeries. […] In some cases, defects that may have been treated in childhood can present problems again in adulthood. The original repair may no longer be effective or the initial defect may have become worse over time. […] Scar tissue that developed around the original repair may also end up causing problems, such as heart arrhythmias.
  • #61 Congenital Heart Disease: Types, Symptoms, Causes, and TreatmentHealthline
    https://www.healthline.com/health/congenital-heart-disease
    The treatment for congenital heart disease in adults can also vary depending on the severity of the heart defect. Some people may only need to monitor their condition closely, and others may require medications and surgeries. […] In some cases, defects that may have been treated in childhood can present problems again in adulthood. The original repair may no longer be effective or the initial defect may have become worse over time. […] Scar tissue that developed around the original repair may also end up causing problems, such as heart arrhythmias.
  • #62 Adults With Congenital Heart Disease
    http://www.cardiosmart.org/topics/congenital-heart-disease/adults-with-congenital-heart-disease
    Ongoing medical care throughout your life by providers that understand congenital heart disease is critical. […] People living with congenital heart disease face ongoing challenges. […] Just because you feel well doesn’t mean that you don’t need to see a cardiologist with advanced training in congenital heart disease. […] Congenital heart disease is also linked to anxiety, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder and psychosocial stress. […] Advances in medical care mean many women can expect a successful pregnancy, but for others it may be too dangerous.
  • #63 Adults With Congenital Heart Disease
    http://www.cardiosmart.org/topics/congenital-heart-disease/adults-with-congenital-heart-disease
    Ongoing medical care throughout your life by providers that understand congenital heart disease is critical. […] People living with congenital heart disease face ongoing challenges. […] Just because you feel well doesn’t mean that you don’t need to see a cardiologist with advanced training in congenital heart disease. […] Congenital heart disease is also linked to anxiety, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder and psychosocial stress. […] Advances in medical care mean many women can expect a successful pregnancy, but for others it may be too dangerous.
  • #64 Adult Congenital Heart Disease > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine
    https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/adult-congenital-heart-disease
    Lifelong specialized monitoring and care is critical to the health of anyone with congenital heart disease. […] Patients will want to talk to a congenital heart specialist about lifestyle adjustments that can prevent problems they are at higher risk for, such as heart attack, stroke, and type 2 diabetes. […] Congenital heart disease also can affect pregnancy. […] Adult congenital heart disease programs bring together the skills of adult specialists who are trained in congenital heart disease, as well as other caregivers who are aware of the long-term complications that can develop, and the possibility that further surgery or interventional procedures will be needed. […] Once a diagnosis is made, adult congenital heart specialists are highly skilled at treating problems. […] Their recommendations may range from watchful waiting to medication, to procedures or surgeries to fix the complication or problems.
  • #65 Adult Congenital Heart Disease > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine
    https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/adult-congenital-heart-disease
    Lifelong specialized monitoring and care is critical to the health of anyone with congenital heart disease. […] Patients will want to talk to a congenital heart specialist about lifestyle adjustments that can prevent problems they are at higher risk for, such as heart attack, stroke, and type 2 diabetes. […] Congenital heart disease also can affect pregnancy. […] Adult congenital heart disease programs bring together the skills of adult specialists who are trained in congenital heart disease, as well as other caregivers who are aware of the long-term complications that can develop, and the possibility that further surgery or interventional procedures will be needed. […] Once a diagnosis is made, adult congenital heart specialists are highly skilled at treating problems. […] Their recommendations may range from watchful waiting to medication, to procedures or surgeries to fix the complication or problems.
  • #66 Adult Congenital Heart Disease > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine
    https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/adult-congenital-heart-disease
    Lifelong specialized monitoring and care is critical to the health of anyone with congenital heart disease. […] Patients will want to talk to a congenital heart specialist about lifestyle adjustments that can prevent problems they are at higher risk for, such as heart attack, stroke, and type 2 diabetes. […] Congenital heart disease also can affect pregnancy. […] Adult congenital heart disease programs bring together the skills of adult specialists who are trained in congenital heart disease, as well as other caregivers who are aware of the long-term complications that can develop, and the possibility that further surgery or interventional procedures will be needed. […] Once a diagnosis is made, adult congenital heart specialists are highly skilled at treating problems. […] Their recommendations may range from watchful waiting to medication, to procedures or surgeries to fix the complication or problems.
  • #67 Congenital Heart Disease, Eau Claire – Mayo Clinic Health System
    https://www.mayoclinichealthsystem.org/locations/eau-claire/services-and-treatments/cardiology/diseases/congenital
    Congenital heart disease is one or more problems with the heart’s structure that you’re born with. Congenital heart disease, also called congenital heart defect, can change the way blood flows through your heart. Some congenital heart defects may not cause any problems. Complex defects, however, can cause life-threatening complications. […] Advances in diagnosis and treatment have allowed babies with congenital heart disease to survive well into adulthood. Sometimes signs and symptoms of congenital heart disease aren’t seen until you’re an adult. […] Treatment of congenital heart disease in adults depends on how severe your heart problem is. You may simply be monitored, or you may need medications or surgery. […] If you’re an adult with congenital heart disease, you’re at risk of developing complications — even if you had surgery to repair a defect during childhood. Lifelong follow-up care is important.
  • #68 Adult Congenital Heart Disease > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine
    https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/adult-congenital-heart-disease
    A type of defect in one or more structures of the heart that occurs before birth. […] This condition covers an array of abnormalities that are diagnosed before or after birth. […] Congenital heart defects (as a whole) represent the most common type of birth defect. […] The term covers a large variety of abnormalities that develop before a baby is born, and may be diagnosed before birth, after birth, or sometimes even late in adulthood. […] These are defects that can change the normal flow of blood through the heart, and/or affect how a heart will develop and function throughout a persons life. […] A few decades ago, the prognosis for children with complex congenital heart disease was not good. […] The increased prevalence of adult survivors today, especially those with complex congenial defects, is promising.
  • #69 The Profile of an Adult with Congenital Heart Disease
    https://clinmedjournals.org/articles/ijcc/international-journal-of-clinical-cardiology-ijcc-5-131.php?jid=ijcc
    Congenital heart disease is the most frequent malformation. In the most recent data has a prevalence of thirteen cases per 1,000 children and six cases per 1,000 adults. […] Great strides in pediatric cardiovascular surgery and new hybrid treatment techniques for serious CHDs have increased the number of survivors. Currently, more than two thirds of all adults with congenital heart disease (ACHDs) fall into the categories of moderate and high complexity defects, and are a real diagnostic and treatment challenge for specialists. […] The current ACHD population is derived from two groups: Newly diagnosed or never diagnosed ACHDs and ACHDs who underwent surgery in childhood or adolescence. […] The first paradigm that should be broken is to understand that cardiovascular surgery is restorative (it substantially improves the hemodynamic condition), but is not 100% curative, except for a few simple CHD exceptions.
  • #70 Adult Congenital Heart Disease Causes, Symptoms, Treatments
    https://www.upmc.com/services/heart-vascular/conditions/adult-congenital-heart-disease
    Congenital heart disease (CHD) is a defect in your heart’s structure that is present at birth. […] The exact cause of CHD is unknown. Possible causes include: Family history. Role of genetics and gene-interactions. Role of common exposures (diabetes) or teratogens (alcohol/medications during pregnancy). […] Many cases of CHD are diagnosed before birth and can be treated with surgery shortly after birth. But although surgical repairs can help the heart work more normally, they may not cure the problem. Sometimes, symptoms of CHD can happen again later in life and may need additional treatment.
  • #71 Congenital heart disease: Heart defects, types, and causes
    https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/181142
    A congenital heart defect (CHD) is the most common form of congenital heart disease. […] A CHD is a difference in the structure of the heart or a main artery. A person is born with it, and in the United States, nearly 1% of babies are born with a CHD each year. […] Certain types of CHD can lead to blood pressure that is higher than usual. This is because the heart must work harder to pump blood, which can weaken it. […] Genetics may also play a role. At least 15% of people with a CHD also have a genetic disorder. Some genetic disorders may increase the risk of having a CHD. […] A person with a CHD may need treatment, such as medication to lower blood pressure, at any age. […] After surgery, the heart generally works as it should, but some people develop related problems with age. […] Also, mild symptoms of a CHD that do not warrant surgery during childhood may worsen over time and require treatment in adulthood. […] Having a CHD increases the risk of this problem. […] The outlook depends on the severity of the abnormality, swiftness of the diagnosis, and treatment provided.
  • #72 The Profile of an Adult with Congenital Heart Disease
    https://clinmedjournals.org/articles/ijcc/international-journal-of-clinical-cardiology-ijcc-5-131.php?jid=ijcc
    In order of frequency, they are: Arrhythmias, heart failure (HF), syncope, endocarditis and pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). […] The causes are multifactorial and occur in both repaired and unrepaired CHD. […] Heart failure occurs as a consequence of a structural and functional heart flaw, which is incapable of maintaining an adequate cardiac output for the metabolic and hemodynamic demands. […] The growing population of ACHDs has increased the number of HF hospitalizations over the last decade. […] In summary, ACHDs are a constantly growing population due to the success of pediatric cardiovascular surgery, improved health care and childhood survival.
  • #73 Adult Congenital Heart Disease: What Patients Need to Know | Texas Children’s
    https://www.texaschildrens.org/content/wellness/adult-congenital-heart-disease-what-patients-need-know
    Congenital heart disease (CHD) is one of the most common birth defects; it can vary drastically in terms of symptoms and prognosis. […] There is ongoing research to determine the causes of CHD. It appears to run in families, which means that genetic abnormalities play a role. Researchers believe that other risk factors, such as health conditions and environmental or lifestyle influences during pregnancy, may also be involved. If a mother receives a German Measles diagnosis during pregnancy, for example, it can increase the risk of heart defects. […] „We don’t completely know what causes it,” said Dr. Ermis. „Congenital heart disease is an abnormality of the heart and surrounding blood vessels that occur while those structures are being formed in utero; sometimes it’s related to genetic abnormalities or gene mutations that are inherited, sometimes it appears to occur de novo in the child. Often, we just don’t know. There is a lot of research being conducted to better understand this disease and its myriad causes.”
  • #74 Congenital heart disease in adults – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/adult-congenital-heart-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20355456
    Congenital heart disease is one or more problems with the heart’s structure that are present at birth. […] Researchers aren’t sure what causes most types of congenital heart disease. They think that gene changes, certain medicines or health conditions, and environmental or lifestyle factors, such as smoking, may play a role. […] Risk factors for congenital heart disease include: Genetics. Congenital heart disease appears to run in families, which means it is inherited. Changes in genes have been linked to heart problems present at birth. For instance, people with Down syndrome are often born with heart conditions. […] Having rubella during pregnancy may affect how the baby’s heart grows while in the womb. […] Having type 1 or type 2 diabetes during pregnancy also may change how the baby’s heart grows while in the womb. […] Taking certain medicines during pregnancy can cause congenital heart disease and other health problems present at birth. […] Drinking alcohol while pregnant has been linked to heart conditions in the baby. […] Smoking during pregnancy increases the risk of congenital heart defects in the baby.
  • #75 Adults With Congenital Heart Disease
    http://www.cardiosmart.org/topics/congenital-heart-disease/adults-with-congenital-heart-disease
    Ongoing medical care throughout your life by providers that understand congenital heart disease is critical. […] People living with congenital heart disease face ongoing challenges. […] Just because you feel well doesn’t mean that you don’t need to see a cardiologist with advanced training in congenital heart disease. […] Congenital heart disease is also linked to anxiety, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder and psychosocial stress. […] Advances in medical care mean many women can expect a successful pregnancy, but for others it may be too dangerous.
  • #76 Adult Congenital Heart Disease > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine
    https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/adult-congenital-heart-disease
    Lifelong specialized monitoring and care is critical to the health of anyone with congenital heart disease. […] Patients will want to talk to a congenital heart specialist about lifestyle adjustments that can prevent problems they are at higher risk for, such as heart attack, stroke, and type 2 diabetes. […] Congenital heart disease also can affect pregnancy. […] Adult congenital heart disease programs bring together the skills of adult specialists who are trained in congenital heart disease, as well as other caregivers who are aware of the long-term complications that can develop, and the possibility that further surgery or interventional procedures will be needed. […] Once a diagnosis is made, adult congenital heart specialists are highly skilled at treating problems. […] Their recommendations may range from watchful waiting to medication, to procedures or surgeries to fix the complication or problems.
  • #77 Adult Congenital Heart Program | Stanford Health Care
    https://stanfordhealthcare.org/medical-clinics/adult-congenital-heart-program.html
    The Adult Congenital Heart Program at Stanford specializes in treating adults who were born with congenital heart defects. […] We offer patients comprehensive diagnostics, lifestyle counseling, medical management, and interventional and surgical treatments for the full spectrum of conditions related to congenital heart defects. […] The Adult Congenital Heart Program at Stanford treats the full spectrum of pediatric and adult congenital heart diseases. […] A defect in the structure of the heart and associated vessels, present at birth. […] Through our research on genetics, imaging and clinical and surgical outcomes of adults with congenital heart disease, we aim to better understand the underlying causes and provide the best possible treatment options for our patients. […] Accreditation by the ACHA ACHD acknowledges that a center has the capability to bring high quality of care to congenital heart disease patients.