Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Ingrown Toenails – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK546697/

  Improper nail trimming appears to be the most common etiology of ingrown toenails, as it may lead to a nail spike that traumatizes adjacent soft tissue. […] Other predisposing factors for ingrown toenails include tight-fitting shoes, bad foot hygiene, hyperhidrosis, trauma, and some medications, especially epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors (gefitinib, cetuximab). […] The possible involvement of intrinsic risk factors in the pathogenesis of ingrown toenails, such as abnormal nail shape and anatomical abnormalities, has been widely debated. […] Some study results have found that pincer-nail deformity, wide nail plates, congenital malalignment of the toenails, and thickening of the nail plate represent possible risk factors for ingrown toenails. […] Other study results proved that bone abnormalities that increase the internal pressure in the ankle, foot, or toe might play a role in developing ingrown toenails. […] However, more recent results suggest no difference in anatomical abnormalities between patients with ingrown toenails and controls.

• #2 Ingrown Toenail – OrthoInfo – AAOS

  https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases–conditions/ingrown-toenail

  Ingrown toenails are a common, painful condition particularly among teenagers. […] An ingrown nail occurs when the skin on one or both sides of a nail grows over the edges of the nail, or when the nail itself grows into the nail fold, which damages the skin. […] Ingrown nails may develop for many reasons. […] However, most ingrown toenails are caused by tight shoe wear, or improper grooming and trimming of the nail.

• #3 Onychocryptosis | How Do I Stop My Chronic Ingrown Toenail

  https://michiganpodiatry.com/blog/onychocryptosis/

  Unfortunately, this condition affects up to 20% of podiatry patients and can result in drainage, odors from infections, inflammation, and tissue hypertrophy around the nail. […] Several factors can create chronic ingrown toenail condition: Improper foot hygiene, Improper trimming, Genetic predisposition, Trauma or repetitive injury, Hyperhidrosis. […] Children have been known to inherit their ingrown nails from their parents. Another genetic condition is hyperhidrosis, which causes profuse sweating in the palms and feet.

• #4 Ingrown Toenail Treatment, Symptoms, Causes & Remedies

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/ingrown_toenails/article_em.htm

  An ingrown toenail occurs when the edge of the toenail digs into the skin at the side of the toe. […] An ingrown toenail, also known as onychocryptosis or unguis incarnatus, is a painful condition of the toe. It occurs when a sharp corner or edge of the toenail digs into the skin at the end of or side of the toe. […] Tight-fitting shoes or high heels cause the toes to be compressed together and pressure the nail to grow abnormally. […] Improper trimming of toenails can cause the corners of the nail to dig into the skin. Nails should be trimmed straight across, not rounded. […] Disorders such as fungal infections of the nail can cause a thickened or widened toenail to develop. […] Either an acute injury near the nail or any trauma that causes the nail to be damaged repetitively (such as playing soccer) can also cause an ingrown nail. […] If a member of your family has an ingrown toenail, then you are more likely to develop one, too. Some people’s nails are normally more rounded than others or the underlying bone can be more „upturned,” which increases the chance of developing ingrown nails.

• #5 Ingrown Toenails | Podiatrist Serving CT Areas | Connecticut Foot Care Centers LLC

  https://www.ctfootcare.com/ingrown-toenails

  When a toenail is ingrown, it is curved and grown into the skin, usually at the nail borders (the sides of the nail). This „digging in” of the nail irritates the skin, often creating pain, redness, swelling, and warmth in the toe. […] Causes of ingrown toenails include: […] Heredity. In many people, the tendency for ingrown toenails is inherited. […] Trauma. Sometimes an ingrown toenail is the result of trauma, such as stubbing your toe, having an object fall on your toe, or engaging in activities that involve repeated pressure on the toes, such as kicking or running. […] Improper trimming. The most common cause of ingrown toenails is cutting your nails too short. This encourages the skin next to the nail to fold over the nail. […] Improperly sized footwear. Ingrown toenails can result from wearing socks or shoes that are tight or short. […] Nail conditions. Ingrown toenails can be caused by nail problems, such as fungal infections or loosing a nail due to trauma.

• #6 Ingrown Nail (Onychocryptosis): Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/909807-overview

  Ingrown nails generally occur as the result of poorly fitted footgear. However, they may also be caused by prior trauma to or abnormal shape of the nail margin. […] The following factors have been implicated in the development of ingrown nails: […] Improper trimming of toenails – Cutting the toenail so that it is rounded, V-shaped, or too short will cause bulging of the soft tissue and the possibility of leaving a nail spur that is difficult to remove, resulting in an inflammatory reaction with pressure necrosis; the proper way to trim the toenail is to cut it straight across beyond the nail bed […] Poorly fitting shoes – The nail plate can be forced out of the nail groove by footwear that has a toe box that is too small for the forefoot; the constant pressure on the nailbed and nail groove results in breakage that starts an inflammatory process and eventually results in an ingrown nail

• #7 Ingrown Toenails: Signs, Causes, Treatment & Prevention

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17664-ingrown-toenails

  An ingrown toenail is when the corner of your toenail grows into your skin. […] The condition often happens when people cut their toenails by rounding (tapering) the corner of their nails. […] Ingrown toenails can have many causes. These may include: Incorrectly cut toenails. If you cut your toenail too short or rounded, the nail may grow into your skin. […] Toe trauma, such as banging your toe or getting stepped on. […] Your toe shape. For instance, if your nail is larger comparatively with your toe, or the surrounding tissue of the nail border naturally grows around your nail. […] This foot condition usually doesnt cause any complications in healthy people. […] In rare, chronic cases, an ingrown toenail infection can spread through your toe and into your bone. […] If you have signs of infection or a severe ingrown toenail, dont attempt to cut it yourself.

• #8 Ingrown Toenails: Signs, Causes, Treatment & Prevention

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17664-ingrown-toenails

  Most of the time, healthcare providers can treat mild ingrown toenails using the same techniques you would at home. […] You can take these steps to prevent an ingrown toenail: Trim your toenails across the top. Dont round the corners. […] An ingrown toenail is annoying and painful but very treatable.

• #9 Ingrown toenail: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001237.htm

  An ingrown toenail occurs when the edge of the nail grows into the skin of the toe. […] An ingrown toenail can result from a number of things. Poorly fitting shoes and toenails that are not properly trimmed are the most common causes. […] An ingrown toenail may occur when extra pressure is placed on your toe. This pressure is caused by shoes that are too tight or fit poorly. […] Nails that are not trimmed properly can also cause ingrown toenails: Toenails that are trimmed too short, or if the edges are rounded rather than cut straight across may cause the nail to curl and grow into the skin. […] Some people are born with nails that are curved and grow into the skin. Others have toenails that are too large for their toes. Stubbing your toe or other injuries can also lead to an ingrown toenail.

• #10 What Causes Ingrown Toenails? | CurveCorrect

  https://www.curvecorrect.com/what-causes-ingrown-toenails/?srsltid=AfmBOooBkFRqzkCJ9c_OyJ8o0WMfPACxCwY6qCzx51bKEAsfMZFYAX1U

  Shoes and socks that are too tight. The #1 most common cause of ingrown toenails. Shoes that are too narrow, too low or too short compress the toes and force the nails against the toe. Socks are frequently so tight that they draw the toes together causing increased pressure from the nail. […] Improper toenail trimming. The #2 most common cause of ingrown toenails. Many individuals make the mistake of cutting the corners of their toenail too short, thus more sharply focusing pressure from the side of the nail. Shortening the nail allows the skin to fold over the toenails sides and free edge creating a point of pressure. Another mistake is leaving edges that are too sharp, thus enabling the nail to more easily puncture the skin. […] Nail shape. The shape of your toenail can change due to care, health and age. A nail that has become more arched or curved will increase the force from the side of the nail against the toe.

• #11 Ingrown toenails – treatment, symptoms, causes and prevention | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/ingrown-toenails

  An ingrown toenail is when the side of your nail curls down and grows into the skin around the nail. […] You can get an ingrown toenail if you: have tight fitting shoes or socks, wear tights that crowd your toes, putting pressure on your toenails, cut your toenails too short or not straight across, injure your toe, for example by stubbing it, pick or tear the corners of your toenails, have sweaty feet, making your skin soft and easier for toenails to dig in, have toenails with naturally curved edges or toenails that are fan-shaped. […] Ingrown toenails can also be caused by some medicines and fungal nail infections. […] Ingrown toenails are more likely to get infected in people who have diabetes or circulation problems.

• #12 Causes of Ingrown Toenails | Omaha Foot and Ankle Specialists

  https://www.omahafootandankle.com/faqs/causes-of-ingrown-toenails.cfm

  An ingrown toenail occurs when the corner or side of the nail starts to grow into the surrounding flesh. […] The most common cause of ingrown toenails is an unusually curved nail structure. […] Trauma to the toe, such as what occurs when you drop something heavy on your foot or kick something solid, can lead to ingrown toenails. […] Any activity that places extra stress on your toes, such as dance, skiing, or soccer, increases the risk of an ingrown toenail. […] Wearing ill-fitting shoes and not trimming your nails regularly can increase your risk of developing an ingrown toenail. […] In certain cases, untreated bunions or hammertoes can create added pressure on the edge of the nail that leads to ingrown toenails.

• #13 Foot health: What to do about an ingrown toenail – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/newsletter_article/foot-health-what-to-do-about-an-ingrown-toenail

  An ingrown toenail develops, usually on the big toe, when a corner of the toenail curves down and digs into the skin. […] There are many possible causes. One is trauma; for example, you stub the toe or drop something on it, or someone steps on it. Loss of the toenail, repetitive pressure from certain sports, a fungal infection, or psoriasis may be to blame. Thick or curved toenails (nails tend to curve more with age) are particularly susceptible, and some people have an inherited tendency to develop nail problems. Improper nail trimming — cutting the nail too short at the corners — may be implicated. […] The risk of ingrown toenails is raised by wearing shoes that are too tight, too narrow, or too short. Women’s high heels are a common source of trouble: Increased heel height transfers most of your body weight toward the front of the foot. The big toes are subjected to a lot of pressure and deforming forces over the years as a result of high heels, especially if you wear them consistently for a long period of time.

• #14 Ingrown Toenails: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment Information for Africans

  https://www.datelinehealthafrica.org/ingrown-toenail-causes-symptoms-and-treatment-information-for-africans

  In the case of misshapen nails, genetics, injury, or the shape of the bone beneath the toe can all be causes, which then results in ingrown nails. […] According to Harvard Health, wearing high heels to look stylish and classy can increase your risk of developing ingrown nails as the majority of your body weight is transferred to the foot, particularly the big toe.

• #14 Ingrown Toenails: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment Information for Africans

  https://www.datelinehealthafrica.org/ingrown-toenail-causes-symptoms-and-treatment-information-for-africans

  Ingrown toenails occur when nails grow deeply into the sides of the skin of the toes. They can be very painful, but are not life-threatening. […] It can be caused by genetics or personal behaviors, such as poor nail trimming and wearing shoes with tight toe space. […] From the limited African data available, wearing tight fitting shoes and poorly cut nails are the two most common self-reported causes of the condition. […] However, podiatrist Jeremy Ousey in an interview with us, expanded the most common causes of ingrown nails in his experience in the United Kingdom as: wide nail plates, misshapen nails, and poorly cut nails. […] He went on to explain that wide nail plates occur when the nail has grown bigger than the toe, which then tends to push against the pulp on either side of the toe, resulting in an ingrown nail.

• #15 Ingrown toenail | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/skin-hair-and-nails/ingrown-toenail/

  An ingrown toenail develops when the sides of the toenail grow into the surrounding skin. […] A number of things can cause an ingrown toenail to develop, including: badly cut toenails cutting your toenails too short, or cutting the edges, will encourage the skin to fold over your nail and the nail to grow into the skin; wearing tight-fitting shoes, socks or tights this places pressure on the skin around your toenail and the skin may be pierced if its pressed on to your toenail; sweaty feet if the skin around your toenails is soft, its easier for your nail to pierce it and embed itself within it; injury for example, stubbing your toe can sometimes cause an ingrown toenail to develop; natural shape of the nail the sides of curved or fan-shaped toenails are more likely to press into the skin surrounding the nail. […] A fungal nail infection can cause your toenail to thicken or widen.

• #16 Ingrown Toenails: Causes, Symptoms, and Diagnosis

  https://www.healthline.com/health/ingrown-toenail

  Ingrown toenails occur when the edges or corners of your nails grow into the skin next to the nail. Your big toe is most likely to get an ingrown toenail. […] If a toenail grows back into the skin around the nail bed, its known as an ingrown toenail. These can be painful and can become infected. […] According to the National Health Services (NHS), ingrown toenails may be more common in people with sweaty feet, such as teenagers. Older people may also be at higher risk because toenails thicken with age. […] Many things can cause an ingrown toenail, including: cutting toenails incorrectly (Cut straight across, since angling the sides of the nail can encourage the nail to grow into the skin.), irregular, curved toenails, footwear that places a lot of pressure on the big toes, such as socks and stockings that are too tight or shoes that are too tight, narrow, or flat for your feet, toenail injury, including stubbing your toe, dropping something heavy on your foot, or kicking a ball repeatedly, poor posture, improper foot hygiene, such as not keeping your feet clean or dry, genetic predisposition.

• #17 Ingrown Toenails (Ingrowing Toenails): Causes and Treatment

  https://patient.info/foot-care/ingrowing-toenails-ingrown-toenails

  Ingrown toenails are a common condition which may cause discomfort or become infected. […] An ingrown toenail is usually caused by a sharp spike of nail growing into the skin beside it. […] This can happen as a result of various factors, including: Not trimming your nails correctly. […] Wearing poorly-fitting shoes. […] Wearing tight socks. […] Sweating a lot. […] Deformed nails. […] Injury to the toenail. […] Fungal infection of the toenail. […] As a side-effect of the medication isotretinoin. […] Shoes which force the toes towards each other encourage the nail to grow into the skin. […] Additionally, active, sporty people may be more prone to ingrown toenails as they sweat more.

• #18 Ingrown toenail: Remedies, removal, causes, and symptoms

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/166268

  An ingrown toenail occurs when the edges or corners of the nail grow into the skin next to the nail and break the skin. It can be painful and can lead to an infection. […] Here are some of the causes of ingrown toenails: […] Shoes and socks that crowd the toes and are too tight increase the chance of an ingrown toenail. […] Not cutting straight across or cutting the edges of the toenail can encourage the surrounding skin to fold over the nail. The nail can then push into that skin and pierce it. […] Dropping something on the toe, kicking something hard, and other accidents can lead to ingrown toenails. […] This increases the risk that the toenail will grow into the soft tissue, causing inflammation and possible infection. […] If the skin on the toes and feet is moist and warm, there is a higher chance of developing an ingrown toenail. A fungal infection can increase the risk. […] Ingrown toenails can run in families. […] Some people are born with larger toenails.

• #19 Ingrown Toenail

  https://www.foothealthfacts.org/conditions/ingrown-toenail

  When a toenail is ingrown, it is curved and grows into the skin, usually at the nail borders (the sides of the nail). […] Causes of ingrown toenails include: […] In many people, the tendency for ingrown toenails is inherited. […] Sometimes an ingrown toenail is the result of trauma, such as stubbing your toe, having an object fall on your toe or engaging in activities that involve repeated pressure on the toes, such as kicking or running. […] The most common cause of ingrown toenails is cutting your nails too short. This encourages the skin next to the nail to fold over the nail. […] Ingrown toenails can result from wearing socks and shoes that are tight or short. […] Ingrown toenails can be caused by nail problems, such as fungal infections or losing a nail due to trauma.

• #20 Ingrown Toenails (for Teens) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/teens/ingrown.html

  A toenail is ingrown when one or both sides of the nail begin to grow into the skin next to it. This can lead to pain and swelling. […] The most common reason for ingrown toenails is cutting toenails too short. When people cut their nails too short, the skin on the sides can cover the corners of the nail. This causes the nail to grow back into the skin. […] Other common causes of ingrown toenails include: Shoes that don’t fit well. Shoes that are too tight can push the skin on the sides of the nail up over the nail, forcing the nail to grow in. […] Some severe toe injuries can make the nail fall off. If that happens, the new nail can grow back ingrown. […] Sometimes, simply repeating the same activity like kicking a soccer ball over and over again can lead to ingrown toenails.

• #21 What Causes Ingrown Toenails? | CurveCorrect

  https://www.curvecorrect.com/what-causes-ingrown-toenails/?srsltid=AfmBOooBkFRqzkCJ9c_OyJ8o0WMfPACxCwY6qCzx51bKEAsfMZFYAX1U

  Un-ventilated shoes and hygiene. Toenails absorb moisture causing them to soften and change shape within the continuous moist environment of un-ventilated shoes. Over time this will cause the nail to increase its curvature permanently. Aside from this, poor hygiene predisposes a person to fungal infections and nail thickening which can also lead to ingrown toenails. […] Trauma. Injuries can alter the shape of the nail making it more prone to becoming ingrown. Permanent changes in shape take effect that force the edges of the toenail to dig into the skin. Examples of trauma to the toe are having something heavy fall on the toe, stubbing the toe, accidentally kicking a heavy object, and repeated pressure from activities like running. […] Sports. Normally the weight of our body is spread evenly across our entire foot. But the toes carry more of our weight when running, jumping and changing direction. Higher pressure placed on the toes can cause ingrown toenails. This is amplified when the shoes required by athletes are tight fitting.

• #22 Ingrown Nail (Onychocryptosis): Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/909807-overview

  Generalized joint hypermobility – Joint hypermobility from changes in foot biomechanics and gait increases medial midfoot pressure and loading during walking; because the first metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint bears the most pressure, an ingrown toenail may develop in the big toe […] Onychomycosis – This infection may result in brittle nails, which may form nail spicules and pierce the adjacent nailfold […] Heredity – Some people are genetically predisposed to inwardly curved nails, with distortion of one or both nail margins […] Pathologic hallux interphalangeal angle (14.5) – This abnormality has been correlated with the development of an ingrown hallux nail and may act as a predisposing factor […] Paronychia with sporangium formation – This has been reported to cause an ingrown nail

• #23 Overview: Ingrown toenail – InformedHealth.org – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK513138/

  Ingrown toenails are a common problem, especially on the big toes. They arise if the toenail grows into the skin next to it. That area becomes inflamed or infected and painful. […] They are more likely to occur if you wear tight shoes, have very sweaty feet, or cut your toenails the wrong way. […] The symptoms are caused when the edge of the toenail presses into the skin and continues to grow. If this edge injures the skin and the soft tissue underneath it, the toe can become infected. […] The following factors make it more likely that a toenail will become ingrown: Cutting the toenail too short or rounding the edges, Wearing tight shoes, Having very sweaty feet, Inheriting a certain toenail growth shape, such as pincer toenails, which are so curved that they look like part of a tube when seen from the tips of your toes, Being very overweight (obese), Having diabetes or a condition that can cause water retention in your feet, such as heart or kidney failure, or chronic venous insufficiency in your legs, Taking medication to treat cancer.

• #24 Ingrown toenails (onychocryptosis)

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/ingrown-toenail

  What causes ingrown toenails? The causes for ingrown toenails are listed below, but the two most common reasons are ill-fitting shoes and improperly trimmed nails. […] Ill-fitting shoes such as tight shoes, high heels and pointed-toe shoes cause the toes to be compressed together so that the nail curls into the skin and cannot grow normally. […] Improper trimming of toenails can cause the nail edge or corner to dig into the skin. Toenails should be trimmed straight across so that the top of the nail should make a straight line. […] Injury near the nail such as a ripped nail or nail peeled off at the edge can cause an ingrown toenail. […] Fungal infections of the nail can cause a thickened or widened toenail to develop. […] Prescribed medications, particularly oral retinoids such as isotretinoin and acitretin. […] Abnormal nail shape, such as pincer or trumpet nails.

• #25 Complications of Untreated Ingrown Toenails – Mobility Bone & Joint Institute

  https://mobilityboneandjoint.com/untreated-ingrown-toenails/

  Ingrown toenails are a common yet annoying condition. […] An ingrown toenail, or onychocryptosis, occurs when the edge of a toenail grows into the surrounding skin. […] The most common causes of ingrown toenails include: […] Wearing tight shoes can increase pressure on the toenail, leading to its growth into the surrounding skin. […] Incorrect toenail trimming significantly contributes to ingrown toenails. […] Stubbing the toe or experiencing a toe injury can damage the toenail, causing it to grow irregularly and potentially become ingrown. […] Some individuals may have nails that are naturally larger than toes, making them more susceptible to becoming ingrown. […] Excess weight can increase pressure on the feet, potentially leading to ingrown toenails. […] Prolonged moisture on the feet from excessive sweating or wet conditions can soften the skin around the nails.

• #26 Ingrown Nail (Onychocryptosis): Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/909807-overview

  Nail plate abnormality – Increased curvature of the nail plate, as in pincer nail, may develop into an ingrown nail; deformities that result from prior trauma or underlying bone pathology may predispose to ingrown nails […] Excessive sweating – Ingrown nails are known to be common among teenagers and soldiers, in whom excessive sweating is present, which results in softening of the nailfold; with the participation in sports, nail spicules may develop that can easily pierce the adjacent softened nail fold […] Obesity – This can cause deepening of the nail groove […] Drugs (eg, antiviral therapy for HIV disease) – Indinavir has been reported to be associated with an increased incidence of ingrown nails; cyclosporine, docetaxel, oral antifungals, and retinoids can cause excess nailfold granulation tissue and eventual ingrown nail development

• #27 Ingrown Toenails – Causes, Symptoms and Treatment

  https://www.feetbypody.com/blog/ingrown-toenails-causes-symptoms-and-treatment/

  Ingrown toenails can result from various factors, including: […] Abnormal Nail Shape: Fan-shaped or unusually curved nails are more likely to dig into the skin. […] Improper Nail Trimming: Cutting nails too short or in a curved shape can cause them to grow into the skin. […] Fungal Infections: These can thicken the nail, making it more likely to grow into the skin. […] Excessive Sweating: Damp skin is softer and more susceptible to being pierced by nails. […] Tight Footwear: High-heeled or tight shoes can squeeze toes, forcing nails into the skin. […] Foot Injuries: Trauma to the toe can disrupt normal nail growth.

• #28 Management of the Ingrown Toenail | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2009/0215/p303.html

  Without any strict evidence basis, it is thought that a genetic predisposition and family history, hyperhidrosis, and poor foot hygiene increase the likelihood of ingrown toenails. Diabetes, obesity, and thyroid, cardiac, and renal disorders that may predispose to lower extremity edema can also increase the likelihood. […] In adolescence, feet perspire more often, causing the skin and nails to become soft, resulting in easy splitting. This produces nail spicules that can pierce the lateral skin. In older persons, spicule formation can become a chronic problem caused by their reduced ability to care for their nails secondary to reduced mobility or impaired vision. In addition, the natural aging process causes toenails to thicken, making them more difficult to cut and more inclined to exert pressure on the lateral skin at the sides of the nail plate, often becoming ingrown, painful, and infected.

• #29 Ingrown nail – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingrown_nail

  An ingrown nail, also known as onychocryptosis, is a common form of nail disease. It is an often painful condition in which the nail grows so that it cuts into one or both sides of the paronychium or nail bed. […] A common misconception is that the cause of an ingrown toenail is the nail growing into the paronychium, but it can also be caused by overgrown toe skin. The condition is caused by a microbial inflammation of the paronychium causing a granuloma within which the nail is buried. […] The main contributor to onychocryptosis is footwear, particularly ill-fitting shoes with inadequate toe box room and tight stockings that apply pressure to the top or side of the foot. Other factors may include the damp atmosphere of enclosed shoes, which soften the nail plate and cause swelling on the epidermal keratin, genetics, trauma, and disease.

• #30 Ingrown Toenail Causes, Infection, Removal, Surgery, Treatment

  https://www.medicinenet.com/ingrown_toenail/article.htm

  An ingrown toenail (onychocryptosis) is caused by the pressure from the ingrowth of the nail edge into the skin of the toe. […] An imbalance between the size of the nail and the enlargement of the nail skin edge causes ingrown toenails. […] Injury by overly aggressive pedicures and nail picking are also common causes. […] The warm, moist environment of the feet can be a breeding ground for bacteria and fungi. […] Several risk factors may predispose a person to have an ingrown toenail. […] The following are some of the more common causes: Athletics, particularly stop-and-start sports such as tennis, soccer, and basketball; Improper shoe gear that is either too small or too large; Repetitive pressure or trauma to the feet; Poor foot hygiene; Abnormal gait and poor foot mechanics such as pronation; Foot or toe deformities, such as bunions, hammertoes, and flat foot; Congenital toenail deformity; Abnormally long toes; Obesity; Diabetes; Heart, kidney, and thyroid problems, which may cause foot and leg swelling; Fungus infection of the nails (onychomycosis); Arthritis; Bony or soft-tissue tumors of the toes; Hyperhidrosis (excessive sweating of the feet); Edema of the lower extremities.

• #31 Ingrown Nail (Onychocryptosis): Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/909807-overview

  Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation – Children who undergo this procedure have a higher incidence of ingrown nails and have been found to have the aggressive forms, with more than 50% having nail edge and bilateral great-toe involvement and 37.5% experiencing recurrence […] Harder nails – Young male runners with a hard nail consistency have been found to have a higher incidence of ingrown nails […] Diabetes – The prevalence of ingrown nails has been found to be higher in diabetic patients, suggesting a role for diabetic vasculopathy in the development and evolution of ingrown nails.

• #32

  https://tohealthyfeet.com/blog/Common+Causes+Of+Ingrown+Toenails/117

  An ingrown toenail occurs when the edge or side of your toenail punctures or grows into the soft tissues of your toe. […] One of the most common causes of ingrown toenails is improper nail trimming. Cutting your toenails too short or rounding the edges of the nail can cause the nail to grow into the skin around the nail bed. […] Shoes that are too tight can put pressure on the toes, causing the nail to grow into the skin around the nail bed. […] Ingrown toenails can be caused by injury to the toe. Stubbing your toe or dropping something on your foot can cause the nail to grow into the skin around the nail bed. […] In some cases, ingrown toenails can be caused by the shape of the toenail itself. If you have a curved toenail or a toenail that is naturally thick or wide, you may be more prone to developing ingrown toenails. […] Ingrown toenails can also be caused by fungal infections. Fungal infections can cause the nail to become thick, brittle, and discolored, making it more likely to grow into the skin around the nail bed.

• #33 Complications of Untreated Ingrown Toenails – Mobility Bone & Joint Institute

  https://mobilityboneandjoint.com/untreated-ingrown-toenails/

  Some cancer drugs may interfere with nail development, increasing the risk of ingrown nails. […] Its uncommon, but some people may have a genetic predisposition to develop the condition. […] Many conditions, including heart failure and kidney issues, can lead to water retention in the feet. […] Participating in repetitive kicking or running sports can put additional stress on the toenails. […] Older individuals may face challenges in foot care or may have difficulty noticing changes in their feet. […] Conditions that reduce blood flow to the feet can affect nail growth.

• #34 Ingrown Toenail Removal: Causes, Symptoms & Care | CLS Health

  https://cls.health/conditions/ingrown-toenails

  Trauma or injury: Trauma to the toe, such as stubbing your toe or having your toe stepped on during a sports injury, can cause an ingrown toenail. […] Obesity: Carrying excess weight places additional pressure on the feet, which can increase the likelihood of developing ingrown toenails. […] Medications: Some medications, especially certain cancer treatments such as epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitors, can affect nail growth and increase the risk of ingrown toenails. Be sure to consult a healthcare provider about possible side effects.

• #35 Ingrown Toenail (Onychocryptosis): Practice Essentials

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/828072-overview

  Ingrown toenails (unguis incarnatus), or onychocryptosis, are a common problem, and causes include poorly fitting (tight) footwear, infection, improperly trimmed toenails, trauma, and heredity. […] The underlying cause of this condition is a foreign body reaction. When the nail bed is compressed from the side, the edge of the nail penetrates the cuticle. A foreign body reaction is set up by the presence of the keratinaceous nail material in the flesh of the toe. […] Ingrowth of the toenail is generally thought to be multifactorial, including the following: Nail length: Cutting the nail so short that it is not constrained by the distal portion of the cuticles, allowing side slippage and penetration of the lateral nail bed by the nail substance. […] External pressure: Wearing shoes that are so tight that they compress the ridges of the cuticles against the relatively stiff nail material, turning the nail into a cutting surface.

• #36 Ingrown nail – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingrown_nail

  Improper cutting of the nail may cause the nail to cut into the side-fold skin from growth and impact, whether or not the nail is truly „ingrown”. […] Shoes causing a bunching of the toes in the developmental stages of the foot, which can cause the nail to curl and dig into the skin. […] Poor nail care, including cutting the nail too short, rounded off at the tip or peeled off at the edges instead of being cut straight across. […] Trauma to the nail plate or toe, which can occur by dropping objects on or stubbing the toenail, or by the nail protruding through the shoe, can cause the flesh to become injured and the nail to grow irregularly and press into the flesh. […] A bacterial infection, treatable with antibiotics. […] Ingrown toenails are caused by weight-bearing activities in patients that have too much soft skin tissue on the sides of their nail. Weight bearing causes this excessive amount of skin to bulge up along the sides of the nail. The pressure on the skin around the nail results in the tissue being damaged, resulting in swelling, redness and infection.

• #37 Ingrown Toenail | Causes, Symptoms and Diagnosis

  https://thefoothub.com.au/foot-conditions/ingrown-toenail/

  20 per cent of people visiting their doctor have a problem with an ingrown toenail. […] Ingrown toenails can be a real pain in your life. […] A common but very uncomfortable condition, ingrown toenails occur when the nail penetrates where the skin meets the nail fold. […] If you have excessive skin around the nail, constant pressure from walking can cause the nail fold to bulge up around your nail, leading to the nail growing into the skin. […] Most podiatrists believe that the nail grows into the skin fold, causing pain and inflammation and new tissue (granulating tissue) to grow over the damaged area. […] What causes ingrown toenails? There are several factors that make ingrown toenails more likely: improper toenail cutting, tight-fitting shoes, impact and trauma to the nail, pre-existing medical conditions and medication, age, congenital disposition and excessive sweating.

• #38 Ingrown Toenails: Causes, Symptoms, and Diagnosis

  https://www.healthline.com/health/ingrown-toenail

  Using your feet extensively during athletic activities can make you especially prone to getting ingrown toenails. Activities in which you repeatedly kick an object or put pressure on your feet for long periods of time can cause toenail damage and increase your risk of ingrown toenails. […] If left untreated, an ingrown toenail infection can cause an infection in the bone in your toe. A toenail infection can also lead to foot ulcers, or open sores, and a loss of blood flow to the infected area. […] If you have a genetic predisposition to ingrown toenails, they may keep coming back or appear on multiple toes at once.

• #39 Ingrown Toenails: Causes, Treatment, and Prevention – Southern Maryland Foot & Ankle

  https://somdfootandankle.com/ingrown-toenails-summer-sport-risk/

  Many of your favorite summer activities, from baseball to running, could be increasing your risk of developing ingrown toenails. […] Ingrown toenails, also known as onychocryptosis, occur when the nail edge grows into the skin surrounding it, causing discomfort. This common foot condition can develop for various reasons, including injury, flawed foot structure, heredity, or even fungal infections. […] Several factors can contribute to the development of an ingrown toenail, including: […] Injury: Stubbing your toe, dropping something heavy on it, or other types of trauma can cause the toenail to grow improperly. […] Foot Structure: Some people are simply more prone to ingrown toenails due to the natural shape of their toes or nails. […] Heredity: Ingrown toenails can run in families, making some individuals genetically predisposed to developing them. […] Fungal Infection: A fungal infection can cause thickening or changes in the shape of the nail, leading to abnormal growth and increasing the chances of an ingrown nail.

• #40 Are Ingrown Toenails Genetic? | Red Mountain Footcare

  https://redmountainfootcare.com/ingrown-toenail/are-ingrown-toenails-genetic/

  Of all patients visiting a podiatrist, the American Academy of Family Physicians (AAFP) estimates that 20 percent of these patients are suffering from an ingrown toenail. Ingrown toenails are most commonly caused by trauma or improper footwear. […] Onychocryptosis is a condition that results in chronic ingrown toenails. […] Ingrown toenails may be caused by many things including: […] Wearing socks and shoes that do not allow adequate spacing for your toes creates an increased risk of developing an ingrown toenail. […] Cutting the toenail too short allows the surrounding skin to grow on top of the nail, causing significant discomfort and swelling. […] Hyperhidrosis is a condition that results in abnormal sweating that is not the direct result of exercise or heat exposure. […] Many people “inherit” the potential for developing ingrown toenails from one or both of their parents, making them more predisposed to getting them.

• #41 The Royal College of Podiatry

  https://rcpod.org.uk/common-foot-problems/ingrowing-toenail

  An ingrowing toenail is where a piece of nail pierces the flesh of the toe. […] There are many genetic factors that can make you prone to ingrowing toenails, including your posture (the way you stand), your gait (the way you walk) and any foot deformity such as a bunion, hammer toes or excessive pronation of the feet (when your foot rolls inward excessively). […] One of the most common causes is not cutting your toenails properly, such as cutting nails too low in order to relieve the pressure and discomfort of an involuted nail. […] Tight footwear, hosiery and socks can also push your toe flesh onto the nail so that it pierces the skin. […] Less common is a fungal infection or in some cases particular types of medication, for example isotretinoin.

• #42 What Causes an Ingrown Toenail?: Murad Abdel-Qader, DPM: Foot and Ankle Surgeon

  https://www.sanantoniofootspecialist.com/blog/what-causes-an-ingrown-toenail

  Ingrown toenails can be caused by trimming the toenails too short, injury to the toenail, having curved toenails due to genetics, wearing ill-fitting shoes that are too tight, and poor hygiene. […] Ingrown toenails are caused when the corner or side of a toenail grows into the soft flesh surrounding it. […] Improper toenail trimming, genetics, improper shoe fitting, injury from pedicures or nail picking, abnormal gait, and poor hygiene are causes of ingrown toenails. […] You are more likely to develop an ingrown toenail if you are obese, have diabetes, arthritis, or have any fungal infection in your nails. Additionally, people who have foot or toe deformities are at a higher risk of developing an ingrown toenail.

• #43 Ingrown Toenail | Causes, Symptoms and Diagnosis

  https://thefoothub.com.au/foot-conditions/ingrown-toenail/

  If ingrown toenail issues are left to get worse, they can result in these problems: Permanent changes to your nail structure, Significant pain and mobility reduction – negatively impacting your lifestyle, Problems wearing footwear, Fever from an infected ingrown toenail, Excessive skin growth around the nail, Cellulitis infections, Osteomyelitis bone infections. […] If you’ve suffered from ingrown toenails before, there are some steps you can take to prevent the issue from recurring: Trimming your toenails with sharp nail scissors/clippers, Avoid excessive sweating, Wearing well-fitting shoes, Visiting your podiatrist for professional nail cutting, Ingrown toenail surgery to remove problem nails.

• #44 Ingrown Toenail Causes, Infection, Removal, Surgery, Treatment

  https://www.medicinenet.com/ingrown_toenail/article.htm

  A persisting ingrown toenail can have serious consequences, such as the following: A localized infection of the nail border (paronychia) can progress to a deeper soft-tissue infection (cellulitis), which can in turn progress to a bone infection (osteomyelitis). […] Complications can include scarring of the surrounding skin and nail borders (nail fold hypertrophy) as well as thickened, deformed (onychodystrophy) fungal toenails (onychomycosis).

• #45 Long Term Effects of Ingrown Toenail – Waco Foot & Ankle, P.A.

  https://wacopodiatry.com/long-term-effects-of-ingrown-toenail/

  Chronic infection is a common consequence of untreated ingrown toenails. […] As the nail penetrates the skin, it creates an entry point for bacteria, leading to localized infections. […] If left unchecked, these infections can become chronic and recurrent. […] Cellulitis, a bacterial skin infection, is a potential complication that arises from the spread of bacteria beyond the initial site of infection. […] Abscess formation, characterized by the collection of pus, may also occur and requires drainage for resolution. […] Individuals with compromised immune systems, such as those with diabetes or immune disorders, face an increased risk of systemic infections stemming from untreated ingrown toenails. […] The persistent pressure from ingrown toenails can inflict damage on nerves, giving rise to symptoms like tingling and numbness.

• #46 Long Term Effects of Ingrown Toenail – Waco Foot & Ankle, P.A.

  https://wacopodiatry.com/long-term-effects-of-ingrown-toenail/

  Prolonged pressure on the surrounding tissues due to ingrown toenails can lead to nerve damage. […] Untreated ingrown toenails can induce permanent alterations in nail growth, resulting in thickened and misshapen nails. […] The shift in nail anatomy heightens susceptibility to recurring ingrown toenails, emphasizing the necessity for thorough and holistic care. […] The looming risk of chronic pain conditions, such as arthritis or fibromyalgia, underscores the imperative for prompt and effective treatment. […] Timely treatment of ingrown toenails is crucial in preventing the progression of complications and mitigating long-term effects.

• #47 Ingrown Toenail Causes, Treatment | KC Foot Specialists

  https://kcfoot.com/understanding-and-avoiding-ingrown-toenails/

  Other causes of ingrown toenails: Other causes of ingrown toenails include heredity and fungal infections. […] In those with diabetes or circulation disorders, ingrown toenails may quickly progress from minor irritations to serious conditions with complications such as gangrene or bacterial infections.

• #48 Here’s Why You Don’t Want to Ignore an Ingrown Toenail | Optima Foot and Ankle

  https://optimafootandankle.com/heres-why-you-dont-want-to-ignore-an-ingrown-toenail/

  At first glance, an ingrown toenail seems like a minor problem. The redness, swelling, and pain are temporary and likely to go away on their own, right? Wrong. Your seemingly mild injury can quickly become a throbbing, infected wound. If youve noticed an ingrown toenail, you should consider scheduling a visit to the podiatrist sooner, rather than later. […] There are a few common causes of ingrown toenails, including: Genetic predisposition, Tight shoes and socks, Frequently getting your feet wet, Toenail trauma or injury (dropping something on your toes), Cutting your toenails improperly, Thick or irregular toenails. […] Older people with thick toenails and teens with sweaty feet are prone to ingrown toenails, but you can get them at any age. […] Without proper treatment in the early stages, ingrown toenails can cause: Infection of the surrounding skin (or even bone), Open sores and ulcers on your feet, Pus buildup, Poor circulation in the feet and toes. […] If you have diabetes, an ingrown toenail can quickly become a seriously infected wound. Thats why its important to seek treatment as early as possible.

• #49 Ingrown Toenails: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/understanding-ingrown-nail-basics

  Ingrown nails happen when your nail grows into your skin instead of over it. This happens more with toenails than with fingernails, especially your big toe. […] Youre more likely to get ingrown nails when you: […] Cut your toenails too short […] Round your nail edges. To avoid ingrown nails, always trim straight across. […] Wear ill-fitting shoes or tight hosiery that press your nail into your toe […] Injure your toe by stubbing or jamming it […] Put repeated stress on your toes from poor posture or physical activity that stresses your feet, such as running, ballet, or soccer […] Inherit genes that make you more likely to have them. […] If the condition causing the ingrown toenail continues, the skin that grows over your nail can lead to permanent changes in the tissue that can cause infection, more pain, and more swelling.

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