Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Ingrown Toenail Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2019/0801/p158.html

  Ingrown toenails account for approximately 20% of foot problems in primary care. The great toe is most often affected. Ingrown toenails occur most commonly in young men, and nail care habits and footwear are most often contributory factors. […] Ingrown nail, also known as onychocryptosis or unguis incarnatus, represents approximately 20% of foot problems presenting to family physicians. […] Ingrown toenail most commonly affects the great toe and is more common in young men. Risk factors include anatomic and physiologic mechanisms and grooming techniques, including excessive or improper trimming of the lateral nail plate. Repetitive toe trauma (e.g., running, kicking), inadvertent nail injury, wearing constricting footwear, and the reduced ability to care for one’s nails are also risk factors.

• #1 Ingrown Toenail Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2019/0801/p158.html

  A 2012 Cochrane review found that surgical interventions are better than nonsurgical interventions at preventing recurrence. […] In the Cochrane review, one study showed no significant difference in recurrence with nail-edge excision and total avulsion of the nail. […] The most common procedure for treating locally ingrown toenails is partial avulsion of the lateral edge of the nail plate sometimes followed by lateral horn matrixectomy by phenolization or surgical excision of the lateral horn of the nail matrix, both of which are equally effective.

• #2 Management of the Ingrown Toenail | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2009/0215/p303.html

  Approximately 20 percent of patients presenting to a family physician with a foot problem have an ingrown toenail, also known as onychocryptosis. Ingrown toenails occur when the periungual skin is punctured by its corresponding nail plate, resulting in a cascade of foreign body, inflammatory, infectious, and reparative processes. […] Risk factors predisposing to development of ingrown toenails include anatomic and behavioral mechanisms. Some experts suggest that wider nail folds and thinner, flatter nails increase the risk of ingrown toenails, but this remains unproven. […] Without any strict evidence basis, it is thought that a genetic predisposition and family history, hyperhidrosis, and poor foot hygiene increase the likelihood of ingrown toenails. […] A Cochrane systematic review found that partial nail avulsion combined with phenolization is more effective at preventing symptomatic recurrence than surgical excision without phenolization, but has a slightly increased risk of postoperative infection.

• #3 Ingrown Toenails: Signs, Causes, Treatment & Prevention

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17664-ingrown-toenails

  Ingrown toenails are a common foot problem. Two out of every 10 people who see their healthcare provider for a foot issue go in for this condition. […] Anyone can get an ingrown toenail. People at a higher risk include adolescents, athletes and people who have: Diabetes, Severe nerve damage in their leg or foot, Poor blood circulation, A nail infection (paronychia). […] You may need regular foot care exams if you have a condition that causes foot problems, such as nerve damage or diabetes.

• #4 Ingrown Toenail Surgery Sydney | Ingrown Toenail Removal

  https://thefoothub.com.au/ingrown-toenail-surgery/

  Ingrown toenails are a common foot problem we see at The Foot Hub. It is reported that about 20% of people who present to a doctor for advice for a foot problem have an ingrown toenail. […] For patients whose ingrown toenail issues are long-term and recurring, ingrown toenail surgery is likely to be the best option. […] Partial Nail Avulsion with phenolisation is the most common solution for ingrown toenails. Safe, simple and effective, it uses phenol (a mild acid) to destroy the nail matrix, with low levels of post-operative pain and infection. […] Yes absolutely – multiple research studies have proven Partial Nail Avulsion with phenolisation to have a success rate of 98.5 per cent. […] The most common side-effect of ingrown toenail surgery is pain. With the majority of patients this is mild and can be managed with over-the-counter painkillers like paracetamol.

• #5 Ingrown toenails: the role of the GP

  https://www.racgp.org.au/afp/2015/march/ingrown-toenails-the-role-of-the-gp

  An ingrown toenail or onychocryptosis may occur at any age and is the mostly commonly encountered toenail problem likely to be seen in general practice. […] The epidemiology of onychocryptosis is difficult to determine as it is often considered to be a minor medical problem and as such has been somewhat neglected in the literature. […] The few studies that have been conducted suggest a slightly higher male-to-female ratio, particularly in the 14-25 age group, but it can affect patients of any age.

• #6 Ingrown Toenails – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK546697/

  There have been few investigations of the epidemiology of ingrown toenails. Previous results from studies have noted that the prevalence was 2.5% to 5%. […] The incidence and prevalence of ingrown toenails have increased in recent years, probably due to enhanced health knowledge, and may also be related to lifestyle changes such as important physical activities. Incidence peaks in adolescents and young adults with a clear male predominance (male/female ratio is approximately 2 to 1). Ingrown toenails affect almost exclusively the hallux toenails and can occur in 1 or both nail edges. Involvement of the lateral toe edge occurs twice as much as on the medial side.

• #7 What are ingrown toenails and how are they treated?

  https://www.clinicbarcelona.org/en/news/what-are-ingrown-toenails-and-how-are-they-treated

  Ingrown toenails or onychocryptosis affects 5% of the population and occurs when the sides of the nail penetrate the skin. […] It affects 5% of the population, although in diabetic patients this percentage can reach 30%. […] The condition occurs in 4 stages. […] With current surgical techniques, an ingrown toenail is usually cured and very rarely reappears.

• #8 Ingrown Toenail | 5-Minute Clinical Consult

  https://www.unboundmedicine.com/5minute/view/5-Minute-Clinical-Consult/1688588/all/Ingrown_Toenail?q=Onychomycosis

  Great toenail is most often affected. […] Lateral edge of nail is more commonly affected than the medial edge. […] Most common in males aged 14 to 25 years. […] Infrequent, but more often in elderly females than in elderly males. […] More common in those with lower incomes. […] 2.5% of total population. […] 5% of population aged 65 years. […] 2:1 male to female ratio.

• #9 Risk factors for infection following ingrowing toenail surgery: a retrospective cohort study | Journal of Foot and Ankle Research | Full Text

  https://jfootankleres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13047-020-00414-y

  Procedures performed in an office setting carry a higher risk of infection. […] The prevalence of ingrowing toenails has been measured as 0.46% in a large population study in Korea and 2.45% in the United States. […] In the 2017 ACPS audit report this increased to 28.68%. […] A recent systematic review noted that the rates of surgical site infection following any type of foot surgery has been reported as between 0 to 9.4%, and that infection rate is lower where antibiotic prophylaxis is used. […] In Australia, podiatric surgeons are registered specialist podiatrists, with an expanded scope of practice. […] The aim of this study was to assess the type of ingrowing toenail surgery performed by podiatric surgeons, and to identify risk factors for infection. […] Risk of infection increases with increasing age, and is higher for patients who undergo radical excision of the nail bed, or, who have a procedure in an office setting.

• #9 Risk factors for infection following ingrowing toenail surgery: a retrospective cohort study | Journal of Foot and Ankle Research | Full Text

  https://jfootankleres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13047-020-00414-y

  Ingrowing toenails are a common and painful condition often requiring surgical management. […] The aim of this study was to assess the frequency and type of ingrowing toenail surgery performed by podiatric surgeons, and identify risk factors for post-operative infection. […] Patients with a diagnosis of ingrowing toenails were younger, less likely to have systemic disease, and a lower proportion were female compared to those without ingrowing toenails. Furthermore, they were more likely to be diagnosed with a post-operative infection than those without ingrowing toenails (RR=2.72; CI=2.00-3.69; P<0.01). [...] Ingrowing toenail surgery carries a greater risk of postoperative infection than other procedures performed by podiatric surgeons. [...] Radical excision of toenail bed was associated with higher postoperative infection rates compared to other ingrowing toenail procedures.

• #10 Ingrown Nail (Onychocryptosis): Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/909807-overview

  In the United States, onychocryptosis is the most common of all nail problems. Toenails are affected much more commonly than fingernails. The lateral margins of the great toe are most frequently affected. […] In the United Kingdom, approximately 10,000 cases have been reported annually. In a Korean epidemiologic study, the 10-year overall incidence was found to be 307.5 cases per 100,000 persons, with an upward trend. […] Ingrown nails may be observed in people of all ages but are most common in the second decade of life. They become much more common as children begin bearing weight on their feet and wearing shoes, though congenital onychocryptosis has been described, as have cases in infants. […] The reported male-to-female ratio is 3:1. In reported cases of retronychia, a female predominance has been noted. A 2018 epidemiologic study revealed increased incidence and a higher prevalence in females. […] No racial predilection has been identified.

• #11 Counseling Patients With Ingrown Toenail

  https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/counseling-patients-with-ingrown-toenail

  The prevalence of ingrown toenail is difficult to determine for two reasons. First, it is not a reportable condition. According to one estimate, however, at least 10,000 cases are logged yearly in the United Kingdom. Second, an unknown number of patients resort to self-care. […] Many factors have been implicated in increasing the risk of ingrown toenails. They include the choice of footwear. Shoes with narrow, pointed tips have been identified as a significant risk factor, whether they are high heels or cowboy boots. Tight socks and poorly fitting shoes also contribute to the problem. Excess moisture in the footwear, as in the patient with hyperhidrosis, is another issue. Patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus are at greater risk. […] Age is a risk factor, and while ingrown toenails can occur at any age, they are more common in schoolchildren and young adults. However, older adults with compromised vision or difficulty in reaching their toes to trim the nails are at greater risk. Patients with toenails that are thicker than normal also may have difficulty in trimming them to prevent ingrown toenails. […] Experts have categorized ingrown toenails according to the age of onset and the growth direction. The most common subtype is the distal-lateral ingrown nail. The risk factors include narrow pointed shoes, tight socks, excessively sweaty feet, and juvenile diabetes.

• #12 Review of onychocryptosis: epidemiology, pathogenesis, risk factors, diagnosis and treatment – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31738836/

  Ingrown toenail, or onychocryptosis, is a highly prevalent nail condition that occurs when the nail edge grows into the periungual dermis. […] It most frequently affects the hallux and has a biphasic presentation, being most common in the second and fifth decades. […] This review covers the epidemiology, risks factors, pathogenesis, evaluation, and staging of ingrown toenails, as well as, treatment options.

• #13 Review of onychocryptosis: epidemiology, pathogenesis, risk factors, diagnosis and treatment

  https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9985w2n0

  Ingrown toenail, or onychocryptosis, is a highly prevalent nail condition that occurs when the nail edge grows into the periungual dermis. It most frequently affects the hallux and has a biphasic presentation, being most common in the second and fifth decades. […] This review covers the epidemiology, risks factors, pathogenesis, evaluation, and staging of ingrown toenails, as well as, treatment options.

• #14 Ingrown toenail | informedhealth.org

  https://www.informedhealth.org/ingrown-toenail.html

  Ingrown toenails are common. 20 out of 100 people who see their family doctor because of foot problems have an ingrown toenail. […] Teenagers and young adults often develop them. This is because they tend to sweat more, for instance due to hormonal changes during puberty or when doing sports. But ingrown toenails are common in older people, too. They may have a higher risk because of medical conditions such as diabetes. Also, many older people are less flexible, making it difficult for them to take care of their feet and toenails. Because toenails get thicker with age, its harder to cut them, too.

• #15 Ingrown Toenails: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment Information for Africans

  https://www.datelinehealthafrica.org/ingrown-toenail-causes-symptoms-and-treatment-information-for-africans

  Ingrown toenails occur when nails grow deeply into the sides of the skin of the toes. They can be very painful, but are not life-threatening. […] The condition is known globally to be a common foot disorder that people seek clinical care for. But there is limited data about how common it is in Africa. […] Ingrown toenail is claimed to be common in sub-Saharan Africa, but there is no comprehensive data on its occurrence across the region. […] In one hospital-based study of 138 lesions in 99 patients reported from Lagos, Nigeria, over a period of three years, the mean age of the patients was 32 years (age range of 10-71 years). […] Patients self-identified the cause of the condition to wearing tight shoes or poor nail trimming.

• #16

  https://bpac.org.nz/BPJ/2014/December/ingrown-toenails.aspx

  Ingrown toenails primarily affect younger males […] Ingrown toenails most frequently occur in males aged 15-40 years. It has been reported that approximately 20% of patients who present to their general practitioner with foot problems will have an ingrown toenail. […] A 2012 Cochrane review reported that surgical interventions are generally more effective in preventing recurrence of an ingrown toenail than non-surgical treatments. […] Recent evidence suggests that a surgical technique that targets the nail folds and leaves the toenail intact (based on the Vandenbos technique) should be considered more often, as very low recurrence rates have been reported. […] Two studies that examined the Vandenbos-based technique reported no recurrences of ingrown toenails after the procedure, no cases of osteomyelitis, and high rates of patient satisfaction due to good cosmetic results.

• #17 Ingrown Toenail – OrthoInfo – AAOS

  https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases–conditions/ingrown-toenail

  Ingrown toenails are a common, painful condition particularly among teenagers. […] Any of your toenails can become ingrown, but the problem more often affects the big toe. […] However, most ingrown toenails are caused by tight shoe wear, or improper grooming and trimming of the nail. […] Ingrown toenails should be treated as soon as they are recognized. […] If there is a lot of inflammation, swelling, pain, and discharge, the toenail is probably infected and should be treated by a physician. […] Surgery is effective in eliminating the nail edge from growing inward and cutting into the fleshy folds as the toenail grows forward. […] Unless the problem is congenital (you are born with it), the best way to prevent ingrown toenails is to: Protect the feet from trauma.

• #18 Ingrown Toenail

  https://fpnotebook.com/Derm/Nails/IngrwnTnl.htm

  Unilateral in 80% of cases. […] Usually affects hallux (great toe).

• #19 Ingrown Toenail

  https://mobile.fpnotebook.com/Derm/Nails/IngrwnTnl.htm

  Unilateral in 80% of cases. […] Usually affects hallux (great toe). […] Risk Factors: Improper nail cutting (nail incurves into nail fold). […] Poorly fitting shoes, especially if constrictive (callus forms in nail fold). […] Impaired nail self-care. […] Obesity. […] Hyperhidrosis. […] Foot Trauma. […] Altered gait. […] Congenital disorders: Pachyonychia congenita, Trisomy 13, Unna-Thost Syndrome. […] Comorbid conditions: Pityriasis, Hyperthyroidism, Diabetes Mellitus (Dystrophic Nails), Acromegaly.

• #20 A fast and effective solution for ingrown toenail: Creation of a 2-mm space between tissue and nail by sutureless lateral longitudinal excision | Archives of Dermatological Research

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00403-020-02177-9

  A total of 2334 surgical procedures were performed in 2118 patients. […] Recurrence rate was 1.7% during 36-month follow-up, most (70.7%) in younger men (22 years). […] Predisposing factors were tight-fitting footwear (4.5%), incorrect nail-trimming (3%), genetic tendency (2.8%), obesity (2.1%) and trauma (0.75%); but each was p > 0.05. […] Ingrown toenail, or onychocryptosis, is a very common problem and results from various etiologies, such as incorrect nail-trimming, poorly fitting shoes, poor foot hygiene, local trauma, genetical tendency, obesity, etc. […] Most studies in the literature suggest a slightly higher male-to-female ratio, particularly in the 14–25 age group, but it can affect patients of any age. […] In the present study, mean age was roughly around 27 years, but recurrence was mostly seen in younger males (mean 22 years). […] Most of the predisposing factors were positive, but there was no statistically significant relevance.

• #21 Onychocryptosis | How Do I Stop My Chronic Ingrown Toenail

  https://www.michiganpodiatry.com/onychocryptosis-stop-chronic-ingrown-toenail/

  Unfortunately, this condition affects up to 20% of podiatry patients and can result in drainage, odors from infections, inflammation, and tissue hypertrophy around the nail. […] Children have been known to inherit their ingrown nails from their parents.

• #22 Effectiveness of matricectomy with carbon dioxide laser ablation for ingrown toenail in Republic of Korea: a retrospective study

  https://www.jkslms.or.kr/view.html?uid=313&vmd=Full

  Insufficient data exist to establish a comprehensive understanding of the natural progression of untreated ingrown toenails, and there is no consensus regarding the most efficacious treatment modality. Nonetheless, it is common practice to address ingrown toenails promptly since they tend to persist or worsen in the absence of intervention, ultimately leading to a progressively debilitating digit and impairing an individual’s capacity to perform routine activities.

• #23 Ingrown Toenails | Podiatrist Serving TX Areas | Precision Podiatry

  https://www.precisionpodiatry.com/ingrown-toenails

  Ingrown toenails are one of the most common foot-related problems that affect teenagers and young adults. […] Though ingrown toenails are relatively easy to treat, they may increase your risk of complications if you have diabetes or another circulatory problem. […] If you have diabetes or another medical condition that causes poor blood flow to your feet, its important to seek treatment for an ingrown toenail right away. Left unmanaged, your ingrown toenail may become infected, causing more severe health problems. […] The sooner you receive professional treatment, the less likely you are to develop an infection or other more serious complications. This is particularly true if youre living with diabetes, high blood pressure, or other cardiovascular problems. […] Ingrown toenails affect people of all races, ages, and genders, but certain factors may increase your risk, including: […] If you have an infected toe, or your toe is at risk of becoming infected, your Precision Podiatry provider might also recommend taking a round of oral antibiotics.

• #24 Ingrown Toenails Salinas Valley Foot & Ankle

  https://www.salinasfootandankle.com/document_disorders.cfm?id=102

  Ingrown toenails are due to the penetration of the edges of the nail plate into the soft tissue of the toe. It begins with a painful irritation that often becomes infected. With bacterial invasion, the nail margin becomes red and swollen often demonstrating drainage or pus. In people who have diabetes or poor circulation, this relatively minor problem can be become quite severe. In this instance, a simple ingrown toenail can result in gangrene of the toe. Patients with joint replacements or pace makers are at risk of bacterial spread through the blood stream resulting in the spread of infection to these sites. These patients should seek medical attention at the earliest sign of an ingrown toenail. […] There are several causes of ingrown toenails: a hereditary tendency to form ingrown toenails, improperly cutting the toenails either too short or cutting into the side of the nail, and ill-fitting shoes can cause them. […] Once an ingrown toenail starts, they will often reoccur. […] To prevent ingrown toenails it is recommended to wear properly fitting shoes and to trim the toenails straight across and not too short.

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