Wrastający paznokieć
Patofizjologia i mechanizm

Wrastający paznokieć (onychocryptosis) to schorzenie dotykające około 20% pacjentów podiatrycznych, charakteryzujące się penetracją brzegu płytki paznokciowej w boczny wał paznokciowy, co wywołuje reakcję zapalną, ból oraz często wtórne zakażenie. Patogeneza opiera się na mechanizmie reakcji na ciało obce, gdzie ostry fragment paznokcia (spikula) lub nieprawidłowy kształt płytki (np. paznokcie typu pincer) uszkadzają otaczającą tkankę miękką, prowadząc do powstania ziarniny i przewlekłego stanu zapalnego. Czynniki etiologiczne są wieloczynnikowe i obejmują zarówno przyczyny zewnętrzne (nieprawidłowe przycinanie paznokci, ciasne obuwie, urazy mechaniczne, infekcje grzybicze), jak i wewnętrzne (predyspozycje genetyczne, deformacje paznokci, zaburzenia anatomiczne, choroby współistniejące takie jak cukrzyca, niewydolność serca, otyłość). Proces zapalny może prowadzić do poważnych powikłań, w tym zanokcicy, ropnia, cellulitis, owrzodzeń, osteomyelitis oraz infekcji ogólnoustrojowych, szczególnie u pacjentów z zaburzeniami krążenia i immunosupresją.

Patopatogeneza wrastającego paznokcia

Wrastający paznokieć (łac. onychocryptosis lub unguis incarnatus) to powszechny problem, który dotyka około 20% pacjentów podiatrycznych. Dolegliwość ta występuje, gdy brzeg płytki paznokciowej wrasta w otaczające tkanki miękkie, powodując reakcję zapalną, ból oraz w niektórych przypadkach infekcję12. Mechanizm patofizjologiczny tego schorzenia nie jest do końca jednoznaczny i istnieje kilka teorii wyjaśniających jego powstawanie.

Mechanizm powstawania wrastającego paznokcia

Najszerzej akceptowana teoria zakłada, że wrastający paznokieć powstaje, gdy brzeg płytki paznokciowej penetruje boczny wał paznokciowy, powodując bolesny stan zapalny i tworzenie ziarniny12. Proces zaczyna się, gdy narożnik paznokcia wrasta w skórę obok paznokcia, wywołując przerwanie ciągłości skóry. Kiedy płytka paznokciowa zostaje wszczepiona w tkanki miękkie jednostki paznokciowej, działa jak ciało obce, a następująca reakcja zapalna jest odpowiedzią organizmu na tę penetrację1.

Zjawisko to można porównać do reakcji na drzazgę – mimo że klinicznie wrastające paznokcie mogą wyglądać na zakażone, podstawowym mechanizmem patofizjologicznym jest reakcja na ciało obce spowodowana przez sam wrastający paznokieć. Wtórne zakażenie może wystąpić później, gdy bakterie przedostaną się do powstałej rany1.

Teoria paznokcia jako przyczyny pierwotnej

Część badaczy uważa, że to sama płytka paznokciowa jest główną przyczyną problemu. Według tej teorii, do wrastania dochodzi gdy:1

  • Ostry fragment paznokcia (tzw. spikula) formuje się na brzegu płytki paznokciowej i wnika w skórę1
  • Zbyt szeroka płytka paznokciowa nie mieści się w przydzielonej przestrzeni, co prowadzi do jej zakrzywienia i wrastania1
  • Paznokieć ma nieprawidłowy kształt, jak w przypadku deformacji typu „kleszcze” (pincer nail)1

Wrastające paznokcie mogą wytwarzać klinowy fragment paznokcia na bocznej stronie palca, który będzie stopniowo coraz bardziej osadzał się w tkance palca w miarę wzrostu paznokcia do przodu1.

Teoria tkanek miękkich jako przyczyny pierwotnej

Alternatywna teoria sugeruje, że to nie paznokieć jest prawdziwym winowajcą, a nadmiar skóry otaczającej paznokieć. Według tego podejścia:12

  • Osoby rozwijające ten stan mają zwykle szerszy obszar tkanki miękkiej po bokach paznokcia
  • Przy obciążeniu (np. podczas chodzenia) nadmiar tkanki uwypukla się wzdłuż boków paznokcia
  • Ucisk na skórę wokół paznokcia prowadzi do uszkodzenia tkanki, powodując obrzęk, zaczerwienienie i martwicę uciskową

Badanie prospektywne przeprowadzone przez Pearsona i współpracowników nie wykazało żadnych nieprawidłowości w płytce paznokciowej u pacjentów z objawowymi wrastającymi paznokciami, sugerując, że leczenie nie powinno opierać się na korekcji nieistniejącej deformacji paznokcia1.

Czynniki ryzyka i przyczyny

Etiologia wrastających paznokci ma charakter wieloczynnikowy. Można wyróżnić zarówno czynniki wewnętrzne (endogenne), jak i zewnętrzne (egzogenne)1.

Czynniki zewnętrzne

Do najczęstszych przyczyn zewnętrznych należą:12

  • Nieprawidłowe przycinanie paznokci – zbyt krótkie obcinanie lub zaokrąglanie narożników zamiast cięcia na prosto sprzyja wrastaniu paznokci12
  • Ciasne lub niewłaściwie dopasowane obuwie – powoduje ściskanie palców, co może prowadzić do wrastania paznokci12
  • Urazy mechaniczne – uderzenie palca, upuszczenie ciężkiego przedmiotu na stopę, powtarzający się ucisk podczas aktywności sportowych12
  • Nadmierna potliwość stóp – powoduje zmiękczenie skóry wokół paznokcia, co ułatwia wrastanie12
  • Infekcje grzybicze paznokci – mogą powodować zgrubienie lub poszerzenie płytki paznokciowej, co zwiększa ryzyko wrastania12

Czynniki wewnętrzne

Do czynników wewnętrznych zaliczamy:12

  • Predyspozycje genetyczne – dziedziczenie kształtu i rozmiaru paznokci; osoby z szerszymi płytkami paznokciowymi lub paznokciami o naturalnie zaokrąglonych krawędziach są bardziej narażone12
  • Deformacje paznokci – paznokcie typu pincer (kleszcze), paznokcie rurowate, zaburzenia osiowania paznokci12
  • Zaburzenia anatomiczne – np. występowanie osteochondroma (wyrośla kostno-chrzęstnej), które może być odpowiedzialne za wrastanie paznokci, szczególnie u młodych osób12

Schorzenia współistniejące

Pewne stany chorobowe mogą zwiększać ryzyko rozwoju wrastających paznokci:12

  • Cukrzyca – z powodu zaburzeń krążenia i neuropatii obwodowej
  • Niewydolność serca lub nerek – ze względu na obrzęki obwodowe
  • Niewydolność żylna – prowadząca do zastojów w kończynach dolnych
  • Otyłość – zwiększająca nacisk na paznokcie

U osób starszych obrzęki obwodowe są istotnym czynnikiem ryzyka1. U tej grupy pacjentów formowanie się spikuli może stać się problemem przewlekłym z powodu ograniczonej możliwości pielęgnacji paznokci w wyniku zmniejszonej mobilności lub upośledzenia wzroku1.

Progresja i komplikacje

Wrastający paznokieć rozwija się stopniowo i może prowadzić do poważnych powikłań, jeśli nie jest odpowiednio leczony1.

Stadia rozwoju wrastającego paznokcia

Proces przebiega zwykle następująco:12

  1. Początkowe wrastanie paznokcia w skórę – pojawia się ból, stwardnienie i obrzęk
  2. Nasilenie zapalenia – narastający ból, zaczerwienienie i zwiększony obrzęk
  3. Rozwój ziarniny – na skutek reakcji organizmu na ciało obce
  4. Potencjalna infekcja – gdy bakterie wnikają do uszkodzonej skóry

Jeśli zostanie nieleczony, stan może się pogorszyć, a skóra może zacząć narastać nad wrastającym paznokciem1.

Mechanizm infekcji

Kiedy brzeg paznokcia przerywa ciągłość skóry, stwarza punkt wejścia dla bakterii1. Ciepłe, wilgotne środowisko stóp może być doskonałą pożywką dla bakterii i grzybów, które często obejmują Staphylococcus, Pseudomonas, dermatofity, Candida i Trichophyton1.

Infekcja pogłębia stan zapalny, powodując jeszcze większy obrzęk tkanek otaczających paznokieć. W najgorszym przypadku obrzęk zacznie wywierać boczny nacisk na paznokieć, powodując jego wzrost pod kątem. Ostatecznie może to doprowadzić do sytuacji, w której oba boki paznokcia stają się wrastające i obrzęknięte1.

Potencjalne powikłania

Nieleczony wrastający paznokieć może prowadzić do poważnych powikłań:123

  • Zanokcica (paronychia) – lokalne zakażenie wału paznokciowego
  • Ropień – kieszonka ropy, która rozwija się, gdy organizm próbuje zwalczyć infekcję
  • Zapalenie tkanki łącznej (cellulitis) – głębsza infekcja tkanek miękkich
  • Owrzodzenia stopy – trudno gojące się otwarte rany
  • Zapalenie kości (osteomyelitis) – ciężka i trudna w leczeniu infekcja kości
  • Infekcje ogólnoustrojowe – gdy bakterie z zakażonego palca przedostają się do krwiobiegu

Ryzyko powikłań jest szczególnie wysokie u osób z cukrzycą, zaburzeniami krążenia lub osłabionym układem odpornościowym12. U pacjentów z wymienionymi schorzeniami nawet drobny problem, jakim jest wrastający paznokieć, może prowadzić do poważnych infekcji, które mogą zagrażać życiu1.

Specyficzne przypadki wrastania paznokci

Typy wrastania paznokci

Istnieją trzy główne typy wrastania paznokci:1

  • Wrastanie boczne – najczęstszy typ, gdy boczne krawędzie paznokcia wrastają w otaczającą skórę
  • Wrastanie dystalne – gdy przednia krawędź paznokcia wrasta w skórę
  • Wrastanie proksymalne (retronychia) – gdy paznokieć wrasta od strony macierzy

Wszystkie rodzaje wrastania paznokci powodują zapalenie tkanek okołopaznokciowych, ból i możliwe tworzenie się ziarniny1.

Wpływ wieku i aktywności

Wrastające paznokcie występują w różnych grupach wiekowych, ale z różną częstotliwością i z różnych przyczyn:12

  • U niemowląt – praktycznie nie występują w fazie przedlokomocyjnej
  • U dzieci – rzadko występują przed okresem dojrzewania
  • U nastolatków – częstsze występowanie, często związane z aktywnością sportową
  • U młodych dorosłych – najczęstsza grupa pacjentów, szczególnie mężczyźni
  • U osób starszych – częstość występowania zwiększa się z wiekiem, często związana z trudnościami w pielęgnacji paznokci

Sportowcy i osoby aktywne fizycznie są szczególnie narażone na wrastające paznokcie z powodu powtarzającego się nacisku na palce podczas aktywności takich jak bieganie, kopanie piłki czy taniec12.

Procesy patologiczne w tkankach

Podczas rozwoju wrastającego paznokcia zachodzą charakterystyczne zmiany w tkankach otaczających płytkę paznokciową1.

Reakcja na ciało obce

Podstawowym mechanizmem patofizjologicznym wrastającego paznokcia jest reakcja na ciało obce1. Gdy płytka paznokciowa wnika w otaczającą tkankę, organizm rozpoznaje ją jako obiekt obcy i inicjuje reakcję zapalną, podobną do reakcji na drzazgę1.

Penetracja skóry jest często spowodowana przez spikule (ostry fragment) paznokcia na brzegu płytki paznokciowej, które wywołują odpowiedź zapalną1. W miarę jak paznokieć rośnie do przodu, ten proces się nasila.

Tworzenie ziarniny

W odpowiedzi na przewlekłe drażnienie tkanek przez wrastający paznokieć, organizm tworzy ziarninę – rodzaj tkanki bogatej w naczynia krwionośne, która powstaje podczas procesu gojenia1. Ta hipertroficzna tkanka może dalej komplikować problem, utrudniając prawidłowy wzrost paznokcia1.

Kaskada zapalna

Wrastający paznokieć wywołuje kaskadę procesów zapalnych, w tym:12

  • Uszkodzenie tkanek przez ostry brzeg paznokcia
  • Aktywację miejscowej odpowiedzi immunologicznej
  • Uwalnianie mediatorów zapalnych
  • Obrzęk i przekrwienie tkanek
  • Ból i nadwrażliwość

W miarę postępu procesu zapalnego, gojenie się rany jest utrudnione przez ciągłą obecność ciała obcego (paznokcia), co prowadzi do przewlekłego stanu zapalnego1.

Wpływ czynników anatomicznych

Struktura anatomiczna palca i paznokcia może znacząco wpływać na ryzyko rozwoju wrastającego paznokcia1.

Rola kształtu paznokcia

Kształt płytki paznokciowej jest jednym z kluczowych czynników anatomicznych wpływających na ryzyko wrastania:12

  • Paznokcie typu pincer (kleszcze) – silnie zakrzywione paznokcie, które podczas wzrostu mogą wcinać się w boczne wały paznokciowe
  • Szerokie płytki paznokciowe – gdy płytka jest za szeroka w stosunku do łożyska
  • Wrodzone zaburzenia ustawienia paznokci – gdy paznokieć rośnie pod nieprawidłowym kątem
  • Pogrubienie płytki paznokciowej – utrudniające prawidłowy wzrost

Niektóre osoby rodzą się z paznokciami, które są zbyt duże w stosunku do palca, co predysponuje je do problemów z wrastaniem1.

Znaczenie wałów paznokciowych

Struktura wałów paznokciowych również odgrywa istotną rolę:1

  • Szersze wały paznokciowe mogą predysponować do wrastania paznokci
  • Bulwiasty kształt palca zwiększa ryzyko problemów z paznokciami
  • Przy obciążeniu ciężarem ciała, nadmiar tkanki może uwypuklać się wokół paznokcia

Niektórzy eksperci sugerują, że szersze wały paznokciowe i cieńsze, bardziej płaskie paznokcie zwiększają ryzyko wrastających paznokci, choć nie zostało to jednoznacznie udowodnione1.

Znaczenie deformacji stopy

Pewne deformacje stopy mogą zwiększać ryzyko wrastania paznokci:12

  • Paluch koślawy (hallux valgus) – ze względu na rotację palucha do wewnątrz w stronę innych palców, powodując nieprawidłowe ustawienie paznokcia i zwiększony nacisk na otaczający wał paznokciowy
  • Palce młotkowate – zmieniające rozkład nacisku na palce
  • Wyrośla kostne (exostosis) – mogą wywoływać nacisk na paznokieć, zaburzając jego naturalny wzrost i powodując nieprawidłowe wrastanie w otaczającą skórę

Te zmiany anatomiczne mogą powodować przewlekłe wrastanie paznokci, trudne do wyleczenia bez korekcji pierwotnej przyczyny12.

Podsumowanie mechanizmów patogenetycznych

Patogeneza wrastającego paznokcia jest złożonym procesem, na który składa się wiele czynników1. Główne mechanizmy patofizjologiczne to:

  1. Penetracja tkanek przez brzeg paznokcia – spowodowana nieprawidłowym przycinaniem paznokci, urazami, naciskiem obuwia lub predyspozycjami genetycznymi12
  2. Reakcja organizmu na ciało obce – gdy keratynowy materiał paznokcia znajduje się w tkance palca1
  3. Kaskada zapalna – prowadząca do bólu, obrzęku i zaczerwienienia tkanek1
  4. Wtórna infekcja – gdy bakterie wnikają do uszkodzonej skóry, powodując ropny wysięk1
  5. Tworzenie tkanki ziarninowej – jako odpowiedź na przewlekłe drażnienie1

Zrozumienie tych mechanizmów jest kluczowe dla skutecznego leczenia wrastających paznokci. Celem interwencji terapeutycznych jest usunięcie interakcji między płytką paznokciową a wałem paznokciowym, aby wyeliminować miejscowy uraz i reakcję na ciało obce1.

Niezależnie od pierwotnej przyczyny – czy jest nią sam paznokieć, czy otaczające tkanki miękkie – konsekwencje nieleczonego wrastającego paznokcia mogą być poważne, szczególnie u osób z zaburzeniami krążenia, cukrzycą lub osłabioną odpornością1.

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  1. 09.04.2026
  2. www.leksykon.com.pl

Materiały źródłowe

  • #1 Management of the Ingrown Toenail | AAFP
    https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2009/0215/p303.html
    Ingrown toenail, or onychocryptosis, most commonly affects the great toenail. Many anatomic and behavioral factors are thought to contribute to ingrown toenails, such as improper trimming, repetitive or inadvertent trauma, genetic predisposition, hyperhidrosis, and poor foot hygiene. […] Ingrown toenails occur when the periungual skin is punctured by its corresponding nail plate, resulting in a cascade of foreign body, inflammatory, infectious, and reparative processes. […] Risk factors predisposing to development of ingrown toenails include anatomic and behavioral mechanisms. Some experts suggest that wider nail folds and thinner, flatter nails increase the risk of ingrown toenails, but this remains unproven. […] Without any strict evidence basis, it is thought that a genetic predisposition and family history, hyperhidrosis, and poor foot hygiene increase the likelihood of ingrown toenails.
  • #1 Ingrown toenails – Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology
    https://ijdvl.com/ingrown-toenails/
    The widely accepted theory is that onychocryptosis occurs when the lateral nail fold is penetrated by the edge of the nail plate, resulting in pain, sepsis and, later the formation of granulation tissue. […] Penetration is often caused by spicules of nail at the edge of the nail plate, which incite an inflammatory response. The great toes are the most often affected. […] Various theories have been proposed to explain the aetiology of the ingrown toenail and they can be broadly classified according to whether the primary fault is the nail itself or the soft tissues at the side of the nail. […] One theory is that the nail is not the real culprit, and it is actually the excess skin surrounding the nail which is the real problem. […] The persons who develop this condition have an unusually wide area of tissue medial and lateral to the nail and that with weight bearing, this tissue tends to bulge up around the nail, leading to pressure necrosis.
  • #1 Ingrown Nails (Onychocryptosis, Ingrown toenails) – Dermatology Advisor
    https://www.dermatologyadvisor.com/home/decision-support-in-medicine/dermatology/ingrown-nails-onychocryptosis-ingrown-toenails/
    While ingrown nails clinically appear to be infected, and secondary infection can occur, the primary pathophysiology is that of a foreign body reaction caused by the ingrown nail itself. The nail plate which becomes implanted in the soft tissue of the nail unit acts as a foreign body, and the subsequent inflammatory reaction is a response to it. From a variety of causes, a spicule of nail may form and be the nidus for the inflammatory reaction. […] The most important and common risk factor for developing an ingrown nail is improper routine clipping and trimming of the nails, or tearing of the nail. To prevent ingrown nails, the nail plate should be clipped evenly across. Common improper nail clipping techniques include cutting the nails too short, and with a V-cut pattern or a round cut pattern. Cutting the nails improperly can cause the nail plate to project into the soft tissue of the nail unit and cause the symptoms of an ingrown nail.
  • #1 Ingrown Toenail (Onychocryptosis): Practice Essentials
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/828072-overview
    Ingrown toenails (unguis incarnatus), or onychocryptosis, are a common problem, and causes include poorly fitting (tight) footwear, infection, improperly trimmed toenails, trauma, and heredity. The underlying cause of this condition is a foreign body reaction. When the nail bed is compressed from the side, the edge of the nail penetrates the cuticle. A foreign body reaction is set up by the presence of the keratinaceous nail material in the flesh of the toe. […] Ingrowth of the toenail is generally thought to be multifactorial, including the following: Nail length: Cutting the nail so short that it is not constrained by the distal portion of the cuticles, allowing side slippage and penetration of the lateral nail bed by the nail substance. External pressure: Wearing shoes that are so tight that they compress the ridges of the cuticles against the relatively stiff nail material, turning the nail into a cutting surface.
  • #1
    https://bpac.org.nz/BPJ/2014/December/ingrown-toenails.aspx
    Ingrown toenails, also known as onychocryptosis or unguis incarnates, are a painful condition due to the sides or corner of the toenail digging into the surrounding soft tissue. This results in a breach of the underlying skin and leads to pain, inflammation, formation of granulation tissue, and in some cases infection. The exact causes of ingrown toenails are still being debated. A number of intrinsic and extrinsic factors have traditionally been linked with the development of ingrown toenails. However, there is a lack of quality evidence supporting a single mechanism and ingrown toenail development may be triggered by multiple factors. There is ongoing debate about whether factors relating to the nail itself are responsible for the condition or whether the size and shape of the surrounding periungual nail folds are the cause.
  • #1 Ingrown Toenail for Cordova, Memphis and Atoka, TN | Mid-South Foot & Ankle Specialists | Podiatry
    https://www.msfas.com/service/ingrown-toenail
    Ingrown toenails can allow bacteria to enter the skin and cause infection. An infected ingrown toenail causes additional issues like a feeling of warmth in the affected toe and fluid or pus drainage with an unpleasant odor. […] Improper nail care is the leading cause of ingrown toenails. Most people with ingrown toenails cut their nails too short, which allows the bordering skin to overlap the nail. Cutting or filing your nails in a curve can also encourage the growth of ingrown toenails. […] You inherit your nail shape and size, which can increase your risk of ingrown toenails. People with large nail plates have a higher risk because the nail may not fit in its allotted space, leading to curvature and ingrown nails. […] Toe trauma, like dropping a weight on your foot, stubbing your toe, or kicking a football frequently, can increase your risk of ingrown toenails. […] Wearing overtight shoes puts constant pressure on the toenails and sometimes triggers ingrown nails. […] Certain nail problems, like toenail fungus, may disrupt the standard nail growth patterns and lead to ingrown toenails too.
  • #1 Ingrown Toenail – Dermatologic Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition
    https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/dermatologic-disorders/nail-disorders/ingrown-toenail
    Causes of ingrown toenail include tight shoes, abnormal gait (eg, toe-walking), bulbous toe shape, excessive trimming of the nail plate, or congenital variations in nail contour (eg, congenital pincer nail deformity). […] Sometimes an underlying osteochondroma is responsible, especially in the young. […] In older people, peripheral edema is a risk factor. […] Eventually, infection can occur along the nail margin (paronychia).
  • #1 Ingrown nail pathophysiology – wikidoc
    https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Ingrown_nail_pathophysiology
    If an ingrown nail is left untreated, there exists a high risk of dangerous infection. The mechanism of how and why this infection occurs is as follows: When the skin around the nail gets infected, it begins to swell up and put even more pressure against the nail. Ingrown nails can produce a spear shaped wedge of nail on the lateral side of the toe which will progressively become more embedded into the toe tissue as the nail grows forward. In the worst case, the swelling will begin putting sideways pressure on the nail, causing it to grow at a slant. This will cause both sides of the nail to eventually become ingrown and swollen. Eventually the swollen parts of the skin will begin to harden and fold over the nail.
  • #1 Ingrown toenails – Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology
    https://ijdvl.com/ingrown-toenails/
    A prospective study by Pearson and colleagues failed to demonstrate any abnormality of the nail in patients with symptomatic ingrown toenails, and suggested that treatment should not be based on the correction of a nonexistent nail deformity. […] Although it is still believed that the real defect lies in the nail, the controversy of whether there is a nail plate abnormality or overgrown nail folds still exists.
  • #1 Ingrown toenail: pathogenesis, prevention and conservative treatment
    https://www.termedia.pl/Ingrown-toenail-pathogenesis-prevention-and-conservative-treatment,56,25614,0,1.html
    Ingrown toenail is a disease of both children and adults, causing discomfort or pain of varying degrees of severity. […] Etiopathogenesis of ingrown nail covers external pressure, internal pressure and presence of additional factors. […] The course of the disease is usually chronic, and it affects mainly the big toe. […] Decompression shaft side, opening track nail growth and proper hygiene play the key role in prevention and treatment of the disease. […] Despite the existence of different treatments for ingrown nail, many of them have low efficacy, which is the reason for the high relapse rate.
  • #1 Overview: Ingrown toenail – InformedHealth.org – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK513138/
    Ingrown toenails are a common problem, especially on the big toes. They arise if the toenail grows into the skin next to it. That area becomes inflamed or infected and painful. […] The symptoms are caused when the edge of the toenail presses into the skin and continues to grow. If this edge injures the skin and the soft tissue underneath it, the toe can become infected. […] The following factors make it more likely that a toenail will become ingrown: Cutting the toenail too short or rounding the edges, Wearing tight shoes, Having very sweaty feet, Inheriting a certain toenail growth shape, such as pincer toenails, which are so curved that they look like part of a tube when seen from the tips of your toes, Being very overweight (obese), Having diabetes or a condition that can cause water retention in your feet, such as heart or kidney failure, or chronic venous insufficiency in your legs, Taking medication to treat cancer.
  • #1 Ingrown toenails (onychocryptosis)
    https://dermnetnz.org/topics/ingrown-toenail
    The causes for ingrown toenails are listed below, but the two most common reasons are ill-fitting shoes and improperly trimmed nails. […] Ill-fitting shoes such as tight shoes, high heels and pointed-toe shoes cause the toes to be compressed together so that the nail curls into the skin and cannot grow normally. […] Improper trimming of toenails can cause the nail edge or corner to dig into the skin. Toenails should be trimmed straight across so that the top of the nail should make a straight line. […] Injury near the nail such as a ripped nail or nail peeled off at the edge can cause an ingrown toenail. […] Fungal infections of the nail can cause a thickened or widened toenail to develop. […] Abnormal nail shape, such as pincer or trumpet nails. […] Stage 2 ingrown toenail may require the administration of topical or oral antibiotics. Topical antibiotic ointments combined with local anaesthetic agents help to heal the toe faster and also provide pain relief by numbing the affected area. Surgical removal of the ingrown toenail may be required if the condition worsens.
  • #1 Ingrown toenail | NHS inform
    https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/skin-hair-and-nails/ingrown-toenail/
    An ingrown toenail develops when the sides of the toenail grow into the surrounding skin. […] A number of things can cause an ingrown toenail to develop, including: badly cut toenails cutting your toenails too short, or cutting the edges, will encourage the skin to fold over your nail and the nail to grow into the skin; wearing tight-fitting shoes, socks or tights this places pressure on the skin around your toenail and the skin may be pierced if its pressed on to your toenail; sweaty feet if the skin around your toenails is soft, its easier for your nail to pierce it and embed itself within it; injury for example, stubbing your toe can sometimes cause an ingrown toenail to develop; natural shape of the nail the sides of curved or fan-shaped toenails are more likely to press into the skin surrounding the nail. […] A fungal nail infection can cause your toenail to thicken or widen.
  • #1 Ingrown Toenails | Podiatrist Serving CT Areas | Connecticut Foot Care Centers LLC
    https://www.ctfootcare.com/ingrown-toenails
    When a toenail is ingrown, it is curved and grown into the skin, usually at the nail borders (the sides of the nail). This „digging in” of the nail irritates the skin, often creating pain, redness, swelling, and warmth in the toe. […] If an ingrown nails causes a break in the skin, bacteria may enter and cause an infection in the area, which is often marked by drainage and a foul odor. However, even if the toe isn’t painful, red, swollen, or warm, a nail that curves downward into the skin can progress to an infection. […] Causes of ingrown toenails include: Heredity. In many people, the tendency for ingrown toenails is inherited. […] Trauma. Sometimes an ingrown toenail is the result of trauma, such as stubbing your toe, having an object fall on your toe, or engaging in activities that involve repeated pressure on the toes, such as kicking or running.
  • #1 Ingrown nail – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingrown_nail
    An ingrown nail, also known as onychocryptosis, is a common form of nail disease. It is an often painful condition in which the nail grows so that it cuts into one or both sides of the paronychium or nail bed. […] A common misconception is that the cause of an ingrown toenail is the nail growing into the paronychium, but it can also be caused by overgrown toe skin. The condition is caused by a microbial inflammation of the paronychium causing a granuloma within which the nail is buried. […] A true ingrown toenail is caused by actual penetration of flesh by a sliver of toenail. […] The main contributor to onychocryptosis is footwear, particularly ill-fitting shoes with inadequate toe box room and tight stockings that apply pressure to the top or side of the foot. Other factors may include the damp atmosphere of enclosed shoes, which soften the nail plate and cause swelling on the epidermal keratin (eventually increasing the convex arch permanently), genetics, trauma, and disease.
  • #1 Ingrown Toenails – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK546697/
    Improper nail trimming appears to be the most common etiology of ingrown toenails, as it may lead to a nail spike that traumatizes adjacent soft tissue. […] The possible involvement of intrinsic risk factors in the pathogenesis of ingrown toenails, such as abnormal nail shape and anatomical abnormalities, has been widely debated. Some study results have found that pincer-nail deformity, wide nail plates, congenital malalignment of the toenails, and thickening of the nail plate represent possible risk factors for ingrown toenails. […] However, the most accepted theory is that an ingrown toenail occurs when the nail plate edge grows into the overlapping lateral nail fold, causing painful inflammation and forming granulation tissue. […] Many theories have been proposed to explain the onset of ingrown toenails. One assumption is that it is related to excess skin surrounding the nail, which is the real culprit; this is explained by wide lateral tissue tending to bulge around the nail, leading to pressure and necrosis.
  • #1 Management of the Ingrown Toenail | AAFP
    https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2009/0215/p303.html
    In older persons, spicule formation can become a chronic problem caused by their reduced ability to care for their nails secondary to reduced mobility or impaired vision. […] The best evidence demonstrates that partial nail avulsion followed by phenolization or direct surgical excision of the nail matrix are equally effective in the treatment of ingrown toenails. […] A Cochrane systematic review found that partial nail avulsion combined with phenolization is more effective at preventing symptomatic recurrence than surgical excision without phenolization, but has a slightly increased risk of postoperative infection. […] Although phenol has antiseptic and anesthetic properties, it may cause tissue damage and possibly infection, delaying postoperative healing. […] Partial matricectomy via electrocautery, radiofrequency, and carbon dioxide laser ablation are all effective options in the treatment of ingrown toenails.
  • #1 Overview: Ingrown toenail – InformedHealth.org – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK513138/
    Ingrown toenails usually become noticeable early on because they hurt. If treated in time, it’s often possible to manage the inflammation on your own. It will then go away without any consequences. […] But the inflammation can spread in people who have a weakened immune system and if bacteria infect the wound: That can cause an infection with pus around or under the entire nail. It is then advisable to see a doctor, especially if you also feel tired and have a fever, and the infection has spread along the toe and developed into cellulitis (an infection of deeper layers of skin).
  • #1 Ingrown Toenail | Podiatrist In Evansville, IN | Charlotte A. Reisinger, DPM, LLC & Dusky R. Farmer, DPM, LLC
    https://www.reisingerfarmerpodiatry.com/ingrown-toenail/
    Ingrown toenails, also known as onychocryptosis, is usually caused by trimming toenails too short, particularly on the sides of the big toes. They may also be caused by shoe pressure (from shoes that are too tight or short), injury, fungus infection, heredity, or poor foot structure. Ingrown toenails occur when the corners or sides of the toenail dig into the skin, often causing infection. […] Ingrown toenails start out hard, swollen, and tender. Left untreated, they may become sore, red, and infected and the skin may start to grow over the ingrown toenail. […] In severe cases, if an acute infection occurs, surgical removal of part of the ingrown toenail may be needed. Known as partial nail plate avulsion, the procedure involves injecting the toe with an anesthetic and cutting out the ingrown part of the toenail.
  • #1 Complications of Untreated Ingrown Toenails – Mobility Bone & Joint Institute
    https://mobilityboneandjoint.com/untreated-ingrown-toenails/
    An ingrown toenail, or onychocryptosis, occurs when the edge of a toenail grows into the surrounding skin. According to studies, the condition is responsible for nearly 20% of all foot problems. It causes irritation and can often lead to pain, swelling, and redness around the affected area. […] The discomfort might be bearable, leading individuals to overlook the issue. However, the complications that can arise from untreated ingrown toenails are far from minor and include the following: […] One of the first complications or warning signs of untreated ingrown toenails is infection. When the nail pierces the skin, it creates an entry point for bacteria. Bacteria entering the skin can cause redness, swelling, warmth, and pain. An aggravated infection can make even the simplest tasks, like walking or wearing shoes, excruciatingly painful.
  • #1 Ingrown Toenail Causes, Infection, Removal, Surgery, Treatment
    https://www.medicinenet.com/ingrown_toenail/article.htm
    An ingrown toenail (onychocryptosis) is caused by the pressure from the ingrowth of the nail edge into the skin of the toe. Once the edge of the nail breaks through the skin, it produces inflammation. […] An imbalance between the size of the nail and the enlargement of the nail skin edge causes ingrown toenails. This condition can be exacerbated by improper trimming of the toenail, an inherited or hereditary condition, and improper shoe fitting. […] The warm, moist environment of the feet can be a breeding ground for bacteria and fungi. These commonly include Staphylococcus, Pseudomonas, dermatophytes, Candida, and Trichophyton. When there is a break in the skin from the offending nail border, these organisms can invade the area and cause an infection. […] Several risk factors may predispose a person to have an ingrown toenail.
  • #1 Ingrown Toenail – Is it Time To See a Podiatrist?
    https://balancehealth.com/services/ingrown-toenail/bay-area-foot-care/
    If an ingrown toenail breaks the skin and allows bacteria to enter, an infection may develop. Infected ingrown toenails may appear red, swollen, and warm to the touch. They may also be painful and ooze foul-smelling fluid (pus). […] Without proper treatment, an ingrown toenail may lead to a serious infection, and possibly amputation.
  • #1 Ingrown nails – UpToDate
    https://www.uptodate.com/contents/ingrown-nails
    Ingrown nails […] Nail ingrowing is a common nail problem that mostly affects the great toe of young adults. Fingernails are uncommonly affected. There are three different types of nail ingrowing: lateral ingrowing, distal ingrowing, and proximal ingrowing (retronychia), with distal-lateral ingrowing (onychocryptosis) being the most common. All types of nail ingrowing cause inflammation of the periungual tissues, with pain and the possible formation of granulomas. […] This topic will discuss the pathogenesis, clinical presentation, and management of ingrown nails.
  • #1 Ingrown Toenail (Onychocryptosis): Practice Essentials
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/828072-overview
    This disorder is not found in the preambulatory stages. Rare in preteens, it is more common in teenagers, and its occurrence increases throughout life. Patients with an ingrown toenail have a painful, swollen, and tender toe. When infection is present, the patient may have local discharge. The affected toe has all the classic signs of infection: pain, edema, erythema, and warmth. […] Recurrence and/or regrowth of the treated side occurs in 10-30% of cases. According to a Cochrane Database review, surgical interventions are more effective than nonsurgical interventions in preventing ingrown toenail recurrence.
  • #1 Ingrown Toenails: Causes, Symptoms, and Diagnosis
    https://www.healthline.com/health/ingrown-toenail
    Ingrown toenails occur when the edges or corners of your nails grow into the skin next to the nail. […] If a toenail grows back into the skin around the nail bed, its known as an ingrown toenail. […] Many things can cause an ingrown toenail, including cutting toenails incorrectly (Cut straight across, since angling the sides of the nail can encourage the nail to grow into the skin.) […] Using your feet extensively during athletic activities can make you especially prone to getting ingrown toenails. […] Activities in which you repeatedly kick an object or put pressure on your feet for long periods of time can cause toenail damage and increase your risk of ingrown toenails. […] If left untreated, an ingrown toenail infection can cause an infection in the bone in your toe. […] A toenail infection can also lead to foot ulcers, or open sores, and a loss of blood flow to the infected area. […] If you have a genetic predisposition to ingrown toenails, they may keep coming back or appear on multiple toes at once. […] If your toenails are abnormally curved or thick, surgery may be necessary to prevent ingrown nails.
  • #1 Ingrown Toenail Management | AAFP
    https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2019/0801/p158.html
    Ingrown toenails account for approximately 20% of foot problems in primary care. The great toe is most often affected. Ingrown toenails occur most commonly in young men, and nail care habits and footwear are most often contributory factors. […] Ingrown nail, also known as onychocryptosis or unguis incarnatus, represents approximately 20% of foot problems presenting to family physicians. It occurs when the periungual skin of the lateral nail fold is traumatized by its adjacent nail plate, resulting in an inflammatory foreign body reaction. This often results in a painful, draining, foul-smelling lesion and hypertrophy of the involved nail fold. […] The goal of surgical intervention is to remove the interaction between the nail plate and the nail fold to eliminate local trauma and foreign body reaction. Surgical techniques involve removing the pressure of the nail plate on the nail fold by excising all or part of the nail plate or by excising all or part of the nail fold.
  • #1 Ingrown Toenail • Stockdale Podiatry Group • Bakersfield, CA
    https://www.wetreatyourfeet.com/foot_problems/ingrown-toenail/
    If you trim your toenails too short, particularly on the sides of your big toes, you may set the stage for an ingrown toenail. […] An ingrown nail occurs when the skin on one or both sides of a nail grows over the edges of the nail, or when the nail itself grows into the skin. […] Ingrown nails may develop for many reasons. Some cases are congenitalthe nail is just too large for the toe. Trauma, such as stubbing the toe or having the toe stepped on, may also cause an ingrown nail. However, the most common cause is tight shoe wear or improper grooming and trimming of the nail. […] Surgery is effective in eliminating the nail edge from growing inward and cutting into the fleshy folds as the toenail grows forward. Permanent removal of the nail may be advised for children with chronic, recurrent infected ingrown toenails. […] Unless the problem is congenital, the best way to prevent ingrown toenails is to protect the feet from trauma and to wear shoes and hosiery (socks) with adequate room for the toes.
  • #1 Ingrown Toenail Treatment Options Are Available Today – Northwest Extremity Specialists
    https://nespecialists.com/ingrown-toenails/
    Ingrown toenails may have genetic or environmental triggers. […] If your toenails are naturally very curved, you are far more likely to have problems. […] Tight shoes that press on the toenails can force them downward and into the skin. […] An acute injury, like stubbing your toe or dropping an object on your foot, can cause an ingrown toenail. […] Activities that place repetitive pressure on the nails, like running or kicking a soccer ball over and over, can also cause ingrown nails. […] Leaving your nails too long leaves them more susceptible to pressure. […] Cutting them too short can encourage nearby skin to fold over the nail. […] Certain foot types and some deformities such as bunions and hammertoes can put more pressure on the edge of the nail, leading to an ingrown toenail.
  • #1 Why Antibiotics Won’t Fix Your Ingrown Toenail
    https://www.thefeetpeople.com.au/learning-hub/why-antibiotics-wont-fix-your-ingrown-toenail/
    Unfortunately, the answer is a resounding no – and its all to do with the cause of the ingrown toenail. […] Its a direct result of the nail piercing the skin that you begin experiencing your painful and uncomfortable symptoms – your body responds to having something foreign in the toe by swelling in an attempt to heal the area, bringing with it the redness and tenderness. This is similar to when you have a bacterial infection in an open wound – which antibiotics would be perfect for in destroying the bacteria so that the body can heal. Except in this case, its not a bacterial infection thats the cause of your issues – its that splinter-like nail spicule in the skin. […] Your ingrown toenails can also be triggered by foot deformities like bunions due to the way the big toe rotates. In bunions, the big toe deviates inward toward the other toes, causing misalignment of the nail and increased pressure on the surrounding nail sulcus. This heightened pressure can result in the toenail growing into the adjacent skin, leading to the development of ingrown toenails.
  • #2 Ingrown Toenail Management | AAFP
    https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2019/0801/p158.html
    Ingrown toenails account for approximately 20% of foot problems in primary care. The great toe is most often affected. Ingrown toenails occur most commonly in young men, and nail care habits and footwear are most often contributory factors. […] Ingrown nail, also known as onychocryptosis or unguis incarnatus, represents approximately 20% of foot problems presenting to family physicians. It occurs when the periungual skin of the lateral nail fold is traumatized by its adjacent nail plate, resulting in an inflammatory foreign body reaction. This often results in a painful, draining, foul-smelling lesion and hypertrophy of the involved nail fold. […] The goal of surgical intervention is to remove the interaction between the nail plate and the nail fold to eliminate local trauma and foreign body reaction. Surgical techniques involve removing the pressure of the nail plate on the nail fold by excising all or part of the nail plate or by excising all or part of the nail fold.
  • #2 Ingrown Toenails – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK546697/
    Improper nail trimming appears to be the most common etiology of ingrown toenails, as it may lead to a nail spike that traumatizes adjacent soft tissue. […] The possible involvement of intrinsic risk factors in the pathogenesis of ingrown toenails, such as abnormal nail shape and anatomical abnormalities, has been widely debated. Some study results have found that pincer-nail deformity, wide nail plates, congenital malalignment of the toenails, and thickening of the nail plate represent possible risk factors for ingrown toenails. […] However, the most accepted theory is that an ingrown toenail occurs when the nail plate edge grows into the overlapping lateral nail fold, causing painful inflammation and forming granulation tissue. […] Many theories have been proposed to explain the onset of ingrown toenails. One assumption is that it is related to excess skin surrounding the nail, which is the real culprit; this is explained by wide lateral tissue tending to bulge around the nail, leading to pressure and necrosis.
  • #2 Ingrown toenails – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ingrown-toenails/symptoms-causes/syc-20355903
    Ingrown toenails are a common condition in which the corner or side of a toenail grows into the soft flesh. The result is pain, inflamed skin, swelling and, sometimes, an infection. Ingrown toenails usually affect the big toe. […] Causes of ingrown toenails include: Wearing shoes that crowd the toenails, Cutting toenails too short or not straight across, Injuring a toenail, Having very curved toenails, Nail infections, Certain medical conditions. […] Complications can be especially severe if you have diabetes, which can cause poor blood flow and damaged nerves in the feet. So a minor foot injury a cut, scrape, corn, callus or ingrown toenail may not heal properly and become infected.
  • #2 Ingrown Toenails | Podiatrist Serving CT Areas | Connecticut Foot Care Centers LLC
    https://www.ctfootcare.com/ingrown-toenails
    Improper trimming. The most common cause of ingrown toenails is cutting your nails too short. This encourages the skin next to the nail to fold over the nail. […] Improperly sized footwear. Ingrown toenails can result from wearing socks or shoes that are tight or short. […] Nail conditions. Ingrown toenails can be caused by nail problems, such as fungal infections or loosing a nail due to trauma.
  • #2 Ingrown Toenail for Cordova, Memphis and Atoka, TN | Mid-South Foot & Ankle Specialists | Podiatry
    https://www.msfas.com/service/ingrown-toenail
    Ingrown toenails can allow bacteria to enter the skin and cause infection. An infected ingrown toenail causes additional issues like a feeling of warmth in the affected toe and fluid or pus drainage with an unpleasant odor. […] Improper nail care is the leading cause of ingrown toenails. Most people with ingrown toenails cut their nails too short, which allows the bordering skin to overlap the nail. Cutting or filing your nails in a curve can also encourage the growth of ingrown toenails. […] You inherit your nail shape and size, which can increase your risk of ingrown toenails. People with large nail plates have a higher risk because the nail may not fit in its allotted space, leading to curvature and ingrown nails. […] Toe trauma, like dropping a weight on your foot, stubbing your toe, or kicking a football frequently, can increase your risk of ingrown toenails. […] Wearing overtight shoes puts constant pressure on the toenails and sometimes triggers ingrown nails. […] Certain nail problems, like toenail fungus, may disrupt the standard nail growth patterns and lead to ingrown toenails too.
  • #2 Ingrown Toenails: Causes, Symptoms, and Diagnosis
    https://www.healthline.com/health/ingrown-toenail
    Ingrown toenails occur when the edges or corners of your nails grow into the skin next to the nail. […] If a toenail grows back into the skin around the nail bed, its known as an ingrown toenail. […] Many things can cause an ingrown toenail, including cutting toenails incorrectly (Cut straight across, since angling the sides of the nail can encourage the nail to grow into the skin.) […] Using your feet extensively during athletic activities can make you especially prone to getting ingrown toenails. […] Activities in which you repeatedly kick an object or put pressure on your feet for long periods of time can cause toenail damage and increase your risk of ingrown toenails. […] If left untreated, an ingrown toenail infection can cause an infection in the bone in your toe. […] A toenail infection can also lead to foot ulcers, or open sores, and a loss of blood flow to the infected area. […] If you have a genetic predisposition to ingrown toenails, they may keep coming back or appear on multiple toes at once. […] If your toenails are abnormally curved or thick, surgery may be necessary to prevent ingrown nails.
  • #2 Management of the Ingrown Toenail | AAFP
    https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2009/0215/p303.html
    Ingrown toenail, or onychocryptosis, most commonly affects the great toenail. Many anatomic and behavioral factors are thought to contribute to ingrown toenails, such as improper trimming, repetitive or inadvertent trauma, genetic predisposition, hyperhidrosis, and poor foot hygiene. […] Ingrown toenails occur when the periungual skin is punctured by its corresponding nail plate, resulting in a cascade of foreign body, inflammatory, infectious, and reparative processes. […] Risk factors predisposing to development of ingrown toenails include anatomic and behavioral mechanisms. Some experts suggest that wider nail folds and thinner, flatter nails increase the risk of ingrown toenails, but this remains unproven. […] Without any strict evidence basis, it is thought that a genetic predisposition and family history, hyperhidrosis, and poor foot hygiene increase the likelihood of ingrown toenails.
  • #2 Ingrown Toenail – Dermatologic Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition
    https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/dermatologic-disorders/nail-disorders/ingrown-toenail
    Causes of ingrown toenail include tight shoes, abnormal gait (eg, toe-walking), bulbous toe shape, excessive trimming of the nail plate, or congenital variations in nail contour (eg, congenital pincer nail deformity). […] Sometimes an underlying osteochondroma is responsible, especially in the young. […] In older people, peripheral edema is a risk factor. […] Eventually, infection can occur along the nail margin (paronychia).
  • #2 Onychocryptosis | How Do I Stop My Chronic Ingrown Toenail
    https://michiganpodiatry.com/blog/onychocryptosis/
    Unfortunately, this condition affects up to 20% of podiatry patients and can result in drainage, odors from infections, inflammation, and tissue hypertrophy around the nail. […] Several factors can create chronic ingrown toenail condition: Improper foot hygiene, Improper trimming, Genetic predisposition, Trauma or repetitive injury, Hyperhidrosis. […] Children have been known to inherit their ingrown nails from their parents. Another genetic condition is hyperhidrosis, which causes profuse sweating in the palms and feet.
  • #2 Overview: Ingrown toenail – InformedHealth.org – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK513138/
    Ingrown toenails are a common problem, especially on the big toes. They arise if the toenail grows into the skin next to it. That area becomes inflamed or infected and painful. […] The symptoms are caused when the edge of the toenail presses into the skin and continues to grow. If this edge injures the skin and the soft tissue underneath it, the toe can become infected. […] The following factors make it more likely that a toenail will become ingrown: Cutting the toenail too short or rounding the edges, Wearing tight shoes, Having very sweaty feet, Inheriting a certain toenail growth shape, such as pincer toenails, which are so curved that they look like part of a tube when seen from the tips of your toes, Being very overweight (obese), Having diabetes or a condition that can cause water retention in your feet, such as heart or kidney failure, or chronic venous insufficiency in your legs, Taking medication to treat cancer.
  • #2 Why Antibiotics Won’t Fix Your Ingrown Toenail
    https://www.thefeetpeople.com.au/learning-hub/why-antibiotics-wont-fix-your-ingrown-toenail/
    Although relatively rare, bony exostosis can also be a contributing factor to ingrown toenails. Bony exostosis refers to the formation of bony outgrowths on the toe joints or the nail bed. When these bony protrusions exert pressure on the nail, it can disrupt its natural growth pattern and cause it to grow abnormally into the surrounding skin.
  • #2 Ingrown Toenail | Podiatrist In Evansville, IN | Charlotte A. Reisinger, DPM, LLC & Dusky R. Farmer, DPM, LLC
    https://www.reisingerfarmerpodiatry.com/ingrown-toenail/
    Ingrown toenails, also known as onychocryptosis, is usually caused by trimming toenails too short, particularly on the sides of the big toes. They may also be caused by shoe pressure (from shoes that are too tight or short), injury, fungus infection, heredity, or poor foot structure. Ingrown toenails occur when the corners or sides of the toenail dig into the skin, often causing infection. […] Ingrown toenails start out hard, swollen, and tender. Left untreated, they may become sore, red, and infected and the skin may start to grow over the ingrown toenail. […] In severe cases, if an acute infection occurs, surgical removal of part of the ingrown toenail may be needed. Known as partial nail plate avulsion, the procedure involves injecting the toe with an anesthetic and cutting out the ingrown part of the toenail.
  • #2 Complications of Untreated Ingrown Toenails – Mobility Bone & Joint Institute
    https://mobilityboneandjoint.com/untreated-ingrown-toenails/
    An untreated infection has a higher chance of leading to inflammation and abscess formation. It is essentially a pocket of pus that develops as the body attempts to fight off the infection. […] Severe or recurrent ingrown toenails could result in foot ulcers. These open sores will heal slowly and can lead to serious infections. […] In some cases, the infection from ingrown toenails can result in osteomyelitis. This severe and difficult-to-treat bone infection causes persistent pain and pus drainage. […] A severe infection can lead to systemic infections. Bacteria from the infected toe can enter the bloodstream, spreading the disease to other body parts.
  • #2 Caring for an Infected or Ingrown Toenail
    https://intermountainhealthcare.org/blogs/caring-for-an-infected-or-ingrown-toenail
    Infections on your toes may be common if you have diabetes or similar conditions that cause poor circulation or a weakened immune system. Diabetics should check their feet often and have regular appointments with a podiatrist because they may not feel the pain of a toe infection until the problem is severe.
  • #2 Ingrown Toenails (for Teens) | Nemours KidsHealth
    https://kidshealth.org/en/teens/ingrown.html
    A toenail is ingrown when one or both sides of the nail begin to grow into the skin next to it This can lead to pain and swelling. […] The most common reason for ingrown toenails is cutting toenails too short. When people cut their nails too short, the skin on the sides can cover the corners of the nail. This causes the nail to grow back into the skin. Nails that are ripped instead of cut or cut in a rounded shape also tend to become ingrown because they don’t have clear corners. As they grow, a new corner grows under the skin and gets stuck. […] Shoes that are too tight can push the skin on the sides of the nail up over the nail, forcing the nail to grow in. […] If that happens, the new nail can grow back ingrown. […] Sometimes, simply repeating the same activity like kicking a soccer ball over and over again can lead to ingrown toenails.
  • #2 Why Antibiotics Won’t Fix Your Ingrown Toenail
    https://www.thefeetpeople.com.au/learning-hub/why-antibiotics-wont-fix-your-ingrown-toenail/
    Unfortunately, the answer is a resounding no – and its all to do with the cause of the ingrown toenail. […] Its a direct result of the nail piercing the skin that you begin experiencing your painful and uncomfortable symptoms – your body responds to having something foreign in the toe by swelling in an attempt to heal the area, bringing with it the redness and tenderness. This is similar to when you have a bacterial infection in an open wound – which antibiotics would be perfect for in destroying the bacteria so that the body can heal. Except in this case, its not a bacterial infection thats the cause of your issues – its that splinter-like nail spicule in the skin. […] Your ingrown toenails can also be triggered by foot deformities like bunions due to the way the big toe rotates. In bunions, the big toe deviates inward toward the other toes, causing misalignment of the nail and increased pressure on the surrounding nail sulcus. This heightened pressure can result in the toenail growing into the adjacent skin, leading to the development of ingrown toenails.
  • #2 Ingrown Toenail (Onychocryptosis): Practice Essentials
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/828072-overview
    Ingrown toenails (unguis incarnatus), or onychocryptosis, are a common problem, and causes include poorly fitting (tight) footwear, infection, improperly trimmed toenails, trauma, and heredity. The underlying cause of this condition is a foreign body reaction. When the nail bed is compressed from the side, the edge of the nail penetrates the cuticle. A foreign body reaction is set up by the presence of the keratinaceous nail material in the flesh of the toe. […] Ingrowth of the toenail is generally thought to be multifactorial, including the following: Nail length: Cutting the nail so short that it is not constrained by the distal portion of the cuticles, allowing side slippage and penetration of the lateral nail bed by the nail substance. External pressure: Wearing shoes that are so tight that they compress the ridges of the cuticles against the relatively stiff nail material, turning the nail into a cutting surface.
  • #3 Ingrown Toenail Causes, Infection, Removal, Surgery, Treatment
    https://www.medicinenet.com/ingrown_toenail/article.htm
    If conservative treatments fail, surgery to remove the offending nail border is recommended. If the condition is recurrent and/or chronic, a matrixectomy may be recommended. […] A persisting ingrown toenail can have serious consequences, such as the following: A localized infection of the nail border (paronychia) can progress to a deeper soft-tissue infection (cellulitis), which can in turn progress to a bone infection (osteomyelitis). […] Preventing an ingrown toenail from recurring includes the following tips: Avoid shoes that are too small (putting pressure on the toenail) or too large (where the foot is moving back and forth inside the shoe).