Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Baker cyst – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/bakers-cyst/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20369955

  A Baker cyst can often be diagnosed during a physical exam. However, some of the symptoms of a Baker cyst are similar to the symptoms of more-serious conditions, such as a blood clot, aneurysm or tumor. To get more information, your health care provider may order imaging tests, including: […] What tests do I need? Do these tests require special preparation? […] Is a Baker cyst temporary or long lasting? […] What treatments are available, and which do you recommend?

• #2 Baker Cyst: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15183-bakers-cyst

  Baker cysts can share symptoms with more serious issues like blood clots. […] Visit a healthcare provider as soon as you notice a new growth or lump behind your knee, especially if you recently injured your knee or have arthritis. […] A healthcare provider will diagnose a Baker cyst with a physical exam. Theyll examine your leg and look for a lump on the back of your knee. […] Your provider might use a few imaging tests to diagnose a Baker cyst, including: X-rays, Ultrasound, Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). […] Usually, your healthcare provider will treat the cause of a Baker cyst rather than the cyst itself. […] Its possible for a Baker cyst to go away on its own. But you should always visit a healthcare provider as soon as you notice any new lumps or growths on your body. […] Visit a healthcare provider as soon as you notice a lump on your leg. Its important to get it diagnosed a healthcare provider will determine if its a Baker cyst or something more serious (like a blood clot).

• #3

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/bakers-cyst/

  See your GP if you have a lump behind your knee that’s causing problems and does not clear up on its own. They’ll usually be able to diagnose a Baker’s cyst by examining the back of your knee and asking about your symptoms. […] Tests may be recommended to rule out other more serious conditions, such as a tumour, an aneurysm (bulge in a section of a blood vessel) or DVT (deep vein thrombosis) (a blood clot in one of the deep veins of the body). You may need an ultrasound scan or a MRI scan.

• #4 Baker’s Cyst Treatment Orange County | Popliteal Cysts

  https://www.hoagorthopedicinstitute.com/what-hurts-/knee/conditions/bakers-cyst/

  An orthopedist is the best physician to treat and diagnose Bakers cysts. During a physical exam, the doctor will ask for your medical history, including gathering information about previous knee injuries. X-rays may be ordered to determine if the patient has arthritis, which may be the direct cause of the Bakers cyst. Other imaging studies, such as magnetic resonance imaging scans (MRIs) use magnetic waves to show images of the soft tissue underneath the skin. Finally, an ultrasound test can indicate whether the cyst is solid or filled with fluid, and if there are other underlying conditions that require additional treatment.

• #5 Baker’s cyst: diagnosis and therapy – Priv.-Doz. DDr. Christian Albrecht, Knee and cartilage specialist

  https://www.knieschmerzen-wien.at/bakers-cyst-en.html

  Diagnosis of a Baker’s cyst initially involves a detailed discussion with the patient about the course of the disease and any previous illnesses, as well as a thorough clinical examination. […] With the help of a magnetic resonance examination (MRI), the exact size and extent of the Baker’s cyst can be determined. Furthermore, meniscus and cartilage damage, which can be the cause of the Baker’s cyst, can be determined.

• #6 Baker’s Cyst – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430774/

  Baker’s cysts tend to occur most commonly in adults aged 35 to 70 and most often are associated with inflammatory joint diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, or as a result of overuse or injury to the knee. […] A Baker’s Cyst typically is diagnosed by having the patient stand and extend the knee full; this is when the mass should be most prominent. […] If a Baker’s Cyst is located more laterally or no changes are elicited in the cyst when the knee is examined in a full range of motion, it may be difficult to conclude a diagnosis of Baker’s Cyst through physical examination alone, especially in a setting of no prior history of knee pathology. […] If this is the case, and a diagnosis of Baker’s Cyst remains uncertain, imaging should be performed. This includes plain radiography and ultrasonography, followed by MRI, especially if considering surgery.

• #7 Baker’s cysts | informedhealth.org

  https://www.informedhealth.org/bakers-cysts.html

  People who are having trouble with a Bakers cyst usually consult their family doctor first. […] Depending on whats causing the cyst, they might go to an orthopedist or rheumatologist instead. The doctor will ask about any pain or impairments you’re experiencing, as well as possible causes like previous injuries or conditions such as osteoarthritis. […] Theyll also take a close look at the knee joint and check for any reddening, swelling or anything unusual in the way you move and walk. If they think you might have a Bakers cyst, theyll do the following examination: First they will ask you to lie on your back or stomach. Then they will feel the back of your knee while you stretch and bend your leg. The cyst can be clearly seen and felt when the knee is fully stretched, but not when the knee is bent at a 45-degree angle.

• #8 Baker’s cyst | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/bakers-cyst

  How is a Baker’s cyst diagnosed? […] A Baker’s cyst may be diagnosed using a number of different methods, including: […] physical examination of your knee […] taking your medical history to see if you have any conditions that may cause a Baker’s cyst (such as rheumatoid arthritis) […] x-ray to show the presence of arthritis in the knee joint, which may be causing the problem […] shining a light through the cyst (transillumination), which can determine that the mass is filled with fluid […] ultrasound or magnetic imaging resonance (MRI).

• #9 Baker’s Cyst: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/bones-joints-muscles/knee-pain-patellofemoral-pain/bakers-cyst

  A Baker’s cyst is usually diagnosed by an examination of the knee. The swelling feels as though it is fluid filled and it might be „transilluminable” (a light can be seen through it) which confirms the diagnosis of a cyst. […] Usually no investigations are needed to confirm the diagnosis. If there is a doubt about the diagnosis then an ultrasound scan (or occasionally an MRI scan) might be used. If there is a concern about a DVT then specific tests (usually a Doppler ultrasound scan) will be arranged in hospital.

• #10 Baker’s Cyst Symptoms, Causes & Treatment | Spire Healthcare

  https://www.spirehealthcare.com/conditions/bakers-cyst/

  Baker’s cyst is a fluid-filled (non-cancerous) lump or swelling behind your knee which causes knee pain. […] Your GP will examine your knee and ask questions about the swelling and how you’re feeling. […] You’ll usually get a diagnosis from your GP without any further tests. However, in some cases you might have an ultrasound scan or MRI scan. This is to rule out other causes for example, deep vein thrombosis (DVT), a tumour or an aneurysm (a bulge in a blood vessel), or to check the extent of the cyst. […] Your GP can also shine a light through your swollen area to diagnose a Bakers cyst. If the light passes through the swollen area, then it’s full of fluid and it’s a cyst.

• #11 Baker Cysts – Musculoskeletal and Connective Tissue Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/musculoskeletal-and-connective-tissue-disorders/bursa-muscle-and-tendon-disorders/baker-cysts

  Baker cysts are enlarged bursae in the popliteal fossa. […] Diagnosis is usually clinical; however, ultrasonography or magnetic resonance imaging may be needed if clinical findings are inconclusive. […] If clinical findings are inconclusive (eg, if cysts are small or painful; require differentiation from deep vein thromboses or popliteal fat deposition), ultrasonography can be done. Magnetic resonance imaging is done occasionally, eg, if ultrasonography is inconclusive or to diagnose and characterize internal knee derangements that may require surgery. […] If the onset is acute or subacute, with suspected inflammation, aspiration of the joint or bursa should be performed to exclude infection or crystal-associated arthritis (as is appropriate in any acute monoarticular arthritis). […] If clinical findings are inconclusive, ultrasonography or, less often, magnetic resonance imaging is done.

• #12 Get Baker Cyst Treatment | Cleveland Clinic

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/services/baker-cyst-treatment

  Your care starts with a conversation. At your appointment, your provider will ask about your medical history and symptoms and do a physical exam with a special focus on your knee. Since the symptoms of a Baker cyst can be similar to serious conditions, like a blood clot or tumor, your provider may do one or more of these imaging tests to confirm a diagnosis: […] A Baker cyst wont show up on an X-ray, but an X-ray can show other conditions, like arthritis, that might be causing the cyst. […] An MRI uses powerful magnets, instead of X-rays, to show detailed pictures inside your body. An MRI will show the Baker cyst and may give us a better idea about what could be causing it. […] This special ultrasound uses sound waves to see if the cyst is solid or filled with fluid. […] It’s important to see your healthcare provider right away for a correct diagnosis.

• #13 Baker’s Cyst

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4481672/

  Ultrasound has largely replaced arthrography as the initial assessment for Bakers cysts. […] The advantages include its low cost, noninvasive usage, and absence of radiation. […] The main disadvantage is the fact that it is user dependent. […] The cysts appear anechoic on ultrasound, indicating that they are fluid filled. […] Conditions such as meniscal cysts are more easily differentiated from Bakers cysts with MRI than ultrasound. […] If the pain fails to resolve with this conservative approach, usually under 2 months, then surgical treatment may be considered directed to the intra-articular cause of the joint fluid production and not at the popliteal cyst unless it is unduly large and highly symptomatic. […] Surgical excision of the Bakers cyst without treatment of any intra-articular lesions has been reported; however, the results have been disappointing because of the high rate of recurrence.

• #14 Baker Cyst (Popliteal Cyst) Imaging: Practice Essentials, Radiography, Computed Tomography

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/387399-overview

  Ultrasound has largely replaced arthrography as the initial assessment for Baker cysts and is an easy-to-use, rapid, relatively inexpensive examination to employ in this setting. […] The ability to detect Baker cysts is near 100%, but ultrasound lacks the specificity to differentiate Baker cysts from meniscal cysts or myxoid tumors. […] Magnetic resonance imaging is considered the gold standard for diagnosis of Baker cysts and for differentiating them from other conditions. […] The advantages of MRI are derived from the superior soft-tissue contrast resolution that it affords and from the modality’s multiplanar capability, which help determine the extent and composition of the Baker cyst. […] One of the most important benefits of employing MRI is the ability to use the axial plane to establish positive identification of the high-signal intensity, fluid-filled neck of the cyst that connects the cyst to the joint space.

• #15 Baker’s Cyst: Causes, Symptoms, & Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/arthritis/what-is-bakers-cysts

  See your doctor if you have any of the symptoms listed above and theyre causing problems. […] They may also order an imaging test to get a better look, such as: Ultrasound, MRI, X-ray. […] When your doctor uses an ultrasound to look at your knee more closely, they take a probe that emits sound waves and glide it across the skin of your knee. The sound waves bounce off the structures inside your knee and create an image. This image shows your doctor the lump in greater detail and helps them see if its solid or filled with fluid. A solid mass isnt a Bakers cyst.

• #16 Baker’s Cyst: Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment – Mountainstate Orthopedic Associates, Inc.

  https://mountainstateorthopedic.com/bakers-cyst-symptoms-diagnosis-and-treatment/

  Bakers Cyst can be diagnosed by: […] Taking a medical history. This will include information on the previous injury to the knee. […] Physical exam. The doctors initial examination can confirm results with imaging tests. […] X-ray. The lump will not be seen through an X-ray; however, it will help determine if there is arthritis present in your knee. […] Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. An MRI uses magnetic waves instead of X-rays to show images. […] Ultrasound test. An ultrasound uses sound waves that determine if the lump is solid or filled with fluid. […] If you can recognize the symptoms of a Bakers Cyst and seek treatment, your orthopedic doctor can help diagnose the underlying knee problem that caused the cyst.

• #17 Baker Cyst (Popliteal Cyst) Imaging: Practice Essentials, Radiography, Computed Tomography

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/387399-overview

  The incidence of Baker cysts detected through MRI of the knee varies (5-18%) according to the patient population. […] The probability of a Baker cyst in the presence of any 1 variable (ie, association) is as follows: P=0.08-0.10; of any 2 variables, P=0.19-0.21; and of all 3 variables, P=0.38. […] In a meta-analysis of 13 studies (1011 patients) regarding the use of ultrasonography to diagnose Baker cyst, sensitivity and specificity were 0.97 and 1.00, respectively, compared to pathology.

• #18 Diagnostic accuracy of ultrasound for the assessment of Baker’s cysts: a meta-analysis | Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research | Full Text

  https://josr-online.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13018-022-03430-9

  Bakers cyst is the most common cystic disease of the knee, and a fast and accurate diagnosis of Bakers cyst is essential for a better management. […] However, the diagnostic accuracy of ultrasound on Bakers cyst still remains undetermined. […] We conducted the first meta-analysis to comprehensively assess the accuracy of ultrasound for the detection of Bakers cyst. […] The pooled sensitivity, specificity and area under the curve of ultrasound for diagnosis of Bakers cyst, compared with pathology, were 0.97 (95% confidence intervals: 0.731.00), 1.00 (0.981.00) and 1.00 (0.991.00), respectively. […] Ultrasound shows excellent diagnostic accuracy for the assessment of Bakers cyst and provides similar diagnostic information (absent or present) compared to MRI. […] Ultrasound is widely available and low cost and has shown excellent diagnostic accuracy.

• #19 Baker’s Cyst

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4481672/

  Ultrasound has largely replaced arthrography as the initial assessment for Bakers cysts. […] The advantages include its low cost, noninvasive usage, and absence of radiation. […] The main disadvantage is the fact that it is user dependent. […] The cysts appear anechoic on ultrasound, indicating that they are fluid filled. […] Conditions such as meniscal cysts are more easily differentiated from Bakers cysts with MRI than ultrasound. […] If the pain fails to resolve with this conservative approach, usually under 2 months, then surgical treatment may be considered directed to the intra-articular cause of the joint fluid production and not at the popliteal cyst unless it is unduly large and highly symptomatic. […] Surgical excision of the Bakers cyst without treatment of any intra-articular lesions has been reported; however, the results have been disappointing because of the high rate of recurrence.

• #20 Baker’s Cyst

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4481672/

  Popliteal synovial cysts, also known as Bakers cysts, are commonly found in association with intra-articular knee disorders, such as osteoarthritis and meniscus tears. […] Proper diagnosis, examination, and treatment are paramount in alleviating the pain and discomfort associated with Bakers cysts. […] The imaging workup of knees with suspected popliteal cysts can include plain radiographs, arthrography, ultrasound, and MRI. […] Magnetic resonance imaging remains the gold standard for diagnosis of Bakers cysts and differentiating them from other conditions. […] Most Bakers cysts are small and unilocular, but the imaging spectrum is wide. […] The differential diagnosis of a Bakers cyst includes popliteal artery aneurysm, soft tissue tumors, meniscal cyst, hematoma, thromboemboli, and seroma.

• #21 Baker Cyst (Popliteal Cyst) Imaging: Practice Essentials, Radiography, Computed Tomography

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/387399-overview

  Ultrasound has largely replaced arthrography as the initial assessment for Baker cysts and is an easy-to-use, rapid, relatively inexpensive examination to employ in this setting. […] The ability to detect Baker cysts is near 100%, but ultrasound lacks the specificity to differentiate Baker cysts from meniscal cysts or myxoid tumors. […] Magnetic resonance imaging is considered the gold standard for diagnosis of Baker cysts and for differentiating them from other conditions. […] The advantages of MRI are derived from the superior soft-tissue contrast resolution that it affords and from the modality’s multiplanar capability, which help determine the extent and composition of the Baker cyst. […] One of the most important benefits of employing MRI is the ability to use the axial plane to establish positive identification of the high-signal intensity, fluid-filled neck of the cyst that connects the cyst to the joint space.

• #22 Baker’s Cyst (Popliteal Cyst) – OrthoInfo – AAOS

  https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases–conditions/bakers-cyst-popliteal-cyst/

  Baker’s cysts, also known as popliteal cysts, are one of the most common disorders in the knee. These fluid-filled cysts form a lump at the back of the knee that often causes stiffness and discomfort. […] Baker’s cysts typically result from a problem inside the knee joint, such as osteoarthritis or a meniscus tear. These conditions cause the joint to produce excess fluid, which can lead to the formation of a cyst. […] Imaging tests may be ordered to help confirm the diagnosis and provide more information about your condition. […] X-rays provide images of dense structures, such as bone. Although a cyst cannot be seen on an x-ray, one may be ordered so that your doctor can look for narrowing of the joint space and other signs of arthritis in the joint. […] Ultrasound. This test uses sound waves to create images of structures inside the body. An ultrasound will help your doctor see the lump behind your knee in greater detail and determine whether it is solid or filled with fluid. […] Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. These tests produce clear pictures of the body’s soft tissues. Your doctor may order an MRI scan to learn more about your cyst and to look for a meniscus tear or another underlying condition.

• #23 Baker’s cyst: diagnosis and therapy – Priv.-Doz. DDr. Christian Albrecht, Knee and cartilage specialist

  https://www.knieschmerzen-wien.at/bakers-cyst-en.html

  Diagnosis of a Baker’s cyst initially involves a detailed discussion with the patient about the course of the disease and any previous illnesses, as well as a thorough clinical examination. […] With the help of a magnetic resonance examination (MRI), the exact size and extent of the Baker’s cyst can be determined. Furthermore, meniscus and cartilage damage, which can be the cause of the Baker’s cyst, can be determined.

• #24 Baker Cysts – Musculoskeletal and Connective Tissue Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/musculoskeletal-and-connective-tissue-disorders/bursa-muscle-and-tendon-disorders/baker-cysts

  Baker cysts are enlarged bursae in the popliteal fossa. […] Diagnosis is usually clinical; however, ultrasonography or magnetic resonance imaging may be needed if clinical findings are inconclusive. […] If clinical findings are inconclusive (eg, if cysts are small or painful; require differentiation from deep vein thromboses or popliteal fat deposition), ultrasonography can be done. Magnetic resonance imaging is done occasionally, eg, if ultrasonography is inconclusive or to diagnose and characterize internal knee derangements that may require surgery. […] If the onset is acute or subacute, with suspected inflammation, aspiration of the joint or bursa should be performed to exclude infection or crystal-associated arthritis (as is appropriate in any acute monoarticular arthritis). […] If clinical findings are inconclusive, ultrasonography or, less often, magnetic resonance imaging is done.

• #25 Baker Cyst | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/b/bakers-cyst.html

  A Baker cyst often doesnt cause symptoms. A cyst will more often be seen on an imaging test, like MRI, done for other reasons. […] Your healthcare provider will ask you about your medical history and your symptoms. They will give you a physical exam, which will include a careful exam of your knee. Its important to make sure your symptoms are caused by a Baker cyst and not a tumor or a blood clot. […] If the cause of your symptoms isn’t clear, you may have imaging tests, such as: […] Ultrasound to view the cyst in more detail […] X-ray to get more information about the bones of the joint […] MRI if the diagnosis is still unclear after ultrasound or your provider is considering surgery.

• #26 Baker Cyst (Popliteal Cyst) Imaging: Practice Essentials, Radiography, Computed Tomography

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/387399-overview

  The most common mass in the popliteal fossa, Baker cyst, also termed popliteal cyst, results from fluid distention of the gastrocnemio-semimembranosus bursa, which is located in the medial aspect of the popliteal fossa. […] Baker cysts can be associated with conditions such as osteoarthritis of the knee, meniscal tears, rheumatoid arthritis, Charcot joints, and synovial disorders of the knee. The majority of patients with Baker cysts are asymptomatic, but knee joint pain and stiffness and a palpable mass in the medial popliteal fossa are not uncommon. […] Care must be taken to differentiate ruptured Baker cysts from deep venous thrombosis (DVT). Administration of low-molecular-weight heparin to treat suspected DVT can lead to compartment syndrome in patients with Baker cysts. […] Plain radiographs are simple and readily available, but they provide limited information about the popliteal cyst. However, they should be obtained early in the evaluation, as they are useful for detecting other conditions commonly found in association with popliteal cysts, such as osteoarthritis, inflammatory arthritis, and loose bodies.

• #27 Baker’s Cyst (Popliteal Cyst) – OrthoInfo – AAOS

  https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases–conditions/bakers-cyst-popliteal-cyst/

  Baker’s cysts, also known as popliteal cysts, are one of the most common disorders in the knee. These fluid-filled cysts form a lump at the back of the knee that often causes stiffness and discomfort. […] Baker’s cysts typically result from a problem inside the knee joint, such as osteoarthritis or a meniscus tear. These conditions cause the joint to produce excess fluid, which can lead to the formation of a cyst. […] Imaging tests may be ordered to help confirm the diagnosis and provide more information about your condition. […] X-rays provide images of dense structures, such as bone. Although a cyst cannot be seen on an x-ray, one may be ordered so that your doctor can look for narrowing of the joint space and other signs of arthritis in the joint. […] Ultrasound. This test uses sound waves to create images of structures inside the body. An ultrasound will help your doctor see the lump behind your knee in greater detail and determine whether it is solid or filled with fluid. […] Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. These tests produce clear pictures of the body’s soft tissues. Your doctor may order an MRI scan to learn more about your cyst and to look for a meniscus tear or another underlying condition.

• #28 Baker’s (Popliteal) Cyst: Causes, Symptoms, and Diagnosis

  https://www.healthline.com/health/bakers-cyst

  How is a popliteal cyst diagnosed? […] Your doctor will examine your knee and feel the swelling. If the cyst is small, they may compare the affected knee to the healthy one and check your range of motion. […] Your doctor may recommend noninvasive imaging tests if the cyst rapidly increases in size or causes severe pain or fever. These tests include an MRI or ultrasound. An MRI will enable your doctor to see the cyst clearly and to determine if you have any damage to the cartilage. […] These tests will determine if some other form of growth, such as a tumor, is causing the swelling. […] Although the cyst wont show up on an X-ray, your doctor may use one to check for other problems, such as inflammation or arthritis.

• #29 Baker’s Cyst

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4481672/

  Popliteal synovial cysts, also known as Bakers cysts, are commonly found in association with intra-articular knee disorders, such as osteoarthritis and meniscus tears. […] Proper diagnosis, examination, and treatment are paramount in alleviating the pain and discomfort associated with Bakers cysts. […] The imaging workup of knees with suspected popliteal cysts can include plain radiographs, arthrography, ultrasound, and MRI. […] Magnetic resonance imaging remains the gold standard for diagnosis of Bakers cysts and differentiating them from other conditions. […] Most Bakers cysts are small and unilocular, but the imaging spectrum is wide. […] The differential diagnosis of a Bakers cyst includes popliteal artery aneurysm, soft tissue tumors, meniscal cyst, hematoma, thromboemboli, and seroma.

• #30 Baker cyst | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/baker-cyst-2?lang=us

  Baker cysts, or popliteal cysts, are fluid-filled distended synovial-lined lesions arising in the popliteal fossa between the medial head of the gastrocnemius and the semimembranosus tendons via a communication with the knee joint. They are usually located at or below the joint line. […] Symptomatic presentation may be acute when rupture occurs, in which case the chief differential diagnosis is deep venous thrombosis. A chronic/subacute presentation can manifest as a popliteal fossa mass or with pain. […] Normally the first line investigation: well-defined cyst with a 'neck’ at its deepest extent, extending into the joint space between the semimembranosus tendon and the medial head of the gastrocnemius. […] identification of a fluid-filled structure at the posteromedial knee is suggestive of a popliteal cyst, but identification of the 'neck’ between the tendons is necessary for a definitive diagnosis. […] MRI exquisitely outlines the cyst as a mass extending from the joint space with high T2 signal content.

• #31 Baker Cyst (Popliteal Cyst) Imaging: Practice Essentials, Radiography, Computed Tomography

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/387399-overview

  The most common mass in the popliteal fossa, Baker cyst, also termed popliteal cyst, results from fluid distention of the gastrocnemio-semimembranosus bursa, which is located in the medial aspect of the popliteal fossa. […] Baker cysts can be associated with conditions such as osteoarthritis of the knee, meniscal tears, rheumatoid arthritis, Charcot joints, and synovial disorders of the knee. The majority of patients with Baker cysts are asymptomatic, but knee joint pain and stiffness and a palpable mass in the medial popliteal fossa are not uncommon. […] Care must be taken to differentiate ruptured Baker cysts from deep venous thrombosis (DVT). Administration of low-molecular-weight heparin to treat suspected DVT can lead to compartment syndrome in patients with Baker cysts. […] Plain radiographs are simple and readily available, but they provide limited information about the popliteal cyst. However, they should be obtained early in the evaluation, as they are useful for detecting other conditions commonly found in association with popliteal cysts, such as osteoarthritis, inflammatory arthritis, and loose bodies.

• #32 Giant Baker’ Cyst. Differential Diagnosis of Deep Vein Thrombosis | Reumatología Clínica

  https://www.reumatologiaclinica.org/en-giant-baker-cyst-differential-diagnosis-articulo-S2173574314001701

  We present the case of an 83-year-old male patient with osteoarthritis, who came to the emergency room due to acute inflammation of the leg simulating DVT. On physical examination, there was a mass of elastic consistency, non-pulsatile, painful, in the popliteal fossa, extending to the leg. The differential diagnosis was made with Baker cyst. The patient underwent, as a technique of choice, an ultrasound. The color Doppler mode showed patency of the deep venous system. Musculoskeletal ultrasound evidenced a well-defined collection, adjacent to the medial gastrocnemius muscle belly, full of vague echoes predominantly of low amplitude. Despite being frequent, the size of the tumor made ultrasound insufficient and we decided to perform specific knee MRI with T1 potentiated sequences, T2* sequences and, after administration of intravenous contrast, we confirmed the existence of giant popliteal cyst of 17cm9cm. […] Both for possessing a broad spectrum of presentations and the characteristics of the synovial liquid seen by ultrasound sometimes makes this a diagnostic challenge.

• #33 Baker Cysts – Musculoskeletal and Connective Tissue Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/musculoskeletal-and-connective-tissue-disorders/bursa-muscle-and-tendon-disorders/baker-cysts

  Baker cysts are enlarged bursae in the popliteal fossa. […] Diagnosis is usually clinical; however, ultrasonography or magnetic resonance imaging may be needed if clinical findings are inconclusive. […] If clinical findings are inconclusive (eg, if cysts are small or painful; require differentiation from deep vein thromboses or popliteal fat deposition), ultrasonography can be done. Magnetic resonance imaging is done occasionally, eg, if ultrasonography is inconclusive or to diagnose and characterize internal knee derangements that may require surgery. […] If the onset is acute or subacute, with suspected inflammation, aspiration of the joint or bursa should be performed to exclude infection or crystal-associated arthritis (as is appropriate in any acute monoarticular arthritis). […] If clinical findings are inconclusive, ultrasonography or, less often, magnetic resonance imaging is done.

• #34 Baker’s Cyst: Types, Causes, Symptoms, Prevention, Diagnosis, Treatment, and When to Seek Medical Advice

  https://www.doctorshubnepal.com/diseases-conditions/baker-cyst

  Diagnosing a Baker’s cyst typically involves a combination of a physical examination and imaging tests: […] A healthcare provider will examine the knee, assess the size and location of the cyst, and inquire about symptoms and medical history. […] Ultrasound, MRI, or occasionally X-rays may be used to visualize the cyst and confirm the diagnosis. […] In some cases, a small amount of fluid may be aspirated from the cyst for analysis to rule out infection or other joint issues.

• #35 How is a Baker’s Cyst Diagnosed? – OSMO Patch US

  https://www.osmopatch.com/bakers-cyst/how-is-a-bakers-cyst-diagnosed/

  It is important to always visit a qualified medical professional if you suspect that you have either a Bakers Cyst or feel that your Bakers Cyst may have ruptured or burst. Your doctor will likely require you to have an ultrasound, which will be able to confirm the diagnosis of a Bakers Cyst. […] An ultrasound will also importantly rule out or alert the doctor to any existence of a blood clot which can have several similar symptoms to a Bakers Cyst. […] If your doctor suspects an infection then they may require a blood test and possibly an aspiration of the synovial fluid for testing culturing. […] In some cases, an x-ray or MRI may be required to rule out any co-existing conditions that may have contributed to the condition. Hence why it is always important to have a proper diagnosis.

• #36 Infected Baker’s Cyst: A New Classification, Diagnosis and Treatment Recommendations | Journal of Orthopaedic Case Reports

  https://jocr.co.in/wp/2018/11/10/2250-0685-1238-fulltext/

  A knee ultrasound allows identification of any increase in synovial fluid volume and eventually shows the presence or the rupture of the cyst. […] MRI is the gold-standard imaging study to confirm the presence and the complications of a Bakers cyst. […] An arthrocentesis is useful to differentiate between an inflammatory, septic, or mechanic etiology. […] After a ruptured cyst diagnosis, there is no need to perform a cyst puncture. […] Our recommendation is that, for uni-compartmental infections (1A and 1B), the immobilization in extension will keep the valve closed, avoiding the intercompartmental contamination. […] For advanced stages with cyst rupture (2B and 3), we suggest immobilization in extension to close the valve and prevent retrograde flow from the calf. […] Based on our experience and the cases reported in the literature, we propose for the diagnosis and treatment of an infected Bakers cyst, a three compartmental staged new classification according to the cyst topography and septic condition of each compartment.

• #37 Internet Scientific Publications

  https://ispub.com/IJRA/12/1/10897

  Typical Bakers cyst can easily be diagnosed by imaging studies such as ultrasonogram or MRI. […] Complicated Bakers cyst with hemorrhage, loose bodies or debris within the cyst, is not uncommon on MR images. […] The presence of fluid between the medial head of the gastrocnemius and the semimembranosus tendon, is essential in order to differentiate complicated Bakers cyst from other popliteal cystic lesions mimicking Bakers cyst. […] The presence of joint effusion and combined internal derangements are helpful MR findings of complicated Bakers cysts.

• #38 Internet Scientific Publications

  https://ispub.com/IJRA/12/1/10897

  PURPOSE: To compare the magnetic resonance (MR) imaging findings of complicated Baker’s cysts and popliteal cystic masses that mimic them. […] Complicated Baker’s cyst was defined as Baker’s cyst having atypical MR findings, e.g. changes of wall, changes in the signal intensity of the content, and the presence of free bodies. […] The presence of beak like cyst extension between the medial head of the gastrocnemius and the semimembranosus tendon is the only statistically significant MR finding for the differential diagnosis of complicated Baker’s cysts from popliteal cystic lesions mimicking them. […] Also, the presence of joint effusion and combined internal derangements may be helpful MR findings for diagnosing complicated Baker’s cysts. […] Despite their rare occurrence, radiologists should be aware of the MR characteristics of complicated Baker’s cyst in order to prevent confusion between complicated Baker’s cysts and other popliteal cystic lesions mimicking them.

• #39 Infected Baker’s Cyst: A New Classification, Diagnosis and Treatment Recommendations | Journal of Orthopaedic Case Reports

  https://jocr.co.in/wp/2018/11/10/2250-0685-1238-fulltext/

  Bakers cyst has a high prevalence in adult population. […] The purpose of this study is to propose a new classification, diagnosis, and treatment recommendations based on a case report and a literature review to guide physicians on the best course of treatment. […] Our classification may allow an accurate and structured description of the different stages of Bakers cyst presentations, with simplification of the clinical description, diagnosis, and treatment approaches. […] We propose a new classification, diagnosis, and treatment algorithm to proceed in these cases. […] To diagnose a Bakers cyst rupture, an ultrasound or MRI should be performed. However, the presence of a calf collection with a personal history of a known Bakers cyst would make us assume its rupture. […] Clinical findings and laboratory examination for septic arthritis are extensively described in the literature.

• #40 Infected Baker’s Cyst: A New Classification, Diagnosis and Treatment Recommendations | Journal of Orthopaedic Case Reports

  https://jocr.co.in/wp/2018/11/10/2250-0685-1238-fulltext/

  A knee ultrasound allows identification of any increase in synovial fluid volume and eventually shows the presence or the rupture of the cyst. […] MRI is the gold-standard imaging study to confirm the presence and the complications of a Bakers cyst. […] An arthrocentesis is useful to differentiate between an inflammatory, septic, or mechanic etiology. […] After a ruptured cyst diagnosis, there is no need to perform a cyst puncture. […] Our recommendation is that, for uni-compartmental infections (1A and 1B), the immobilization in extension will keep the valve closed, avoiding the intercompartmental contamination. […] For advanced stages with cyst rupture (2B and 3), we suggest immobilization in extension to close the valve and prevent retrograde flow from the calf. […] Based on our experience and the cases reported in the literature, we propose for the diagnosis and treatment of an infected Bakers cyst, a three compartmental staged new classification according to the cyst topography and septic condition of each compartment.

• #41 Diagnostic accuracy of ultrasound for the assessment of Baker’s cysts: a meta-analysis | Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research | Full Text

  https://josr-online.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13018-022-03430-9

  Since ultrasound could provide highly efficient and accurate information in diagnosing BC, the use of ultrasound may facilitate clinical management and decision-making with reduced cost and time consumption. […] Ultrasound shows excellent diagnostic accuracy for BC as compared with pathology and provides similar diagnostic information (absent or present) compared to MRI. It is therefore recommended as a candidate in the diagnostic examination of patients with BC, especially when MRI is not available or contraindicated.

• #42 Popliteal (Baker) cyst – Knowledge @ AMBOSS

  https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/popliteal-baker-cyst/

  Popliteal cyst is usually a clinical diagnosis. […] Imaging: to rule out other causes of posterior knee pain or lower limb swelling (e.g., DVT) […] Obtain an ultrasound, as a large or ruptured popliteal cyst may cause calf swelling and can mimic the signs of DVT (pseudothrombophlebitis syndrome).

• #43 Baker cyst – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/bakers-cyst/symptoms-causes/syc-20369950

  Swelling on the back of one knee may be a Baker cyst. This can form when joint-lubricating fluid fills a cushioning pouch (bursa) at the back of the knee. […] A Baker cyst is usually the result of a problem with the knee joint, such as arthritis or a cartilage tear. Both conditions can cause the knee to produce too much fluid. […] Seek medical attention if you have pain and swelling behind your knee. Though unlikely, these symptoms may be a sign of a blood clot in a leg vein. […] But sometimes underlying conditions can cause the knee to produce too much synovial fluid. When this happens, fluid can build up in the back of the knee, leading to a Baker cyst. […] This can be caused by: Inflammation of the knee joint, which can occur with various types of arthritis; A knee injury, such as a cartilage tear.

• #44 Baker’s Cyst (Popliteal Cyst) – OrthoInfo – AAOS

  https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases–conditions/bakers-cyst-popliteal-cyst/

  Baker’s cysts, also known as popliteal cysts, are one of the most common disorders in the knee. These fluid-filled cysts form a lump at the back of the knee that often causes stiffness and discomfort. […] Baker’s cysts typically result from a problem inside the knee joint, such as osteoarthritis or a meniscus tear. These conditions cause the joint to produce excess fluid, which can lead to the formation of a cyst. […] Imaging tests may be ordered to help confirm the diagnosis and provide more information about your condition. […] X-rays provide images of dense structures, such as bone. Although a cyst cannot be seen on an x-ray, one may be ordered so that your doctor can look for narrowing of the joint space and other signs of arthritis in the joint. […] Ultrasound. This test uses sound waves to create images of structures inside the body. An ultrasound will help your doctor see the lump behind your knee in greater detail and determine whether it is solid or filled with fluid. […] Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. These tests produce clear pictures of the body’s soft tissues. Your doctor may order an MRI scan to learn more about your cyst and to look for a meniscus tear or another underlying condition.

• #45 Baker’s cyst | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/bakers-cyst

  How is a Baker’s cyst diagnosed? […] A Baker’s cyst may be diagnosed using a number of different methods, including: […] physical examination of your knee […] taking your medical history to see if you have any conditions that may cause a Baker’s cyst (such as rheumatoid arthritis) […] x-ray to show the presence of arthritis in the knee joint, which may be causing the problem […] shining a light through the cyst (transillumination), which can determine that the mass is filled with fluid […] ultrasound or magnetic imaging resonance (MRI).

• #46 Baker cyst – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/bakers-cyst/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20369955

  A Baker cyst can often be diagnosed during a physical exam. However, some of the symptoms of a Baker cyst are similar to the symptoms of more-serious conditions, such as a blood clot, aneurysm or tumor. To get more information, your health care provider may order imaging tests, including: […] What tests do I need? Do these tests require special preparation? […] Is a Baker cyst temporary or long lasting? […] What treatments are available, and which do you recommend?

• #47 Baker’s Cyst

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4481672/

  Ultrasound has largely replaced arthrography as the initial assessment for Bakers cysts. […] The advantages include its low cost, noninvasive usage, and absence of radiation. […] The main disadvantage is the fact that it is user dependent. […] The cysts appear anechoic on ultrasound, indicating that they are fluid filled. […] Conditions such as meniscal cysts are more easily differentiated from Bakers cysts with MRI than ultrasound. […] If the pain fails to resolve with this conservative approach, usually under 2 months, then surgical treatment may be considered directed to the intra-articular cause of the joint fluid production and not at the popliteal cyst unless it is unduly large and highly symptomatic. […] Surgical excision of the Bakers cyst without treatment of any intra-articular lesions has been reported; however, the results have been disappointing because of the high rate of recurrence.

• #48

  https://step2.medbullets.com/evidence/26137182

  Baker’s cysts are commonly found associated with intra-articular knee disorders. Proper diagnosis, examination, and treatment are paramount in alleviating the pain and discomfort associated with Baker’s cysts. […] Management of symptomatic popliteal cysts is conservative. The intra-articular pathology should be first addressed by arthroscopy. If surgical excision later becomes necessary, a limited posteromedial approach is often employed. Other treatments, such as arthroscopic debridement and closure of the valvular mechanism, are not well studied and cannot yet be recommended.

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