Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Baker’s Cyst – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430774/

  A Baker Cyst, also known as a popliteal or parameniscal cyst, is a fluid-filled sac that forms in the posterior aspect of the knee, typically located between the semimembranosus and medial head of the gastrocnemius. […] In adults, Baker’s Cysts tend to form in association with degenerative conditions of the knee. One of the most common associations seen is secondary to degenerative meniscal tears. Inflammatory conditions and arthritides are also known causes of popliteal cyst formation. When the cyst forms in association with a meniscal tear, the meniscus serves as a one-way valve and the extruded synovial fluid localizes and consolidates to form a viscous, gel-like material. […] Baker’s cysts form and can expand as a result of the accumulation and extrusion of synovial fluid that localizes between the semimembranosus and medial head of the gastrocnemius. In some instances, normal anatomic variants entail physiologic capsular openings or defects in the posterior knee joint capsule that is essentially contiguous with the gastrocnemius-semimembranosus bursa.

• #2 Baker cyst – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/bakers-cyst/symptoms-causes/syc-20369950

  Swelling on the back of one knee may be a Baker cyst. This can form when joint-lubricating fluid fills a cushioning pouch (bursa) at the back of the knee. […] A Baker cyst is usually the result of a problem with the knee joint, such as arthritis or a cartilage tear. Both conditions can cause the knee to produce too much fluid. […] But sometimes underlying conditions can cause the knee to produce too much synovial fluid. When this happens, fluid can build up in the back of the knee, leading to a Baker cyst. […] This can be caused by: Inflammation of the knee joint, which can occur with various types of arthritis; A knee injury, such as a cartilage tear.

• #2 Baker’s Cyst – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430774/

  The formation and maintenance of Baker’s cysts can occur through several mechanisms, including joint-cyst communication, sequestration of synovial fluid in the popliteal fossa due to a valve-like effect between the joint space and cyst (controlled by the gastrocnemius-semimembranosus muscle with flexion and extension at the knee), negative intraarticular knee pressure during partial flexion combined with a positive pressure during extension (as a result directing fluid flow towards the cyst from the suprapatellar bursa during flexion); gastrocnemius-semimembranosus bursa enlargement resulting from small traumas to the bursa with muscle contractions; and herniation of the joint capsule into the popliteal fossa.

• #3 Baker’s Cyst: Meaning, Causes, Symptoms, Prevention, Treatment, Ayurveda Understanding

  https://www.easyayurveda.com/2024/09/21/bakers-cyst-meaning-causes-symptoms-prevention-treatment/

  The development and persistence of Bakers cysts, also known as popliteal cysts, involve several intricate mechanisms: Joint-Cyst Communication: There is a direct communication between the knee joint and the cyst. This allows synovial fluid to flow into the cyst from the joint space. […] Valve-Like Effect: The gastrocnemius and semimembranosus muscles create a valve-like mechanism that affects the flow of synovial fluid. During knee movements, particularly flexion and extension, this effect can trap fluid in the popliteal fossa, contributing to cyst formation and maintenance. […] Negative Intraarticular Pressure: When the knee is partially flexed, negative pressure within the joint can draw fluid towards the cyst. […] Positive Pressure During Extension: Conversely, during knee extension, positive pressure within the joint directs fluid into the cyst. This dynamic helps maintain the cyst as fluid continuously flows towards it, particularly from the suprapatellar bursa during flexion.

• #3 Baker’s Cyst: Meaning, Causes, Symptoms, Prevention, Treatment, Ayurveda Understanding

  https://www.easyayurveda.com/2024/09/21/bakers-cyst-meaning-causes-symptoms-prevention-treatment/

  Bursa Enlargement: The gastrocnemius-semimembranosus bursa can enlarge due to minor traumas from muscle contractions. Repeated small injuries to the bursa can lead to its expansion, contributing to cyst formation. […] Joint Capsule Herniation: In some cases, part of the joint capsule may herniate into the popliteal fossa, forming a cystic structure that fills with synovial fluid. […] These mechanisms, individually or collectively, result in the formation and persistence of Bakers cysts.

• #4 Baker Cyst (Popliteal Cyst) Imaging: Practice Essentials, Radiography, Computed Tomography

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/387399-overview

  Jayson and Dixon studied the valvular mechanisms in juxta-articular cysts and postulated that joint effusion and fibrin are pumped from the knee joint into the Baker cyst but because of a valvelike communication (either a Bunsen or ball valve) not in the reverse direction. […] The effusion can be readily reabsorbed through the synovial membrane, leaving behind concentrations of fibrin, which on radiographs may appear as gaslike lucencies. […] Arthritis is the most common condition associated with Baker cysts, with osteoarthritis probably being the most frequent cause among the arthritides. […] The occurrence of Baker cysts relates directly to the presence of knee effusion and the severity of the osteoarthritis. […] The common underlying pathology for these medical conditions is synovial proliferation with effusion.

• #5 Infected Baker’s Cyst: A New Classification, Diagnosis and Treatment Recommendations | Journal of Orthopaedic Case Reports

  https://jocr.co.in/wp/2018/11/10/2250-0685-1238-fulltext/

  The Bakers cyst pathophysiology is based on unidirectional flow of intra-articular synovial fluid controlled by a valvular mechanism that is depicted by arthrographies. […] This valvular mechanism may be explained by the presence of a septum, pedicular bending or obstruction caused by loose bodies inside the cyst. […] Foucher described the synovial fluid flow between the joint and the cyst following a pressure gradient and how the communication is closed during the knee extension. […] He observed that, during manual compression of the cyst, the synovial fluid moved into the joint as long as the knee was inflexion, making the cyst smaller to palpation. […] This phenomenon is attributed to the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles relaxation, producing cyst hardness in full knee extension followed by cyst softening with knee flexion.

• #6 Infected Baker’s Cyst: A New Classification, Diagnosis and Treatment Recommendations | Journal of Orthopaedic Case Reports

  https://jocr.co.in/wp/2018/11/10/2250-0685-1238-fulltext/

  In knee flexion, the communication between compartments is open, allowing flowing of the synovial fluid, with the subsequent balance of pressures. […] This may explain why patients refer to feel more pain while the knee is extended and relief during knee flexion. […] The surgical treatment of a simple cyst and its complications is controversial. […] Despite surgical indications are rare, several arthroscopic and open techniques have been described. […] Some authors describe a combined surgical techniques, treating the valve mechanism in an arthroscopically way and then performing an open cystectomy. […] Based on this case report and the literature review, we propose a new classification, diagnosis and treatment algorithm for infected Bakers cysts.

• #7 Sports Injury Bulletin – Diagnose & Treat – Baker’s cysts: an early indication of pathology?

  https://www.sportsinjurybulletin.com/diagnose–treat/bakers-cysts-an-early-indication-of-pathology

  It has been found that 38% of symptomatic knees show evidence of Bakers cysts on MRI imaging. […] As mentioned above, the pathogenesis of a Bakers cyst is explained by the presence of a connection between the knee joint and the bursa allowing the flow of fluid via a 1-way valve effect. During flexion the valve opens. During extension, the valve closes due to the tension of these muscles. Furthermore, the intra-articular pressure of the knee interferes in the formation and in the filling of the Bakers cyst. The intra-articular pressure during partial knee flexion is negative (-6mmHg), becoming positive with knee extension (16mmHg). The combination of the connection between bursa and knee joint, the 1-way valve system and the pressure changes explain how Bakers cysts are formed. […] Histologically, the following features have been found in cysts: Cyst walls resemble synovial tissue with evident fibrosis.

• #8 Assessment of Imaging Factors Associated with Baker’s Cyst Rupture on Knee MRI | Journal of the Belgian Society of Radiology

  https://jbsr.be/articles/10.5334/jbsr.3258

  Bakers cyst is the prototype of the synovial cyst which is the herniation or continuation of the synovial membrane via the joint capsule. In other words, this fluid-filled mass is the result of the extrusion of synovial fluid via the stalk between the MHGT and SMT. […] In clinical conditions, such as inflammatory or degenerative arthropathy, which can cause increase of intra-articular pressure due to increase of joint effusion, the effusion may enter into the cyst. Furthermore, development of Bakers cyst was associated with ACL tear and meniscal tear. […] Therefore, it was thought that there may be factors contributing to the cyst rupture, just as there were many factors affecting the cyst development. […] The mechanism between knee joint space and medial gastrocnemius-semimembranosus recess has been known as ball-valve mechanism; thus, fluid in Bakers cyst cannot re-enter the joint space, resulting in protecting the joint space by decompression of effusion increased by knee pathology.

• #9 Assessment of Imaging Factors Associated with Baker’s Cyst Rupture on Knee MRI | Journal of the Belgian Society of Radiology

  https://jbsr.be/articles/10.5334/jbsr.3258

  Therefore, we hypothesized that as the inflow of effusion into the recess increases, the size of Bakers cyst can increase, and the cyst may eventually be ruptured when it cannot withstand the pressure inside. […] Our result showing longer T diameter and larger volume of Bakers cyst were associated with cyst rupture was consistent with the hypothesis. […] Although the measurements of cyst size may be inaccurate in patients with ruptured cyst due to shrinkage of cyst after rupture, the relationship between the cyst rupture and large cyst size, despite the decreased in size after rupture, strengthens the result of our study.

• #10 Baker Cyst (Popliteal Cyst) Imaging: Practice Essentials, Radiography, Computed Tomography

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/387399-overview

  Jayson and Dixon studied the valvular mechanisms in juxta-articular cysts and postulated that joint effusion and fibrin are pumped from the knee joint into the Baker cyst but because of a valvelike communication (either a Bunsen or ball valve) not in the reverse direction. […] The effusion can be readily reabsorbed through the synovial membrane, leaving behind concentrations of fibrin, which on radiographs may appear as gaslike lucencies. […] Arthritis is the most common condition associated with Baker cysts, with osteoarthritis probably being the most frequent cause among the arthritides. […] The occurrence of Baker cysts relates directly to the presence of knee effusion and the severity of the osteoarthritis. […] The common underlying pathology for these medical conditions is synovial proliferation with effusion.

• #11 Baker Cyst (Popliteal Cyst) Imaging: Practice Essentials, Radiography, Computed Tomography

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/387399-reference

  Jayson and Dixon studied the valvular mechanisms in juxta-articular cysts and postulated that joint effusion and fibrin are pumped from the knee joint into the Baker cyst but because of a valvelike communication (either a Bunsen or ball valve) not in the reverse direction. […] The effusion can be readily reabsorbed through the synovial membrane, leaving behind concentrations of fibrin, which on radiographs may appear as gaslike lucencies. […] Arthritis is the most common condition associated with Baker cysts, with osteoarthritis probably being the most frequent cause among the arthritides. […] The occurrence of Baker cysts relates directly to the presence of knee effusion and the severity of the osteoarthritis. […] The common underlying pathology for these medical conditions is synovial proliferation with effusion.

• #12 Popliteal (Baker’s) cyst – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/popliteal-bakers-cyst

  Popliteal synovial cysts, also known as Baker’s cysts, are common in adults and children. They present as swelling in the popliteal fossa due to enlargement of the gastrocnemius-semimembranosus bursa, which lies between these two muscles on the medial side of the fossa, slightly distal to the center crease in the back of the knee. […] Popliteal cysts in adults are often associated with osteoarthritis, inflammatory joint disease, or joint injury. They usually communicate with the adjacent knee joint space, especially in older patients with knee pathology; communicating cysts contain synovial fluid. […] In children, popliteal cysts are usually a primary process, arising directly from the gastrocnemius-semimembranosus bursa; they do not communicate with the joint space.

• #13 Baker’s Cyst – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430774/

  A Baker Cyst, also known as a popliteal or parameniscal cyst, is a fluid-filled sac that forms in the posterior aspect of the knee, typically located between the semimembranosus and medial head of the gastrocnemius. […] In adults, Baker’s Cysts tend to form in association with degenerative conditions of the knee. One of the most common associations seen is secondary to degenerative meniscal tears. Inflammatory conditions and arthritides are also known causes of popliteal cyst formation. When the cyst forms in association with a meniscal tear, the meniscus serves as a one-way valve and the extruded synovial fluid localizes and consolidates to form a viscous, gel-like material. […] Baker’s cysts form and can expand as a result of the accumulation and extrusion of synovial fluid that localizes between the semimembranosus and medial head of the gastrocnemius. In some instances, normal anatomic variants entail physiologic capsular openings or defects in the posterior knee joint capsule that is essentially contiguous with the gastrocnemius-semimembranosus bursa.

• #14 Baker’s Cyst / Popliteal Cysts : Wheeless’ Textbook of Orthopaedics

  https://www.wheelessonline.com/joints/bakers-cyst-popliteal-cysts/

  – a type of cyst which results from egress of fluid through a normal communication of a bursa (semimembranosus or medial gastrocnemius bursa) or may be caused by herniation of the synovial membrane through the joint capsule; […] – presence of knee effusion (excessive fluid pressure), allows unidirectional egress of fluid through the valve and into the cyst; […] – posterior horn meniscal tears which extend to capsule may cause a defect (1 way valve) to develop between joint cavity and gastro-semimembranosus bursa; […] – the authors concluded that the popliteal cyst was a secondary phenomenon and that treatment should address the underlying intraarticular lesions; […] – giant synovial cysts of calf have been reported in pts w/ RA (long-standing RA synovitis of knee can cause popliteal cyst formation);

• #15 Baker’s Cyst – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430774/

  A Baker Cyst, also known as a popliteal or parameniscal cyst, is a fluid-filled sac that forms in the posterior aspect of the knee, typically located between the semimembranosus and medial head of the gastrocnemius. […] In adults, Baker’s Cysts tend to form in association with degenerative conditions of the knee. One of the most common associations seen is secondary to degenerative meniscal tears. Inflammatory conditions and arthritides are also known causes of popliteal cyst formation. When the cyst forms in association with a meniscal tear, the meniscus serves as a one-way valve and the extruded synovial fluid localizes and consolidates to form a viscous, gel-like material. […] Baker’s cysts form and can expand as a result of the accumulation and extrusion of synovial fluid that localizes between the semimembranosus and medial head of the gastrocnemius. In some instances, normal anatomic variants entail physiologic capsular openings or defects in the posterior knee joint capsule that is essentially contiguous with the gastrocnemius-semimembranosus bursa.

• #16 Baker’s Cyst – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430774/

  A Baker Cyst, also known as a popliteal or parameniscal cyst, is a fluid-filled sac that forms in the posterior aspect of the knee, typically located between the semimembranosus and medial head of the gastrocnemius. […] In adults, Baker’s Cysts tend to form in association with degenerative conditions of the knee. One of the most common associations seen is secondary to degenerative meniscal tears. Inflammatory conditions and arthritides are also known causes of popliteal cyst formation. When the cyst forms in association with a meniscal tear, the meniscus serves as a one-way valve and the extruded synovial fluid localizes and consolidates to form a viscous, gel-like material. […] Baker’s cysts form and can expand as a result of the accumulation and extrusion of synovial fluid that localizes between the semimembranosus and medial head of the gastrocnemius. In some instances, normal anatomic variants entail physiologic capsular openings or defects in the posterior knee joint capsule that is essentially contiguous with the gastrocnemius-semimembranosus bursa.

• #17

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10067-010-1483-6

  The purpose of this study was to know the pathology associated with Baker’s cyst (BC) in a rheumatology clinic and to evaluate the incidence, characteristics, and complications of BC. […] However, in the cases of ruptured BC, the inflammatory pathology (66.7%) is more frequent than the degenerative one (33.3%).

• #18 Baker’s Cyst

  https://www.artisanorthopaedics.sg/conditions/knee/bakers-cyst

  Bakers cyst, also known as a popliteal cyst or a synovial cyst, is a fluid-filled lump or growth that develops at the back of the knees. […] It occurs due to the build-up of synovial fluid in the knee joint thus causing inflammation and swelling of the tissues behind the knee, resulting in pain and stiffness which worsens with activity or when the knee is bent or straightened. […] However, if inflammation or swelling of the knee should occur, the knee responds by producing an excess of synovial fluid, which flows to the popliteal bursa behind the knee, causing it to swell and grow, resulting in a Bakers cyst. […] Inflammation and swelling of the knee can occur due to: […] injuries to the knee such as meniscus injuries, ACL injury/tear, can cause the build-up of synovial fluid in the knee joint, resulting in a Bakers cyst. […] arthritis such as osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis causes inflammation of joints, thus resulting in a Bakers cyst. Gout is also a type of arthritis that can eventually result in Bakers cyst.

• #19 Popliteal (Baker’s) cyst – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/popliteal-bakers-cyst

  Popliteal synovial cysts, also known as Baker’s cysts, are common in adults and children. They present as swelling in the popliteal fossa due to enlargement of the gastrocnemius-semimembranosus bursa, which lies between these two muscles on the medial side of the fossa, slightly distal to the center crease in the back of the knee. […] Popliteal cysts in adults are often associated with osteoarthritis, inflammatory joint disease, or joint injury. They usually communicate with the adjacent knee joint space, especially in older patients with knee pathology; communicating cysts contain synovial fluid. […] In children, popliteal cysts are usually a primary process, arising directly from the gastrocnemius-semimembranosus bursa; they do not communicate with the joint space.

• #20 Popliteal (Baker) Cyst | 5-Minute Clinical Consult

  https://www.unboundmedicine.com/5minute/view/5-Minute-Clinical-Consult/1688688/all/Popliteal__Baker__Cyst?q=Lipoma

  A fluid-filled synovial sac arising in the popliteal fossa as a distention of (typically) the gastrocnemial-semimembranous bursa; not a true cyst. […] Primary cysts are a distention of the bursa (arise independently without an intra-articular disorder). […] Secondary cysts occur if there is a communication between the bursa and knee joint, allowing articular fluid to fill the cyst. […] Associated with synovial inflammation. […] Extension or herniation of synovial membrane of the knee joint capsule or connection of normal bursa with the joint capsule. […] May result from increased intra-articular pressure. […] Commonly seen with knee effusions. […] Direct trauma to the bursa is likely the primary cause in children because of no communication between the bursa and the joint. […] A valve-like mechanism allowing one-way passage of fluid from the joint to the bursal connection has been described.

• #21 Baker’s cyst – Dworska Hospital

  https://dworskahospital.com/treatments-and-operations/orthopedic-operations/knee-surgery/baker-s-cyst

  Baker’s cyst most often develops in children aged 4-7 years and in adults aged 35-70 years, and its location is in most cases constant. […] Cyst formation may result from damage to the joint capsule or inflammation of one of the synovial bursae. […] The first factor that is decisive in the formation of a popliteal cyst, which is crucial for any patient, is the excess amount of exudate in the knee joint. […] Excessive production of exudate is caused by concomitant intra-articular diseases such as: degenerative changes, rheumatoid arthritis or gout. […] The second factor influencing the formation and persistence of Baker’s cyst is the existing valve mechanism of the articular capsule, which forces a unidirectional flow of exudate fluid. […] All of the above-mentioned factors contribute to the excessive production of synovial fluid and, consequently, the possibility of cysts.

• #22 Baker’s Cyst – ScienceOpen

  https://www.scienceopen.com/document?vid=ba9134bf-2ec0-48ce-ab40-af5c08f47d14

  Popliteal synovial cysts, also known as Baker’s cysts, are commonly found in association with intra-articular knee disorders, such as osteoarthritis and meniscus tears. […] Histologically, the cyst walls resemble synovial tissue with fibrosis evident, and there may be chronic nonspecific inflammation present. […] A capsular opening to the semimembranosus–medial head gastrocnemius bursa is a commonly found normal anatomic variant. It is thought that this can lead to the formation of a popliteal cyst in the presence of chronic knee effusions as a result of intra-articular pathology.

• #23 Sports Injury Bulletin – Diagnose & Treat – Baker’s cysts: an early indication of pathology?

  https://www.sportsinjurybulletin.com/diagnose–treat/bakers-cysts-an-early-indication-of-pathology

  It has been found that 38% of symptomatic knees show evidence of Bakers cysts on MRI imaging. […] As mentioned above, the pathogenesis of a Bakers cyst is explained by the presence of a connection between the knee joint and the bursa allowing the flow of fluid via a 1-way valve effect. During flexion the valve opens. During extension, the valve closes due to the tension of these muscles. Furthermore, the intra-articular pressure of the knee interferes in the formation and in the filling of the Bakers cyst. The intra-articular pressure during partial knee flexion is negative (-6mmHg), becoming positive with knee extension (16mmHg). The combination of the connection between bursa and knee joint, the 1-way valve system and the pressure changes explain how Bakers cysts are formed. […] Histologically, the following features have been found in cysts: Cyst walls resemble synovial tissue with evident fibrosis.

• #24 Baker Cyst (Popliteal Cyst) Imaging: Practice Essentials, Radiography, Computed Tomography

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/387399-overview

  Jayson and Dixon studied the valvular mechanisms in juxta-articular cysts and postulated that joint effusion and fibrin are pumped from the knee joint into the Baker cyst but because of a valvelike communication (either a Bunsen or ball valve) not in the reverse direction. […] The effusion can be readily reabsorbed through the synovial membrane, leaving behind concentrations of fibrin, which on radiographs may appear as gaslike lucencies. […] Arthritis is the most common condition associated with Baker cysts, with osteoarthritis probably being the most frequent cause among the arthritides. […] The occurrence of Baker cysts relates directly to the presence of knee effusion and the severity of the osteoarthritis. […] The common underlying pathology for these medical conditions is synovial proliferation with effusion.

• #25 Baker’s cyst pathophysiology – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Baker%27s_cyst_pathophysiology

  In adults, Baker’s cysts usually arise from almost any form of knee arthritis and cartilage (particularly the meniscus) tear. Baker’s cysts arise between the tendons of the medial head of the gastrocnemius and the semimembranosus muscles. They are posterior to the medial femoral condyle. […] The synovial sack of the knee joint can, under certain circumstances, produce a posterior bulge, into the popliteal space, the space behind the knee. When this bulge becomes large enough, it becomes palpable and cystic. Most Baker’s cysts maintain this direct communication with the synovial cavity of the knee, but sometimes, the new cyst pinches off. A Baker’s cyst can rupture and produce acute pain behind the knee and in the calf and swelling of the calf muscles. […] A popliteal cyst is fluid distention of a bursa between the gastrocnemius and semimembranosus tendons via a communication with the knee joint. Fluid within a Baker’s cyst may communicate freely with the knee joint. However, the presence of a valvelike mechanism may allow joint fluid to communicate in only one direction. Popliteal cysts may be seen with many joint abnormalities, such as internal derangement, osteoarthrosis, or inflammatory arthritis; the most common associations include joint effusion, meniscal tear, and degenerative joint disease.

• #26 Baker Cyst: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15183-bakers-cyst

  Baker cysts develop when something damages your knee joint or the tissues around it and extra fluid drains out of your knee. […] The fluid can only drain in one direction out the back of your joint. That buildup forms the sac that becomes a Baker cyst. […] Anything that damages your knee joint can cause swelling and trigger a Baker cyst. The most common causes are different types of knee arthritis and injuries. […] If you experience a knee injury, the damage can cause swelling in your knee that leads to a Baker cyst. […] Injuries that damage your knee ligaments can cause Baker cysts, including: ACL tears, MCL tears, LCL tears, PCL tears. […] A ruptured Baker cyst happens when the sac around the cyst fills up with fluid too fast or with too much pressure and bursts.

• #27 Baker Cysts – Bone, Joint, and Muscle Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/bone-joint-and-muscle-disorders/muscle-bursa-and-tendon-disorders/baker-cysts

  A Baker cyst results from an accumulation of trapped joint fluid, which bulges from the joint capsule behind the knee as a protruding sac. […] Causes of the joint fluid accumulation include rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, other inflammatory joint diseases and overuse of the knees. […] A rapid increase in the amount and pressure of fluid within the cyst can cause it to rupture. […] The fluid released from the cyst can cause the surrounding tissues to become inflamed, resulting in symptoms that may mimic those of a blood clot in the calf (deep vein thrombosis [DVT]). […] Moreover, a bulging or ruptured Baker cyst can rarely actually cause thrombophlebitis in the popliteal vein (which is located behind the knee) by pressing on the vein.

• #28 Baker Cyst (Popliteal Cyst) Imaging: Practice Essentials, Radiography, Computed Tomography

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/387399-overview

  The most common mass in the popliteal fossa, Baker cyst, also termed popliteal cyst, results from fluid distention of the gastrocnemio-semimembranosus bursa, which is located in the medial aspect of the popliteal fossa. […] In 1877, Baker described 8 cases of periarticular cysts caused by synovial fluid that had escaped from the knee joint and formed a new sac outside the joint. […] The common underlying conditions were osteoarthritis and Charcot joint. […] Baker cysts can be associated with conditions such as osteoarthritis of the knee, meniscal tears, rheumatoid arthritis, Charcot joints, and synovial disorders of the knee. […] The manifestations of a ruptured cyst can resemble those of deep venous thrombosis (DVT) or thrombophlebitis. […] Valvular mechanism of Baker cyst. Effusion and fibrin are pumped (large arrows) into the Baker cyst (long, thin arrows). In the Bunsen-valve mechanism, the enlarging Baker cyst exerts mass effect (feathered arrow) on the slitlike communication between the joint and the cyst, trapping effusion. In the ball-valve mechanism, fibrin serves as a 1-way valve that prevents the effusion’s return to the knee joint.

• #29 popliteal-bakers-cyst-pathogenesis-and-clinical-findings | Calgary Guide

  https://calgaryguide.ucalgary.ca/popliteal-bakers-cyst-pathogenesis-and-clinical-findings/popliteal-bakers-cyst-pathogenesis-and-clinical-findings-2022/

  Muscle tension around cyst Channel between knee joint and cyst gradually closes with tension at full extension, no fluid flow between the joint and cyst (trapping the fluid in the cyst) […] Muscle tension around cyst Channel between knee joint and cyst opens […] Fluid flow from cyst into knee joint […] Fluid flow from knee joint into cyst […] Enlarging mass in posterior knee Cyst reaches maximum volume Pressure within cyst exceeds tensile strength of surrounding sac Fluid drains distally into calf […] Venous pressure distal to cyst Popliteal vein occluded by mass […] Compression of calf muscles and posterior tibial nerve […] Positive Homans sign (discomfort with passive ankle dorsiflexion) […] Cyst Rupture Abrupt and intense pain Stimulates inflammatory response […] Swelling and erythema (redness) in distal calf and foot […] Pseudo-Thrombophlebitis worse with extension or physical activity (shares symptoms with deep vein thrombosis but no associated clot)

• #30 Baker Cysts – Bone, Joint, and Muscle Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/bone-joint-and-muscle-disorders/muscle-bursa-and-tendon-disorders/baker-cysts

  A Baker cyst results from an accumulation of trapped joint fluid, which bulges from the joint capsule behind the knee as a protruding sac. […] Causes of the joint fluid accumulation include rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, other inflammatory joint diseases and overuse of the knees. […] A rapid increase in the amount and pressure of fluid within the cyst can cause it to rupture. […] The fluid released from the cyst can cause the surrounding tissues to become inflamed, resulting in symptoms that may mimic those of a blood clot in the calf (deep vein thrombosis [DVT]). […] Moreover, a bulging or ruptured Baker cyst can rarely actually cause thrombophlebitis in the popliteal vein (which is located behind the knee) by pressing on the vein.

• #31 Sports Injury Bulletin – Diagnose & Treat – Baker’s cysts: an early indication of pathology?

  https://www.sportsinjurybulletin.com/diagnose–treat/bakers-cysts-an-early-indication-of-pathology

  It has been found that 38% of symptomatic knees show evidence of Bakers cysts on MRI imaging. […] As mentioned above, the pathogenesis of a Bakers cyst is explained by the presence of a connection between the knee joint and the bursa allowing the flow of fluid via a 1-way valve effect. During flexion the valve opens. During extension, the valve closes due to the tension of these muscles. Furthermore, the intra-articular pressure of the knee interferes in the formation and in the filling of the Bakers cyst. The intra-articular pressure during partial knee flexion is negative (-6mmHg), becoming positive with knee extension (16mmHg). The combination of the connection between bursa and knee joint, the 1-way valve system and the pressure changes explain how Bakers cysts are formed. […] Histologically, the following features have been found in cysts: Cyst walls resemble synovial tissue with evident fibrosis.

• #32 Baker’s Cyst / Popliteal Cysts : Wheeless’ Textbook of Orthopaedics

  https://www.wheelessonline.com/joints/bakers-cyst-popliteal-cysts/

  – a type of cyst which results from egress of fluid through a normal communication of a bursa (semimembranosus or medial gastrocnemius bursa) or may be caused by herniation of the synovial membrane through the joint capsule; […] – presence of knee effusion (excessive fluid pressure), allows unidirectional egress of fluid through the valve and into the cyst; […] – posterior horn meniscal tears which extend to capsule may cause a defect (1 way valve) to develop between joint cavity and gastro-semimembranosus bursa; […] – the authors concluded that the popliteal cyst was a secondary phenomenon and that treatment should address the underlying intraarticular lesions; […] – giant synovial cysts of calf have been reported in pts w/ RA (long-standing RA synovitis of knee can cause popliteal cyst formation);

• #33 Baker’s cyst | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/bakers-cyst

  A Baker’s cyst is a swelling on the back of the knee, caused by a build-up of excess fluid inside the bursa. […] When your knee produces too much synovial fluid, the excess fluid causes the bursa behind the knee to expand and bulge. This is a Baker’s cyst (also known as a popliteal cyst). Baker’s cysts can vary in size. […] Some of the common causes of a Baker’s cyst include: injury trauma or injury to the knee that can cause a build-up of excess fluid, torn cartilage cartilage is a thin cushion on the ends of your bones, arthritis particularly rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis, infection can cause fluid to build up around the knee joint, unknown causes Baker’s cysts can sometimes develop for no apparent reason. […] Baker’s cysts don’t always need treatment as they can get better and disappear on their own.

• #34 Baker’s Cyst – Symptoms, Causes, & Treatment | MHA

  https://muscha.org/bakers-cyst

  A Bakers cyst is a swelling on the back of the knee caused by a build-up of excess fluid inside the bursa. […] When your knee produces too much synovial fluid, the excess fluid causes the bursa behind the knee to expand and bulge. This is a Bakers cyst. It may also be called a popliteal cyst. Bakers cysts can vary in size. […] Some of the common causes of Bakers cyst include: injury trauma or injury to the knee can cause a build-up of excess fluid, torn cartilage cartilage is a thin cushion on the ends of your bones, arthritis particularly rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis, infection can cause fluid to build up around the knee joint, unknown causes Bakers cysts can sometimes develop for no apparent reason. […] Bakers cysts dont always require treatment as they can get better and disappear on their own.

• #35 Baker’s Cyst – Symptoms, Causes, & Treatment | MHA

  https://muscha.org/bakers-cyst

  If treatment is needed, options can include: treating the underlying cause, such as medication for arthritis or rest and ice for torn knee cartilage, temporarily avoiding activities that aggravate your knee joint, physiotherapy which may include heat or ice treatment and exercises and stretches to maintain the mobility and strength of your knee, using crutches to take the weight off your knee, cortisone injections to reduce inflammation, inserting a needle into the cyst and draining the fluid, surgery may be required in some cases to remove the cyst if all other treatments havent worked.

• #36 Baker’s Cyst / Popliteal Cysts : Wheeless’ Textbook of Orthopaedics

  https://www.wheelessonline.com/joints/bakers-cyst-popliteal-cysts/

  – a type of cyst which results from egress of fluid through a normal communication of a bursa (semimembranosus or medial gastrocnemius bursa) or may be caused by herniation of the synovial membrane through the joint capsule; […] – presence of knee effusion (excessive fluid pressure), allows unidirectional egress of fluid through the valve and into the cyst; […] – posterior horn meniscal tears which extend to capsule may cause a defect (1 way valve) to develop between joint cavity and gastro-semimembranosus bursa; […] – the authors concluded that the popliteal cyst was a secondary phenomenon and that treatment should address the underlying intraarticular lesions; […] – giant synovial cysts of calf have been reported in pts w/ RA (long-standing RA synovitis of knee can cause popliteal cyst formation);

• #37 Infected Baker’s Cyst: A New Classification, Diagnosis and Treatment Recommendations | Journal of Orthopaedic Case Reports

  https://jocr.co.in/wp/2018/11/10/2250-0685-1238-fulltext/

  In knee flexion, the communication between compartments is open, allowing flowing of the synovial fluid, with the subsequent balance of pressures. […] This may explain why patients refer to feel more pain while the knee is extended and relief during knee flexion. […] The surgical treatment of a simple cyst and its complications is controversial. […] Despite surgical indications are rare, several arthroscopic and open techniques have been described. […] Some authors describe a combined surgical techniques, treating the valve mechanism in an arthroscopically way and then performing an open cystectomy. […] Based on this case report and the literature review, we propose a new classification, diagnosis and treatment algorithm for infected Bakers cysts.

• #38 Baker’s (Popliteal) Cyst: Causes, Symptoms, and Diagnosis

  https://www.healthline.com/health/bakers-cyst

  A popliteal cyst, also known as a Bakers cyst, is a fluid-filled swelling that causes a lump at the back of the knee, leading to tightness and restricted movement. […] Usually, this condition is due to a problem that affects the knee joint, such as arthritis or a cartilage injury. […] Synovial fluid is a clear liquid that normally circulates through the cavities in your knee joint. Sometimes the knee produces too much of this fluid. The increasing pressure forces the fluid to the back of the knee via a one-way valve, where it creates a bulge. This severe swelling of the knee causes a popliteal cyst to form. […] The most common causes of a popliteal cyst are damage to the knees cartilage (meniscus), arthritis of the knee, rheumatoid arthritis, and other knee conditions that cause joint inflammation. […] Such injuries may cause the inflammation that leads to a popliteal cyst. […] Treating the cause of the cyst is very important to prevent the cyst from returning. […] If you have arthritis, the cyst may persist even after your doctor treats the underlying cause.

Zobacz więcej