Szkorbut
Patofizjologia i mechanizm

Szkorbut jest klinicznym zespołem wynikającym z niedoboru witaminy C (kwasu askorbinowego), pojawiającym się po co najmniej 3 miesiącach eliminacji witaminy C z diety i spadku jej całkowitych zasobów w organizmie poniżej 350 mg. Witamina C jest niezbędna jako kofaktor hydroksylazy prolilowej i lizylowej, kluczowych enzymów w hydroksylacji proliny i lizyny w kolagenie, co umożliwia stabilizację potrójnej helisy kolagenu i prawidłowe sieciowanie włókien kolagenowych. Niedobór prowadzi do osłabienia tkanek łącznych, kruchości naczyń włosowatych, zaburzeń w tworzeniu osteoidu i resorpcji kości, manifestujących się klinicznie krwawieniami, siniakami, krwotokami podokostnowymi oraz zmianami radiologicznymi, takimi jak linia Fränkela i strefa Trummerfelda. Ponadto niedobór witaminy C powoduje epigenetyczną hipermetylację DNA, hamującą transkrypcję kolagenu, oraz zaburzenia w metabolizmie żelaza, co przyczynia się do anemii o wieloczynnikowej etiologii. Objawy wczesne obejmują osłabienie, bóle mięśniowo-stawowe, a także zmiany skórne i śluzówkowe, takie jak wybroczyny i krwawienia dziąseł.

Patogeneza szkorbutu (skorbut)

Szkorbut (skorbut) to zespół kliniczny wynikający z niedoboru witaminy C (kwasu askorbinowego). Choroba pojawia się, gdy witamina C zostaje wyeliminowana z diety na co najmniej 3 miesiące, a jej całkowite zasoby w organizmie spadają poniżej 350 mg. Witamina C jest niezbędna w syntezie kolagenu, który stanowi kluczowe białko strukturalne w ludzkim organizmie, odpowiedzialne za utrzymanie integralności i wytrzymałości tkanek łącznych w całym ciele12.

Mechanizmy biochemiczne niedoboru witaminy C

Ludzie, w przeciwieństwie do większości zwierząt, nie są zdolni do syntezy witaminy C, ponieważ brakuje im enzymu oksydazy L-gulonolaktonowej (GULO). Enzym ten odpowiada za przekształcenie L-gulonolaktonu (pochodnej D-glukozy) w 2-keto-L-gulonolakton, który następnie jest przekształcany w L-askorbinian34. Z tego powodu organizm człowieka zależy od egzogennych źródeł witaminy C, które muszą być dostarczane z dietą5.

Witamina C jest niezbędnym kofaktorem dla hydroksylazy prolilowej i hydroksylazy lizylowej, enzymów odpowiedzialnych za hydroksylację aminokwasów proliny i lizyny w cząsteczce kolagenu. Hydroksyprolina i hydroksylizyna są kluczowe dla stabilizacji kolagenu poprzez sieciowanie propeptydów w kolagenie67. Ponadto witamina C umożliwia tworzenie wiązań krzyżowych i ułatwia transkrypcję prokolagenu w kolagen1.

Niedobór witaminy C prowadzi do zaburzeń w syntezie kolagenu, co manifestuje się poprzez osłabienie potrójnej helisy kolagenu i zwiększoną kruchość naczyń włosowatych89. Dodatkowo niedobór witaminy C prowadzi do epigenetycznej hipermetylacji DNA, hamującej transkrypcję kolagenu w różnych tkankach, w tym skórze i naczyniach krwionośnych1.

Zaburzenia syntezy kolagenu

Niedobór witaminy C prowadzi do upośledzenia hydroksylacji wewnątrzkomórkowych peptydów kolagenowych10. Bez prawidłowej hydroksylacji, cząsteczki kolagenu nie mogą tworzyć stabilnej potrójnej helisy, co powoduje strukturalne osłabienie tkanek łącznych11. W badaniach ultrastrukturalnych wykazano, że komórki z niedoborem askorbinianu nie mogą odkładać typowych włókien kolagenowych o prążkowanym wzorze 640A; zamiast tego odkładane są cieńsze, nieprążkowane włókna – prawdopodobnie kolagenowe12.

Zaburzenia w syntezie kolagenu mają największy wpływ w obszarach o wysokim zapotrzebowaniu na kolagen typu I, szczególnie podczas tworzenia nowej kości10. Defektywne włókna kolagenowe prowadzą do kruchości naczyń włosowatych, co skutkuje nieprawidłowym krwawieniem, siniaczeniem i krwotokami wewnętrznymi13.

Zmiany w kościach i chrząstkach

Szkorbut wywołuje charakterystyczne zmiany w kościach, szczególnie na granicy między końcem trzonu kości (diafizą) a chrząstką wzrostową. Osteoblasty nie są w stanie tworzyć osteoidu (macierzy kostnej), co prowadzi do zatrzymania endochondralnego tworzenia kości14. Istniejąca już kość staje się krucha i ulega resorpcji w normalnym tempie, co prowadzi do mikroskopijnych złamań beleczek kostnych między trzonem a uwapnioną chrząstką14.

Typowe radiologiczne cechy szkorbutu obejmują linię Fränkela, nieregularną, ale pogrubioną białą linię w zakończeniach metafizalnych, reprezentującą strefę dobrze uwapnionej chrząstki, oraz przylegającą strefę Trummerfelda, rozrzedzenie wtórne do słabo uformowanych beleczek15. Charakterystyczne wyniki MRI obejmują hiperintensywny sygnał T2-W w szpiku kostnym (podobny do obrzęku) metafizy, zwiększoną reakcję okostnową i znaczny obrzęk tkanek miękkich przylegających do objętych segmentów szkieletowych15.

Pierwszymi oznakami histologicznymi w kościach są spłaszczenie osteoblastów i niezdolność do odkładania macierzy. W metafizie tworzy się kratownica unaczynionej, uwapnionej chrząstki, która nie jest zastępowana przez kość, gdy zwiększa się jej grubość, ponieważ witamina C jest niezbędna do różnicowania osteoblastów z komórek prekursorowych16.

Manifestacje naczyniowe i krwotoczne

Bez witaminy C formowanie substancji międzykomórkowych w tkankach łącznych, kościach i zębinie jest wadliwe, co prowadzi do osłabienia naczyń włosowatych z następczym krwawieniem i defektami w kościach oraz powiązanych strukturach17. Naczynia krwionośne wszystkich obszarów kości rozszerzają się, przy czym naczynia metafizy są szczególnie widoczne18.

Krwawienie jest charakterystyczną cechą szkorbutu i może wystąpić w dowolnym narządzie14. Obejmuje to krwawienia dziąseł, wybroczyny, siniaki, krwotoki podokostnowe, czasami spowodowane małymi złamaniami17. W zaawansowanej chorobie występują krwawienia do stawów z powodu uszkodzenia naczyń błony maziowej i mikrozłamań kości18.

Trudność w leczeniu krwotoku spowodowanego szkorbutem nie polega na leczeniu samego krwawienia, ale na dokładnym zdiagnozowaniu schorzenia. Jeśli podejrzewa się szkorbut, można go skutecznie leczyć wysokimi dawkami witaminy C19.

Inne efekty fizjologiczne

Chociaż objawy kliniczne są niejasne, witamina C jest kofaktorem w metabolizmie tyrozyny i cholesterolu oraz w syntezie karnityny, neuroprzekaźników (np. norepinefryny), hormonów peptydowych, kortykosteroidów i aldosteronu20. Witamina C wpływa również na hematopoezę, zwiększając wchłanianie żelaza z jelita cienkiego przez redukcję żelaza z formy żelazowej do żelazawej. Może to przyczyniać się do anemii obserwowanej przy niedoborze witaminy C, w której dostępność wewnątrzkomórkowego żelaza jest zmniejszona20.

Anemia w szkorbucie ma wieloczynnikową patogenezę. Może być wtórna do kombinacji krwawienia, zmniejszonego wchłaniania żelaza i innych niedoborów żywieniowych21. Ponadto metabolizm prostaglandyn może być zaburzony z powodu niedoboru witaminy C, co może powodować stan zapalny i zwiększenie markerów zapalnych22.

Dodatkowo niedobór witaminy C prowadzi do osłabienia odporności, co sprawia, że organizm jest bardziej podatny na infekcje i opóźnione gojenie ran1. Witamina C jest ważnym przeciwutleniaczem, współdziałającym z witaminą E i glutationem, a podawanie glutationu może opóźnić wystąpienie klinicznych objawów szkorbutu u świnek morskich18.

Czynniki genetyczne w patogenezie szkorbutu

Badania wykazały, że polimorfizm genetyczny ludzkiego białka osoczowego haptoglobiny, Hp 2, może być ważnym nieżywieniowym czynnikiem modyfikującym w patogenezie niedoboru witaminy C. Polimery Hp 2-2 są mniej wydajnymi inhibitorami stresu oksydacyjnego wywołanego hemoglobiną, co prowadzi do wyczerpania kwasu askorbinowego2.

Zidentyfikowano również, że utrzymujący się niedobór prowadzi do apoptozy hepatocytów poprzez stres retikulum endoplazmatycznego w wyniku jego udziału w oksydacyjnym fałdowaniu białek23. Interakcje prowadzące do szkorbutu nie są w pełni zrozumiałe. Objawy związane z kolagenem uważano za wynikające z niepowodzenia hydroksylacji proliny i lizyny prokolagenu z następczym niepowodzeniem sieciowania, prowadzącym do niestabilności włókien23.

Przebieg czasowy rozwoju szkorbutu

Organizm ludzki zazwyczaj zużywa 3% swoich zapasów witaminy C każdego dnia. Ustalono jednak, że organizm zużywa mniej witaminy C, gdy jej stężenie jest niskie, co pomaga opóźnić wystąpienie objawów szkorbutu24.

Szkorbut rozwija się, gdy witamina C została wyeliminowana z diety na co najmniej 3 miesiące, a zasoby organizmu spadają poniżej 350 mg2. Objawy zwykle pojawiają się po kilku miesiącach niedoboru, gdy pule witaminy C w tkankach tłuszczowych, mięśniach i innych tkankach zostały wyczerpane25.

Najwcześniejszymi objawami niedoboru witaminy C są ogólne osłabienie, ospałość, drażliwość, bóle stawów i mięśni17. Te niespecyficzne objawy mogą być spowodowane zaburzonym metabolizmem kwasów tłuszczowych z powodu braku karnityny i/lub braku katecholamin, które są potrzebne do zależnej od cAMP ścieżki zarówno w metabolizmie glikogenu, jak i metabolizmie kwasów tłuszczowych. Upośledzenie metabolizmu kwasów tłuszczowych lub glikogenu prowadzi do zmniejszonej produkcji ATP (energii)6.

Gdy witamina C została wyeliminowana z diety na co najmniej trzy miesiące, a zasoby organizmu spadają poniżej 350 mg, wszystkie objawy związane ze szkorbutem są związane z dysfunkcją śródbłonka naczyniowego, prowadzącą do wynaczynienia płynu i krwotoku26.

Manifestacje narządowo-specyficzne

Wpływ na kości i stawy

Zaburzenia mięśniowo-szkieletowe występują u 80% pacjentów ze szkorbutem2726. Manifestują się jako obrzęknięte stawy, artralgia, mialgia, wynaczynienie krwi do stawu, krwiaki i krwotoki podokostnowe związane ze stymulacją tworzenia nowej kości z powodu luźno przylegającego okostnej pokrywającej kończyny26.

U dzieci szkorbut może objawiać się obrazem klinicznym charakteryzującym się bólem mięśniowo-szkieletowym i odmową chodzenia. Objawy te można wyjaśnić na podstawie defektu w tworzeniu macierzy osteoidu i resorpcji chrząstki, prowadzących do zaburzonej struktury kości i bólu kości28.

Typowe manifestacje witaminy C występują w tkankach zawierających kolagen, takich jak chrząstka, osteoid, okostna, naczynia krwionośne i tkanka łączna dziąseł26. We wczesnych fazach szkorbutu, niedobór witaminy C jest odpowiedzialny za wadliwe tworzenie macierzy osteoidu29.

Wpływ na zęby i jamę ustną

Wadliwa synteza kolagenu prowadzi do wadliwego tworzenia zębiny, krwawienia dziąseł i utraty zębów14. Obecność owrzodzeń dziąseł w połączeniu z odmową chodzenia i bólami/artralgiami kończyn dolnych z obrzękiem są wysoce sugestywne dla niedoboru witaminy C15.

W swoim podręczniku medycyny morskiej z 1820 roku, chirurg marynarki wojennej Usher Parsons bezwzględnie opisał objawy: „Dziąsła stają się miękkie, sine i opuchnięte, są podatne na krwawienie z najdrobniejszej przyczyny i oddzielają się od zębów, pozostawiając je luźne”30.

Manifestacje skórne

Najwcześniejsze manifestacje u pacjentów ze szkorbutem występują na poziomie śluzówki i skóry, z wybroczynami, zasinieniami i krwawieniem dziąseł21. Objawy obejmują krwawienie wokół mieszków włosowych, na dziąsłach i pod paznokciami31.

Patognomoniczne objawy szkorbutu w histologii skóry obejmują hiperkeratozę okołomieszkową, krwawienie okołomieszkowe i korkociągowe włosy32. Histopatologia zmian szkorbutowych może wykazywać uszkodzenia wskazujące na upośledzenie tworzenia kolagenu, w tym zmniejszony kolagen, ektazję naczyń włosowatych i krwotok z pęknięcia naczyń włosowatych33.

Wpływ na układ pokarmowy

Manifestacje żołądkowo-jelitowe są bardzo rzadkie u pacjentów ze szkorbutem. Krwotoki podśluzówkowe obejmujące żołądek, dwunastnicę i okrężnicę mogą powodować krwawienie z przewodu pokarmowego naśladujące zapalną chorobę jelit21.

Opisano sporadyczne przypadki szkorbutu objawiającego się jawnym krwawieniem z przewodu pokarmowego. Szkorbut został określony jako przyczyna po dodatkowych badaniach poziomów witaminy C, a krwotok został opanowany po podaniu wysokiej dawki witaminy C19.

Manifestacje oczne

Krwawienie z powodu szkorbutu może również wystąpić w oku, objawiając się krwotokami podspojówkowymi i krwotokami siatkówki. Rogówka nabłonkowa i soczewka mają szczególnie wysokie poziomy witaminy C. Szkorbut może upośledzać prawidłowe gojenie ran rogówki, co może prowadzić do zapalenia rogówki11.

Witamina C jest również ważnym przeciwutleniaczem, a jej niedobór prowadzi do uszkodzeń przez reaktywne formy tlenu (ROS). Nieograniczone ROS powodują stan zapalny, uszkadzając warstwę lipidową łez i powodując dysfunkcję komórek kubkowych. Wynikiem jest cykl zapalenia przyczyniający się do keratoconjunctivitis sicca11.

Diagnostyka i leczenie szkorbutu

Podejrzenie diagnostyczne szkorbutu opiera się na kombinacji objawów klinicznych i wyników radiograficznych. Dawka surowiczego poziomu witaminy C jest uważana za specyficzną, ale testy laboratoryjne są niewrażliwe. Wiadomo, że stężenia w surowicy nie zawsze odpowiadają magazynowaniu witaminy C w tkankach. Wiarygodnym wskaźnikiem magazynowania w organizmie jest pomiar wydalania z moczem po dożylnym podaniu kwasu askorbinowego28.

Ostateczna diagnoza jest osiągana przez określenie poziomu kwasu askorbinowego w surowicy. Niski poziom witaminy C w osoczu (0,2 mg/dl) jest specyficzny dla szkorbutu27. Diagnoza szkorbutu opiera się na wynikach klinicznych i radiologicznych oraz niskich poziomach witaminy C w surowicy, podczas gdy dobra odpowiedź pacjenta na leczenie witaminą C czyni diagnozę ostateczną27.

Leczenie szkorbutu polega na podawaniu suplementów witaminy C doustnie lub w formie zastrzyków34. Dawka i czas trwania leczenia powinny być zindywidualizowane. Wykazano, że podawanie kwasu askorbinowego w początkowej dawce 300 mg dziennie prowadzi do całkowitego ustąpienia objawów w ciągu 4 tygodni28.

Nawet w przypadkach ciężkiego niedoboru, dzienna dawka 100 mg dla dorosłych lub 10 do 25 mg dla niemowląt i dzieci, wraz z normalną dietą, zwykle prowadzi do wyleczenia w ciągu kilku dni35. Po 3 miesiącach możliwe jest całkowite wyzdrowienie. Długoterminowe skutki są mało prawdopodobne, z wyjątkiem przypadków poważnych uszkodzeń zębów34.

Współczesne znaczenie szkorbutu

Chociaż szkorbut tradycyjnie opisywany był u marynarzy w dawnych czasach, w ostatnich czasach odnotowano sporadyczne przypadki z regionów słabo rozwiniętych, gdzie brakuje odpowiedniego wsparcia żywieniowego dla populacji zagrożonych36.

Według niedawnego przeglądu opublikowanego w czasopiśmie JAAOS: Global Research and Reviews, który przeanalizował dane prawie 20 milionów pacjentów pediatrycznych z lat 2016-2020, szkorbut może faktycznie wzrastać. Przypadki szkorbutu pediatrycznego w tym czasie wzrosły z około 8 przypadków na 100 000 pacjentów w 2016 roku do prawie 27 przypadków na 100 000 pacjentów w 2020 roku37.

Pomimo naszej wszechstronnej wiedzy na temat zapobiegania temu zaburzeniu i łatwości, z jaką jest leczony, jeśli się pojawi, szkorbut nie został wyeliminowany37. Ostatni raz, gdy badacze CDC przyjrzeli się niedoborowi witaminy C wśród amerykańskiej populacji, stwierdzili, że szacunkowo 8,4 procent dorosłych w wieku 20 lat i starszych było zagrożonych rozwojem szkorbutu38.

Pomimo bycia niezwykle rzadką chorobą niedoborową w krajach zachodnich w dzisiejszych czasach, szkorbut nadal pojawia się w izolacji u niektórych pacjentów. Stanowi to przypomnienie o znaczeniu włączenia tej pseudovaskulopatii do diagnostyki różnicowej u każdego pacjenta z zmianami plamicowymi lub wynaczynieniem krwi do stawu39.

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  1. 10.04.2026
  2. www.leksykon.com.pl

Materiały źródłowe

  • #1 Vitamin C Deficiency – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK493187/
    Scurvy is a clinical syndrome resulting from vitamin C deficiency. […] Scurvy arises due to inadequate vitamin C intake, which is critical in synthesizing collagen. Collagen is a vital structural protein essential for maintaining the integrity and strength of connective tissues throughout the body. […] Vitamin C is a cofactor for proline and lysine hydroxylases, which stabilize collagen types I and VI. Furthermore, this vitamin enables crosslinking and facilitates procollagen transcription into collagen. A deficiency in vitamin C levels also results in epigenetic DNA hypermethylation, inhibiting the transcription of collagen in various tissues, including the skin and blood vessels. […] Insufficient collagen production in the body results in fragile skin and blood vessels, gingival hemorrhages, petechiae, and impaired wound healing. Vitamin C deficiency compromises immune function, rendering individuals more susceptible to infections and causing delays in wound healing.
  • #2 Scurvy (Vitamin C Deficiency): Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/125350-overview
    Scurvy is a state of dietary deficiency of vitamin C (ascorbic acid). The human body lacks the ability to synthesize and make vitamin C and therefore depends on exogenous dietary sources to meet vitamin C needs. The body’s pool of vitamin C can be depleted in 1-3 months. Ascorbic acid is prone to oxidation in vivo, and body stores are affected by environmental and lifestyle factors (eg, smoking), biological conditions (eg, inflammation, iron excess), and pathologic conditions (eg, malabsorption) that may alter its oxidation. […] Scurvy occurs after vitamin C has been eliminated from the diet for at least 3 months and when the body pool falls below 350 mg. […] One study identified a genetic polymorphism of the human plasma protein haptoglobin, Hp 2, which may be an important non-nutritional modifying factor in the pathogenesis of vitamin C deficiency. The Hp 2-2 polymers are less efficient inhibitors of hemoglobin-driven oxidative stress, leading to ascorbic acid depletion.
  • #3 Hypovitaminosis C (scurvy) | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org
    https://radiopaedia.org/articles/hypovitaminosis-c-scurvy-1?embed_domain=external.radpair.comfavicon.ico&lang=us
    Scurvy is a condition caused by a dietary lack of vitamin C (ascorbic acid), hence is also called hypovitaminosis C, and is characterized by an increased bleeding tendency and impaired collagen synthesis resulting in osteoporosis and impaired wound healing. […] Unlike most other animals, humans cannot produce their own vitamin C. In fact, vitamin C is synthesized by almost all vertebrates starting from D-glucose. Specifically, humans lack the enzyme gulonolactone oxidase (GULO), responsible for the transformation of L-gulonactone (D-glucose derivative) into 2-keto-L-gulonelactone. It will be this last metabolite that will finally be converted into L-ascorbate. […] Vitamin C is essential for collagen synthesis, acting as a coenzyme to producing cross-linking of collagen fibers. Defective collagen cross-linking compromises skin, joint, bone, and vascular integrity.
  • #4 Scurvy (Vitamin C deficiency, Ascorbic acid deficiency) – Dermatology Advisor
    https://www.dermatologyadvisor.com/home/decision-support-in-medicine/dermatology/scurvy-vitamin-c-deficiency-ascorbic-acid-deficiency/
    Vitamin C or ascorbic acid is not natively synthesized by human organisms because we lack the enzyme L-gulonolactone oxidase, which in other organisms allows native hepatic conversion of glucose to ascorbic acid. […] Vitamin C is a necessary cofactor in the synthesis of collagen. It is involved in collagen polypeptide synthesis, post-translational hydroxylation, and specifically interacts as a cofactor for lysyl and prolyl hydroxylase. […] Because collagen is a key structural protein for blood vessels, bone, and skin, deficiency of vitamin C resulting in impaired collagen synthesis manifests as problems in tissues containing collagen. […] Histopathology of scurvy lesions may show findings indicative of impaired collagen formation, including decreased collagen, capillary ectasia, and hemorrhage from capillary rupture.
  • #5 Hypovitaminosis C (Scurvy) // College of Veterinary Medicine
    https://cvm.missouri.edu/diseases-of-research-animals-dora/guinea-pigs/hypovitaminosis-c-scurvy/
    Etiology: Guinea pigs lack the hepatic enzyme 1-gulonolactone oxidase, which is essential for the conversion of L-gulonolactone to L-ascorbate. Guinea pigs require ascorbate in their diet in order to synthesize collagen and intracellular ground substance as well as for the catabolism of cholesterol into bile acids. […] Pathology: Gross necropsy findings may include fascial and articular cartilage hemorrhages, petechial and ecchymotic bleeding on the periosteum, muscle (A.), and gingiva. Ceostochondral regions are often enlarged (B.).
  • #6 Scurvy – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scurvy
    Vitamins are essential to the production and use of enzymes in ongoing processes throughout the human body. Ascorbic acid is needed for a variety of biosynthetic pathways, by accelerating hydroxylation and amidation reactions. […] The early symptoms of malaise and lethargy may be due to either impaired fatty acid metabolism from a lack of carnitine and/or from a lack of catecholamines which are needed for the cAMP-dependent pathway in both glycogen metabolism and fatty acid metabolism. Impairment of either fatty acid metabolism or glycogen metabolism leads to decreased ATP (energy) production. ATP is needed for cellular functions, including muscle contraction. […] In the synthesis of collagen, ascorbic acid is required as a cofactor for prolyl hydroxylase and lysyl hydroxylase. These two enzymes are responsible for the hydroxylation of the proline and lysine amino acids in collagen. Hydroxyproline and hydroxylysine are important for stabilizing collagen by cross-linking the propeptides in collagen.
  • #7 Scurvy: Rediscovering a Forgotten Disease
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10296835/
    Scurvy is a nutritional deficiency caused by low vitamin C levels that has been described since ancient times. […] Vitamin C is the cofactor for prolyl hydroxylase, which functions to stabilize the collagen molecule, and lysyl hydroxylase, which provides structural strength by cross-linking to the molecule. […] Vitamin C deficiency weakens collagen triple-helix structures and fragile capillaries, which can lead to complications such as diffuse mucosal gastrointestinal bleeding. […] Considering the widespread involvement of ascorbic acid in the formation and maintenance of soft tissues, scurvy results in numerous manifestations involving the skin and its appendages, impaired wound healing, dental and gingival disease, brittle bones, and hemorrhage relating to the loss of blood vessel integrity.
  • #8 Scurvy: Rediscovering a Forgotten Disease
    https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9721/11/2/78
    Scurvy is a nutritional deficiency caused by low vitamin C levels that has been described since ancient times. […] Vitamin C is the cofactor for prolyl hydroxylase, which functions to stabilize the collagen molecule, and lysyl hydroxylase, which provides structural strength by cross-linking to the molecule. […] Vitamin C deficiency weakens collagen triple-helix structures and fragile capillaries, which can lead to complications such as diffuse mucosal gastrointestinal bleeding. […] Ascorbic acid is a reversible reducing agent that acts as an essential electron donor in several biochemical reactions and enzyme activities. […] The inability to finish this step of collagen synthesis has adverse effects on bone and fibroblast functions, tooth development, and wound healing. […] Considering the widespread involvement of ascorbic acid in the formation and maintenance of soft tissues, scurvy results in numerous manifestations involving the skin and its appendages, impaired wound healing, dental and gingival disease, brittle bones, and hemorrhage relating to the loss of blood vessel integrity.
  • #9 16.6: Oxidative Damage to cells, Vitamin C, and Scurvy – Chemistry LibreTexts
    https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Book%3A_Organic_Chemistry_with_a_Biological_Emphasis_v2.0_(Soderberg)/16%3A_Radical_Reactions/16.06%3A_Oxidative_Damage_to_cells_Vitamin_C_and_Scurvy
    In the introduction to this chapter, we learned about scurvy, the disease long dreaded by sailors, and how it is caused by a deficiency of ascorbic acid (vitamin C) in the diet. […] The symptoms association with scurvy are caused by the body’s failure to properly synthesize collagen, the primary structural protein in our connective tissues. Essential to the stability of collagen is its ability to form a unique triple-helical structure, in which three protein strands coil around each other like a woven rope. […] Proline hydroxylase, the enzyme responsible for this key modification reaction, depends in turn upon the presence of ascorbate. […] If we fail to get enough ascorbic acid in our diet (in other words, if we don’t eat our fruits and vegetables!) the iron in our proline hydroxylase enzymes won’t be returned to the active \(Fe^{+2}\) state, so the catalytic cycle is broken and we can’t turn prolines into hydroxyprolines. Without the hydroxy group, the proline residues of our collagen proteins won’t assume the proper conformation, and as a consequence the collagen triple helix structures will be unstable. At physiological temperature, our collagen will literally melt apart – and with it, our gums, our capillaries, and anything else held together by connective tissue. This is scurvy.
  • #10
    https://www.orthobullets.com/basic-science/9034/scurvy
    Scurvy is disease caused by severe Vitamin C deficiency which presents with joint effusions, swelling over long bones, bleeding gums, loosening of teeth, hematuria, and susceptibility to hemorrhage. […] Vitamin C deficiency leads to decrease in chondroitin sulfate and collagen synthesis and repair. […] impaired intracellular hydroxylation of collagen peptides. […] net effect is altered bone formation with the greatest effect occurring in the metaphysis. […] defect in spongiosa of the metaphysis at the growth plate. […] because the demand for type I collagen is greatest during new bone formation.
  • #11 Ocular Manifestations of Vitamin C Deficiency – EyeWiki
    https://eyewiki.org/Ocular_Manifestations_of_Vitamin_C_Deficiency
    Vitamin C is implicated in the post-translational modification of collagen through the hydroxylation of proline and lysine residues, allowing for proper intracellular folding. […] Vitamin Cs role in collagen basement membrane formation and blood vessels is the mechanism for hemorrhage in many organs. […] Bleeding due to scurvy may also occur in the eye, presenting as subconjunctival hemorrhages and retinal hemorrhages. […] Vitamin C deficiency leads to weakening of osteoid in bone, leading to subperiosteal hemorrhage as a manifestation of scurvy, more often in long bones. […] The cornea epithelium and lens have particularly high levels of vitamin C. […] Scurvy may impair proper corneal wound healing, which may lead to keratitis. […] Vitamin C is also an important antioxidant, and its deficiency leads to damage by reactive oxygen species (ROS). […] Unopposed ROS causes inflammation, damaging the tear lipid layer and causing goblet cell dysfunction. […] The result is a cycle of inflammation contributing to keratoconjunctivitis sicca.
  • #12
    https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02889141
    Earlier biochemical investigations of cultured 3T6 fibroblasts have shown that ascorbate deficiency has no effect on the synthesis of collagen protein quantitatively but does produce inhibition of the critical post-translational hydroxylation of collagen essential for normal fibrogenesis and of formation of hydroxylysine-derived cross-links. […] This ultrastructural study on the same 3T6 fibroblast system demonstrates that ascorbate deficiency does not affect the cell morphology, particularly that of the protein synthetic or secretory apparatus, but does prevent the deposition of typical 640A banded collagen fibres; instead, finer, unbanded fibrils-presumably collagenous-are deposited extracellularly. […] This confirms the earlier biochemical findings as well as presenting a new finding -the inability of ascorbate-deficient cells to lay down normal collagen fibrils; possible mechanisms are considered in terms of the known biochemical lesions.
  • #13 Scurvy – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scurvy
    Collagen is a primary structural protein in the human body, necessary for healthy blood vessels, muscle, skin, bone, cartilage, and other connective tissues. Defective connective tissue leads to fragile capillaries, resulting in abnormal bleeding, bruising, and internal hemorrhaging. Collagen is an important part of bone, so bone formation is also affected. Teeth loosen, bones break more easily, and once-healed breaks may recur. Defective collagen fibrillogenesis impairs wound healing. Untreated scurvy is invariably fatal.
  • #14 Scurvy (Vitamin C Deficiency): Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/125350-overview
    Vitamin C is functionally most relevant for the triple-helix formation of collagen; a vitamin C deficiency results in impaired collagen synthesis. The typical pathologic manifestations of vitamin C deficiency, including poor wound healing, are noted in collagen-containing tissues and in organs and tissues such as skin, cartilage, dentine, osteoid, and capillary blood vessels. […] Defective collagen synthesis leads to defective dentine formation, hemorrhaging into the gums, and loss of teeth. Hemorrhaging is a hallmark feature of scurvy and can occur in any organ. […] The bony changes occur at the junction between the end of the diaphysis and growth cartilage. Osteoblasts fail to form osteoid (bone matrix), resulting in cessation of endochondral bone formation. […] Preexisting bone becomes brittle and undergoes resorption at a normal rate, resulting in microscopic fractures of the spicules between the shaft and calcified cartilage.
  • #15 A Narrative Review on Pediatric Scurvy: The Last Twenty Years
    https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/14/3/684
    The typical radiographic findings usually appear after 3–6 months of vitamin C deficiency; thus, most patients in the early stage of the disease have normal radiographs or findings of diffuse demineralization. […] The most specific radiographic features include Fränkel’s line, an irregular but thickened white line in the metaphyseal endings, representing the zone of well-calcified cartilage and an adjacent Trummerfeld zone, a rarefaction secondary to poorly formed trabeculae. […] Typical MRI findings include the hyperintense T2-W signal in the bone marrow (edema-like) of the metaphysis, increased periosteal reaction and significant soft-tissue edema adjacent to the involved skeletal segments. […] The presence of gingival ulceration combined with the refusal to walk and lower extremity myalgias/arthralgias with edema are highly suggestive of vitamin C deficiency.
  • #16 Conference 11 – 2007  &nbsp Case: 3     &nbsp 20071212
    https://www.askjpc.org/wsco/wsc_showcase2.php?id=ZHhvdFZYSi84K2pmeXlXUDgvTGx6Zz09
    Vitamin C deficiency, known as scurvy, is an ancient disease showing a modern recurrence. […] Vitamin C (ascorbic acid, ascorbate) is water soluble and degraded by heat, ultraviolet radiation or free radical oxidation. […] The earliest signs of vitamin C deficiency are generally non specific, such as weakness, anorexia and weight loss. […] After 3 weeks, serum 25OHD3, calcium and albumin levels are significantly reduced, bone mineral density and bone content are significantly lower than normal, and bone volume is reduced in long bones, with fewer and thinner trabeculae and a thinner growth plate. […] The first histological signs in bone are flattening of osteoblasts and failure to lay down matrix. […] A lattice of vascularised, calcified cartilage is formed in the metaphysis and is not replaced by bone as it increases in thickness; vitamin C is required for the differentiation of osteoblasts from progenitors.
  • #17 Vitamin C Deficiency – Nutritional Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition
    https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/nutritional-disorders/vitamin-deficiency-dependency-and-toxicity/vitamin-c-deficiency
    Severe vitamin C deficiency results in scurvy, a disorder characterized by hemorrhagic manifestations and abnormal osteoid and dentin formation. […] When vitamin C is deficient, formation of intercellular cement substances in connective tissues, bones, and dentin is defective, resulting in weakened capillaries with subsequent hemorrhage and defects in bone and related structures. […] Bone tissue formation becomes impaired, which, in children, causes bone lesions and poor bone growth. Fibrous tissue forms between the diaphysis and the epiphysis, and costochondral junctions enlarge. Densely calcified fragments of cartilage are embedded in the fibrous tissue. Subperiosteal hemorrhages, sometimes due to small fractures, may occur in children or adults. […] After weeks or months, the deficiency causes nonspecific symptoms (eg, weakness, lassitude, irritability, arthralgias, myalgias); later, connective tissue is affected, causing follicular hyperkeratosis, coiled hair, swollen and bleeding gums, loose teeth, poor wound healing, and spontaneous hemorrhages.
  • #18 Conference 11 – 2007  &nbsp Case: 3     &nbsp 20071212
    https://www.askjpc.org/wsco/wsc_showcase2.php?id=ZHhvdFZYSi84K2pmeXlXUDgvTGx6Zz09
    Blood vessels of all bone regions dilate, with those of the metaphysis being particularly prominent. […] With time, haematopoietic tissue of the marrow is replaced by immature collagen-poor mesenchyme. […] In moderately advanced disease, vascularity of the bone is not a prominent feature but vascular fragility is increased. […] Chondrocyte columns of the growth plate become distorted and shortened as the disease progresses, the number of chondrocytes decreases and the growth plate becomes thin and uneven. […] Arthralgia and myalgia develop; eventually bleeding occurs into the joints due to damage to synovial vessels and microfracture of bone. […] Haemorrhage into stifle joints is among the most obvious signs of scurvy in guinea pigs. […] Vitamin C is a major antioxidant, in co-operation with vitamin E and glutathione, and glutathione administration can delay the onset of clinical scurvy in guinea pigs.
  • #19 Scurvy: Rediscovering a Forgotten Disease
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10296835/
    There have been infrequent cases reporting scurvy presenting as an overt gastrointestinal bleed. […] Scurvy was determined to be the cause after additional testing of vitamin C levels, and hemorrhage was controlled after administration of a high dose of vitamin C. […] The difficulty in treating hemorrhage caused by scurvy is not in treating the bleeding itself but rather in accurately diagnosing the condition. […] If scurvy is suspected, it can be effectively treated with high doses of Vitamin C.
  • #20 Scurvy (Vitamin C Deficiency): Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/125350-overview
    Although the clinical manifestations are unclear, vitamin C is a cofactor in the metabolism of tyrosine and cholesterol and the synthesis of carnitine, neurotransmitters (eg, norepinephrine), peptide hormones, corticosteroids, and aldosterone. […] Vitamin C also affects hematopoiesis by enhancing the absorption of iron from the small intestine by reducing dietary iron from the ferric form to the ferrous form. This may contribute to the anemia seen with vitamin C deficiency, in which the availability of intracellular iron is reduced.
  • #21 Scurvy may occur even in children with no underlying risk factors: a case report | Journal of Medical Case Reports | Full Text
    https://jmedicalcasereports.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13256-020-2341-z
    Scurvy is caused by vitamin C deficiency. Cutaneous bleeding, mucosal bleeding, and anemia represent typical manifestations of the disease. These symptoms are directly connected to ascorbic acid involvement in collagen biosynthesis. […] Vitamin C is a necessary cofactor in collagen biosynthesis; capillary fragility, which is a typical feature of scurvy, depends on the depletion of pericapillary collagen. As in our case, the earliest manifestations in patients with scurvy are at mucosal and cutaneous levels, with petechiae, ecchymoses, and gingival bleeding. Gastrointestinal manifestations are very rare in patients with scurvy. Submucosal hemorrhages involving the stomach, duodenum, and the colon, may cause gastrointestinal bleeding mimicking an inflammatory bowel disease. […] Another typical hallmark of scurvy is anemia, which is multifactorial in its pathogenesis. In fact, it may be secondary to a combination of bleeding, decreased iron absorption, and other dietary deficiencies.
  • #22 Scurvy masquerading as IgA vasculitis | Pediatric Rheumatology | Full Text
    https://ped-rheum.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12969-024-00992-2
    Prostaglandin metabolism can also be dysregulated due to a vitamin C shortage, which can cause inflammation and increased inflammatory markers. […] Scurvy symptoms often appear one to three months after poor dietary vitamin C consumption. […] The first symptoms to appear were historically illustrated as irritability and easy fatigability with a craving for rest. […] This is followed by bleeding gums and a red rash on the skin, with associated poor healing of minor wounds on the body. […] In the absence of all else, the rapid response to treatment with an appropriate dose of vitamin C has a diagnostic and therapeutic role. […] Scurvy should be given careful consideration as a differential diagnosis in patients presenting with musculoskeletal issues, mucocutaneous complaints, and constitutional symptoms such as malaise, asthenia, irritability, and loss of appetite.
  • #23 Conference 11 – 2007  &nbsp Case: 3     &nbsp 20071212
    https://www.askjpc.org/wsco/wsc_showcase2.php?id=ZHhvdFZYSi84K2pmeXlXUDgvTGx6Zz09
    Persistent deficiency leads to hepatocyte apoptosis through endoplasmic reticulum stress as a result of its participation in oxidative protein folding. […] The interactions leading to scurvy are not entirely understood. […] Collagen related signs were thought to be due to failure of hydroxylation of pro-collagen proline and lysine with consequent failure of crosslinking, leading to fibril instability. […] However, starved animals with vitamin C supplementation show the same reduction in collagen production as scorbutic animals as a result of inhibition of insulin like growth factor (IGF) by binding protein (IGFBP) induction, and deficiency of collagen type IV and elastin leads to defects in blood vessels with consequent haemorrhage in both scorbutic and vitamin supplemented starved animals.
  • #24 A Timeline of Scurvy
    https://dash.harvard.edu/bitstreams/7312037c-a9cf-6bd4-e053-0100007fdf3b/download
    Scurvy is a nutritional deficiency disease resulting from a lack of vitamin C. […] The onset of scurvy is a slow progression, usually appearing after 60-90 days of a vitamin C deficient diet. […] The human body generally consumes 3% of its vitamin C stores each day. […] Therefore, it has been determined that the body consumes less vitamin C when concentrations of the vitamin are low, helping to delay the onset of the symptoms of scurvy. […] Without vitamin C, the enzyme would react once and then remain in its reduced state, halting the production of collagen. […] Without vitamin C, these tissues do not form and this results in the primary and most visible symptoms of scurvy. […] The acute cause of death is usually caused by hemorrhaging in the brain and heart and is usually brought on by exertion.
  • #25 Scurvy | Definition, History, & Treatment | Britannica
    https://www.britannica.com/science/scurvy
    scurvy, one of the oldest-known nutritional disorders of humankind, caused by a dietary lack of vitamin C (ascorbic acid), a nutrient found in many fresh fruits and vegetables, particularly the citrus fruits. Vitamin C is important in the formation of collagen (an element of normal tissues), and any deficiency of the vitamin interferes with normal tissue synthesis, a problem that underlies the clinical manifestations of the disorder. […] Symptoms of scurvy usually become apparent within several months of vitamin C being absent from the diet, by which time lingering pools of vitamin C in fat, muscle, and other tissues have been depleted. […] As the condition progresses, the gums swell and bleed, and teeth may loosen. […] Left untreated, death ensues, typically as a result of bleeding or of complications from infection.
  • #26 Infantile scurvy as a consequence of agricultural intensification in the 1st millennium BCE Etruria Campana | Scientific Reports
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-023-48455-0
    The first clinical symptoms of scurvy are limited to lethargy, weakness, fatigue, and irritability. […] When vitamin C has been eliminated from the diet for at least three months, and when body stores fall below 350 mg, all signs associated with scurvy are related to dysfunctions of the vascular endothelium, resulting in fluid extravasation and hemorrhage. […] Musculoskeletal disorders are attested in 80% of scurvy cases in the form of swollen joints, arthralgia, myalgia, hemarthrosis, hematomas, and subperiosteal hemorrhages associated with the stimulation of new bone formation due to loosely attached periosteum overlying the limbs. […] The typical manifestations of vitamin C deficiency are evident in tissues that contain collagen such as cartilage, osteoid, periosteum, blood vessels and gingival connective tissue.
  • #27 Scurvy: When it is a Forgotten Illness the Surgery Makes the Diagnosis
    https://openorthopaedicsjournal.com/VOLUME/11/PAGE/1314/FULLTEXT/
    Musculoskeletal abnormalities are found in 80% of patients with scurvy. […] The definite diagnosis is achieved by determining the serum ascorbic acid level. A low plasma level of vitamin C (0.2 mg/dl) is specific in scurvy. […] The diagnosis of scurvy is based on clinical and radiological findings and low serum vitamin C levels, while a good response of the patient to vitamin C treatment makes the diagnosis definitive.
  • #28 Scurvy may occur even in children with no underlying risk factors: a case report | Journal of Medical Case Reports | Full Text
    https://jmedicalcasereports.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13256-020-2341-z
    In fact it has to be underlined that our patient was hospitalized due to a clinical picture characterized by musculoskeletal pain and refusal to walk. These symptoms may be explained on the basis of a defect in osteoid matrix formation and cartilage reabsorption, leading to disordered bone structure and bone pain. […] The diagnostic suspicion of scurvy is based on a combination of clinical signs and radiographic findings. The dosage of serum vitamin C levels is considered specific but laboratory tests are insensitive. It is known that serum concentrations do not always correspond with tissue storage of ascorbic acid. A reliable indicator of body storage is the measure of urinary excretion after intravenous ascorbic acid administration. […] The dose and duration of treatment should be individualized. It is demonstrated that ascorbic acid administration at an initial dose of 300mg per day leads to complete resolution of symptoms within 4weeks.
  • #29 Infantile scurvy as a consequence of agricultural intensification in the 1st millennium BCE Etruria Campana | Scientific Reports
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-023-48455-0
    The skeletal manifestations of scurvy are a function of the growth rate of the affected tissues. […] In the early phases of scurvy, vitamin C deficiency is responsible for defective osteoid matrix formation. […] Such skeletal manifestations of active scurvy are recognizable with radiological analysis. […] The alterations are commonly found on the areas of bones where there are anatomical connections between bones, vasculature, and muscular actions. […] Although subperiosteal hemorrhages and hematomas occur during the active stage of scurvy, SPNBF remains well visible on X-rays even after vitamin C is re-introduced into the diet. […] The differential expression of scorbutic skeletal lesions can be used as a proxy to infer the progress of the disease between active and healing phases.
  • #30 The British 'Limeys’ Were Right: A Short History of Scurvy | Health.mil
    https://health.mil/News/Articles/2022/01/10/The-British-Limeys-Were-Right-A-Short-History-of-Scurvy
    Scurvy is a dietary deficiency caused by a lack of vitamin C. The body does not naturally make vitamin C, so it has to come from foods rich in the vitamin such as citrus or from dietary supplements. […] The symptoms of scurvy are dramatic and terrible. In his 1820 textbook on nautical medicine, Navy surgeon Usher Parsons unflinchingly described the signs: „The gums become soft, livid and swollen, are apt to bleed from the slightest cause, and separate from the teeth, leaving them loose. […] The same appearances follow, on other depending parts of the body. At first the ulcers resemble black blisters which spread and discharge a dark colored matter. These ulcers increase. Emaciation ensues. Bleeding occurs at the nose and mouth. All the evacuations from the body become intolerably fetid. Death closes the scene.”
  • #31 Scurvy – UF Health
    https://ufhealth.org/conditions-and-treatments/scurvy
    Scurvy is a disease that occurs when you have a severe lack of vitamin C (ascorbic acid) in your diet. Scurvy causes general weakness, anemia, gum disease, poor wound healing, and skin hemorrhages. […] Scurvy is a nutritional disease caused by deficiency of vitamin C. Common symptoms include pinpoint bleeding around hair follicles, along the gums, and under the nails, as seen in this photograph. This disease rarely occurs in the United States.
  • #32 Scurvy masquerading as IgA vasculitis | Pediatric Rheumatology | Full Text
    https://ped-rheum.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12969-024-00992-2
    A focused and detailed dietary history looking for a lack of good sources of vitamin C can be an easy indicator of this differential. […] Classical signs of scurvy on radiographic imaging include the Pelkan spur, the Trummerfeld zone, the Wimberger sign, the white line of Frankel, and widespread osteopenia with a pencil-thin cortex. […] Careful examination and skin biopsy are important to differentiate cutaneous vasculitis from other less common causes of purpura. […] Pathognomonic signs of scurvy on the histology of the skin include perifollicular hyperkeratosis, perifollicular bleeding, and corkscrew hair. […] In the case of the reported patient, the rapid resolution of symptoms with the intake of vitamin C reassured us that the diagnosis was correct. […] In conclusion, although rare, it is important to consider scurvy as a differential diagnosis for musculoskeletal and mucocutaneous complaints, especially in children with neuro-developmental co-morbidities.
  • #33 Scurvy (Vitamin C deficiency, Ascorbic acid deficiency) – Dermatology Advisor
    https://www.dermatologyadvisor.com/home/decision-support-in-medicine/dermatology/scurvy-vitamin-c-deficiency-ascorbic-acid-deficiency/
    Vitamin C or ascorbic acid is not natively synthesized by human organisms because we lack the enzyme L-gulonolactone oxidase, which in other organisms allows native hepatic conversion of glucose to ascorbic acid. […] Vitamin C is a necessary cofactor in the synthesis of collagen. It is involved in collagen polypeptide synthesis, post-translational hydroxylation, and specifically interacts as a cofactor for lysyl and prolyl hydroxylase. […] Because collagen is a key structural protein for blood vessels, bone, and skin, deficiency of vitamin C resulting in impaired collagen synthesis manifests as problems in tissues containing collagen. […] Histopathology of scurvy lesions may show findings indicative of impaired collagen formation, including decreased collagen, capillary ectasia, and hemorrhage from capillary rupture.
  • #34 Scurvy: Symptoms, causes, treatment, and prevention
    https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/155758
    The main cause is insufficient vitamin C or ascorbic acid. […] Scurvy is caused by an insufficient intake of vitamin C. This may occur if a person is following a very restrictive diet or has a condition that interferes with the body’s ability to absorb vitamin C. It may also be caused by excessive alcohol consumption. […] Treatment involves administering vitamin C supplements by mouth or by injection. […] After 3 months, a complete recovery is possible. Long-term effects are unlikely, except in the case of severe dental damage.
  • #35 Scurvy | Definition, History, & Treatment | Britannica
    https://www.britannica.com/science/scurvy
    In modern times, full-blown cases of vitamin C deficiency are relatively rare, being limited primarily to situations involving general malnutrition, such as in impoverished parts of the world. […] Administration of vitamin C is the specific therapy for scurvy. Even in cases of severe deficiency, a daily dose of 100 mg (1 mg = 0.001 gram) for adults or 10 to 25 mg for infants and children, accompanied by a normal diet, commonly produces a cure within several days.
  • #36 Scurvy: Rediscovering a Forgotten Disease
    https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9721/11/2/78
    The gastrointestinal (GI) tract is supplied by three major unpaired vessels that branch from the abdominal aorta, the celiac trunk, the superior mesenteric artery, and the inferior mesenteric artery. […] Recent studies have linked vitamin C to vascular function. […] There have been infrequent cases reporting scurvy presenting as an overt gastrointestinal bleed. […] Scurvy was traditionally described in sailors in older times, but there have been sporadic cases reported in recent times from underdeveloped regions without adequate nutritional support in at-risk populations. […] The treatment for scurvy is vitamin C supplementation and the reversal of the conditions that led to the deficiency.
  • #37
    https://www.popularmechanics.com/science/a62709010/shiver-me-timbers-scurvy-might-be-on-the-rise/
    Scurvy, often seen as a disease of the past, is still an ongoing concern for some patients. And it might be on the rise. […] Scurvy is caused by a severe lack of vitamin C, which contributes to a vast number of tissue growth and repair processes throughout the body. […] According to a recent review published in the journal JAAOS: Global Research and Reviews, which looked at the records of nearly 20 million pediatric patients (in the U.S., scurvy most commonly effects the very young and the elderly) from between 2016 and 2020, scurvy could actually be on the rise. The incidents of pediatric scurvy over that time shot from about 8 cases per 100,000 patients in 2016 to nearly 27 cases per 100,000 patients in 2020. […] The authors of both case studies and the literature review reach the same major conclusion: you still cant count out scurvy. Despite our comprehensive knowledge of how to prevent this disorder and the ease with which it is treated if it manifests, scurvy has not been wiped out.
  • #38
    https://medium.com/matter/is-scurvy-the-new-diabetes-27e99d679f53
    Scurvy, the most extreme result of prolonged lack of vitamin C, is, in a word, unpleasant. In three, its fatal if untreated. The disease kicks off with the universal symptoms of ugh: low-grade inflammation, fatigue, bleeding gums, and swollen joints. Vitamin C is absolutely necessary for healthy collagen, which matters greatly because it makes up one fourth to one third of all of the protein that makes up you. […] A diet devoid of vitamin C is always fatal, if left untreated; without it, you basically just fall apart because your body cant make the collagen that keeps you glued together. […] The last time CDC researchers looked at vitamin C deficiency among the American public, they found that an estimated 8.4 percent of adults aged 20 and older were at risk of developing scurvy. […] Even so, with one in three single-mother households dealing with food insecurity, and one in 10 women with diminished socioeconomic status verifiably in the scurvy zone when it comes to vitamin C levels, its clear that there is a failure of the system.
  • #39 Scurvy. A forgotten pseudovasculitis | Reumatología Clínica
    https://www.reumatologiaclinica.org/en-scurvy-a-forgotten-pseudovasculitis-articulo-S2173574324000662
    Scurvy is a nutritional disease caused by ascorbic acid (vitamin C) deficiency. Althought currently it is a rare disease, we should considerer it in the differential diagnosis of purpura and arthritis in patients with restrictive diets. […] Vitamin C is a water-soluble vitamin that acts as a reducing agent and is necessary for collagen synthesis. […] When vitamin C levels fall to less than 0.15mg/dL, the typical symptoms of scurvy can develop, characterised by asthenia, joint pain, and vascular fragility, which can lead to petechiae, bleeding gums, haematomas, or hemarthrosis. […] Vitamin C deficiency alters vascular collagen and leads to bruising, purpura, arthritis, or arthromyalgia that may mimic vasculitis. […] Despite being an extremely rare deficiency disease in Western countries nowadays, scurvy continues to present in isolation in certain patients. The present case is a reminder of the importance of including this pseudovasculitis in the differential diagnosis of any patient with purpuric lesions or hemarthrosis.