Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Prevention of the Onset of Age-Related Macular Degeneration

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8348883/

  Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) represents the leading cause of irreversible blindness in elderly people, mostly after the age of 65. […] Therefore, better understanding of the possibilities to prevent the onset of the disease is needed. In this regard, a central role is played by the identification of risk factors, which might participate to the development of the disease. Among these, the most researched are dietary risk factors, lifestyle, and light exposure. Many studies showed that a higher dietary intake of nutrients, such as lutein, zeaxanthin, beta carotene, omega-3 fatty acids and zinc, reduced the risk of early AMD. […] The aim of this review is to focus the attention on all the modifiable risk factors that might help to prevent, slow, or reduce the onset of AMD in healthy individuals.

• #1 Prevention of the Onset of Age-Related Macular Degeneration

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8348883/

  Both AREDS-1 and -2 studies have shown to prevent AMD progression by nutritional supplementation. However, there are no data regarding the possibility to prevent the onset of AMD, either by modifying dietary habits or by adding nutritional supplements to the diet. […] The study found that a high consumption with the diet of beta-carotene, both vitamins C and E, and zinc was correlated with a decreased risk of AMD in elderly persons. […] Therefore, as suggested by the Rotterdam study, a diet rich in antioxidants might hinder the onset of AMD and it should be recommended mostly for those people with a strong family history. […] Recently, the EYE-RISK Consortium investigated the relationship between the adherence to the Mediterranean diet (MeDi) and the incidence of advanced AMD. […] The authors concluded that a regular adherence to the MeDi was correlated with a 41% reduction of the risk to develop advanced AMD. These findings support the role of a diet rich in healthful nutrient-rich foods such as fruits, vegetables, legumes, and fish for preventing AMD onset.

• #1 Prevention of the Onset of Age-Related Macular Degeneration

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8348883/

  In conclusion, a recent review revealed that a healthy diet without food rich in sugar, fat, alcohol, refined starch, and oils, absence of smoking, and moderate physical activity are associated with a reduced risk of AMD. […] Public health interventions with the aim to adopt a correct lifestyle, including healthy diet, physical activity, and cessation of smoking, should be recommended strategies for AMD prevention.

• #2 Prevention of the Onset of Age-Related Macular Degeneration

  https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/10/15/3297

  Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) represents the leading cause of irreversible blindness in elderly people, mostly after the age of 65. […] Therefore, better understanding of the possibilities to prevent the onset of the disease is needed. In this regard, a central role is played by the identification of risk factors, which might participate to the development of the disease. Among these, the most researched are dietary risk factors, lifestyle, and light exposure. Many studies showed that a higher dietary intake of nutrients, such as lutein, zeaxanthin, beta carotene, omega-3 fatty acids and zinc, reduced the risk of early AMD. […] The aim of this review is to focus the attention on all the modifiable risk factors that might help to prevent, slow, or reduce the onset of AMD in healthy individuals.

• #2 Prevention of the Onset of Age-Related Macular Degeneration

  https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/10/15/3297

  Both AREDS-1 and -2 studies have shown to prevent AMD progression by nutritional supplementation. However, there are no data regarding the possibility to prevent the onset of AMD, either by modifying dietary habits or by adding nutritional supplements to the diet. […] The study found that a high consumption with the diet of β-carotene, both vitamins C and E, and zinc was correlated with a decreased risk of AMD in elderly persons. […] Therefore, as suggested by the Rotterdam study, a diet rich in antioxidants might hinder the onset of AMD and it should be recommended mostly for those people with a strong family history. […] The rationale behind the choice to analyze a specific type of diet, such as the Mediterranean one, can be explained by the fact that a single nutrient or food approach is not able to reach synergistic effects of food and nutrients consumed in combination in the diet. […] The results of the EYE-RISK Consortium are also in accordance with those of previous cross-sectional studies.

• #2 Prevention of the Onset of Age-Related Macular Degeneration

  https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/10/15/3297

  Cigarette smoking has been associated with the onset of AMD and represents a strong predictor of disease in two population-based longitudinal study. […] Based on these findings, it is noteworthy to underline the possible risks to develop different forms of AMD associated with smoking and the benefit of quitting smoking. […] In conclusion, a recent review revealed that a healthy diet without food rich in sugar, fat, alcohol, refined starch, and oils, absence of smoking, and moderate physical activity are associated with a reduced risk of AMD. […] Public health interventions with the aim to adopt a correct lifestyle, including healthy diet, physical activity, and cessation of smoking, should be recommended strategies for AMD prevention.

• #3 Dry macular degeneration – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/dry-macular-degeneration/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350381

  For now, there’s no way to reverse damage from dry macular degeneration. However, there are many clinical trials in progress. If the condition is diagnosed early, you can take steps to help slow its progression, such as taking vitamin supplements, eating healthy and not smoking. […] For people with intermediate or advanced disease, taking a high-dose formulation of antioxidant vitamins and minerals may help reduce the risk of vision loss. […] The evidence doesn’t show benefit in taking these supplements for people with early-stage dry macular degeneration. Ask your eye doctor if taking supplements is right for you. […] Even after receiving a diagnosis of dry macular degeneration, these steps may help slow vision loss. […] Choose a healthy diet. The antioxidant vitamins in fruits and vegetables contribute to eye health.

• #3 Dry macular degeneration – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/dry-macular-degeneration/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350381

  Eating foods with high levels of zinc also may be helpful for people with macular degeneration. […] Another good choice is healthy unsaturated fat, such as in olive oil. […] And research studies have shown that a diet high in omega-3 fatty acids, such as in salmon, tuna and walnuts, may lower the risk of advanced age-related macular degeneration. […] Manage your other medical conditions. […] Maintain a healthy weight and exercise regularly. […] Have routine eye exams. […] What lifestyle changes can I make to protect my vision?

• #4 5 ways to protect your eyes from AMD – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/staying-healthy/5-ways-to-protect-your-eyes-from-amd

  Smoking can speed up AMD damage. If you smoke, quit. […] Sunlight is thought to possibly promote AMD. Protect your eyes from the sun by wearing sunglasses and broad-brimmed hats. […] Research also suggests that certain nutrients help prevent macular degeneration. Eat a diet rich in fresh fruits and dark-green leafy vegetables, such as spinach, collard greens, and kale. The latter are especially rich in lutein and zeaxanthin, which are key for eye health. […] If you have intermediate or advanced dry AMD, or any stage of the „wet” form of AMD, ask your doctor about supplements. For example, people at high risk of developing the advanced stages of the „wet” form of AMD may lower their risk by taking high-dose combinations of antioxidant vitamins and minerals. […] It’s unclear whether omega-3 supplements are beneficial for AMD. But eating fish and other foods high in these nutrients may still be worthwhile for preserving optimal vision and overall good health.

• #5 Prevention of Age-Related Macular Degeneration

  https://www.brightfocus.org/resource/prevention-of-age-related-macular-degeneration/

  People who eat a diet rich in fruits and vegetables, as well as twice-weekly meals of fat-rich fish like salmon, sardines, tuna or mackerel have a lower risk of AMD. Conversely, people who eat red meat every day have an increased risk of AMD. […] High blood pressure is a risk factor for developing wet AMD. […] Long-term bright light exposure may be a risk factor for AMD. […] It is very important to have regular eye examinations, particularly as you age, or if you have any of the risk factors associated with age-related macular degeneration. […] While doctors do not yet know how to completely prevent AMD, a healthy lifestyle consisting of not smoking; a diet rich in fruits and vegetables, but limited in red meat; use of sunglasses when outside; regular eye examinations; and AREDS2 vitamins when they are indicated, will increase the chance of maintaining healthy vision for a lifetime.

• #5 Prevention of Age-Related Macular Degeneration

  https://www.brightfocus.org/resource/prevention-of-age-related-macular-degeneration/

  Since age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a leading cause of vision loss in Americans 60 years of age and older, its important to take steps that may prevent this eye disease. Certain measures have been shown in large clinical trials to clearly decrease the risk of AMD, and other actions, based on smaller trials or theoretical considerations, may also decrease risk. […] Smoking is a definite risk factor for AMD, as well as other serious diseases. Anyone who smokes should try their hardest to stop, especially if they already have signs of AMD. It will help save your vision. […] The age-related eye disease study (AREDS2) showed that supplementation with certain micronutrients reduces the risk of progression from the intermediate to the late stage of AMD by 25 percent. […] It is recommended that family members eat foods containing high levels of lutein and zeaxanthin rather than take the supplements.

• #6 Age-related Macular Degeneration: Causes and Treatment

  https://www.aarp.org/health/conditions-treatments/early-signs-of-macular-degeneration/

  An essential part of any treatment plan no matter the stage or form of AMD is a healthy lifestyle, including regular exercise and a diet that incorporates plenty of fish and leafy green vegetables. Research published in American Journal of Ophthalmology suggests exercise helps guard against AMD. […] And a review of studies published in 2021 in the journal Clinical Nutrition showed that regularly eating fish, especially fatty fish like salmon, tuna, sardines, mackerel and herring which are high in omega-3 fatty acids, can reduce your risk of developing AMD. […] A study published in 2023 in JAMA Ophthalmology found that eating vegetables rich in nitrates such as beetroot, spinach, kale, collard greens and arugula may also help. […] For those who have been diagnosed with AMD, reducing exposure to sunlight by wearing sunglasses, avoiding cigarette smoke, eating a healthy diet and getting annual eye exams can help lower the risk that a patient develops vision loss from AMD as they get older, Sodhi says.

• #6 Age-related Macular Degeneration: Causes and Treatment

  https://www.aarp.org/health/conditions-treatments/early-signs-of-macular-degeneration/

  Research, including a recent review of studies published in the journal Ophthalmology, shows that taking high-dose vitamins and minerals specifically, vitamins C and E, zinc, lutein, zeaxanthin, beta-carotene and copper slows progression of the disease in people with intermediate AMD and those with late-stage dry AMD. […] The good news? A review of research published in Clinical Interventions in Aging found that stopping smoking can reduce your risk of AMD; the risk for former smokers who hadn’t smoked for more than 20 years was the same as for nonsmokers.

• #7 About Age-Related Macular Degeneration | Vision and Eye Health | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/vision-health/about-eye-disorders/age-related-macular-degeneration.html

  Mary learned there is no single treatment for the dry form of AMD. Her eye doctor recommended she take antioxidant vitamins and zinc, which can slow the progress of the disease. […] It’s always a good time to take steps to reduce the risk of eye problems such as AMD. […] Quitting smoking, or never starting, is an important way to prevent AMD. […] Having a healthy lifestyle and lowering cholesterol can help lower your risk for AMD and also help prevent the dry form of the disease from progressing to the wet form, which can cause permanent vision loss. […] The Age-Related Disease Studies found that getting certain vitamins and minerals every day may slow the progression of AMD. Combining these vitamins can reduce the risk of late AMD by 25%: Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Beta-carotene, Zinc, Copper. […] Green, leafy vegetables have large amounts of many of these vitamins.

• #8 Macular Degeneration Treatment Manchester | Eye Exams Nashua

  https://www.themedicaleyecenter.com/macular-degeneration-treatment-manchester/

  Researchers with the Age-Related Eye Disease Study (AREDS) concluded that a specific formulation of vitamins and minerals reduced the risk of the progression of the dry form of AMD to the wet (or advanced) form of AMD. […] A follow up clinical trial, called AREDS2, showed that removing beta-carotene from the original formulation (which was shown to increase the risk of lung cancer in smokers) and replacing it with lutein and zeaxanthin was safe and effective. AREDS2 supplements are available at most pharmacies. […] Lifestyle modification strategies may also have an impact on the progression of dry AMD: A healthy diet rich in antioxidants and omega-3 fatty acids, Weight loss, Normal blood pressure, Avoiding smoking, Protection from UV light when spending time outdoors (wearing sunglasses or a hat).

• #9

  https://www.aao.org/eye-health/diseases/amd-macular-degeneration

  Dry AMD treatment: Right now, only dry AMD with geographic atrophy can be treated. Two new medications are available: pegcetacoplan and avacincaptad pegol. One of these will be injected into your eye to slow the atrophy. Hopefully, this will delay vision loss. […] There is no treatment for drusen. However people with lots of drusen or serious vision loss might benefit from taking a certain combination of nutritional supplements. A large study (AREDS and the later AREDS 2 study) found people with certain drusen may slow their dry AMD by taking these vitamins and minerals daily: Vitamin C (500 mg), Vitamin E (400 IU), Lutein (10 mg), Zeaxanthin (2 mg), Zinc (80 mg), Copper (2 mg). […] Your ophthalmologist can tell you if vitamins and minerals are recommended for your dry AMD, as not all forms will benefit from the AREDS supplements. Beta carotene should not be used by smokers as it raised the risk of lung cancer. […] Dark leafy greens, yellow fruits and vegetables, fish, and a balanced, nutrient-rich diet have been shown beneficial for people with AMD.

• #10 Age-Related Macular Degeneration

  https://www.asrs.org/patients/retinal-diseases/2/agerelated-macular-degeneration

  There are currently two possible treatments, Syfovre (pegcetacoplan) and Izervay (avacincaptad pegol) for GA (the advanced form of dry AMD) which can slow progression of vision loss in some eyes. These are also injections in the eye which are given every one to two months. […] The Age-Related Eye Disease Studies (AREDS), conducted by the National Eye Institute, have found that a nutritional supplement formula may delay and prevent intermediate dry AMD from moving to the advanced form. […] The AREDS supplement formula, which is widely available over the counter, contains: Vitamin C, Lutein, Vitamin E, Zeaxanthin, Zinc.

• #11 Age-Related Wet & Dry Macular Degeneration (AMD) – ConnectCenter

  https://aphconnectcenter.org/visionaware/eye-conditions/eye-conditions-associated-with-blindness-a-b/age-related-macular-degeneration-amd/

  Obesity and uncontrolled hypertension are two known risk factors that worsen the disease progression of AMD. Because of this, incorporate regular exercise and following with your primary care provider about combating obesity and hypertension. […] This supplement is called AREDS2. Studies have found that the following formulation can help decrease the progression of dry AMD: 500 milligrams (mg) of vitamin C, 400 international units of vitamin E, 80 mg zinc as zinc oxide, 2 mg copper as cupric oxide (to avoid anemia with high zinc intake), 10 mg lutein and 2 mg zeaxanthin. However, ask your doctor before taking this supplement, as the AREDS2 clinical trial has shown no benefit for mild stages of AMD.

• #12 8 Tips to Reduce the Risk of Age-related Macular Degeneration – International Eye Cataract Retina Centre

  https://eyecataractretina.com/age-related-macular-degeneration-singapore-prevention-amd/

  Prevention is always better than cure, especially for eye problems, so the following 8 health tips can reduce your chances of losing vision from AMD: […] Tip 1: Know your family eye history […] If AMD runs in your family, you should be more vigilant for the symptoms of AMD and seek advice from an eye doctor (ophthalmologist) even if you do not yet have symptoms. […] Tip 2: Stop smoking […] Overall, smokers are 3-4 times more likely to develop AMD compared to non-smokers. […] Tip 3: Eat a healthy diet with plenty of leafy green vegetables and oily fish […] Research has shown that certain nutrients are very beneficial for eye health and two types in particular can reduce the risk of developing AMD. […] Tip 4: Consider nutritional supplements […] Research from the large-scale Age-Related Eye Disease Study 2 (AREDS2) found that taking a daily dose of vitamin C, vitamin E, zinc, lutein and zeaxanthin caused a significant reduction in the progression to advanced age-related macular degeneration.

• #12 8 Tips to Reduce the Risk of Age-related Macular Degeneration – International Eye Cataract Retina Centre

  https://eyecataractretina.com/age-related-macular-degeneration-singapore-prevention-amd/

  Tip 5: Wear sunglasses during sunny weather […] If you are outside for any length of time in bright and sunny conditions, it is important to protect your eyes from harmful UV rays by wearing adequate sun protection. […] Tip 6: Good cardiovascular health […] Looking after your heart by maintaining a healthy weight, exercising and controlling blood pressure will also reduce your risk of developing AMD. […] Tip 7: Check your vision regularly with an Amsler grid […] If you notice that the lines are wavy or there are dark spots in one eye, then you should seek help from an eye doctor immediately. […] Tip 8: Visit your ophthalmologist regularly for an eye health check […] Seeing an eye doctor regularly for an eye check can catch AMD at an early stage when it can still be treated. […] Remember that it is important to follow these tips even as a young adult, especially if you have a relative with AMD, as doing so can reduce or delay the development of AMD later in life and give you many more years of good vision.

• #13 Age-Related Macular Degeneration – EyeWiki

  https://eyewiki.org/Age-Related_Macular_Degeneration

  Smoking cessation, reduction in body mass index, and treatment of hypertension are modifiable risk factors that should be addressed in patients at risk for, or who have various stages of AMD. […] Based on population based cross sectional studies, the prevalence of AMD in ex-smokers is less than in smokers, arguing for a possible benefit of smoking cessation on societal AMD disease burden. […] Studies on the beneficial effect of dietary antioxidants and omega 3 fatty acids on prevention of AMD have yielded insufficient results.

• #14 Macular Degeneration: Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15246-macular-degeneration

  You can take these steps to lower your risk of macular degeneration: […] Quit smoking. […] Maintain a healthy weight for you. […] Stay physically active. […] Maintain healthy blood pressure and cholesterol levels. […] Follow the Mediterranean diet.

• #15 Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD) | National Eye Institute

  https://www.nei.nih.gov/learn-about-eye-health/eye-conditions-and-diseases/age-related-macular-degeneration

  Research shows that you may be able to lower your risk of AMD (or slow vision loss from AMD) by making these healthy choices: […] Quit smoking or dont start […] Get regular physical activity […] Maintain healthy blood pressure and cholesterol levels […] Eat healthy foods, including leafy green vegetables and fish. […] If you have intermediate AMD in 1 or both eyes, special dietary supplements (vitamins and minerals) may be able to stop it from turning into late AMD. If you have late AMD in only 1 eye, these supplements may slow down AMD in your other eye. […] Theres currently no treatment for late dry AMD but researchers are hard at work looking for treatment options.

• #16 Dry macular degeneration – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/dry-macular-degeneration/symptoms-causes/syc-20350375

  Early detection and self-care measures may delay vision loss caused by dry macular degeneration. […] It’s important to have routine eye exams to identify early signs of macular degeneration. The following measures may help reduce the risk of developing dry macular degeneration: […] Manage all medical conditions. For example, if you have cardiovascular disease or high blood pressure, take your medicine and follow your healthcare team’s instructions for controlling the condition. […] Don’t smoke. People who smoke are more likely to develop macular degeneration than are people who don’t smoke. Ask a healthcare professional for help stopping smoking. […] Maintain a healthy weight and exercise regularly. If you need to lose weight, reduce the number of calories you eat and increase the amount of exercise you get each day.

• #17 Can Macular Degeneration Be Prevented? | Optical Images

  https://www.opticalimages.com/eye-care-services/eye-disease-management/macular-degeneration-treatment/can-macular-degeneration-be-prevented/

  Studies have also shown that eating fish helps prevent macular degeneration. […] AREDS and AREDS2 formulas are nutritional supplements that have been clinically proven to reduce the risk of AMD progression. […] Controlling your cholesterol can protect you from developing macular degeneration. […] Regular exercise can reduce the risk of developing macular degeneration. […] Lastly, have your eyes checked regularly. By performing a comprehensive eye exam, your eye doctor can help catch AMD early.

• #18 Wet Macular Degeneration: Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/wet-macular-degeneration

  There are so many contributing and risk factors for WMD that its impossible to prevent it entirely. But there are things you can do to reduce your risk of developing it or delay when it happens. […] Some of the most important ways to prevent or delay WMD start when you have dry macular degeneration, the less-advanced form of ARMD. Steps your eye specialist could recommend include: […] Use an Amsler grid every day. Your eye specialist can give you an Amsler grid to use at home and guide you on how to use it. And if you see vision changes or distortions, you need to call your eye specialist as soon as possible. Doing that reduces your risk of having irreversible retinal damage and vision loss. […] See your eye specialist for regular vision checks. These can help with early detection of WMD.

• #19

  https://www.aao.org/eye-health/tips-prevention/promising-new-treatments-amd

  For people with intermediate disease, a formulation of antioxidant vitamins called the AREDS2 formula can help reduce the risk of vision loss. […] Two new drugs that target the complement cascade and stop it from attacking the retina have recently been approved by the FDA: Pegcetacoplan (SYFOVRE) and avacincaptad pegol (Izervay). […] These therapies can cause side effects or complications ranging from mild to severe. Your retinal specialist will discuss these tradeoffs with you and help you determine the best course of treatment. […] Another concept under investigation is the possibility of replacing some cells that begin to die in late-stage dry AMD. Stem cells may be able to replace the retinal cells that are killed off by this disease.

• #20 New Treatment Offers Hope for Advanced Dry Macular Degeneration in Baltimore, MD

  https://www.elmanretina.com/new-treatment-offers-hope-for-advanced-dry-macular-degeneration/

  Pegcetacoplan is a monthly or bimonthly intraocular injection clinically proven to slow the progression of dry AMD. […] Research indicates Pegcetacoplan works more efficiently over time, slowing the disease and preventing retinal degeneration the longer the patient takes the drug. […] Syfovre is an extraordinary move forward for patients with dry AMD and will make a meaningful difference in the lives of people living with vision loss caused by geographic atrophy.

• #21 What is the Latest Treatment for Dry Macular? | Eye Center of Texas

  https://www.eyecenteroftexas.com/2023/12/what-is-latest-treatment-for-dry-macular/

  Unfortunately, there is currently no cure for dry macular degeneration. However, the latest treatment options have shown promising results in slowing down the progression of this condition and preserving vision for longer. […] Routine eye exams that include the Amsler eye grid test are crucial in catching this condition early on and starting treatment as soon as possible. […] The investigations reveal that the effectiveness of Pegcetacoplan increases over time. It not only decelerates the disease but also helps prevent further retinal degeneration. […] By doing so, it has the potential to slow down the progress of the disease and prevent further vision loss. […] The data from these trials showed a significant slowing of geographic atrophy progression by between 18-35% in one year in patients treated with IZERVAY when compared to those who were not treated.

• #22 PHOTOBIOMODULATION (PBM): A New Treatment for “Dry” Age-Related Macular Degeneration – Atlantic Eye

  https://atlanticeye.com/2025/02/photobiomodulation-pbm-a-new-treatment-for-dry-age-related-macular-degeneration/

  PHOTOBIOMODULATION (PBM): A New Treatment for Dry Age-Related Macular Degeneration […] As one can see, we have good proven therapy for roughly 20% of the 20 million sufferers of this disease. How do we manage the remaining 80%? Well, the main treatment for decades for this group was vitamins, in conjunction with no smoking, sunglasses, a good Mediterranean diet, and exercise. The National Eye Institute (NEI) via its AREDS and AREDS2 studies found that by taking supplements we can reduce the risk of progression from intermediate to advanced ARMD by 25%. However, the supplements do not prevent ARMD onset. […] The study demonstrated that a therapy called Photobiomodulation (PBM) could prevent the progression of intermediate ARMD (vision 20/32-20/100) and even improve vision. PBM is a light therapy treatment in which patients are subject to light (590nm, 660nm, 850nm) in a series of nine sessions over 3 to 5 weeks every four months. […] Photobiomodulation (PBM) is a new therapy using light that can stabilize and improve vision in a group of patients who suffer from ARMD and were previously treated only with vitamins.

• #23 Nonexudative (Dry) Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1223154-overview

  Prevention is the best treatment for nonexudative AMD, because no satisfactory method exists to treat this condition. […] Antioxidant multivitamin therapy (consisting of vitamin A at 25,000 IU, vitamin C at 500 mg, zinc at 80 mg, copper at 2 mg, and vitamin E at 400 mg) has been shown in a large clinical trial, the Age-Related Eye Diseases Study (AREDS), to be helpful in decreasing the risk of visual loss with nonexudative AMD. […] The AREDS2 study showed that a formulation that replaced vitamin A/beta-carotene with a combination of lutein and zeaxanthin was safer and likely more effective at preventing AMD progression than the initial AREDS formula. […] The Women’s Antioxidant and Folic Acid Cardiovascular Study looked at a cohort of women without any evidence of AMD. […] A phase 1 study demonstrated visual benefit and decreased progression of AMD in subjects with advanced dry AMD who were provided with an intravitreal implant that secreted ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF).

• #24 The Pipeline for Dry Macular Degeneration

  https://www.reviewofophthalmology.com/article/the-pipeline-for-dry-macular-degeneration

  Neuroprotective agents under investigation for dry AMD include ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF), brimonidine tartrate and tandosporine. […] Suppression of inflammation is another emerging treatment strategy for dry AMD. Strong evidence now exists that implicates the complement pathway as a key mechanism in the pathogenesis of AMD. […] A number of different complement inhibitors are currently under investigation for the treatment of AMD. […] Other than AREDS vitamins, there is no other proven effective therapy for dry AMD. However, many trials are under way looking at a multitude of different treatments targeting different points along the pathways implicated in the pathogenesis of AMD. Ultimately, it appears that the most effective treatment for AMD will likely be a combination of different drugs targeting the varying pathways that contribute to the development and progression of AMD.

• #25 Age-Related Macular Degeneration

  https://www.asrs.org/patients/age-related-macular-degeneration

  No treatment can prevent visual loss for patients with the advanced form of dry AMD. However, the Age-Related Eye Disease Studies (AREDS), conducted by the National Eye Institute, found that a nutritional supplement formula may delay and prevent intermediate dry AMD from moving to the advanced form. […] If you have advanced dry AMD, you may want to take an AREDS-2 supplement formula, which is widely available over the counter, containing: Vitamin C, Lutein, Vitamin E, Zeaxanthin, Zinc.

• #26 Antioxidant vitamins for age-related macular degeneration | RNIB

  https://www.rnib.org.uk/your-eyes/eye-conditions-az/antioxidant-vitamins-for-age-related-macular-degeneration/

  If you have wet AMD in both eyes or have late stage dry AMD in both eyes (your vision is very poor in both eyes), unfortunately there is no evidence that taking a supplement will be helpful. […] Although nutritional supplements are generally regarded as safe, they may have harmful effects in certain people. […] If you are thinking about taking a supplement for AMD, it would be important to discuss this with your GP. […] Several studies have looked at the role of antioxidant supplements in the prevention of AMD. At present there is no evidence to suggest that people who do not have AMD should take supplements to prevent them from developing AMD in the future. […] A healthy diet full of fruits and vegetables is thought to be beneficial in keeping our eyes as healthy as possible. […] High blood pressure and lack of exercise have been identified as possible risk factors for AMD; therefore, maintaining a healthy weight and living an active lifestyle with regular exercise is recommended.

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