Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Dry macular degeneration – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/dry-macular-degeneration/symptoms-causes/syc-20350375

  Dry macular degeneration is an eye condition that causes blurred vision or reduced central vision. It is caused by the breakdown of a part of the retina known as the macula (MAK-u-luh). The macula is responsible for central vision. This condition is common among people over 50. […] No one knows exactly what causes dry macular degeneration. Research suggests that it may be a combination of genes and other factors, including smoking, obesity and diet. […] The condition develops as the eye ages. Dry macular degeneration affects the macula. The macula is the area of the retina that’s responsible for clear vision in the direct line of sight. Over time, tissue in the macula may thin and lose cells responsible for vision.

• #1 Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9595233/

  The greatest global root of irremediable amaurosis in the venerable is age-related macular degeneration (AMD), a complex eye condition. […] Although several causes and mechanisms for the dysfunction and degeneration of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) have previously been identified, the conditions symptoms are still not fully understood. Etiopathogenesis is still not entirely understood. […] All the mechanisms involved in the etiology of AMD should be continuously probed to create covariates for other contemporaneous or future problems. […] The complicated etiology of AMD has been connected to cellular, biochemical, and molecular processes and is impacted by a number of variables, including both environmental influences and genetic predisposition, despite the fact that the pathogenesis of AMD is presently not fully known.

• #1 Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD) | National Eye Institute

  https://www.nei.nih.gov/learn-about-eye-health/eye-conditions-and-diseases/age-related-macular-degeneration

  Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is an eye disease that can blur your central vision. It happens when aging causes damage to the macula the part of the eye that controls sharp, straight-ahead vision. The macula is part of the retina (the light-sensitive tissue at the back of the eye). […] Most people with AMD have dry AMD (also called atrophic AMD). This is when the macula gets thinner with age. Dry AMD happens in 3 stages: early, intermediate, and late. It usually progresses slowly over several years. […] There are 2 types of AMD: dry and wet. […] If you have intermediate AMD in 1 or both eyes, special dietary supplements (vitamins and minerals) may be able to stop it from turning into late AMD. […] One NEI research team found a way to treat dry AMD in animals using stem cells. Researchers are now testing whether this treatment is safe for people. This research could lead to a treatment for dry AMD in the future.

• #1

  https://www.aao.org/eye-health/diseases/amd-macular-degeneration

  This form is quite common. About 80 percent (8 out of 10) of people who have AMD have the dry form. Dry AMD is when parts of the macula get thinner with age and tiny clumps of protein called drusen grow. People with dry AMD may have drusen, pigment abnormalities, or geographic atrophy (an area of cell loss in the retina). You slowly lose central vision. […] Right now, only dry AMD with geographic atrophy can be treated. Two new medications are available: pegcetacoplan and avacincaptad pegol. One of these will be injected into your eye to slow the atrophy. Hopefully, this will delay vision loss. […] There is no treatment for drusen. However people with lots of drusen or serious vision loss might benefit from taking a certain combination of nutritional supplements. A large study (AREDS and the later AREDS 2 study) found people with certain drusen may slow their dry AMD by taking these vitamins and minerals daily: Vitamin C (500 mg), Vitamin E (400 IU), Lutein (10 mg), Zeaxanthin (2 mg), Zinc (80 mg), Copper (2 mg).

• #2 Macular Degeneration: Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15246-macular-degeneration

  Nearly 90% of people with macular degeneration have the dry form. It develops when tiny yellow protein deposits called drusen form under your macula. The built-up deposits dry and thin your macula. […] Macular degeneration can be an inherited eye disease. But it also develops in people with no family history of the disease. Macular degeneration occurs when the macula at the back of your eye starts to waste away for unknown reasons. Getting older is a factor in age-related macular degeneration. […] Non-age-related macular degeneration may be associated with: Diabetes. Head injuries. Infections. A diet lacking in required nutrients.

• #2 About Dry Macular Degeneration – Signs, Symptoms, and More.

  https://www.macular.org/about-macular-degeneration/dry-macular-degeneration

  In the dry (atrophic) type of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), deterioration of the retina is associated with the formation of small yellow deposits, known as drusen, under the macula, as shown in the illustration below. This phenomenon leads to a thinning and drying out of the macula, causing the macula to lose its function. The amount of central vision loss is directly related to the location and amount of retinal thinning caused by the drusen. […] The early stage of dry age-related macular degeneration is associated with minimal visual impairment and is characterized by drusen and pigmentary abnormalities in the macula. Drusen are accumulations of acellular, amorphous debris subjacent to the basement membrane of the retinal pigment epithelium. Nearly all people over the age of 50 years have at least one small druse in one or both eyes. Only eyes with large drusen are at risk for late age-related macular degeneration.

• #2 Risk Factors for Age-Related Macular Degeneration | Macular Disease Foundation Australia

  https://www.mdfoundation.com.au/about-macular-disease/age-related-macular-degeneration/risk-factors-for-amd/

  Age-related macular degeneration is caused by genetic and environmental factors. Major risk factors include age, family history and smoking. […] Age is the strongest risk factor for age-related macular degeneration. So that means the older you get, the more likely you are to develop AMD. […] Genetic factors play a role in up to 70 per cent of cases of age-related macular degeneration. […] If you have a parent or sibling with AMD, you have a 50 per cent risk of getting it, too. […] Smoking is the largest modifiable risk factor for age-related macular degeneration. […] According to the studies, if you smoke, you are three to four times more likely to develop AMD. […] Smokers may also develop the disease five to 10 years earlier than non-smokers. […] Smoking can also increase the risk of disease progression. If you have wet (neovascular) AMD and continue to smoke, you may not respond as well to treatment.

• #2 Macular degeneration – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macular_degeneration

  The pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration is not fully understood, although some theories have been put forward, including oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and inflammatory processes. […] The imbalance between the production of damaged cellular components and degradation leads to the accumulation of harmful products, for example, intracellular lipofuscin and extracellular drusen. […] The three layers that undergo atrophy in geographic atrophy are all adjacent to each other. […] The pathophysiology of geographic atrophy is still uncertain. Some studies questioned whether it was due to a deficient retinal pigment epithelium, leading to increased oxidative stress.

• #2 Age-Related Macular Degeneration Causes & Risk Factors

  https://www.webmd.com/eye-health/macular-degeneration/age-related-macular-degeneration-causes

  Up to 5% of people who have dry AMD in both eyes will get wet AMD in a year, while 13% to 18% will get it in 3 years. […] If you have dry AMD, you may be able to slow its progression with a special formula that combines vitamins and mineral supplements. […] A recent study found that a vitamin and mineral mixture known as AREDS2 is the most effective. It can slow the progression of dry AMD by about 25%, research shows.

• #2 Macular degeneration causes, symptoms and treatments | Nebraska Medicine Omaha, NE

  https://www.nebraskamed.com/health/conditions-and-services/eye-care/macular-degeneration-causes-symptoms-and-treatments

  The exact cause of AMD is unknown. However, several factors can increase your risk of developing it, including: […] AMD is more common in people over 50 years old […] If you have a family history of AMD, you are more likely to develop this condition […] Smoking can increase your risk of developing AMD […] A dietary supplement called AREDS 2 can help slow the progression of dry macular degeneration and make it less likely to progress to wet macular degeneration […] This drug was approved in February 2023, the first of its kind to reduce the rate of progression of a form of advanced dry macular degeneration called geographic atrophy.

• #2 What is Macular Degeneration? – AMDF

  https://www.macular.org/about-macular-degeneration/what-is-macular-degeneration

  While the origins of AMD are still unknown, science has uncovered many of the genetic and environmental factors that contribute to its development, along with the bodys malfunctioning mechanisms that causethe deterioration of macula the central portion of the retina. […] The specific cause of macular degeneration is not conclusively known, but the interplay between known hereditary and environmental factors is complex. The more that scientists understand the mechanisms that cause the cells of the macula to deteriorate, the more potential treatments they can develop to slow or stop the disease. The challenges are great, because multiple genes are associated with AMD and environmental factors such as smoking, diet and sun exposure also impact the disease.

• #3 About Dry Macular Degeneration – Signs, Symptoms, and More.

  https://www.macular.org/about-macular-degeneration/dry-macular-degeneration

  This form of macular degeneration is much more common than the wet type of macular degeneration, and it tends to progress more slowly than the wet type. However, a certain percentage of the dry type of macular degeneration turns to wet with the passage of time. There is no known cure for the dry type of macular degeneration. […] Approximately 85% to 90% of the cases of macular degeneration are the dry (atrophic) type.

• #3 Age-Related Macular Degeneration Causes & Risk Factors

  https://www.webmd.com/eye-health/macular-degeneration/age-related-macular-degeneration-causes

  About 85% to 90% of people with age-related macular degeneration have dry AMD. […] The condition is linked with bits of fat and protein called drusen. They can collect under your retina a layer of tissue at the back of your eye that processes light. No one knows where the drusen come from, but they are thought to be pieces of waste from the retina that arent able to be properly discarded and recycled. […] But soft, large, and centrally located macular drusen are not. They are the ones that are linked with losing your vision. […] Drusen in early AMD are quite small. They get larger as the condition moves from early to intermediate to advanced. In advanced-stage AMD, drusen are larger and more numerous. They keep oxygen from reaching your eye. […] The vision loss from dry AMD happens slowly and usually is not as severe as that from wet AMD. But dry AMD can sometimes turn into the wet form.

• #3 Ask the Doctors – What causes wet macular degeneration? | UCLA Health

  https://www.uclahealth.org/news/article/ask-the-doctors-what-causes-wet-macular-degeneration

  Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of adult blindness in industrialized countries. […] As for wet AMD, its caused by the growth of abnormal blood vessels behind the retina. […] The biggest risk factor for both types of AMD is age, with people age 55-64 having a 0.2 percent risk of developing AMD, and those older than 84 having a 13.1 percent risk. […] Smoking cigarettes increases the risk of developing AMD by a factor of two to four, and the risk persists many years after stopping smoking. […] There may be an association between AMD and aspirin or blood pressure medications (especially beta-blockers and nitroglycerin), but as of now no causality has been defined. […] Heavy alcohol consumption (more than 3 drinks per day) has been associated with early-onset AMD, but not with late-onset AMD.

• #3 Macular degeneration Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/condition/macular-degeneration

  The macula, a part of your eye’s retina, is made of cells, called rods and cones, which are sensitive to light and are needed for central vision. Underneath the macula is a layer of blood vessels called the choroids, which provides blood to the macula. A layer of tissue on the retina called the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) keeps the macula healthy by transporting nutrients from the blood vessels to the macula and moving waste products from the macula to the blood vessels. […] As you get older, the RPE can thin and not move nutrients and waste back and forth as efficiently. Waste builds up in the macula, and cells in the macula become damaged from lack of blood, affecting your vision. […] With dry AMD, RPE cells lose their color and do not get rid of waste products from the rods and cones. As waste builds up, the rods and cones deteriorate.

• #3 About Dry Macular Degeneration – Signs, Symptoms, and More.

  https://www.macular.org/about-macular-degeneration/dry-macular-degeneration

  In the dry (atrophic) type of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), deterioration of the retina is associated with the formation of small yellow deposits, known as drusen, under the macula, as shown in the illustration below. This phenomenon leads to a thinning and drying out of the macula, causing the macula to lose its function. The amount of central vision loss is directly related to the location and amount of retinal thinning caused by the drusen. […] The early stage of dry age-related macular degeneration is associated with minimal visual impairment and is characterized by drusen and pigmentary abnormalities in the macula. Drusen are accumulations of acellular, amorphous debris subjacent to the basement membrane of the retinal pigment epithelium. Nearly all people over the age of 50 years have at least one small druse in one or both eyes. Only eyes with large drusen are at risk for late age-related macular degeneration.

• #3 Macular Degeneration | AOA

  https://www.aoa.org/healthy-eyes/eye-and-vision-conditions/macular-degeneration

  Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of severe vision loss in adults over age 50. […] This eye disease occurs when there are changes to the macula, a small portion of the retina that is located on the inside back layer of the eye. […] With „dry” macular degeneration, the tissue of the macula gradually becomes thin and stops working properly. […] However, researchers and doctors believe there is a link between nutrition and the progression of dry AMD. […] Researchers have linked eye-friendly nutrients such as lutein and zeaxanthin, omega 3 supplements or consumption of fatty fishes, vitamin C, vitamin E and zinc to reducing the risk of certain eye diseases, including macular degeneration. […] The first AREDS clinical trial, AREDS1, established AMD as a „nutrition-responsive disorder.”

• #3 Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD) | National Eye Institute

  https://www.nei.nih.gov/learn-about-eye-health/eye-conditions-and-diseases/age-related-macular-degeneration

  Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is an eye disease that can blur your central vision. It happens when aging causes damage to the macula the part of the eye that controls sharp, straight-ahead vision. The macula is part of the retina (the light-sensitive tissue at the back of the eye). […] Most people with AMD have dry AMD (also called atrophic AMD). This is when the macula gets thinner with age. Dry AMD happens in 3 stages: early, intermediate, and late. It usually progresses slowly over several years. […] There are 2 types of AMD: dry and wet. […] If you have intermediate AMD in 1 or both eyes, special dietary supplements (vitamins and minerals) may be able to stop it from turning into late AMD. […] One NEI research team found a way to treat dry AMD in animals using stem cells. Researchers are now testing whether this treatment is safe for people. This research could lead to a treatment for dry AMD in the future.

• #3 Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9595233/

  Several pathogenic mechanisms can cause AMD at the molecular and biochemical levels, according to our current understanding of the disease. These consist of oxidative damage, aberrant lipid metabolism, apoptosis, structural changes to outer photoreceptor segments, RPE ion channel malfunction, immune system changes, and abnormalities of the extracellular matrix. […] Over time, aberrant drusen material is more likely to accumulate due to insufficient antioxidant defenses, deficiencies in autophagy systems, and dysregulation of the extracellular matrix (ECM). […] The pathogenesis of AMD includes oxidative stress and retinal inflammatory pathways.

• #4 How Dry AMD Becomes Wet AMD

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/how-dry-amd-becomes-wet-amd-4770108

  Macular degeneration is caused when waste products, called drusen, collect underneath the macula. Buildup of drusen can cause blurring and distortion of vision, or dry macular degeneration. […] Recent research is pointing toward a buildup of fats, protein, and cholesterol between the deeper layers of the retina and the layers more directly underneath the retina which leads to drusen formation. Drusen formation disrupts these layers and disrupts the normal function of the retina. […] Many doctors classify age-related macular degeneration based on risk of progression, and presence of drusen and pigmentary changes inside the retina. […] In late-stage AMD, abnormal blood vessels grow into the retina, causing swelling, bleeding and rapid vision changes. When these changes occur, the condition progresses to wet AMD. Wet AMD is also called exudative macular degeneration. Exudative AMD can cause profound central vision loss as scarring can develop.

• #4 Age-related macular degeneration: MedlinePlus GeneticsLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/age-related-macular-degeneration/

  Age-related macular degeneration results from a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Many of these factors have been identified, but some remain unknown. […] Researchers have considered changes in many genes as possible risk factors for age-related macular degeneration. The best-studied of these genes are involved in a part of the body’s immune response known as the complement system. This system is a group of proteins that work together to destroy foreign invaders (such as bacteria and viruses), trigger inflammation, and remove debris from cells and tissues. Genetic changes in and around several complement system genes, including the CFH gene, contribute to a person’s risk of developing age-related macular degeneration. It is unclear how these genetic changes are related to the retinal damage and vision loss characteristic of this condition.

• #4 Dry Age-related Macular Degeneration – South Pasadena, CA: Retina Eye Specialists

  https://www.retinaeye.com/contents/common-diseases/macular-conditions/dry-age-related-macular-degeneration

  Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD) is a condition affecting people over the age of 50 and is the leading cause of blindness in people over the age of 65. Damage to the macula in AMD occurs due to oxidative stress (oxygen free-radical molecules) and inflammation. Free radicals are created throughout life, typically from energy creation by cells and exposure to the sun, and are usually taken care of by antioxidants in the body. As the body ages, the choroid, RPE and retina become less efficient, allowing free radicals to build up in the retina. These free radicals cause damage (which leads to chronic inflammation) in the RPE and in turn the RPE becomes even less efficient. Since the RPE acts as the pump for the eye, digesting and excreting used up photoreceptors to the choroid, damage to this layer causes waste to build up under the retina.

• #4 Dry Age-related Macular Degeneration – South Pasadena, CA: Retina Eye Specialists

  https://www.retinaeye.com/contents/common-diseases/macular-conditions/dry-age-related-macular-degeneration

  Around 85% of patients with macular degeneration have the dry form and most people never progress beyond this stage. Dry macular degeneration is characterized by multiple, medium to larger sized soft drusens within the macula. […] The early stage of AMD is characterized by only a small number (less than 20) of moderate size drusen and patients may or may not notice any vision changes. The intermediate stage of AMD is characterized either by numerous (over 20) moderate sized soft drusen or several large drusen. It is at the intermediate stage of AMD that most people notice changes in their vision. […] It has been known for a long time that diet high in fat increases the risk of developing AMD. Recently, reports have been published specifically showing that higher intakes of saturated and trans fat are responsible for higher incidence of AMD. This could be explained by the fact that fat increases inflammation throughout the body.

• #4 Macular Degeneration | AOA

  https://www.aoa.org/healthy-eyes/eye-and-vision-conditions/macular-degeneration

  AREDS showed that taking 400 IU/day of vitamin E, along with antioxidants beta-carotene, vitamin C and zinc supplementation, slows the progression of AMD by about 25% in individuals at high risk for the disease. […] Higher levels of zinc may interfere with copper absorption, which is why the people in the AREDS study also took a copper supplement.

• #4 The Pathogenesis of Dry Age-related Macular Degeneration – Retina Today

  https://retinatoday.com/articles/2011-apr/the-pathogenesis-of-dry-age-related-macular-degeneration

  Although the mouse retina lacks a macula, the vast amount of genetic and biologic manipulations available in the mouse provides researchers with multiple cost-efficient opportunities to dissect the various histologic and clinical manifestations of dry AMD and achieve interdisciplinary study of such a complex disease. […] Many studies have shown that inflammatory processes are involved in the progression of disease, with the presence of acute-phase proteins, complement deposition, macrophage and microglial infiltration, and cytokine expression in affected tissue. […] The etiology of age-related macular degeneration is a hot topic in vision research, and the challenges of this disease are being addressed from multiple perspectives. It is increasingly clear that both innate and adaptive immunity are involved in the development of AMD.

• #4 Macular degeneration – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macular_degeneration

  The pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration is not fully understood, although some theories have been put forward, including oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and inflammatory processes. […] The imbalance between the production of damaged cellular components and degradation leads to the accumulation of harmful products, for example, intracellular lipofuscin and extracellular drusen. […] The three layers that undergo atrophy in geographic atrophy are all adjacent to each other. […] The pathophysiology of geographic atrophy is still uncertain. Some studies questioned whether it was due to a deficient retinal pigment epithelium, leading to increased oxidative stress.

• #5 Age-Related Macular Degeneration

  https://www.asrs.org/patients/retinal-diseases/2/agerelated-macular-degeneration

  The exact cause of AMD is unknown, but the condition develops as the eye ages. There are 2 types of AMD: non-neovascular or dry AMD; and neovascular or wet AMD. […] In early stages of dry AMD, the hallmark is drusen pale yellow lesions formed beneath the retina. Drusen are usually harmless, but as they accumulate, dry AMD can progress. Atrophic areas (areas of atrophy or wasting) in the retina also may develop; if the atrophic area is significant and with sharp borders, it is termed geographic atrophy (GA). […] GA is the advanced form of dry AMD, which may be associated with loss of central vision.

• #5 Risk Factors for Age-Related Macular Degeneration | Macular Disease Foundation Australia

  https://www.mdfoundation.com.au/about-macular-disease/age-related-macular-degeneration/risk-factors-for-amd/

  Age-related macular degeneration is caused by genetic and environmental factors. Major risk factors include age, family history and smoking. […] Age is the strongest risk factor for age-related macular degeneration. So that means the older you get, the more likely you are to develop AMD. […] Genetic factors play a role in up to 70 per cent of cases of age-related macular degeneration. […] If you have a parent or sibling with AMD, you have a 50 per cent risk of getting it, too. […] Smoking is the largest modifiable risk factor for age-related macular degeneration. […] According to the studies, if you smoke, you are three to four times more likely to develop AMD. […] Smokers may also develop the disease five to 10 years earlier than non-smokers. […] Smoking can also increase the risk of disease progression. If you have wet (neovascular) AMD and continue to smoke, you may not respond as well to treatment.

• #5 Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9595233/

  Several pathogenic mechanisms can cause AMD at the molecular and biochemical levels, according to our current understanding of the disease. These consist of oxidative damage, aberrant lipid metabolism, apoptosis, structural changes to outer photoreceptor segments, RPE ion channel malfunction, immune system changes, and abnormalities of the extracellular matrix. […] Over time, aberrant drusen material is more likely to accumulate due to insufficient antioxidant defenses, deficiencies in autophagy systems, and dysregulation of the extracellular matrix (ECM). […] The pathogenesis of AMD includes oxidative stress and retinal inflammatory pathways.

• #5 About Dry Macular Degeneration – Signs, Symptoms, and More.

  https://www.macular.org/about-macular-degeneration/dry-macular-degeneration

  In the dry (atrophic) type of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), deterioration of the retina is associated with the formation of small yellow deposits, known as drusen, under the macula, as shown in the illustration below. This phenomenon leads to a thinning and drying out of the macula, causing the macula to lose its function. The amount of central vision loss is directly related to the location and amount of retinal thinning caused by the drusen. […] The early stage of dry age-related macular degeneration is associated with minimal visual impairment and is characterized by drusen and pigmentary abnormalities in the macula. Drusen are accumulations of acellular, amorphous debris subjacent to the basement membrane of the retinal pigment epithelium. Nearly all people over the age of 50 years have at least one small druse in one or both eyes. Only eyes with large drusen are at risk for late age-related macular degeneration.

• #5

  https://www.aao.org/eye-health/diseases/amd-macular-degeneration

  This form is quite common. About 80 percent (8 out of 10) of people who have AMD have the dry form. Dry AMD is when parts of the macula get thinner with age and tiny clumps of protein called drusen grow. People with dry AMD may have drusen, pigment abnormalities, or geographic atrophy (an area of cell loss in the retina). You slowly lose central vision. […] Right now, only dry AMD with geographic atrophy can be treated. Two new medications are available: pegcetacoplan and avacincaptad pegol. One of these will be injected into your eye to slow the atrophy. Hopefully, this will delay vision loss. […] There is no treatment for drusen. However people with lots of drusen or serious vision loss might benefit from taking a certain combination of nutritional supplements. A large study (AREDS and the later AREDS 2 study) found people with certain drusen may slow their dry AMD by taking these vitamins and minerals daily: Vitamin C (500 mg), Vitamin E (400 IU), Lutein (10 mg), Zeaxanthin (2 mg), Zinc (80 mg), Copper (2 mg).

• #5 The Pathogenesis of Dry Age-related Macular Degeneration – Retina Today

  https://retinatoday.com/articles/2011-apr/the-pathogenesis-of-dry-age-related-macular-degeneration

  The recent success of inflammatory gene models and immunology-based studies, as well as genetic studies in humans, linking AMD pathogenesis with various components of the immune system, has shed light on the possibility that AMD is a multifactorial disease that is initiated with an abnormal inflammatory process or an error in the regulatory pathways that keep these inflammatory events in check.

• #5 Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD) | National Eye Institute

  https://www.nei.nih.gov/learn-about-eye-health/eye-conditions-and-diseases/age-related-macular-degeneration

  Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is an eye disease that can blur your central vision. It happens when aging causes damage to the macula the part of the eye that controls sharp, straight-ahead vision. The macula is part of the retina (the light-sensitive tissue at the back of the eye). […] Most people with AMD have dry AMD (also called atrophic AMD). This is when the macula gets thinner with age. Dry AMD happens in 3 stages: early, intermediate, and late. It usually progresses slowly over several years. […] There are 2 types of AMD: dry and wet. […] If you have intermediate AMD in 1 or both eyes, special dietary supplements (vitamins and minerals) may be able to stop it from turning into late AMD. […] One NEI research team found a way to treat dry AMD in animals using stem cells. Researchers are now testing whether this treatment is safe for people. This research could lead to a treatment for dry AMD in the future.

• #6 Macular degeneration – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macular_degeneration

  Macular degeneration typically occurs in older people, and is caused by damage to the macula of the retina. Genetic factors and smoking may play a role. […] The late type is additionally divided into „dry” and „wet” forms, with the dry form making up 90% of cases. […] In the dry (nonexudative) form, drusen accumulate between the retina and the choroid, causing atrophy and scarring to the retina. […] Dry AMD (also called nonexudative AMD) is a broad designation, encompassing all forms of AMD that are not neovascular (wet AMD). This includes early and intermediate forms of AMD, as well as the advanced form of dry AMD known as geographic atrophy. Dry AMD patients tend to have minimal symptoms in the earlier stages; visual function loss occurs more often if the condition advances to geographic atrophy. Dry AMD accounts for 80-90% of cases and usually progresses slowly.

• #6 Age-Related Macular Degeneration – EyeWiki

  https://eyewiki.org/Age-Related_Macular_Degeneration

  Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is an acquired degeneration of the retina that causes significant central visual impairment through a combination of non-neovascular (drusen and retinal pigment epithelium abnormalities), and neovascular derangement (choroidal neovascular membrane formation). […] A genetic underpinning is inferred from its predilection to those of European ancestry, although environmental, nutritional, and developmental (ie., aging) processes interact to affect the degeneration observed in the macula. […] A combination of risk factors interplay to modify the Bruch’s membrane/choroid complex, the retinal pigment epithelium and photoreceptor cells. The initiating events affect one, both, or all of these tissue components. […] The degenerating retina succumbs to the final end point of geographic atrophy, choroidal neovascularization and pigment epithelial detachment.

• #6 Dry Age-related Macular Degeneration – South Pasadena, CA: Retina Eye Specialists

  https://www.retinaeye.com/contents/common-diseases/macular-conditions/dry-age-related-macular-degeneration

  Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD) is a condition affecting people over the age of 50 and is the leading cause of blindness in people over the age of 65. Damage to the macula in AMD occurs due to oxidative stress (oxygen free-radical molecules) and inflammation. Free radicals are created throughout life, typically from energy creation by cells and exposure to the sun, and are usually taken care of by antioxidants in the body. As the body ages, the choroid, RPE and retina become less efficient, allowing free radicals to build up in the retina. These free radicals cause damage (which leads to chronic inflammation) in the RPE and in turn the RPE becomes even less efficient. Since the RPE acts as the pump for the eye, digesting and excreting used up photoreceptors to the choroid, damage to this layer causes waste to build up under the retina.

• #6 Dry Age-related Macular Degeneration – South Pasadena, CA: Retina Eye Specialists

  https://www.retinaeye.com/contents/common-diseases/macular-conditions/dry-age-related-macular-degeneration

  Around 85% of patients with macular degeneration have the dry form and most people never progress beyond this stage. Dry macular degeneration is characterized by multiple, medium to larger sized soft drusens within the macula. […] The early stage of AMD is characterized by only a small number (less than 20) of moderate size drusen and patients may or may not notice any vision changes. The intermediate stage of AMD is characterized either by numerous (over 20) moderate sized soft drusen or several large drusen. It is at the intermediate stage of AMD that most people notice changes in their vision. […] It has been known for a long time that diet high in fat increases the risk of developing AMD. Recently, reports have been published specifically showing that higher intakes of saturated and trans fat are responsible for higher incidence of AMD. This could be explained by the fact that fat increases inflammation throughout the body.

• #6 Dry Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD) – Prevent Blindness North Carolina

  https://nc.preventblindness.org/dry-age-related-macular-degeneration-amd/

  Currently, the only treatment for dry AMD is dietary vitamin and other supplements. A few National Eye Institute (NEI) studies have found that a certain combination of vitamins (vitamins C and E, lutein, zeaxanthin, and zinc), known as AREDS-1 and AREDS-2 (Age Related Eye Disease Study 1 and 2) vitamins, can slow the risk of the intermediate stage of dry AMD to advance stages.

• #6 Dry Age-related Macular Degeneration – South Pasadena, CA: Retina Eye Specialists

  https://www.retinaeye.com/contents/common-diseases/macular-conditions/dry-age-related-macular-degeneration

  Though there is currently no cure for AMD and no way to completely prevent it from developing, it is still important to reduce or eliminate the associated risk factors and visit your retina specialists regularly for check-ups. Treatments for dry AMD in the future will most likely take on a multi-faceted approach, both focusing on controlling the risk factors leading to advanced AMD and taking medications that target the underlying causes of AMD.

• #7 Age-Related Macular Degeneration—Dry Forms Including Geographic Atrophy

  https://www.asrs.org/patients/retinal-diseases/43/age-related-macular-degeneration-dry-forms-including-geographic-atrophy

  The exact cause of AMD is unknown, but the condition develops as the eye ages. There are 2 types of AMD: non-neovascular or dry AMD in 85% of affected individuals; and neovascular or wet AMD in 15%. […] Dry AMD can be further divided into early, intermediate, and late stages. In early stages of dry AMD, small drusen pale-yellow lesions form beneath the retina. Drusen are usually harmless, but as they accumulate, dry AMD can progress. […] Intermediate dry AMD is characterized by larger drusen. Areas of atrophy or wasting also may develop in the retina; if the atrophic area is significant and has sharp borders, it constitutes the late stage of dry AMD and is termed geographic atrophy (GA). […] GA most commonly starts in the region next to the center of the retina, called the fovea and is called non-central or non-foveal GA. Progression of GA lesions into the fovea in foveal GA leads to loss of central vision over time. […] Dry-AMD stages, especially GA, can be also associated with whitish-yellow dots connected in a reticular, or net-like pattern. These are termed reticular drusen or reticular pseudo-drusen (RPD) or subretinal drusenoid deposits.

• #7 Dry Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD) – Prevent Blindness

  https://preventblindness.org/dry-age-related-macular-degeneration-amd/

  There are two kinds of AMD dry and wet. The most common form of AMD is dry AMD, of which 85-90 percent of AMD patients are diagnosed. Dry AMD is caused by the appearance of small yellow deposits called drusen, which form under the retina. […] While the cause of AMD is unknown, some identified which have been identified as increasing risk for AMD include: Family history of AMD, Aging those over 60 years old, Race Caucasians have a higher rate of AMD, Light colored eyes, Smoking, Heart disease, High blood pressure (hypertension), High cholesterol, Obesity, High sun exposure, Poor diet with a low intake of fruits and vegetables (a low intake of anti-oxidants).

• #7  Causes of Macular Degeneration | Macular Degeneration Test

  https://www.eastsideeye.com/blog/what-causes-macular-degeneration

  Macular degeneration or age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is one of the most common eye conditions that can rob its victims of their central vision. AMD is caused by damage to an individuals macula. This is the area in the middle of the retina. […] Macular degeneration presents itself in two types, Dry and Wet. 85 to 90 percent of people with the condition have dry macular degeneration. The condition is caused by drusen or small yellow deposits that develop under the macula. […] There are different suspected causes of early AMD, and they include inflammation and oxidative stress. Oxidation stress is the situation where the balance between molecules in the cells and the bodys ability to neutralize them is disturbed. This stress can be due to different things, including poor diet, bright lights, and excessive iron in the retina. The inflammation that occurs can lead to different age-related diseases such as AMD. Some people are genetically predisposed to the disease. They have a high risk of getting AMD due to certain genes in the immune system.

• #7 Macular degeneration – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/topics/macular-degeneration

  The causes of AMD are not well understood. Age is the most critical risk factor. Cigarette smoking, high cholesterol levels, and high blood pressure may also increase your risk. Caucasians are most susceptible to AMD, followed by Asians and Hispanics. Women develop the disease more often than men. […] Dry AMD has three stages: early, intermediate, and advanced. In the early stage, central vision is usually unaffected, though some minor abnormalities may occur. In the intermediate phase, distortion and blurring appear. The advanced form of dry AMD, also called geographic atrophy, often results in severe vision loss, especially as the center of the macula becomes involved. […] Dry AMD always precedes wet AMD. […] Unfortunately, there is no cure for AMD. Following a diet that is high in antioxidants, and contains lots of leafy green vegetables such as spinach, collard greens, and kale, may help slow the worsening of dry AMD. For people with intermediate dry AMD, The National Eye Institute’s Age-Related Eye Disease Study (AREDS) found that the following daily supplement formula also may slow the disease’s progression.

• #7 The Pathogenesis of Dry Age-related Macular Degeneration – Retina Today

  https://retinatoday.com/articles/2011-apr/the-pathogenesis-of-dry-age-related-macular-degeneration

  The recent success of inflammatory gene models and immunology-based studies, as well as genetic studies in humans, linking AMD pathogenesis with various components of the immune system, has shed light on the possibility that AMD is a multifactorial disease that is initiated with an abnormal inflammatory process or an error in the regulatory pathways that keep these inflammatory events in check.

• #8 Wet vs. dry macular degeneration: Symptoms, causes, and more

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/wet-vs-dry-macular-degeneration

  In approximately 10% of people with dry AMD, their condition may develop into wet AMD. […] People with a family history of AMD are more likely to develop the condition themselves. […] Some other common AMD causes and risk factors include poor nutrition, excess weight, high blood pressure, and not enough physical activity. […] Age is the most important of all of the AMD risk factors. People over the age of 55 are at a higher risk for AMD, and that risk increases with time. […] During the aging process, changes occur to the retina that make AMD more likely to develop. […] A 2020 review of AMD studies found that Caucasians are at a higher risk for AMD. […] Finally, some studies have found that AMD is more common among females.

• #8 Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9595233/

  Several pathogenic mechanisms can cause AMD at the molecular and biochemical levels, according to our current understanding of the disease. These consist of oxidative damage, aberrant lipid metabolism, apoptosis, structural changes to outer photoreceptor segments, RPE ion channel malfunction, immune system changes, and abnormalities of the extracellular matrix. […] Over time, aberrant drusen material is more likely to accumulate due to insufficient antioxidant defenses, deficiencies in autophagy systems, and dysregulation of the extracellular matrix (ECM). […] The pathogenesis of AMD includes oxidative stress and retinal inflammatory pathways.

• #8 Age-Related Macular Degeneration—Dry Forms Including Geographic Atrophy

  https://www.asrs.org/patients/retinal-diseases/43/age-related-macular-degeneration-dry-forms-including-geographic-atrophy

  The exact cause of AMD is unknown, but the condition develops as the eye ages. There are 2 types of AMD: non-neovascular or dry AMD in 85% of affected individuals; and neovascular or wet AMD in 15%. […] Dry AMD can be further divided into early, intermediate, and late stages. In early stages of dry AMD, small drusen pale-yellow lesions form beneath the retina. Drusen are usually harmless, but as they accumulate, dry AMD can progress. […] Intermediate dry AMD is characterized by larger drusen. Areas of atrophy or wasting also may develop in the retina; if the atrophic area is significant and has sharp borders, it constitutes the late stage of dry AMD and is termed geographic atrophy (GA). […] GA most commonly starts in the region next to the center of the retina, called the fovea and is called non-central or non-foveal GA. Progression of GA lesions into the fovea in foveal GA leads to loss of central vision over time. […] Dry-AMD stages, especially GA, can be also associated with whitish-yellow dots connected in a reticular, or net-like pattern. These are termed reticular drusen or reticular pseudo-drusen (RPD) or subretinal drusenoid deposits.

• #9 What Is Macular Degeneration? Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/macular-degeneration/guide/

  Dry AMD, for instance, may also be associated with environmental factors, including smoking and diet, as well as race and obesity. […] Age is one of the main risk factors for developing age-related macular degeneration. […] Cigarette smoking is linked by research to both higher risk and faster progression of AMD. […] Youre at greater risk of developing AMD if your diet is high in saturated fat, says the AAO. […] Being obese is a key risk factor for developing AMD, says a review in the journal Clinical Therapeutics. […] Being Caucasian or Hispanic puts you at higher risk of macular degeneration than being Black, research shows. […] People with high blood pressure, atherosclerosis (clogged arteries), or a history of cardiovascular disease are at higher risk for macular degeneration, studies have shown. […] Long-term exposure to sunlight without proper eye protection is another risk factor for AMD, the AMDF says.

• #9 Dry Age-related Macular Degeneration – South Pasadena, CA: Retina Eye Specialists

  https://www.retinaeye.com/contents/common-diseases/macular-conditions/dry-age-related-macular-degeneration

  Around 85% of patients with macular degeneration have the dry form and most people never progress beyond this stage. Dry macular degeneration is characterized by multiple, medium to larger sized soft drusens within the macula. […] The early stage of AMD is characterized by only a small number (less than 20) of moderate size drusen and patients may or may not notice any vision changes. The intermediate stage of AMD is characterized either by numerous (over 20) moderate sized soft drusen or several large drusen. It is at the intermediate stage of AMD that most people notice changes in their vision. […] It has been known for a long time that diet high in fat increases the risk of developing AMD. Recently, reports have been published specifically showing that higher intakes of saturated and trans fat are responsible for higher incidence of AMD. This could be explained by the fact that fat increases inflammation throughout the body.

• #9 Age-Related Macular Degeneration Causes & Risk Factors

  https://www.webmd.com/eye-health/macular-degeneration/age-related-macular-degeneration-causes

  Up to 5% of people who have dry AMD in both eyes will get wet AMD in a year, while 13% to 18% will get it in 3 years. […] If you have dry AMD, you may be able to slow its progression with a special formula that combines vitamins and mineral supplements. […] A recent study found that a vitamin and mineral mixture known as AREDS2 is the most effective. It can slow the progression of dry AMD by about 25%, research shows.

• #10 Macular degeneration – age-related Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/macular-degeneration-age-related

  AMD is caused by damage to the blood vessels that supply the macula. This change also harms the macula. […] Health care providers are not sure what causes AMD. The condition is rare before age 55. It occurs mostly in people 75 years or older. […] Risk factors for AMD are: Family history of AMD, Being White, Cigarette smoking, High-fat diet, Being female.

• #10 Age-Related Macular Degeneration – EyeWiki

  https://eyewiki.org/Age-Related_Macular_Degeneration

  Complement factor H (CFH) is an important gene in the pathogenesis of AMD. […] Biochemical pathways and genetic association studies have shed light on the possible biochemical pathways that go awry in AMD. […] Two polymorphisms, Tyr402His at 10q26 (Complement factor H locus), and Ala69Ser (LOC387715) may be responsible for up to 50-75% of the genetic risk of AMD. […] The complement system is a three-pronged pathway involved in natural and acquired immunity. […] Activation of the complement system results in cellular damage that is central in the pathogenesis of dry and wet forms of AMD, and this is supported by the presence of many complement system proteins within drusen in patients with AMD.

• #10 Macular degeneration Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/condition/macular-degeneration

  With wet AMD, blood vessels grow underneath the macula and leak fluid or blood. Researchers do not know exactly what causes the new blood vessels to grow, although they think that it may be the breakdown in waste removal. That could explain why people with the wet form almost always start out with the dry form. The new blood vessels interfere with getting nutrients to the macula, and the rods and cones start to break down.

• #11 Dry age-related macular degeneration (AMD)

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/age-related-macular-degeneration-dry-type

  People who have a body mass index (BMI) of 30 or higher are more likely to develop AMD and other degenerative eye conditions. […] If a person consumes large amounts of fat, cholesterol, and refined carbohydrates and does not consume enough leafy green vegetables and antioxidants, they may be more likely to develop AMD. […] White people have a higher risk of AMD than people of other racial groups. […] Females are more likely than males to develop AMD. This could be because females live longer, on average, so they have more time to develop the disease.

• #11 Age-related macular degeneration: MedlinePlus GeneticsLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/age-related-macular-degeneration/

  Age-related macular degeneration results from a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Many of these factors have been identified, but some remain unknown. […] Researchers have considered changes in many genes as possible risk factors for age-related macular degeneration. The best-studied of these genes are involved in a part of the body’s immune response known as the complement system. This system is a group of proteins that work together to destroy foreign invaders (such as bacteria and viruses), trigger inflammation, and remove debris from cells and tissues. Genetic changes in and around several complement system genes, including the CFH gene, contribute to a person’s risk of developing age-related macular degeneration. It is unclear how these genetic changes are related to the retinal damage and vision loss characteristic of this condition.

• #11 Can Dry AMD Become Wet AMD? Your FAQs

  https://www.healthline.com/health/eye-health/dry-amd-to-wet-amd-faqs

  Dry AMD progresses slowly, as the macula thins and drusen deposits accumulate. Vision loss isnt reversible, but you can slow its progression with lifestyle changes like smoking cessation, exercise, and dietary changes. […] Dry AMD can progress to wet AMD. This can happen at any stage of dry AMD. […] As AMD progresses, the density of the choroidal blood vessels decreases. […] To make up for this blood vessel loss, a substance called vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) causes new blood vessels to grow. This is called choroidal neovascularization. […] When these new and abnormal blood vessels leak blood or fluid, dry AMD becomes wet AMD. […] Wet AMD always begins as dry AMD. […] Only about 15%20% of people living with dry AMD progress to wet AMD. Yet wet AMD accounts for 80% of significant vision loss and remains the leading cause of irreversible vision loss in adults over 65.

• #12 Macular Degeneration > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/macular-degeneration

  The biggest risk factor for macular degeneration is age. […] Age-related macular degeneration is also more common among women. […] With „dry age-related macular degeneration, there is a gradual breakdown of the light-sensitive cells in the macula that convey visual information to the brain, and degeneration of the supporting tissue beneath the macula. Those changes can cause vision loss, which is why, Dr. Adelman says, the conditions need to be treated in a timely manner.

• #12 Nonexudative (Dry) Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1223154-overview

  Dry AMD is an inherited autosomal dominant disease that appears to be affected by nutrition and environmental factors. Nonexudative AMD is characterized by the degeneration of the retina and the choroid in the posterior pole due to either atrophy or RPE detachment. The atrophy is generally preceded (or coincident in some cases) by the presence of yellow extracellular deposits adjacent to the basal surface of the RPE called drusen. […] Multiple studies now point to the role of inflammation in AMD. AMD can be thought of as degeneration of the RPE cells due to chronic inflammation. Abnormalities in complement function (complement factor I [CFI], complement factor H [CFH]) are slightly more likely to trigger the complement system. […] In 2005, four separate groups reported that a common variation in the CFH (complement factor H) gene increased susceptibility to dry AMD.

• #13 Dry Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD) – Prevent Blindness

  https://preventblindness.org/dry-age-related-macular-degeneration-amd/

  There are two kinds of AMD dry and wet. The most common form of AMD is dry AMD, of which 85-90 percent of AMD patients are diagnosed. Dry AMD is caused by the appearance of small yellow deposits called drusen, which form under the retina. […] While the cause of AMD is unknown, some identified which have been identified as increasing risk for AMD include: Family history of AMD, Aging those over 60 years old, Race Caucasians have a higher rate of AMD, Light colored eyes, Smoking, Heart disease, High blood pressure (hypertension), High cholesterol, Obesity, High sun exposure, Poor diet with a low intake of fruits and vegetables (a low intake of anti-oxidants).

• #13 Age-Related Macular Degeneration – EyeWiki

  https://eyewiki.org/Age-Related_Macular_Degeneration

  Complement factor H (CFH) is an important gene in the pathogenesis of AMD. […] Biochemical pathways and genetic association studies have shed light on the possible biochemical pathways that go awry in AMD. […] Two polymorphisms, Tyr402His at 10q26 (Complement factor H locus), and Ala69Ser (LOC387715) may be responsible for up to 50-75% of the genetic risk of AMD. […] The complement system is a three-pronged pathway involved in natural and acquired immunity. […] Activation of the complement system results in cellular damage that is central in the pathogenesis of dry and wet forms of AMD, and this is supported by the presence of many complement system proteins within drusen in patients with AMD.

• #14 Macular Degeneration Causes, Treatment, and Prevention – Weston Contact Lens Institute

  https://www.westoncontactlens.com/macular-degeneration-causes-treatment-and-prevention/

  Macular degeneration is the most common cause of irreversible vision loss in older people. The cause of macular degeneration depends on the type of macular degeneration you have. Age-related macular degeneration, as the name suggests, is related to getting older. The exact causes depend on whether you have dry or wet macular degeneration. […] Dry macular degeneration: Most cases of age-related macular degeneration are dry, up to 90%. This condition occurs when bits of fat and protein, known as drusen, collect under the retina, affecting vision. Drusen start small but become larger as the condition advances. Vision loss in dry macular degeneration is usually more gradual than, and not as severe as, that of the wet form. […] Age is not the only factor in either type of macular degeneration. Other risk factors include having a family history of the disorder, smoking, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, UV exposure, and obesity. Also, females with light skin and light-colored eyes have a higher risk of developing the disorder.

• #14 Nonexudative (Dry) Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1223154-overview

  Dry AMD is an inherited autosomal dominant disease that appears to be affected by nutrition and environmental factors. Nonexudative AMD is characterized by the degeneration of the retina and the choroid in the posterior pole due to either atrophy or RPE detachment. The atrophy is generally preceded (or coincident in some cases) by the presence of yellow extracellular deposits adjacent to the basal surface of the RPE called drusen. […] Multiple studies now point to the role of inflammation in AMD. AMD can be thought of as degeneration of the RPE cells due to chronic inflammation. Abnormalities in complement function (complement factor I [CFI], complement factor H [CFH]) are slightly more likely to trigger the complement system. […] In 2005, four separate groups reported that a common variation in the CFH (complement factor H) gene increased susceptibility to dry AMD.

• #15 Risk Factors for Age-Related Macular Degeneration | Macular Disease Foundation Australia

  https://www.mdfoundation.com.au/about-macular-disease/age-related-macular-degeneration/risk-factors-for-amd/

  Age-related macular degeneration is caused by genetic and environmental factors. Major risk factors include age, family history and smoking. […] Age is the strongest risk factor for age-related macular degeneration. So that means the older you get, the more likely you are to develop AMD. […] Genetic factors play a role in up to 70 per cent of cases of age-related macular degeneration. […] If you have a parent or sibling with AMD, you have a 50 per cent risk of getting it, too. […] Smoking is the largest modifiable risk factor for age-related macular degeneration. […] According to the studies, if you smoke, you are three to four times more likely to develop AMD. […] Smokers may also develop the disease five to 10 years earlier than non-smokers. […] Smoking can also increase the risk of disease progression. If you have wet (neovascular) AMD and continue to smoke, you may not respond as well to treatment.

• #15 Nonexudative (Dry) Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1223154-overview

  The CFH polymorphism that was most significantly associated with AMD is a TC substitution that results in a tyrosine-to-histidine substitution of the CFH protein. Thus, it appears that in affected individuals, RPE cells may undergo damage via the complement system because of their inability to inhibit the complement cascade as effectively.

• #16 Ask the Doctors – What causes wet macular degeneration? | UCLA Health

  https://www.uclahealth.org/news/article/ask-the-doctors-what-causes-wet-macular-degeneration

  Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of adult blindness in industrialized countries. […] As for wet AMD, its caused by the growth of abnormal blood vessels behind the retina. […] The biggest risk factor for both types of AMD is age, with people age 55-64 having a 0.2 percent risk of developing AMD, and those older than 84 having a 13.1 percent risk. […] Smoking cigarettes increases the risk of developing AMD by a factor of two to four, and the risk persists many years after stopping smoking. […] There may be an association between AMD and aspirin or blood pressure medications (especially beta-blockers and nitroglycerin), but as of now no causality has been defined. […] Heavy alcohol consumption (more than 3 drinks per day) has been associated with early-onset AMD, but not with late-onset AMD.

• #17 Age-related Macular Degeneration: Causes and Treatment

  https://www.aarp.org/health/conditions-treatments/info-2022/early-signs-of-macular-degeneration.html

  Age-related macular degeneration is a complex condition involving multiple genes, pathways and environmental factors, says T.Y. Alvin Liu, M.D., associate professor of ophthalmology and founding director of the Wilmer Precision Ophthalmology Center of Excellence at Johns Hopkins Medicine. Theres no single, direct cause of AMD, but youre at risk for the disease if you are: […] Over age 55. As we age, the cumulative exposure to oxidative stress can affect the health of the retina and, in particular, the macula, Sodhi says. The blood flow to the outer retina is reduced, the delivery of oxygen to the retina can be compromised, and the ability of the retina to tolerate the additional burden of oxidative stress declines. […] Regularly exposed to cigarette smoke. Research shows that not only smokers but also people who are regularly exposed to cigarette smoke are at greater risk for AMD.

• #18 Dry Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD) – Prevent Blindness

  https://preventblindness.org/dry-age-related-macular-degeneration-amd/

  There are two kinds of AMD dry and wet. The most common form of AMD is dry AMD, of which 85-90 percent of AMD patients are diagnosed. Dry AMD is caused by the appearance of small yellow deposits called drusen, which form under the retina. […] While the cause of AMD is unknown, some identified which have been identified as increasing risk for AMD include: Family history of AMD, Aging those over 60 years old, Race Caucasians have a higher rate of AMD, Light colored eyes, Smoking, Heart disease, High blood pressure (hypertension), High cholesterol, Obesity, High sun exposure, Poor diet with a low intake of fruits and vegetables (a low intake of anti-oxidants).

• #19 Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD): Causes, Symptoms and Treatments

  https://www.allaboutvision.com/conditions/macular-degeneration/age-related/

  Dry macular degeneration involves the gradual thinning and breakdown of the macula. It is associated with yellow-colored deposits beneath the macula called drusen. These deposits are accumulations of proteins and fatty substances. (The presence of drusen does not always indicate macular degeneration. However, having a higher amount of drusen can lead to the development of AMD eye disease.) […] While the precise cause of AMD eye disease is unknown, it is believed that a range of factors may contribute to its development. Vision concerns caused by this degenerative eye disease can vary among individuals. […] Specific health issues have been linked to AMD eye disease and may increase a persons risk of having the condition. These health concerns include: Cardiovascular disease (heart disease) Some cardiovascular diseases can damage the blood vessels of the eyes. This may contribute to macular degeneration. […] The risk factors consistently found in studies to be associated with AMD are aging and smoking.

• #20 What Is Macular Degeneration? Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/macular-degeneration/guide/

  Dry AMD, for instance, may also be associated with environmental factors, including smoking and diet, as well as race and obesity. […] Age is one of the main risk factors for developing age-related macular degeneration. […] Cigarette smoking is linked by research to both higher risk and faster progression of AMD. […] Youre at greater risk of developing AMD if your diet is high in saturated fat, says the AAO. […] Being obese is a key risk factor for developing AMD, says a review in the journal Clinical Therapeutics. […] Being Caucasian or Hispanic puts you at higher risk of macular degeneration than being Black, research shows. […] People with high blood pressure, atherosclerosis (clogged arteries), or a history of cardiovascular disease are at higher risk for macular degeneration, studies have shown. […] Long-term exposure to sunlight without proper eye protection is another risk factor for AMD, the AMDF says.

• #21 Dry age-related macular degeneration (AMD)

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/age-related-macular-degeneration-dry-type

  People who have a body mass index (BMI) of 30 or higher are more likely to develop AMD and other degenerative eye conditions. […] If a person consumes large amounts of fat, cholesterol, and refined carbohydrates and does not consume enough leafy green vegetables and antioxidants, they may be more likely to develop AMD. […] White people have a higher risk of AMD than people of other racial groups. […] Females are more likely than males to develop AMD. This could be because females live longer, on average, so they have more time to develop the disease.

• #22 Age-related Macular Degeneration: Causes and Treatment

  https://www.aarp.org/health/conditions-treatments/info-2022/early-signs-of-macular-degeneration.html

  In a family with a history of AMD. If your parents, siblings or children have AMD, you have a higher risk for getting it too. […] Obese. A body mass index over 30 (obesity) is associated with the progression of AMD. One review of studies, published in Investigative Ophthalmology Visual Science, found that obese people had a 32 percent greater risk of developing late AMD.

• #23 Risk Factors for Macular Degeneration |

  https://www.completeeyecare.net/eye-care-services/management-of-ocular-diseases/what-are-the-risk-factors-for-macular-degeneration/

  No one knows exactly what causes dry macular degeneration, but genetics and environmental factors play a prominent role in its development. […] The risk factors for AMD include: […] studies show that certain genes raise the risk of developing of macular degeneration. […] AMD is more common in Caucasians. […] studies suggest that a body mass index over 30 can more than double your chances of age-related macular degeneration. […] diseases that affect the heart and blood vessels put you at a higher risk of macular degeneration.

• #24 Dry Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD) – Prevent Blindness

  https://preventblindness.org/dry-age-related-macular-degeneration-amd/

  There are two kinds of AMD dry and wet. The most common form of AMD is dry AMD, of which 85-90 percent of AMD patients are diagnosed. Dry AMD is caused by the appearance of small yellow deposits called drusen, which form under the retina. […] While the cause of AMD is unknown, some identified which have been identified as increasing risk for AMD include: Family history of AMD, Aging those over 60 years old, Race Caucasians have a higher rate of AMD, Light colored eyes, Smoking, Heart disease, High blood pressure (hypertension), High cholesterol, Obesity, High sun exposure, Poor diet with a low intake of fruits and vegetables (a low intake of anti-oxidants).

• #25 Dry age-related macular degeneration (AMD)

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/age-related-macular-degeneration-dry-type

  People who have a body mass index (BMI) of 30 or higher are more likely to develop AMD and other degenerative eye conditions. […] If a person consumes large amounts of fat, cholesterol, and refined carbohydrates and does not consume enough leafy green vegetables and antioxidants, they may be more likely to develop AMD. […] White people have a higher risk of AMD than people of other racial groups. […] Females are more likely than males to develop AMD. This could be because females live longer, on average, so they have more time to develop the disease.

• #26 Dry Age-related Macular Degeneration – South Pasadena, CA: Retina Eye Specialists

  https://www.retinaeye.com/contents/common-diseases/macular-conditions/dry-age-related-macular-degeneration

  Around 85% of patients with macular degeneration have the dry form and most people never progress beyond this stage. Dry macular degeneration is characterized by multiple, medium to larger sized soft drusens within the macula. […] The early stage of AMD is characterized by only a small number (less than 20) of moderate size drusen and patients may or may not notice any vision changes. The intermediate stage of AMD is characterized either by numerous (over 20) moderate sized soft drusen or several large drusen. It is at the intermediate stage of AMD that most people notice changes in their vision. […] It has been known for a long time that diet high in fat increases the risk of developing AMD. Recently, reports have been published specifically showing that higher intakes of saturated and trans fat are responsible for higher incidence of AMD. This could be explained by the fact that fat increases inflammation throughout the body.

• #27 Dry Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD) – Prevent Blindness

  https://preventblindness.org/dry-age-related-macular-degeneration-amd/

  There are two kinds of AMD dry and wet. The most common form of AMD is dry AMD, of which 85-90 percent of AMD patients are diagnosed. Dry AMD is caused by the appearance of small yellow deposits called drusen, which form under the retina. […] While the cause of AMD is unknown, some identified which have been identified as increasing risk for AMD include: Family history of AMD, Aging those over 60 years old, Race Caucasians have a higher rate of AMD, Light colored eyes, Smoking, Heart disease, High blood pressure (hypertension), High cholesterol, Obesity, High sun exposure, Poor diet with a low intake of fruits and vegetables (a low intake of anti-oxidants).

• #28 Dry Age-related Macular Degeneration | CUH

  https://www.cuh.nhs.uk/patient-information/dry-age-related-macular-degeneration/

  Dry AMD is the more common type of AMD (around 75 – 90% of cases). It is irreversible and is mainly characterised by thinning and atrophy (breakdown) of the macular layers at the back of the eye, which ultimately results in gradual visual impairment or vision loss. […] Factors associated with the development of this condition include: Age: the main risk factor. […] Genetics: family history of AMD will increase the chance of having the same condition. […] Smoking: smokers are up to four times more likely to develop AMD than non-smokers. […] Diet: a diet poor in fruit and vegetables may increase the risk of AMD. Alcohol, obesity, and a diet high in sugar and fats also increase the risk. […] Blood pressure: High blood pressure is known to increase the chances of developing AMD. […] Sunlight: Cell damage from blue light may cause deterioration of the macula.

• #29 What Is Macular Degeneration? Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/macular-degeneration/guide/

  Dry AMD, for instance, may also be associated with environmental factors, including smoking and diet, as well as race and obesity. […] Age is one of the main risk factors for developing age-related macular degeneration. […] Cigarette smoking is linked by research to both higher risk and faster progression of AMD. […] Youre at greater risk of developing AMD if your diet is high in saturated fat, says the AAO. […] Being obese is a key risk factor for developing AMD, says a review in the journal Clinical Therapeutics. […] Being Caucasian or Hispanic puts you at higher risk of macular degeneration than being Black, research shows. […] People with high blood pressure, atherosclerosis (clogged arteries), or a history of cardiovascular disease are at higher risk for macular degeneration, studies have shown. […] Long-term exposure to sunlight without proper eye protection is another risk factor for AMD, the AMDF says.

• #30 Ask the Doctors – What causes wet macular degeneration? | UCLA Health

  https://www.uclahealth.org/news/article/ask-the-doctors-what-causes-wet-macular-degeneration

  Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of adult blindness in industrialized countries. […] As for wet AMD, its caused by the growth of abnormal blood vessels behind the retina. […] The biggest risk factor for both types of AMD is age, with people age 55-64 having a 0.2 percent risk of developing AMD, and those older than 84 having a 13.1 percent risk. […] Smoking cigarettes increases the risk of developing AMD by a factor of two to four, and the risk persists many years after stopping smoking. […] There may be an association between AMD and aspirin or blood pressure medications (especially beta-blockers and nitroglycerin), but as of now no causality has been defined. […] Heavy alcohol consumption (more than 3 drinks per day) has been associated with early-onset AMD, but not with late-onset AMD.

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