Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Muscle Cramps – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499895/

  Muscle cramps result in continuous, involuntary, painful, and localized contraction of an entire muscle group, individual single muscle, or select muscle fibers. […] Describe the diagnostic approach for evaluating a patient who presents with muscle cramping. […] Review some of the key differentials that must be considered when evaluating a patient presenting with what appears to be muscle cramping. […] The diagnosis is relatively simple: cramps and nighttime leg pains, which can disappear with stretching of the muscles involved. […] For a further differential diagnosis between a cramp of a physiological condition and a cramp in the presence of pathology, the simplest examination is electromyography. […] When in doubt, blood tests can be performed to look for myoglobinuria, and if there is hyperkalemia (greater than 2 to 3 times standard).

• #2 Nocturnal Leg Cramps | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2012/0815/p350.html

  Up to 60 percent of adults report that they have had nocturnal leg cramps. […] A history and physical examination are usually sufficient to differentiate nocturnal leg cramps from other conditions, such as restless legs syndrome, claudication, myositis, and peripheral neuropathy. […] The patient history is the key to identifying the possible cause of leg cramps. Nocturnal occurrence, visible muscle tightening, and sudden, intense pain are typical manifestations. […] Routine blood tests are not helpful in the diagnosis because leg cramps have no proven association with electrolyte abnormalities, anemia, glucose levels, thyroid function, or kidney disease. […] Physical examination rarely demonstrates leg cramps because they are involuntary, unpredictable, and usually nocturnal. Examination findings may indicate a potential underlying medical cause, such as peripheral vascular disease.

• #3 Nocturnal muscle cramps – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/nocturnal-muscle-cramps

  Nocturnal muscle cramps, also termed nocturnal leg cramps and sleep-related leg cramps, are a common lower extremity condition that produces pain and can disrupt sleep. Symptoms result from involuntary muscle contractions, which are sudden in onset, usually affecting the calf or foot. […] Nocturnal muscle cramps are common and frequently unreported to clinicians. In the general population, they are present in 40 percent of those over the age of 50, have an increased frequency with age, show no sex preference, and are associated with sleep disturbance and overall poor health. […] Patients with chronic nocturnal muscle cramps exhibit nonperiodic bursts of gastrocnemius electromyographic activity. These episodes occur during sleep without preceding physiologic changes.

• #4 Nocturnal Leg Cramps | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2012/0815/p350.html

  Up to 60 percent of adults report that they have had nocturnal leg cramps. […] A history and physical examination are usually sufficient to differentiate nocturnal leg cramps from other conditions, such as restless legs syndrome, claudication, myositis, and peripheral neuropathy. […] The patient history is the key to identifying the possible cause of leg cramps. Nocturnal occurrence, visible muscle tightening, and sudden, intense pain are typical manifestations. […] Routine blood tests are not helpful in the diagnosis because leg cramps have no proven association with electrolyte abnormalities, anemia, glucose levels, thyroid function, or kidney disease. […] Physical examination rarely demonstrates leg cramps because they are involuntary, unpredictable, and usually nocturnal. Examination findings may indicate a potential underlying medical cause, such as peripheral vascular disease.

• #5 What is the diagnostic approach to a patient with leg cramps? | MDedge

  https://mdedge.com/jfponline/article/60418/pain/what-diagnostic-approach-patient-leg-cramps

  Leg cramps are very common (strength of recommendation [SOR]: C, case series), and most cases have no detectable cause (SOR: C, expert opinion). […] History and physical should focus on detecting precipitating factors for iron deficiency anemia (gastrointestinal bleeding, frequent blood donations, menorrhagia), electrolyte imbalance (renal disease, fluid losses), endocrine disorders (thyroid, Addison’s disease), neuromuscular disorders (neuropathies and myopathies), and medication use (antidepressants and diuretics). Laboratory testing is guided by the history and physical and may include ferritin, electrolytes, blood sugar, magnesium, zinc, creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, liver function test, and thyroid-stimulating hormone (SOR: C, expert opinion and nonsystematic review). […] All reviews suggest that the best diagnostic approach to leg cramps is a thorough history, and careful physical and neurological examination.

• #6 Leg cramps: differential diagnosis and management – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7484689/

  Leg cramps are a common problem, especially in the elderly. The differential diagnosis is extensive and includes the following conditions: true cramps, such as those related to heat, hemodialysis and electrolyte disturbances, as well as idiopathic cramps (the most common type); contractures occurring in conditions such as metabolic myopathies and thyroid disease; tetany, which is usually related to electrolyte disturbances, and dystonias, such as occupational cramps and those related to antipsychotic medications. […] Other leg problems that are not cramps, such as restless legs syndrome and periodic leg movements, also must be distinguished. The etiology of idiopathic leg cramps is not clear. Treatments for leg cramps include stretching exercises, quinine sulfate and vitamin E, but no treatment is conclusively effective. Nonetheless, in many patients relief of symptoms is achieved with one or more of these treatments.

• #7 Muscle Spasms (Muscle Cramps): Causes, Treatment & Prevention

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/muscle-spasms-muscle-cramps

  Muscle spasms (muscle cramps) can involve part or all of a muscle or several muscles in a group. […] If you have chronic muscle cramps, along with other symptoms like pain, muscle weakness or poor coordination, schedule an appointment with a healthcare provider. They can help determine if you have an underlying neurological issue. […] In addition to reviewing your health history and medications, your provider may ask questions, including: How bad is your pain? When do your muscle spasms usually happen? How long do your cramps last? What do your muscle spasms feel like? When did your muscle spasms start? […] If you have severe or frequent muscle spasms, a healthcare provider may prescribe muscle relaxers to help ease your symptoms. […] See your healthcare provider if the spasms are unbearably painful, happen frequently or last for a long time. Also, talk to your provider right away if you develop: Significant pain. Swelling or numbness in your leg. Skin changes. Leg cramps that wake you up at night.

• #8 Leg Cramps: Causes, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://www.webmd.com/sleep-disorders/leg-cramps

  Nocturnal leg cramp diagnosis involves talking to your doctor about your medical history and symptoms. […] You may also undergo a physical exam to look for possible causes of your cramps. […] You likely will undergo both blood and urine tests to help your doctor spot less obvious problems and to rule out possible causes. […] If you often have severe leg cramps, talk to your doctor, who can determine what’s causing them.

• #9 What is the diagnostic approach to a patient with leg cramps? | MDedge

  https://mdedge.com/familymedicine/article/60418/pain/what-diagnostic-approach-patient-leg-cramps

  Leg cramps are very common (strength of recommendation [SOR]: C, case series), and most cases have no detectable cause (SOR: C, expert opinion). […] History and physical should focus on detecting precipitating factors for iron deficiency anemia (gastrointestinal bleeding, frequent blood donations, menorrhagia), electrolyte imbalance (renal disease, fluid losses), endocrine disorders (thyroid, Addison’s disease), neuromuscular disorders (neuropathies and myopathies), and medication use (antidepressants and diuretics). Laboratory testing is guided by the history and physical and may include ferritin, electrolytes, blood sugar, magnesium, zinc, creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, liver function test, and thyroid-stimulating hormone (SOR: C, expert opinion and nonsystematic review). […] All reviews suggest that the best diagnostic approach to leg cramps is a thorough history, and careful physical and neurological examination.

• #10 What health problems cause leg cramps?

  https://legsmatter.org/information-and-support/health-concerns/cramp/

  Many people mistakenly think this pain is just part of growing older, but theres no reason why an otherwise healthy person should experience cramping leg pain when exercising. If you are getting recurring painful cramps in your lower legs when walking, make an appointment at your GP practice. […] When you see the nurse, podiatrist or doctor, they should: Ask about the presence and severity of possible symptoms of intermittent claudication and critical limb threatening ischaemia, examine the legs and feet for evidence of critical limb threatening ischaemia, for example ulceration, examine the femoral, popliteal and foot pulses, measure the ankle brachial pressure index, and they may also record your toe brachial pressure index (TBPI). […] You might also be offered some more tests to rule out other health problems that can affect your legs, including diabetes, anaemia, thyroid and kidney problems, and cholesterol problems. […] If your healthcare professional thinks you have problems with your arteries, they might refer you for further tests at your local hospital or specialist clinic.

• #11 What is the diagnostic approach to a patient with leg cramps? | MDedge

  https://mdedge.com/familymedicine/article/60418/pain/what-diagnostic-approach-patient-leg-cramps

  The health care provider should clarify the onset and duration of leg cramps, any precipitating activity, and factors that provide relief. A detailed history should focus on precipitating factors for iron deficiency anemia (gastro-intestinal bleeding, frequent blood donations, menorrhagia), a history of renal disease (especially end-stage renal failure) and medication use (antidepressants and diuretics). […] The physical examination should include a search for obvious physical signs of symptoms noted in the history. Neurological examination can exclude most disorders that simulate leg cramps such as contractures, dystonia, myalgia and peripheral neuropathy. […] The choice of laboratory investigations such as ferritin, electrolytes, blood sugar, magnesium, zinc, creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, liver function test, and thyroid function test are largely governed by the findings from the history and physical examination. […] Because of the lack of well-designed, randomized controlled studies, this diagnostic approach is based on nonsystematic reviews, and may differ for individuals based on history and clinical examination.

• #12 Muscle Cramp: Types, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment & Prevention

  https://www.medicinenet.com/muscle_cramps/article.htm

  How are muscle cramps diagnosed? […] There are no special tests for cramps. Nevertheless, the diagnosis of muscle cramps is relatively easy. Most people know what cramps are and when they have one. If present during a cramp, the doctor, or any other bystander, can feel the tense, firm bulge of the cramped muscle. […] Severe cramps, or those associated with heat exhaustion or dehydration may require blood tests to check electrolyte levels. If these levels are low, the electrolytes must be replaced by mouth or intravenously (I.V.).

• #13 Nocturnal Leg Cramps | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2012/0815/p350.html

  Up to 60 percent of adults report that they have had nocturnal leg cramps. […] A history and physical examination are usually sufficient to differentiate nocturnal leg cramps from other conditions, such as restless legs syndrome, claudication, myositis, and peripheral neuropathy. […] The patient history is the key to identifying the possible cause of leg cramps. Nocturnal occurrence, visible muscle tightening, and sudden, intense pain are typical manifestations. […] Routine blood tests are not helpful in the diagnosis because leg cramps have no proven association with electrolyte abnormalities, anemia, glucose levels, thyroid function, or kidney disease. […] Physical examination rarely demonstrates leg cramps because they are involuntary, unpredictable, and usually nocturnal. Examination findings may indicate a potential underlying medical cause, such as peripheral vascular disease.

• #14 Nocturnal Leg Cramps | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2012/0815/p350.html

  Up to 60 percent of adults report that they have had nocturnal leg cramps. […] A history and physical examination are usually sufficient to differentiate nocturnal leg cramps from other conditions, such as restless legs syndrome, claudication, myositis, and peripheral neuropathy. […] The patient history is the key to identifying the possible cause of leg cramps. Nocturnal occurrence, visible muscle tightening, and sudden, intense pain are typical manifestations. […] Routine blood tests are not helpful in the diagnosis because leg cramps have no proven association with electrolyte abnormalities, anemia, glucose levels, thyroid function, or kidney disease. […] Physical examination rarely demonstrates leg cramps because they are involuntary, unpredictable, and usually nocturnal. Examination findings may indicate a potential underlying medical cause, such as peripheral vascular disease.

• #15 Muscle Cramps / Leg Cramps, Differential Diagnosis | Time of Care

  https://www.timeofcare.com/muscle-cramps-leg-cramps-differential-diagnosis/

  Idiopathic cramps (the most common type) Dehydration; volume depletion Exercise-induced cramps Pregnancy Hemodialysis (volume and electrolyte shifts); ESRD Muscle injury e.g. from sports; Exercise-associated muscle cramping; excessive running Diabetes Hypothyroidism, Hyperthyroidism Hyponatremia Hypocalcemia Hypokalemia, hyperkalemia Hypomagnesemia Alkalosis (e.g. respiratory from hyperventilating or vomiting) McArdles disease (glycogen storage disease: muscle fatigue, cramping, high CK) Writers cramp Ehlers Danlos (hypermobility) syndrome Peripheral vascular disease; Vascular insufficiency; Claudication; Venous insufficiency Celiac disease (from impaired calcium absorption) Black widow spider bite Medications: Statins, Intravenous iron sucrose, raloxifene, Naproxen, conjugated estrogens, nifedipine, inhaled beta agonists, thiazides, beta blockers, cisplatin, vincristine, oral contraceptives, others) Lower motor neuron (injury, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, compression) Parkinson disease Hypnic myoclonus; Sleep starts and myoclonic jerks Myositis, myalgias Periodic limb movement disorder Restless leg syndrome Peripheral neuropathy Dystonias Neurologic deficit Compartment syndromes

• #16 Leg cramps: differential diagnosis and management – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7484689/

  Leg cramps are a common problem, especially in the elderly. The differential diagnosis is extensive and includes the following conditions: true cramps, such as those related to heat, hemodialysis and electrolyte disturbances, as well as idiopathic cramps (the most common type); contractures occurring in conditions such as metabolic myopathies and thyroid disease; tetany, which is usually related to electrolyte disturbances, and dystonias, such as occupational cramps and those related to antipsychotic medications. […] Other leg problems that are not cramps, such as restless legs syndrome and periodic leg movements, also must be distinguished. The etiology of idiopathic leg cramps is not clear. Treatments for leg cramps include stretching exercises, quinine sulfate and vitamin E, but no treatment is conclusively effective. Nonetheless, in many patients relief of symptoms is achieved with one or more of these treatments.

• #17 Muscle cramps – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/569

  Muscle cramps are mostly benign and self-limited, but may also be indicative of a wide variety of potentially serious systemic disorders. […] The diagnostic approach for idiopathic muscle cramps is one of exclusion. Cramps due to known pathologies can be ruled out reasonably quickly and easily by medical history and targeted physical examination. […] Key diagnostic factors include presence of risk factors, nocturnal onset, gastrocnemius muscle involvement, duration of 10 minutes, unilateral occurrence, precipitation by trivial movements, visible or palpable muscular knotting, good response to passive/active stretching, and normal neurological and general physical examinations. […] 1st investigations to order include clinical diagnosis. […] Investigations to consider include serum or urine hCG, fasting serum metabolic panel, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), HbA1c, serum liver function tests, prothrombin time (PT) and INR, serum myoglobin and urinalysis, serum creatine kinase (CK)-MM, serum alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E), serum zinc, electromyogram, nerve conduction studies, serum aldolase, muscle biopsy, and genetic studies.

• #18 Sleep-related leg cramps | MedLink Neurology

  https://www.medlink.com/articles/sleep-related-leg-cramps

  Sleep-related leg cramps are a sleep-related movement disorder whereby painful contractions of the calf or foot muscles arise during time in bed and may interrupt sleep and worsen quality of life. […] Diagnosis is clinical and requires exclusion of secondary forms; polysomnography may be helpful to rule out other conditions. […] The diagnostic criteria for the sleep-related leg cramps put forth by the American Academy of Sleep Medicine are the following: (A) A painful sensation in the leg or foot is associated with sudden, involuntary muscle hardness or tightness, indicating a strong muscle contraction. (B) The painful muscle contractions occur during the time in bed, although they may arise from either wakefulness or sleep. (C) The pain is relieved by forceful stretching of the affected muscles, thus, releasing the contraction.

• #19 Criteria in diagnosing nocturnal leg cramps: a systematic review | BMC Primary Care | Full Text

  https://bmcprimcare.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12875-017-0600-x

  Up to 33% of the general population over 50 years of age are affected by nocturnal leg cramps. Currently there are no generally accepted clinical characteristics, which identify nocturnal leg cramps. This study aims to identify these clinical characteristics and to differentiate between them and the characteristics of restless leg syndrome and periodic limb disorder. […] On the basis of these we identified seven diagnostic characteristics of nocturnal leg cramps: intense pain, period of duration from seconds to maximum 10 minutes, location in calf or foot, location seldom in thigh or hamstrings, persistent subsequent pain, sleep disruption and distress. […] The seven above characteristics will enhance recognition of the condition, and help clinicians make a clear distinction between NLC and other sleep-related musculoskeletal disorder among older adults.

• #20 Leg Cramps at Night: Causes, Pain Relief & Prevention

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/14170-leg-cramps

  Leg cramps can be a sign of serious conditions, including: […] Your healthcare provider will need to know your medical history, medications and a description of what you’re experiencing. […] There’s no specific test to diagnose leg cramps. […] If you have any of the following conditions, your leg cramps may be a result of that condition. […] Always consult a healthcare provider if you think your leg cramps are a symptom of something serious. […] See a healthcare provider if your leg cramps are unbearably painful, happen frequently or last for a long time. […] Go to the emergency room if a leg cramp lasts longer than 10 minutes or becomes unbearably painful.

• #21 Nocturnal Leg Cramps | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2012/0815/p350.html

  Up to 60 percent of adults report that they have had nocturnal leg cramps. […] A history and physical examination are usually sufficient to differentiate nocturnal leg cramps from other conditions, such as restless legs syndrome, claudication, myositis, and peripheral neuropathy. […] The patient history is the key to identifying the possible cause of leg cramps. Nocturnal occurrence, visible muscle tightening, and sudden, intense pain are typical manifestations. […] Routine blood tests are not helpful in the diagnosis because leg cramps have no proven association with electrolyte abnormalities, anemia, glucose levels, thyroid function, or kidney disease. […] Physical examination rarely demonstrates leg cramps because they are involuntary, unpredictable, and usually nocturnal. Examination findings may indicate a potential underlying medical cause, such as peripheral vascular disease.

• #22 Muscle cramps – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/569

  Muscle cramps are mostly benign and self-limited, but may also be indicative of a wide variety of potentially serious systemic disorders. […] The diagnostic approach for idiopathic muscle cramps is one of exclusion. Cramps due to known pathologies can be ruled out reasonably quickly and easily by medical history and targeted physical exam. […] Key diagnostic factors include concurrent hemodialysis, cirrhosis, pregnancy, strenuous exercise, medication use, nocturnal onset, gastrocnemius muscle involvement, duration of 10 minutes, unilateral cramps, and good response to passive/active stretching. […] 1st tests to order include clinical diagnosis. […] Tests to consider include serum or urine hCG, fasting serum metabolic panel, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), HbA1c, serum liver function tests, prothrombin time (PT) and INR, serum myoglobin and urinalysis, serum creatine kinase (CK)-MM, serum alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E), serum zinc, EMG, nerve conduction studies, serum aldolase, muscle biopsy, and genetic studies.

• #23 What is the diagnostic approach to a patient with leg cramps? | MDedge

  https://mdedge.com/jfponline/article/60418/pain/what-diagnostic-approach-patient-leg-cramps

  The choice of laboratory investigations such as ferritin, electrolytes, blood sugar, magnesium, zinc, creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, liver function test, and thyroid function test are largely governed by the findings from the history and physical examination. […] UpToDate states, “a careful history and examination can exclude the majority of disorders in the differential diagnosis” of leg cramps.

• #24 What is the diagnostic approach to a patient with leg cramps? | MDedge

  https://mdedge.com/familymedicine/article/60418/pain/what-diagnostic-approach-patient-leg-cramps

  The health care provider should clarify the onset and duration of leg cramps, any precipitating activity, and factors that provide relief. A detailed history should focus on precipitating factors for iron deficiency anemia (gastro-intestinal bleeding, frequent blood donations, menorrhagia), a history of renal disease (especially end-stage renal failure) and medication use (antidepressants and diuretics). […] The physical examination should include a search for obvious physical signs of symptoms noted in the history. Neurological examination can exclude most disorders that simulate leg cramps such as contractures, dystonia, myalgia and peripheral neuropathy. […] The choice of laboratory investigations such as ferritin, electrolytes, blood sugar, magnesium, zinc, creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, liver function test, and thyroid function test are largely governed by the findings from the history and physical examination. […] Because of the lack of well-designed, randomized controlled studies, this diagnostic approach is based on nonsystematic reviews, and may differ for individuals based on history and clinical examination.

• #25 Muscle Cramp: Types, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment & Prevention

  https://www.medicinenet.com/muscle_cramps/article.htm

  How are muscle cramps diagnosed? […] There are no special tests for cramps. Nevertheless, the diagnosis of muscle cramps is relatively easy. Most people know what cramps are and when they have one. If present during a cramp, the doctor, or any other bystander, can feel the tense, firm bulge of the cramped muscle. […] Severe cramps, or those associated with heat exhaustion or dehydration may require blood tests to check electrolyte levels. If these levels are low, the electrolytes must be replaced by mouth or intravenously (I.V.).

• #26 Muscle Cramps – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499895/

  Muscle cramps result in continuous, involuntary, painful, and localized contraction of an entire muscle group, individual single muscle, or select muscle fibers. […] Describe the diagnostic approach for evaluating a patient who presents with muscle cramping. […] Review some of the key differentials that must be considered when evaluating a patient presenting with what appears to be muscle cramping. […] The diagnosis is relatively simple: cramps and nighttime leg pains, which can disappear with stretching of the muscles involved. […] For a further differential diagnosis between a cramp of a physiological condition and a cramp in the presence of pathology, the simplest examination is electromyography. […] When in doubt, blood tests can be performed to look for myoglobinuria, and if there is hyperkalemia (greater than 2 to 3 times standard).

• #27 Muscle Cramps: Causes, Diagnosis and Treatments

  https://www.healthline.com/health/muscle-cramps

  Muscle cramps are usually harmless and dont require medical attention. However, you should see a doctor if your muscle cramps are severe, dont improve with stretching, or persist for a long time. This could be a sign of an underlying medical condition. […] To learn the cause of muscle cramps, your doctor will perform a physical examination. They may ask you questions, such as: […] You may also need a blood test to check the levels of potassium and calcium in your blood, as well as your kidney and thyroid function. You may also take a pregnancy test. […] Your doctor may order an electromyography (EMG). This is a test that measures muscle activity and checks for muscle abnormalities. An MRI may also be a helpful test. Its an imaging tool that creates a picture of your spinal cord. […] Let your doctor know if youre experiencing weakness, pain, or a loss of sensation. These symptoms can be signs of a nerve disorder.

• #28 Nighttime Leg Cramps – Novus Spine & Pain Center

  https://novusspinecenter.com/pain-conditions/nighttime-leg-cramps

  Nighttime leg cramps can happen to anyone at any age. […] Research finds as many as 60 percent of adults and seven percent of children have experienced nighttime leg cramps. […] The occasional nighttime leg cramp doesn’t require an official medical diagnosis. However, it is important to consult a doctor if there are recurrent muscle spasms, especially if they occur more than once a week without an adequate explanation. […] A diagnosis is generally obtained by going over the patient’s medical history and a physical examination. […] In some cases, MRI scans are helpful in determining whether nerve compression is the cause of the leg cramps. […] Laboratory work may also be necessary to rule out low potassium, calcium, or magnesium levels.

• #29

  https://www.veinhealthinstitute.com/leg-cramps

  If your doctor thinks varicose veins are causing your leg cramps, they may run some additional tests to confirm a diagnosis. During your physical exam, they will look for blue and bulging or swollen veins in your thighs and calves. These veins may feel like cords or ropes underneath your skin. Your doctor will also ask about your personal and family health history, whether you have any other vein issues, and how much exercise you get. […] Imaging tests are also used to visualize the veins in your legs. Duplex ultrasound uses sound waves that bounce off your red blood cells and blood vessels to create images of your veins. Your doctor will use this test to find the cause of your varicose veins and the best way to treat them.

• #30 What health problems cause leg cramps?

  https://legsmatter.org/information-and-support/health-concerns/cramp/

  Many people mistakenly think this pain is just part of growing older, but theres no reason why an otherwise healthy person should experience cramping leg pain when exercising. If you are getting recurring painful cramps in your lower legs when walking, make an appointment at your GP practice. […] When you see the nurse, podiatrist or doctor, they should: Ask about the presence and severity of possible symptoms of intermittent claudication and critical limb threatening ischaemia, examine the legs and feet for evidence of critical limb threatening ischaemia, for example ulceration, examine the femoral, popliteal and foot pulses, measure the ankle brachial pressure index, and they may also record your toe brachial pressure index (TBPI). […] You might also be offered some more tests to rule out other health problems that can affect your legs, including diabetes, anaemia, thyroid and kidney problems, and cholesterol problems. […] If your healthcare professional thinks you have problems with your arteries, they might refer you for further tests at your local hospital or specialist clinic.

• #31 Are Leg Cramps A Sign of Peripheral Artery Disease?

  https://www.usavascularcenters.com/blog/are-leg-cramps-a-sign-of-peripheral-artery-disease/

  If youre experiencing cramping in the legs or other common symptoms of PAD, your first step is to get a PAD diagnosis from a vascular specialist. A vascular specialist will perform one or more of the following tests for your diagnosis: Ankle-brachial index (ABI), Ultrasound, Angiography, Blood tests. […] These tests assess blood flow and identify artery blockages that may cause PAD leg cramps. […] Yes. Leg cramping is one of the most common symptoms of PAD. Individuals who experience leg cramping from PAD typically also experience other symptoms, such as leg pain, weakness, or swelling. […] If the cramping in your legs is severe and makes everyday activities more challenging, it may be a sign of a serious underlying condition. If the pain is consistent, severe, or paired with other symptoms, you should consult a doctor for an accurate diagnosis.

• #32 Sleep-related leg cramps | MedLink Neurology

  https://www.medlink.com/articles/sleep-related-leg-cramps

  The diagnostic workup of nocturnal leg cramps should aim to: (1) Detect the presence of cramps in the leg muscles during sleep. This task is best performed by polysomnography, which may disclose increased EMG activity of various durations over the muscles of the posterior compartment of the leg. (2) Ascertain the underlying pathogenic condition in the case of cramps secondary to systemic or focal illnesses. Thus, neurologic visit, investigations for neuromuscular or peripheral vascular disease, thyroid function, and fluid and electrolyte disturbances are warranted. (3) Exclude other conditions that may represent muscle leg cramps mimics, such as restless legs syndrome.

• #33 Muscle Cramps – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499895/

  The literature emphasizes that muscle biopsy examinations also can be performed to highlight cellular changes, such as atrophy or phenotypic changes. […] In healthy subjects, the prognosis for the appearance of cramps is always benign. […] The easiest conservative treatment for healthy subjects and patients is stretching the involved muscle or deep massages. […] The majority of muscle cramps subside on their own and hence medical treatment is unnecessary.

• #34 Muscle cramp – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/muscle-cramp/symptoms-causes/syc-20350820

  Muscle cramps usually go away on their own. They don’t usually need medical care. However, see a health care provider for cramps that: […] Cause severe discomfort. […] Have leg swelling, redness or skin changes. […] Come with muscle weakness. […] Happen often. […] Don’t get better with self-care. […] A narrowing of the arteries that bring blood to the legs can cause a cramping pain in the legs and feet during exercise. These cramps usually go away soon after exercise stops. […] Pressure on the nerves in the spine also can cause cramping pain in the legs. The pain usually gets worse with walking. […] Too little potassium, calcium or magnesium in the diet can cause leg cramps. […] Having diabetes or illnesses that involve nerves, liver or thyroid can increase the risk of muscle cramps.

• #35 Muscle Spasms (Muscle Cramps): Causes, Treatment & Prevention

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/muscle-spasms-muscle-cramps

  Muscle spasms (muscle cramps) can involve part or all of a muscle or several muscles in a group. […] If you have chronic muscle cramps, along with other symptoms like pain, muscle weakness or poor coordination, schedule an appointment with a healthcare provider. They can help determine if you have an underlying neurological issue. […] In addition to reviewing your health history and medications, your provider may ask questions, including: How bad is your pain? When do your muscle spasms usually happen? How long do your cramps last? What do your muscle spasms feel like? When did your muscle spasms start? […] If you have severe or frequent muscle spasms, a healthcare provider may prescribe muscle relaxers to help ease your symptoms. […] See your healthcare provider if the spasms are unbearably painful, happen frequently or last for a long time. Also, talk to your provider right away if you develop: Significant pain. Swelling or numbness in your leg. Skin changes. Leg cramps that wake you up at night.

• #36 Leg Cramps at Night: Causes, Pain Relief & Prevention

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/14170-leg-cramps

  Leg cramps can be a sign of serious conditions, including: […] Your healthcare provider will need to know your medical history, medications and a description of what you’re experiencing. […] There’s no specific test to diagnose leg cramps. […] If you have any of the following conditions, your leg cramps may be a result of that condition. […] Always consult a healthcare provider if you think your leg cramps are a symptom of something serious. […] See a healthcare provider if your leg cramps are unbearably painful, happen frequently or last for a long time. […] Go to the emergency room if a leg cramp lasts longer than 10 minutes or becomes unbearably painful.

• #37 Muscle Spasms (Muscle Cramps): Causes, Treatment & Prevention

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/muscle-spasms-muscle-cramps

  You should call 911 (or your local emergency service number) or go to your nearest emergency room if you have: Unbearable pain. Muscle cramps all over your body. Spasms that began after touching a potentially poisoning substance. […] If youre having frequent muscle spasms, here are some questions you might want to ask your healthcare provider: Should I see a specialist? Could my muscle spasms be a symptom of a disease? Can you show me the best way to stretch my muscles? How can I help my child when they have a muscle spasm? What massage techniques will best help when I have a muscle cramp?

• #38 Leg Cramps and Cancer: What’s the Connection?

  https://www.cancercenter.com/integrative-care/leg-cramps

  There are a few things to watch out for, as these may be signs of other health issues. These include: […] If any of these things happen to you or a loved one, call the doctor. If symptoms combine—such as you’re feeling lightheaded, have a racing heart rate, coughing and pain in the chest, back, arm, shoulder or jaw—go to the emergency room right away.

• #39

  https://www.prevention.com/health/health-conditions/a43871244/leg-cramp-fasciculation-syndrome-my-diagnosis/

  Cramp fasciculation syndrome (CFS) is a neurological disorder in which groups of muscle fibers contract automatically, causing twitches and sometimes cramps, explains Payam Soltanzadeh, M.D. […] The cause of CFS is unknown. […] Treatments can include lifestyle modification, vitamin supplementation, thyroid medications, or a short course of anti-seizure meds. […] Symptoms of CFS can include: Muscle cramps, Muscle twitches.

• #40 Muscle Cramps / Leg Cramps, Differential Diagnosis | Time of Care

  https://www.timeofcare.com/muscle-cramps-leg-cramps-differential-diagnosis/

  Idiopathic cramps (the most common type) Dehydration; volume depletion Exercise-induced cramps Pregnancy Hemodialysis (volume and electrolyte shifts); ESRD Muscle injury e.g. from sports; Exercise-associated muscle cramping; excessive running Diabetes Hypothyroidism, Hyperthyroidism Hyponatremia Hypocalcemia Hypokalemia, hyperkalemia Hypomagnesemia Alkalosis (e.g. respiratory from hyperventilating or vomiting) McArdles disease (glycogen storage disease: muscle fatigue, cramping, high CK) Writers cramp Ehlers Danlos (hypermobility) syndrome Peripheral vascular disease; Vascular insufficiency; Claudication; Venous insufficiency Celiac disease (from impaired calcium absorption) Black widow spider bite Medications: Statins, Intravenous iron sucrose, raloxifene, Naproxen, conjugated estrogens, nifedipine, inhaled beta agonists, thiazides, beta blockers, cisplatin, vincristine, oral contraceptives, others) Lower motor neuron (injury, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, compression) Parkinson disease Hypnic myoclonus; Sleep starts and myoclonic jerks Myositis, myalgias Periodic limb movement disorder Restless leg syndrome Peripheral neuropathy Dystonias Neurologic deficit Compartment syndromes

• #41 Leg Cramps: A Sign of Underlying Illness?

  https://www.pharmacytimes.com/view/leg-cramps-a-sign-of-underlying-illness

  Leg cramps are characterized by sudden, severe, and involuntary muscle contractions. Leg cramps commonly affect the calf muscles but may occur in the hamstrings or muscles of the feet, especially at night (ie nocturnal leg cramps). These nocturnal cramps that occur primarily during sleep are classically characterized as unilateral, painful, and palpable, involuntary muscle contractions that often are localized and have a sudden onset. Leg cramps may also occur during periods of rest in the day. […] The majority of leg cramps are idiopathic and harmless, but some may result from underlying illnesses such as diabetes or peripheral artery disease. Other examples of secondary causes include neurologic disorders, structural disorders or positioning of the leg, and metabolic disorders, including extracellular fluid volume depletion and electrolyte disturbances. […] Patients who experience severe and/or continual leg cramps should be encouraged to seek further assistance from their primary health care provider.

• #42 Conquering Nocturnal Leg Cramps: Causes, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://www.samitivejhospitals.com/article/detail/nocturnal-leg-cramps-treating-preventions

  The true causes of nocturnal leg cramps remain unknown, but studies have found that they may be associated with structural disorders, neurological disorders and peripheral artery disease. […] Those suffering from common nocturnal leg cramps that disrupt sleep should consult a specialist, who can perform a diagnosis and advise on the necessary steps required to treat the condition effectively. […] Those who suffer from repeated nocturnal leg cramps that disrupt sleep and do not improve with self-care, thus leading to symptoms including redness, skin changes, or severe muscle weakness, are advised to seek medical attention. This will enable a doctor to perform a diagnosis that can rule out other disorders to ensure they provide the appropriate treatment. Such a diagnosis will involve reviewing the patients medical history and prior medication use, conducting a detailed physical examination, and taking a blood test where hematological issues are suspected.

• #43 Are Those Leg Cramps A Sign Of Peripheral Artery Disease? | Henry Ford Health – Detroit, MI

  https://www.henryford.com/blog/2023/11/are-those-leg-cramps-a-sign-of-peripheral-artery-disease

  While it’s worth having a doctor evaluate any type of leg cramps, those related to PAD share specific features. They are consistent and reproducible, says Dr. Onofrey. […] Your doctor may use a test called the ankle brachial index (ABI) to determine if you have peripheral artery disease. […] Timely intervention and lifestyle changes can significantly improve the quality of life for people affected by PAD, says Dr. Onofrey. That’s why early diagnosis and effective management are so essential.

• #44 Most Leg Cramps are Harmless, But Some Have a Deeper Cause

  https://www.baystatehealth.org/articles/pvd-and-leg-cramping

  Make an appointment with your doctor if your leg cramps are not getting better. […] Although most muscle cramps are harmless, some may be related to an underlying medical condition known as peripheral arterial disease (PAD), a form of peripheral vascular disease (PVD). […] Blackwood notes, It’s important not to ignore cramping pain that repeatedly occurs when walking. The pain is your body sending a warning that something is amiss, and that part of your body isn’t receiving enough blood during. […] The most common symptom of lower-extremity PAD, painful muscle cramps in calf, buttocks, thighs, or hips, is called claudication. […] Claudication occurs when your body can’t deliver the oxygen needed by your muscles to engage in an activity, most often walking, explains Blackwood. […] Blackwood notes, It’s important to realize that any one of these symptoms on their own doesn’t necessarily point to PAD. You need to look at the constellation of symptoms to determine what’s really contributing to your condition.

• #45 Most Leg Cramps are Harmless, But Some Have a Deeper Cause

  https://www.baystatehealth.org/articles/pvd-and-leg-cramping

  Make an appointment with your doctor if your leg cramps are not getting better. […] Although most muscle cramps are harmless, some may be related to an underlying medical condition known as peripheral arterial disease (PAD), a form of peripheral vascular disease (PVD). […] Blackwood notes, It’s important not to ignore cramping pain that repeatedly occurs when walking. The pain is your body sending a warning that something is amiss, and that part of your body isn’t receiving enough blood during. […] The most common symptom of lower-extremity PAD, painful muscle cramps in calf, buttocks, thighs, or hips, is called claudication. […] Claudication occurs when your body can’t deliver the oxygen needed by your muscles to engage in an activity, most often walking, explains Blackwood. […] Blackwood notes, It’s important to realize that any one of these symptoms on their own doesn’t necessarily point to PAD. You need to look at the constellation of symptoms to determine what’s really contributing to your condition.

• #46 Most Leg Cramps are Harmless, But Some Have a Deeper Cause

  https://www.baystatehealth.org/articles/pvd-and-leg-cramping

  If you have trouble with your feet or legs, talk to a doctor about PAD. In addition to the pain and potential limb loss related to PAD, people with PAD have an increased risk of coronary artery disease, stroke and heart attack. Early detection is key. Speak to your doctor if you have any concerns about yourself and encourage friends and loved ones exhibiting symptoms to do the same.

• #47 Swollen Legs & Leg Cramping | Swift Institute

  https://theswiftinstitute.com/swollen-legs-leg-cramping/

  CVI is twice as common as coronary artery disease and five times more common than peripheral arterial disease. […] Often night cramping of the legs and uncontrollable movements of the legs in bed or at rest can be exhausting and painful signs of this disease. […] What most people are not aware of is that these symptoms are commonly misdiagnosed as “Restless Leg Syndrome”, “Peripheral Neuropathy”, or “Sciatica”. […] Appropriate medical workup always involves an evidence-based diagnosis. […] This ultrasound is more comprehensive than the ultrasound typically ordered by your doctor should there be concerns over a clot in the deep leg veins. […] While the standard lower extremity venous ultrasound study surveys for an obstruction to blood flow in a deep vein, this should not be confused with the more comprehensive vascular ultrasound examination performed to evaluate for CVI.

• #48 Swollen Legs & Leg Cramping | Swift Institute

  https://theswiftinstitute.com/swollen-legs-leg-cramping/

  CVI is twice as common as coronary artery disease and five times more common than peripheral arterial disease. […] Often night cramping of the legs and uncontrollable movements of the legs in bed or at rest can be exhausting and painful signs of this disease. […] What most people are not aware of is that these symptoms are commonly misdiagnosed as “Restless Leg Syndrome”, “Peripheral Neuropathy”, or “Sciatica”. […] Appropriate medical workup always involves an evidence-based diagnosis. […] This ultrasound is more comprehensive than the ultrasound typically ordered by your doctor should there be concerns over a clot in the deep leg veins. […] While the standard lower extremity venous ultrasound study surveys for an obstruction to blood flow in a deep vein, this should not be confused with the more comprehensive vascular ultrasound examination performed to evaluate for CVI.

• #49 Lab Tests for Patients With Persistent Muscle Cramps

  https://www.rupahealth.com/post/lab-tests-for-patients-with-persistent-muscle-cramps

  Muscle cramps can drastically reduce quality of life and may indicate underlying health issues such as electrolyte imbalances, metabolic disorders, or neurological conditions. Proper diagnosis and treatment are essential to improve symptoms and uncover related health concerns. […] Lab tests are crucial in uncovering the underlying causes of persistent muscle cramps. Since these cramps can result from a wide range of factors ranging from simple dehydration to complex neurological disorders, lab tests allow healthcare professionals to pinpoint the specific cause. […] Comprehensive lab testing, including electrolyte panels, kidney function tests, thyroid assessments, and vitamin levels, is essential for accurately diagnosing the root cause of muscle cramps and guiding targeted treatment. […] Early detection and treatment of underlying causes through lab testing and collaboration with healthcare providers can significantly improve symptoms and quality of life, while lifestyle and dietary adjustments support long-term muscle health.

• #50 Lab Tests for Patients With Persistent Muscle Cramps

  https://www.rupahealth.com/post/lab-tests-for-patients-with-persistent-muscle-cramps

  Muscle cramps can drastically reduce quality of life and may indicate underlying health issues such as electrolyte imbalances, metabolic disorders, or neurological conditions. Proper diagnosis and treatment are essential to improve symptoms and uncover related health concerns. […] Lab tests are crucial in uncovering the underlying causes of persistent muscle cramps. Since these cramps can result from a wide range of factors ranging from simple dehydration to complex neurological disorders, lab tests allow healthcare professionals to pinpoint the specific cause. […] Comprehensive lab testing, including electrolyte panels, kidney function tests, thyroid assessments, and vitamin levels, is essential for accurately diagnosing the root cause of muscle cramps and guiding targeted treatment. […] Early detection and treatment of underlying causes through lab testing and collaboration with healthcare providers can significantly improve symptoms and quality of life, while lifestyle and dietary adjustments support long-term muscle health.

• #51 Muscle Cramps – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499895/

  The literature emphasizes that muscle biopsy examinations also can be performed to highlight cellular changes, such as atrophy or phenotypic changes. […] In healthy subjects, the prognosis for the appearance of cramps is always benign. […] The easiest conservative treatment for healthy subjects and patients is stretching the involved muscle or deep massages. […] The majority of muscle cramps subside on their own and hence medical treatment is unnecessary.

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