Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Muscle Cramps – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499895/

  Muscle cramps result in continuous, involuntary, painful, and localized contraction of an entire muscle group, individual single muscle, or select muscle fibers. […] The specific etiology is not well understood and possible causes depend on the physiological or pathological situation in which the cramps appear. […] The etiology of the cramp depends on the situation in which it occurs. It is not possible to draw up the causes, and the possible physiological or pathological differences in which the cramp occurs must be highlighted, as different scenarios give rise to cramps. […] Heat-associated muscle cramping is often seen during sports and rigorous exercise or physical activity. In this situation, large losses of sweat and electrolytes are believed to be the underlying pathologic mechanism.

• #2 Nocturnal Leg Cramps | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2012/0815/p350.html

  Up to 60 percent of adults report that they have had nocturnal leg cramps. […] The exact mechanism is unknown, but the cramps are probably caused by muscle fatigue and nerve dysfunction rather than electrolyte or other abnormalities. […] Nocturnal leg cramps are associated with vascular disease, lumbar canal stenosis, cirrhosis, hemodialysis, pregnancy, and other medical conditions. […] The precise mechanism of leg cramps is unknown, but several myopathic, neurologic, and metabolic causes have been suggested. Most cases of leg cramps are idiopathic. […] Exercise research suggests that muscle fatigue is a primary cause of leg cramps. […] Nerve dysfunction or damage has been suggested as a cause of leg cramps because of the high prevalence in patients with neurologic conditions such as parkinsonism.

• #3 Muscle Cramps – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499895/

  The causes of these cramps are not well known but probably derived from neuronal hyperexcitability. […] The etiology of cramps in hemodialysis patients is not clear. […] The exact cause of this disorder is not completely clarified. It could be an alteration of neuromuscular function, excessive weight gain, peripheral nerve compressions, insufficient blood flow to the muscles, and increased work by the muscles of the lower limbs. […] The first theory of electrolyte alteration and cramping is not reflected in human model research. […] The causes of these cramps are not well known but probably derived from neuronal hyperexcitability. […] The presence of cramps varies depending on the muscle area: cervical (9%), thigh (43%), calf (70%), toe (50%), abdominal muscles (12%), and fingers (74%). […] The etiology of cramps in hemodialysis patients is not clear.

• #4 Leg cramps

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4429847/

  Involuntary, localised leg cramps are common and typically affect the calf muscles at night. […] The causes of leg cramps are unclear, but risk factors include pregnancy, exercise, salt and electrolyte imbalances, disorders affecting peripheral nerves or blood vessels, renal dialysis, and some drugs. […] Little is known about the causes of leg cramps. Risk factors include pregnancy, exercise, electrolyte imbalances, salt depletion, renal dialysis, peripheral vascular disease (both venous and arterial), peripheral nerve injury, polyneuropathies, motor neurone disease, and certain drugs (including beta agonists and potassium-sparing diuretics). […] We don’t know whether magnesium is more effective than placebo at reducing leg cramps in pregnancy. […] We don’t know whether calcium salts, multivitamins and mineral supplements, sodium chloride, vitamin B6, or vitamin E reduce leg cramps in pregnant women.

• #5 Leg Cramps: Causes, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://www.webmd.com/sleep-disorders/leg-cramps

  Leg cramps are different from restless legs syndrome. Both tend to happen at night, but restless legs syndrome causes discomfort and an urge to move instead of painful muscle cramps. […] Experts don’t know the exact cause of nighttime leg cramps. They could happen because your nerves send the wrong signals to your muscles. […] You’re more likely to have leg cramps if you: Are 50 or older, Work your muscles too much, Sit too long without moving, Don’t drink enough water, Stand too long on hard surfaces. […] Other health conditions can also raise your chances of leg cramps, including: Diabetes, Neurological conditions like Parkinson’s disease, Alcohol abuse, Low blood sugar, Some hormone disorders, such as hypothyroidism, Too much or not enough of certain chemicals in your body, such as calcium, potassium, and magnesium, Flat feet, Pregnancy, Blood flow problems, Nerve damage.

• #6 Leg cramps at night: Causes, risk factors, and how to stop them

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/326327

  Leg cramps at night, or nocturnal leg cramps (NLCs), can occur due to inactivity during the day, tired muscles, or certain medical conditions. […] Research suggests that muscle fatigue may be a primary cause. Athletes are more likely to get leg cramps after doing higher-than-usual levels of activity. […] Another leading theory is that sitting for an extended period, such as while working at a desk, may cause the muscles to shorten over time. […] This physical inactivity when a person has not stretched their muscles for a while may increase the risk of cramps. […] As people age, they may also be more likely to have leg cramps at night. […] There may also be a link between pregnancy and leg cramps at night. […] Many medications list muscle cramping as a side effect. […] Some chronic medical conditions may also put a person at risk for chronic leg cramps, such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and nerve disorders. […] Some sources say that mineral deficiencies can cause NLCs. However, there is mixed evidence that supplementing with minerals, such as magnesium and vitamin B complexes, can reduce or relieve these muscle cramps.

• #7 What Causes Leg Cramps? Symptoms, Triggers, Treatments, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/pain-relief/what-causes-leg-cramps

  Leg cramps can occur due to dehydration or overexertion. Frequent leg cramps can occur with certain health conditions, such as type 2 diabetes or kidney failure, or while taking certain medications. […] Some experts say muscle fatigue is the leading cause of leg cramps. The risks are even higher when these muscles are fatigued in hot weather or when you dont stay hydrated. […] Pregnancy, as well as certain medical conditions, can also increase your risk of experiencing leg cramps. […] In addition, medications can contribute to leg cramps, such as birth control pills, diuretics, naproxen (Aleve), albuterol, an asthma medication, and statins.

• #8 Nocturnal Leg Cramps | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2012/0815/p350.html

  Up to 60 percent of adults report that they have had nocturnal leg cramps. […] The exact mechanism is unknown, but the cramps are probably caused by muscle fatigue and nerve dysfunction rather than electrolyte or other abnormalities. […] Nocturnal leg cramps are associated with vascular disease, lumbar canal stenosis, cirrhosis, hemodialysis, pregnancy, and other medical conditions. […] The precise mechanism of leg cramps is unknown, but several myopathic, neurologic, and metabolic causes have been suggested. Most cases of leg cramps are idiopathic. […] Exercise research suggests that muscle fatigue is a primary cause of leg cramps. […] Nerve dysfunction or damage has been suggested as a cause of leg cramps because of the high prevalence in patients with neurologic conditions such as parkinsonism.

• #9 What Causes Muscle Cramps?

  https://www.brainfacts.org/thinking-sensing-and-behaving/pain/2020/what-causes-muscle-cramps-070220

  For example, one of the most common explanations was that dehydration caused cramps. […] Another folk remedy for cramps is eating bananas. The idea is that potassium helps get rid of cramps. But there is no evidence for this. […] Nowadays, most researchers believe the source of cramps is hyperactivity of motor neurons, rather than muscles. […] If this is the case, cramps are like epileptic seizures also caused by neurons firing when they shouldnt. […] Calf cramps are common because your calves work hard all day every time youre on your feet or walking, those motor neurons are firing. […] Its possible this change in neurotransmitters makes misfiring more likely, which would explain why charley horses are common while sleeping.

• #10 What Causes Muscle Cramps?

  https://www.sfn.org/sitecore/content/home/brainfacts2/thinking-sensing-and-behaving/pain/2020/what-causes-muscle-cramps-070220

  For example, one of the most common explanations was that dehydration caused cramps. […] But modern research shows hydration has very little to do with exercise-induced cramps. […] Another folk remedy for cramps is eating bananas. The idea is that potassium helps get rid of cramps. But there is no evidence for this. […] Nowadays, most researchers believe the source of cramps is hyperactivity of motor neurons, rather than muscles. […] If this is the case, cramps are like epileptic seizures also caused by neurons firing when they shouldnt. […] Calf cramps are common because your calves work hard all day every time youre on your feet or walking, those motor neurons are firing. […] Its possible this change in neurotransmitters makes misfiring more likely, which would explain why charley horses are common while sleeping. […] Since we cant observe neuron activity during a cramp, most of what we know is a matter of conjecture.

• #11 Leg cramps | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/muscle-bone-and-joints/leg-and-foot-problems-and-conditions/leg-cramps/

  Leg cramps might be a sign of a more serious health condition. […] The cause of leg cramps is sometimes unknown (idiopathic). In other cases, there may be an underlying condition or identifiable cause (secondary leg cramps). […] Idiopathic leg cramps may be caused by: abnormal nerve activity during sleep, excessive strain placed on leg muscles, for example during exercise, a sudden restriction in the blood supply to the affected muscles. […] Secondary leg cramps are caused by an underlying condition or another identifiable cause like: pregnancy the extra weight of pregnancy can place strain on the leg muscles, making them more vulnerable to cramping, exercise leg cramps are often experienced when resting after exercise, neurological conditions for example, motor neurone disease or peripheral neuropathy, liver disease if your liver stops working properly, toxins will build up in your blood, which can make your muscles spasm, infection some types of bacterial infection, like tetanus, can cause muscle cramps and spasm, toxins in some people, high levels of toxic (poisonous) substances in the blood, like lead or mercury, can cause leg cramps, dehydration in some people, low levels of water in the body can lead to a drop in your salt levels, which can trigger muscle cramps.

• #12 Leg Cramps: Causes, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://patient.info/bones-joints-muscles/cramps-in-the-leg

  Leg cramps commonly occur at night in bed, as the natural position we lie in is with the knees slightly bent (flexed) and with feet pointing slightly downwards. In this position the calf muscle is relatively shortened and may be prone to cramps. This theory explains why stretching the muscles may cure the problem.

• #13 Leg Cramps at Night: Causes, Treatment, Prevention, and Seeking Help

  https://www.healthline.com/health/leg-cramps-at-night

  Leg cramps at night dont always have a medical cause, but its a good idea to see a doctor to rule this out. […] Experts dont know exactly what causes leg cramps at night. There are, however, known factors that can increase your risk. In most cases, nocturnal leg cramps are idiopathic, which means their exact cause isnt known. […] Nighttime leg cramps may be related to foot position. We often sleep with our feet and toes extending away from the rest of our bodies, a position called plantar flexion. This shortens the calf muscles, making them more susceptible to cramping. […] Other factors that may contribute to nighttime leg cramps include: Sedentary lifestyle. Muscles need to be stretched regularly to function properly. Sitting for long periods of time could make leg muscles more susceptible to cramping.

• #14 Leg cramps: Causes, treatment, and prevention

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/180160

  Why leg cramps, or Charley horses, occur is often not clear. However, they may result from nerve dysfunction and various health conditions, such as diabetes and kidney failure. […] In most cases, people do not know why leg cramps happen, although there are a number of theories. […] Some research suggests that muscle fatigue and nerve dysfunction may play a role. […] Another theory is that cramps are more likely nowadays, as most people no longer squat, a position that stretches the calf muscles. […] Exercise is a factor. Stressing or using a muscle for a long time may trigger a leg cramp during or after the exertion. […] Sometimes leg cramps are caused by an underlying condition relating to the nervous system, circulation, metabolism, or hormones. […] Conditions that may cause cramps include: alcohol misuse, cirrhosis, chronic kidney failure, hemodialysis, cancer treatment, muscle fatigue, vascular disease, Parkinsons disease, peripheral artery disease (PAD), restless legs syndrome, pregnancy, especially in the later stages, motor neuron disease, Lou Gehrigs disease (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, or ALS), spinal nerve irritation or compression, hardening of the arteries, spinal stenosis, thyroid disease and hormonal problems, chronic infections, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), chronic kidney disease and kidney failure, diabetes, especially type 2 diabetes, fibromyalagia.

• #15 13 Causes of Leg Cramps–and How To Stop Them – New Mexico Orthopaedic Associates

  https://nmortho.com/13-causes-leg-cramps-stop/

  One of the classic causes of leg cramps is dehydration. “Athletes and avid exercisers deal with cramps all the time,” says Mark D. Peterson, PhD, research assistant professor in the department of physical medicine and rehabilitation at the University of Michigan Medical School, “especially during the summer months, in the heat without enough liquid.” The reason dehydration causes cramping is largely theoretical, says Todd J. Sontag, DO, family physician with Orlando Health Physician Associates. It may be that fluid depletion causes nerve endings to become sensitized, “triggering contractions in the space around the nerve and increasing pressure on motor nerve endings,” he says. This depletion is exacerbated by hot conditions or exercising, since you lose more fluid through sweat. […] Lost electrolytes can also contribute to leg cramping. If you’re low in certain electrolytes and other minerals, that imbalance can trigger spontaneous cramping. An imbalance in sodium, calcium, magnesium, or potassium could all lead to leg cramping, says Gerardo Miranda-Comas, MD, associate program director of the sports medicine fellowship at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai.

• #16 10 Causes of Leg Cramps – Orthopedic Institute

  https://orthopedicinstitutesf.com/10-causes-of-leg-cramps/

  Leg cramps are a pain, literally! It may not always obvious what causes them, but the pain associated with leg cramps makes them nearly impossible to ignore. The Orthopedic Institute team has compiled a list of 10 common causes of leg cramps to help you understand and avoid this pesky problem. […] Dehydration is one of the most common causes of leg cramps. A cramp is an involuntary contraction of a muscle. The fluids in your body allow your muscles to relax, but—when those muscles are dehydrated—they get irritable and prone to cramping. […] In addition to dehydration, leg muscles can also cramp from overuse. When doing particularly intense physical activity, the nerves in your spine can become overexcited and fire involuntarily, contracting your muscles and causing a cramp. […] If you use them for extended periods of time without proper rest, the potential for leg cramps is greatly increased.

• #17 What Are Common Causes of Muscle Cramps and Spasms? – Scripps Health

  https://www.scripps.org/news_items/6374-common-triggers-for-muscle-spasms-and-cramps

  Leg cramps, hand and foot spasms have common causes. A cramp is a sudden contraction or tightening of a muscle that usually lasts a few seconds to a few minutes. Cramps are caused by muscle spasms involuntary contractions of one or more muscles. Muscle cramps and spasms are often a part of the body’s normal stress response, says Rio Dickens-Celestin, MD, an internal medicine physician at Scripps Clinic Carmel Valley. Identifying and addressing the underlying cause, however, is the best long-term approach, she says. […] Cramps or spasms in the muscles often have no clear cause. However, if they are keeping you up at night or interrupting your workout, explore these four common reasons: Dehydration is a classic cause of cramps. Hot weather and exercise further deplete water in the body as you sweat to keep cool. Muscles were made to move, so being sedentary for long periods of time can lead to cramping. If you go on a long bike ride or do an intense workout, you might experience cramping. When the nerves running from the brain and spinal cord down to the muscle become overexcited, the muscle can respond by cramping. In some cases, a lack of magnesium, calcium, sodium or potassium can contribute to cramping. […] Talk with your doctor if your muscle cramps are consistent, last a long time or are extremely severe.

• #18 Leg Cramps: 13 Causes and Treatment

  https://www.health.com/condition/chronic-pain/leg-cramps-causes

  Possible causes of leg cramps (charley horses) are too much or too little exercise, dehydration, low electrolyte levels, and certain conditions. […] One of the classic causes of leg cramps is dehydration. […] The reason dehydration causes cramping is largely theoretical. It may be that fluid depletion causes nerve endings to become sensitized. […] An imbalance in sodium, calcium, magnesium, or potassium may cause leg cramps. […] Pregnancy increases the risk for leg cramps. […] Many people develop leg cramps due to overusing a muscle. […] Strenuous exercise is a key cause of leg cramps. […] You may be more prone to leg cramps when you are overtired. […] Standing for a prolonged time can contribute to muscle fatigue, which can cause leg cramps. […] You might want to take a look at any medications you take if there’s no obvious cause of your leg cramps.

• #19 Muscle Spasms (Muscle Cramps): Causes, Treatment & Prevention

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/muscle-spasms-muscle-cramps

  Muscle spasms (muscle cramps) can involve part or all of a muscle or several muscles in a group. […] Muscle spasms can happen to anyone at any time. […] Experts aren’t exactly sure why some people get muscle spasms more than others. One or more of the following may be to blame in most cases: Not enough stretching, muscle fatigue, exercising in extreme heat (heat cramps), dehydration, electrolyte imbalance (having too many or too few salts and minerals like potassium, magnesium and calcium, in your body), stress, too much high-intensity exercise. […] Possible causes for nocturnal leg cramps (leg cramps at night), specifically, include: sitting for long periods of time, overusing your muscles, standing or working on concrete floors, sitting improperly. […] Deficiencies in these vitamins and minerals may cause muscle cramps: calcium, potassium, magnesium (hypomagnesemia), vitamin D. […] Severe muscle cramps all over your body could indicate an electrolyte imbalance or a serious underlying medical condition like atherosclerosis, thyroid disease or multiple sclerosis (MS).

• #20 10 Causes of Leg Cramps – Orthopedic Institute

  https://orthopedicinstitutesf.com/10-causes-of-leg-cramps/

  Leg cramps are a pain, literally! It may not always obvious what causes them, but the pain associated with leg cramps makes them nearly impossible to ignore. The Orthopedic Institute team has compiled a list of 10 common causes of leg cramps to help you understand and avoid this pesky problem. […] Dehydration is one of the most common causes of leg cramps. A cramp is an involuntary contraction of a muscle. The fluids in your body allow your muscles to relax, but—when those muscles are dehydrated—they get irritable and prone to cramping. […] In addition to dehydration, leg muscles can also cramp from overuse. When doing particularly intense physical activity, the nerves in your spine can become overexcited and fire involuntarily, contracting your muscles and causing a cramp. […] If you use them for extended periods of time without proper rest, the potential for leg cramps is greatly increased.

• #21

  https://www.prevention.com/health/a20515838/leg-cramps-at-night-charley-horse/

  Overworked muscles: Yes, movement does keep you limber, but having a particularly intense workout, standing too long on hard surfaces, or tensing up due to stress can have the opposite effect. […] Dehydration: Theres some evidence that dehydration causes nocturnal cramping. […] Medications: Studies have linked diuretics and medications that have diuretic effects (high blood pressure meds like Clorpres and Thalitone, for example) as well as asthma drugs (specifically, long-acting beta-adrenoceptors, or LABAs) to a greater risk for nocturnal cramping. […] Health conditions: Certain health conditions can increase the risk of nocturnal leg cramps such as diabetes, peripheral artery disease, and neurological disorders like Parkinsons disease, says Lassey. […] Pregnancy: Dr. Kelley says leg cramps are more common in pregnant women, and research shows that pregnancy is associated with more frequent leg cramps, possibly due to weight gain and disrupted circulation.

• #22 10 Causes of Leg Cramps – Orthopedic Institute

  https://orthopedicinstitutesf.com/10-causes-of-leg-cramps/

  Bodies are meant to move, so staying in one position, regardless of whether you’re sitting or standing, puts you at greater risk for muscle cramps. […] Certain medications prescribed to treat Alzheimer’s, high cholesterol, asthma, Parkinson’s and osteoporosis have a tendency to cause muscle cramps. […] When you have a potassium deficiency, these signals are not relayed properly, and muscle contractions may be prolonged, causing a cramp. […] Poor circulation in your legs can prevent your leg muscles from getting all the oxygen they need to function. This can lead to leg pain, muscle spasms and cramps. […] Excessive drinking can alter the levels of thiamine, folate and vitamins B6, B12, and E, which are all needed for your nerves to function properly. […] Women in the third trimester of pregnancy often experience leg cramps, especially in the evening hours. […] One of the symptoms of multiple sclerosis is spasticity, a condition which causes certain muscles to be continuously contracted. Multiple sclerosis causes damage to the central nervous system, which can cause spasticity and lead to cramping in the legs.

• #23 Leg Cramps at Night: Causes, Pain Relief & Prevention

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/14170-leg-cramps

  Leg cramps are painful, involuntary muscle contractions that can last seconds or minutes. Some medical conditions and drugs can cause them, and there are some risk factors you’ll want to avoid. […] Possible causes of these leg cramps include: Involuntary nerve discharges. Part of your leg muscle isn’t getting enough blood. Stress. Too much high-intensity exercise. […] Possible causes for leg cramps at night (nocturnal leg cramps) include: Sitting for long periods of time (like at a desk job). Overusing your muscles. Standing or working on concrete floors. Having poor posture during the day. Kidney failure, diabetic nerve damage, mineral deficits and issues with blood flow. […] Medications have side effects. A prescription you’re taking could be causing your leg cramps. […] Cancer treatments like chemotherapy can cause nerve damage, which may also cause leg cramps.

• #24 Leg cramps: Causes, treatment, and prevention

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/180160

  Some experts believe dehydration and electrolyte imbalances may contribute. […] Older people are more likely to experience leg cramps. Muscle loss starts from the mid-40s and increases if a person is not active. This may raise the risk of cramps. […] Research suggests that 5060% of adults and 7% of children experience cramps, and the likelihood increases with age.

• #25 What causes leg cramps? | Scientific American

  https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/what-causes-leg-cramps/

  Age also seems to predispose individuals to cramping–the phenomenon may develop later in life for people who exercise for years without prior problems. Other factors include increased body weight and improper footwear. Eccentric muscle contraction and other musculoskeletal injuries can contribute to the problem.

• #26 Leg Cramps at Night: Causes, Pain Relief & Prevention

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/14170-leg-cramps

  Sometimes, leg cramps happen for no reason, but other times, they could be a sign or symptom of a health condition. Secondary leg cramps are a symptom or complication of a more serious health condition. […] Leg cramps can be a sign of serious conditions, including: ALS (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/Lou Gehrig’s disease): Progressive neuromuscular disease. Congestive heart failure: When your heart can’t pump blood well enough to give your body a normal supply. Cirrhosis of the liver: Scarring of your liver. Diabetes: A disease that prevents your body from properly using the energy from the food you eat.

• #27 Leg cramps: Causes, treatment, and prevention

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/180160

  Why leg cramps, or Charley horses, occur is often not clear. However, they may result from nerve dysfunction and various health conditions, such as diabetes and kidney failure. […] In most cases, people do not know why leg cramps happen, although there are a number of theories. […] Some research suggests that muscle fatigue and nerve dysfunction may play a role. […] Another theory is that cramps are more likely nowadays, as most people no longer squat, a position that stretches the calf muscles. […] Exercise is a factor. Stressing or using a muscle for a long time may trigger a leg cramp during or after the exertion. […] Sometimes leg cramps are caused by an underlying condition relating to the nervous system, circulation, metabolism, or hormones. […] Conditions that may cause cramps include: alcohol misuse, cirrhosis, chronic kidney failure, hemodialysis, cancer treatment, muscle fatigue, vascular disease, Parkinsons disease, peripheral artery disease (PAD), restless legs syndrome, pregnancy, especially in the later stages, motor neuron disease, Lou Gehrigs disease (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, or ALS), spinal nerve irritation or compression, hardening of the arteries, spinal stenosis, thyroid disease and hormonal problems, chronic infections, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), chronic kidney disease and kidney failure, diabetes, especially type 2 diabetes, fibromyalagia.

• #28 Muscle cramp – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/muscle-cramp/symptoms-causes/syc-20350820

  Muscle cramps can happen after working a muscle too hard or straining it, losing body fluids through sweat or simply holding a position for a long time. Often, however, the cause isn’t known. […] Most muscle cramps are harmless. But some might be related to a medical concern, such as: […] Not enough blood flow. A narrowing of the arteries that bring blood to the legs can cause a cramping pain in the legs and feet during exercise. These cramps usually go away soon after exercise stops. […] Nerve compression. Pressure on the nerves in the spine also can cause cramping pain in the legs. The pain usually gets worse with walking. Walking bent slightly forward, such as when pushing a shopping cart, might ease cramping. […] Not enough minerals. Too little potassium, calcium or magnesium in the diet can cause leg cramps. Medicines often prescribed for high blood pressure can cause increased urination, which may drain the body of these minerals.

• #29 Are Those Leg Cramps A Sign Of Peripheral Artery Disease? | Henry Ford Health – Detroit, MI

  https://www.henryford.com/blog/2023/11/are-those-leg-cramps-a-sign-of-peripheral-artery-disease

  Leg cramps are common and happen for many different reasons. […] But leg cramps related to peripheral artery disease happen in the same way each time you exert yourself. […] Peripheral artery disease causes narrowing or blockage of blood vessels—particularly those in the legs and feet, says Dr. Onofrey. That restriction in blood flow can lead to various symptoms, one of the most noticeable being leg cramps during physical activities like walking. […] Without enough blood and oxygen, the leg muscles produce more lactic acid. Lactic acid buildup leads to muscle cramping and pain. Those leg cramps act as a warning sign, says Dr. Onofrey. They indicate that the muscles are not receiving enough blood flow to sustain your level of activity. […] While its worth having a doctor evaluate any type of leg cramps, those related to PAD share specific features. They are consistent and reproducible, says Dr. Onofrey. In other words, the cramps will typically happen every time you walk a certain distance or for a specific amount of time. […] The cramps are your bodys way of saying its maxed out its ability to move blood to your muscles, says Dr. Onofrey.

• #30 What health problems cause leg cramps?

  https://legsmatter.org/information-and-support/health-concerns/cramp/

  We all get leg cramp from time to time. But if you get a cramp in your legs and / or buttocks when youre walking or exercising that stops after you rest for a while, you could have intermittent claudication. Intermittent claudication is likely to be caused by peripheral arterial insufficiency (PAD). […] Legs cramps can happen for a variety of reasons. But are defined as a pain in the muscles when the muscles tighten causing it to become difficult to move and painful. […] It can sometimes be caused by dehydration or exercise. If there is a pattern that the pain occurs on exertion such as walking and goes away at rest then you should make an appointment to see your GP or Nurse.

• #31 Experiencing Leg Cramps? Here Are the Potential Causes

  https://www.southvalleyvascular.com/post/experiencing-leg-cramps-here-are-the-potential-causes

  Leg cramps, alongside leg pain can be a symptom of many things, from lifestyle factors to serious health conditions. […] For example, too much high-intensity exercise, tobacco use, excessive alcohol consumption, and an unbalanced diet can cause leg cramps. […] Other causes can be attributed to underlying health conditions such as kidney or thyroid disease, adrenal or venous insufficiency, and diabetes. […] Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD) is a condition that can cause cramps in the legs. […] People who suffer from chronic diseases that affect the vascular system are at increased risk of PAD. […] One of the most common symptoms of PAD is pain and cramping brought on by walking or exercising. […] Peripheral artery disease caused by atherosclerosis can have significant complications if left untreated.

• #32 Nocturnal Leg Cramps | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2012/0815/p350.html

  Metabolic causes are suggested by the high prevalence in patients undergoing hemodialysis that is associated with hyperphosphatemia, but not with hyper- or hypocalcemia. […] Medication-related leg cramps are most commonly associated with intravenous iron sucrose, conjugated estrogens, raloxifene, naproxen, and teriparatide, although the overall incidence is very low. […] Several medical conditions are associated with leg cramps. […] Leg cramps have been linked to neurologic diseases such as parkinsonism and peripheral neuropathy. […] Lumbar canal stenosis also is associated with leg cramps. […] Hemodialysis is linked to cramps, but chronic kidney disease is not. […] Venous insufficiency is also linked to leg cramps, but research has not demonstrated that cramps are caused by tissue hypoxia or toxic metabolites. […] Pregnancy historically has been associated with leg cramps, although it is difficult to differentiate pregnancy itself as the primary cause as opposed to venous insufficiency.

• #33

  https://www.veinhealthinstitute.com/leg-cramps

  If you have low electrolyte levels, you may be diagnosed with: Hypokalemia: Low potassium levels, associated with leg cramps and muscle weakness and, in severe cases, muscle breakdown (known as rhabdomyolysis) […] Varicose veins are swollen, twisted veins found just underneath your skins surface, most often in your legs. […] Doctors and researchers are still learning why pregnancy is a common cause of leg cramps. Around 40 percent of pregnant women will experience leg cramping, especially at night. […] Some classes of medications are more likely to cause leg cramps than others. […] Statins are cholesterol-lowering medications prescribed to help reduce levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) or bad cholesterol. […] Diuretics, or water pills, help your kidneys get rid of extra salt and water in your urine.

• #34 Leg Cramps: Causes, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://www.webmd.com/sleep-disorders/leg-cramps

  Leg cramps are different from restless legs syndrome. Both tend to happen at night, but restless legs syndrome causes discomfort and an urge to move instead of painful muscle cramps. […] Experts don’t know the exact cause of nighttime leg cramps. They could happen because your nerves send the wrong signals to your muscles. […] You’re more likely to have leg cramps if you: Are 50 or older, Work your muscles too much, Sit too long without moving, Don’t drink enough water, Stand too long on hard surfaces. […] Other health conditions can also raise your chances of leg cramps, including: Diabetes, Neurological conditions like Parkinson’s disease, Alcohol abuse, Low blood sugar, Some hormone disorders, such as hypothyroidism, Too much or not enough of certain chemicals in your body, such as calcium, potassium, and magnesium, Flat feet, Pregnancy, Blood flow problems, Nerve damage.

• #35 Night leg cramps

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/symptoms/night-leg-cramps/basics/causes/sym-20050813

  Most of the time, there’s no known cause for night leg cramps. In general, they’re likely the result of tired muscles and nerve problems. […] The risk of having night leg cramps increases with age. Pregnant people also are more likely to have night leg cramps. […] Kidney failure, diabetic nerve damage and problems with blood flow are known to cause night leg cramps. […] People who take medicines that increase urine output might be more likely to have night leg cramps. But it’s not known if there’s a direct link. […] Other health issues that can sometimes be linked to night leg cramps include: Acute kidney injury, Addison’s disease, Alcohol use disorder, Anemia, Chronic kidney disease, Cirrhosis (scarring of the liver), Dehydration when the body doesn’t have enough water and other fluids to work as it should, Dialysis, High blood pressure (hypertension), Hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid) also known as overactive thyroid, Hypoglycemia, Hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid), Lack of physical activity, Medicines, such as those used to treat blood pressure problems and high cholesterol, and birth control pills, Muscle fatigue, Parkinson’s disease, Peripheral artery disease (PAD), Peripheral neuropathy, Pregnancy, Spinal stenosis, Type 1 diabetes, Type 2 diabetes. […] Causes shown here are commonly associated with this symptom. Work with your doctor or other health care professional for an accurate diagnosis.

• #36 Leg Cramps at Night: Causes, Pain Relief & Prevention

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/14170-leg-cramps

  Sometimes, leg cramps happen for no reason, but other times, they could be a sign or symptom of a health condition. Secondary leg cramps are a symptom or complication of a more serious health condition. […] Leg cramps can be a sign of serious conditions, including: ALS (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/Lou Gehrig’s disease): Progressive neuromuscular disease. Congestive heart failure: When your heart can’t pump blood well enough to give your body a normal supply. Cirrhosis of the liver: Scarring of your liver. Diabetes: A disease that prevents your body from properly using the energy from the food you eat.

• #37 Muscle Cramps

  https://practicalneurology.com/diseases-diagnoses/neuromuscular/muscle-cramps/31559/

  Muscle cramps are common in the setting of diabetes through a variety of mechanisms, the most important of which are neuropathy and nephropathy. Neurologic conditions in which peripheral nerve is affected are particularly prone to muscle cramps as a positive motor symptom. This includes motor neuron diseases, such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), where muscles cramps are an early and common symptom that may eventually fade as denervation becomes advanced. Axonal neuropathies including hereditary neuropathies, acquired neuropathies, and idiopathic neuropathies can be associated with muscle cramps. […] Myopathic cramps are common in metabolic myopathies, which present with exercise intolerance, myoglobinuria, and exertional cramps. The most common disorder of carbohydrate metabolism is McArdles disease, which presents with exercise-induced myalgias and muscle cramps, pain that intensifies with exercise, and electrically silent contracture. […] When no underlying cause is found, the term idiopathic muscle cramps is used. When idiopathic cramps occur in patients more than age 65 primarily nocturnally in the calves, the term nocturnal leg cramps of the elderly (NLCE) has been used.

• #38 Leg Cramps – Causes | Treatment | Prevention

  https://www.icliniq.com/articles/diseases-and-disorders-common-medical-conditions/leg-cramps

  Yes, there are many neurological causes of leg cramps. Conditions such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), peripheral neuropathies, and cramp-fasciculation syndrome are commonly associated with leg cramps. […] High blood pressure can cause pain, fatigue, and cramping in the legs due to insufficient muscle flow. […] Anxiety can cause tension within the muscles. Muscle tension often leads to severe strain on the muscles.

• #39 Nocturnal Leg Cramps | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2012/0815/p350.html

  Metabolic causes are suggested by the high prevalence in patients undergoing hemodialysis that is associated with hyperphosphatemia, but not with hyper- or hypocalcemia. […] Medication-related leg cramps are most commonly associated with intravenous iron sucrose, conjugated estrogens, raloxifene, naproxen, and teriparatide, although the overall incidence is very low. […] Several medical conditions are associated with leg cramps. […] Leg cramps have been linked to neurologic diseases such as parkinsonism and peripheral neuropathy. […] Lumbar canal stenosis also is associated with leg cramps. […] Hemodialysis is linked to cramps, but chronic kidney disease is not. […] Venous insufficiency is also linked to leg cramps, but research has not demonstrated that cramps are caused by tissue hypoxia or toxic metabolites. […] Pregnancy historically has been associated with leg cramps, although it is difficult to differentiate pregnancy itself as the primary cause as opposed to venous insufficiency.

• #40 Muscle cramp – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/muscle-cramp/symptoms-causes/syc-20350820

  Muscle cramps can happen after working a muscle too hard or straining it, losing body fluids through sweat or simply holding a position for a long time. Often, however, the cause isn’t known. […] Most muscle cramps are harmless. But some might be related to a medical concern, such as: […] Not enough blood flow. A narrowing of the arteries that bring blood to the legs can cause a cramping pain in the legs and feet during exercise. These cramps usually go away soon after exercise stops. […] Nerve compression. Pressure on the nerves in the spine also can cause cramping pain in the legs. The pain usually gets worse with walking. Walking bent slightly forward, such as when pushing a shopping cart, might ease cramping. […] Not enough minerals. Too little potassium, calcium or magnesium in the diet can cause leg cramps. Medicines often prescribed for high blood pressure can cause increased urination, which may drain the body of these minerals.

• #41 Nocturnal Leg Cramps | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2012/0815/p350.html

  Metabolic causes are suggested by the high prevalence in patients undergoing hemodialysis that is associated with hyperphosphatemia, but not with hyper- or hypocalcemia. […] Medication-related leg cramps are most commonly associated with intravenous iron sucrose, conjugated estrogens, raloxifene, naproxen, and teriparatide, although the overall incidence is very low. […] Several medical conditions are associated with leg cramps. […] Leg cramps have been linked to neurologic diseases such as parkinsonism and peripheral neuropathy. […] Lumbar canal stenosis also is associated with leg cramps. […] Hemodialysis is linked to cramps, but chronic kidney disease is not. […] Venous insufficiency is also linked to leg cramps, but research has not demonstrated that cramps are caused by tissue hypoxia or toxic metabolites. […] Pregnancy historically has been associated with leg cramps, although it is difficult to differentiate pregnancy itself as the primary cause as opposed to venous insufficiency.

• #42 10 Causes of Leg Cramps – Orthopedic Institute

  https://orthopedicinstitutesf.com/10-causes-of-leg-cramps/

  Bodies are meant to move, so staying in one position, regardless of whether you’re sitting or standing, puts you at greater risk for muscle cramps. […] Certain medications prescribed to treat Alzheimer’s, high cholesterol, asthma, Parkinson’s and osteoporosis have a tendency to cause muscle cramps. […] When you have a potassium deficiency, these signals are not relayed properly, and muscle contractions may be prolonged, causing a cramp. […] Poor circulation in your legs can prevent your leg muscles from getting all the oxygen they need to function. This can lead to leg pain, muscle spasms and cramps. […] Excessive drinking can alter the levels of thiamine, folate and vitamins B6, B12, and E, which are all needed for your nerves to function properly. […] Women in the third trimester of pregnancy often experience leg cramps, especially in the evening hours. […] One of the symptoms of multiple sclerosis is spasticity, a condition which causes certain muscles to be continuously contracted. Multiple sclerosis causes damage to the central nervous system, which can cause spasticity and lead to cramping in the legs.

• #43 13 Causes of Leg Cramps–and How To Stop Them – New Mexico Orthopaedic Associates

  https://nmortho.com/13-causes-leg-cramps-stop/

  If there’s no obvious cause of your leg cramps, then you might want to take a look at any recent additions to your medication list, Dr. Sontag says. Diuretics, a class of medications used to lower blood pressure, may trigger cramps because they deplete the body of fluid and salts, he explains. […] If your leg cramps seem spontaneous and not exercise-related, it’s important to see your doctor to rule out underlying concerns. Some, for instance, “those that affect how the body moves electrolytes,” Dr. Miranda-Comas says, can cause leg cramps. Others, like peripheral artery disease, when cholesterol clogs blood vessels in the legs, affect blood flow. […] Leg cramps can also be a symptom of the nervous system disorder multiple sclerosis. […] Much like overexcited nerves can cause overuse-related leg cramps, nerves that malfunction for other reasons can lead to cramping too. Osteoarthritis, the most common type of arthritis, is usually categorized by stiff and achy joints.

• #44 Leg Cramps: Causes, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://www.webmd.com/sleep-disorders/leg-cramps

  People with type 2 diabetes are highly prone to muscle cramps, particularly in their legs. […] Several drugs can trigger leg cramps. […] If you’re pregnant, you’ve got about a 50% chance of developing leg cramps. […] Some research does suggest that certain vitamins and minerals could provide relief. […] It’s unlikely that magnesium supplements will help your leg cramps, according to the latest expert reviews of the research. […] If you have low levels of certain minerals called electrolytes, you may experience leg cramps. These electrolytes include sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium.

• #45 Leg Cramp Causes and Remedies

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/pain-management/what-causes-leg-cramps/

  The causes of leg cramps are often overworking or straining your muscles during exercise, a lack of blood flow to the muscle, an electrolyte imbalance, or simply holding a position for long periods of time. […] Certain medical conditions and medications can make you more likely to have leg cramps. Diabetes, nutrient deficiencies, and blood flow problems are all possible causes. […] Dehydration (having too little fluid in your body) can cause leg cramps by altering your blood flow and the level of electrolytes in your body. […] Half or more of people with type 2 diabetes experience muscle cramps, and their pain is more severe than people without diabetes. […] Leg cramps are a common problem during pregnancy. Up to half of pregnant women get them, especially during the third trimester.

• #46 Night leg cramps

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/symptoms/night-leg-cramps/basics/causes/sym-20050813

  Most of the time, there’s no known cause for night leg cramps. In general, they’re likely the result of tired muscles and nerve problems. […] The risk of having night leg cramps increases with age. Pregnant people also are more likely to have night leg cramps. […] Kidney failure, diabetic nerve damage and problems with blood flow are known to cause night leg cramps. […] People who take medicines that increase urine output might be more likely to have night leg cramps. But it’s not known if there’s a direct link. […] Other health issues that can sometimes be linked to night leg cramps include: Acute kidney injury, Addison’s disease, Alcohol use disorder, Anemia, Chronic kidney disease, Cirrhosis (scarring of the liver), Dehydration when the body doesn’t have enough water and other fluids to work as it should, Dialysis, High blood pressure (hypertension), Hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid) also known as overactive thyroid, Hypoglycemia, Hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid), Lack of physical activity, Medicines, such as those used to treat blood pressure problems and high cholesterol, and birth control pills, Muscle fatigue, Parkinson’s disease, Peripheral artery disease (PAD), Peripheral neuropathy, Pregnancy, Spinal stenosis, Type 1 diabetes, Type 2 diabetes. […] Causes shown here are commonly associated with this symptom. Work with your doctor or other health care professional for an accurate diagnosis.

• #47 13 Causes of Leg Cramps–and How To Stop Them – New Mexico Orthopaedic Associates

  https://nmortho.com/13-causes-leg-cramps-stop/

  Too-high blood sugar levels in people with type 2 diabetes can lead to damage to the nerves in the legs, feet, arms, and hands called diabetic peripheral neuropathy. […] Thyroid conditions may also contribute to leg cramps, Dr. Sontag says. People with hypothyroidism produce too little thyroid hormone, and overtime that deficiency can damage the nerves that send signals from your brain and spine to your arms and legs.

• #48 Night leg cramps

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/symptoms/night-leg-cramps/basics/causes/sym-20050813

  Most of the time, there’s no known cause for night leg cramps. In general, they’re likely the result of tired muscles and nerve problems. […] The risk of having night leg cramps increases with age. Pregnant people also are more likely to have night leg cramps. […] Kidney failure, diabetic nerve damage and problems with blood flow are known to cause night leg cramps. […] People who take medicines that increase urine output might be more likely to have night leg cramps. But it’s not known if there’s a direct link. […] Other health issues that can sometimes be linked to night leg cramps include: Acute kidney injury, Addison’s disease, Alcohol use disorder, Anemia, Chronic kidney disease, Cirrhosis (scarring of the liver), Dehydration when the body doesn’t have enough water and other fluids to work as it should, Dialysis, High blood pressure (hypertension), Hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid) also known as overactive thyroid, Hypoglycemia, Hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid), Lack of physical activity, Medicines, such as those used to treat blood pressure problems and high cholesterol, and birth control pills, Muscle fatigue, Parkinson’s disease, Peripheral artery disease (PAD), Peripheral neuropathy, Pregnancy, Spinal stenosis, Type 1 diabetes, Type 2 diabetes. […] Causes shown here are commonly associated with this symptom. Work with your doctor or other health care professional for an accurate diagnosis.

• #49 Night leg cramps | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/symptoms/night-leg-cramps?content_id=SYM-20050813

  Night leg cramps usually involve calf muscles, although muscles in the feet or thighs might cramp as well. […] Most of the time, there’s no known cause for night leg cramps. In general, they’re likely the result of tired muscles and nerve problems. […] Kidney failure, diabetic nerve damage and problems with blood flow are known to cause night leg cramps. […] Other health issues that can sometimes be linked to night leg cramps include: Acute kidney injury, Addison’s disease, Alcohol use disorder, Anemia, Chronic kidney disease, Cirrhosis (scarring of the liver), Dehydration when the body doesn’t have enough water and other fluids to work as it should, Dialysis, High blood pressure (hypertension), Hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid), Hypoglycemia, Hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid), Lack of physical activity, Medicines, such as those used to treat blood pressure problems and high cholesterol, and birth control pills, Muscle fatigue, Parkinson’s disease, Peripheral artery disease (PAD), Peripheral neuropathy, Pregnancy, Spinal stenosis, Type 1 diabetes, Type 2 diabetes.

• #50 Leg Cramps: Causes, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://www.webmd.com/sleep-disorders/leg-cramps

  Leg cramps are different from restless legs syndrome. Both tend to happen at night, but restless legs syndrome causes discomfort and an urge to move instead of painful muscle cramps. […] Experts don’t know the exact cause of nighttime leg cramps. They could happen because your nerves send the wrong signals to your muscles. […] You’re more likely to have leg cramps if you: Are 50 or older, Work your muscles too much, Sit too long without moving, Don’t drink enough water, Stand too long on hard surfaces. […] Other health conditions can also raise your chances of leg cramps, including: Diabetes, Neurological conditions like Parkinson’s disease, Alcohol abuse, Low blood sugar, Some hormone disorders, such as hypothyroidism, Too much or not enough of certain chemicals in your body, such as calcium, potassium, and magnesium, Flat feet, Pregnancy, Blood flow problems, Nerve damage.

• #51 Night leg cramps

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/symptoms/night-leg-cramps/basics/causes/sym-20050813

  Most of the time, there’s no known cause for night leg cramps. In general, they’re likely the result of tired muscles and nerve problems. […] The risk of having night leg cramps increases with age. Pregnant people also are more likely to have night leg cramps. […] Kidney failure, diabetic nerve damage and problems with blood flow are known to cause night leg cramps. […] People who take medicines that increase urine output might be more likely to have night leg cramps. But it’s not known if there’s a direct link. […] Other health issues that can sometimes be linked to night leg cramps include: Acute kidney injury, Addison’s disease, Alcohol use disorder, Anemia, Chronic kidney disease, Cirrhosis (scarring of the liver), Dehydration when the body doesn’t have enough water and other fluids to work as it should, Dialysis, High blood pressure (hypertension), Hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid) also known as overactive thyroid, Hypoglycemia, Hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid), Lack of physical activity, Medicines, such as those used to treat blood pressure problems and high cholesterol, and birth control pills, Muscle fatigue, Parkinson’s disease, Peripheral artery disease (PAD), Peripheral neuropathy, Pregnancy, Spinal stenosis, Type 1 diabetes, Type 2 diabetes. […] Causes shown here are commonly associated with this symptom. Work with your doctor or other health care professional for an accurate diagnosis.

• #52 Muscle Cramps – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499895/

  The causes of these cramps are not well known but probably derived from neuronal hyperexcitability. […] The etiology of cramps in hemodialysis patients is not clear. […] The exact cause of this disorder is not completely clarified. It could be an alteration of neuromuscular function, excessive weight gain, peripheral nerve compressions, insufficient blood flow to the muscles, and increased work by the muscles of the lower limbs. […] The first theory of electrolyte alteration and cramping is not reflected in human model research. […] The causes of these cramps are not well known but probably derived from neuronal hyperexcitability. […] The presence of cramps varies depending on the muscle area: cervical (9%), thigh (43%), calf (70%), toe (50%), abdominal muscles (12%), and fingers (74%). […] The etiology of cramps in hemodialysis patients is not clear.

• #53 Nocturnal Leg Cramps | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2012/0815/p350.html

  Metabolic causes are suggested by the high prevalence in patients undergoing hemodialysis that is associated with hyperphosphatemia, but not with hyper- or hypocalcemia. […] Medication-related leg cramps are most commonly associated with intravenous iron sucrose, conjugated estrogens, raloxifene, naproxen, and teriparatide, although the overall incidence is very low. […] Several medical conditions are associated with leg cramps. […] Leg cramps have been linked to neurologic diseases such as parkinsonism and peripheral neuropathy. […] Lumbar canal stenosis also is associated with leg cramps. […] Hemodialysis is linked to cramps, but chronic kidney disease is not. […] Venous insufficiency is also linked to leg cramps, but research has not demonstrated that cramps are caused by tissue hypoxia or toxic metabolites. […] Pregnancy historically has been associated with leg cramps, although it is difficult to differentiate pregnancy itself as the primary cause as opposed to venous insufficiency.

• #54 Night leg cramps

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/symptoms/night-leg-cramps/basics/causes/sym-20050813

  Most of the time, there’s no known cause for night leg cramps. In general, they’re likely the result of tired muscles and nerve problems. […] The risk of having night leg cramps increases with age. Pregnant people also are more likely to have night leg cramps. […] Kidney failure, diabetic nerve damage and problems with blood flow are known to cause night leg cramps. […] People who take medicines that increase urine output might be more likely to have night leg cramps. But it’s not known if there’s a direct link. […] Other health issues that can sometimes be linked to night leg cramps include: Acute kidney injury, Addison’s disease, Alcohol use disorder, Anemia, Chronic kidney disease, Cirrhosis (scarring of the liver), Dehydration when the body doesn’t have enough water and other fluids to work as it should, Dialysis, High blood pressure (hypertension), Hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid) also known as overactive thyroid, Hypoglycemia, Hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid), Lack of physical activity, Medicines, such as those used to treat blood pressure problems and high cholesterol, and birth control pills, Muscle fatigue, Parkinson’s disease, Peripheral artery disease (PAD), Peripheral neuropathy, Pregnancy, Spinal stenosis, Type 1 diabetes, Type 2 diabetes. […] Causes shown here are commonly associated with this symptom. Work with your doctor or other health care professional for an accurate diagnosis.

• #55 Leg cramps: Causes, treatment, and prevention

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/180160

  Why leg cramps, or Charley horses, occur is often not clear. However, they may result from nerve dysfunction and various health conditions, such as diabetes and kidney failure. […] In most cases, people do not know why leg cramps happen, although there are a number of theories. […] Some research suggests that muscle fatigue and nerve dysfunction may play a role. […] Another theory is that cramps are more likely nowadays, as most people no longer squat, a position that stretches the calf muscles. […] Exercise is a factor. Stressing or using a muscle for a long time may trigger a leg cramp during or after the exertion. […] Sometimes leg cramps are caused by an underlying condition relating to the nervous system, circulation, metabolism, or hormones. […] Conditions that may cause cramps include: alcohol misuse, cirrhosis, chronic kidney failure, hemodialysis, cancer treatment, muscle fatigue, vascular disease, Parkinsons disease, peripheral artery disease (PAD), restless legs syndrome, pregnancy, especially in the later stages, motor neuron disease, Lou Gehrigs disease (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, or ALS), spinal nerve irritation or compression, hardening of the arteries, spinal stenosis, thyroid disease and hormonal problems, chronic infections, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), chronic kidney disease and kidney failure, diabetes, especially type 2 diabetes, fibromyalagia.

• #56 What Causes Leg Cramps in Pregnancy? | UNM Health Blog | Albuquerque, New Mexico

  https://unmhealth.org/stories/2021/06/leg-cramps-during-pregnancy.html

  Did you know around half of pregnant patients get leg cramps by their third trimester? […] Usually, leg cramps in pregnancy are nothing to worry about, however, sometimes they can be a sign of a more serious health problem. […] There are many potential causes for leg cramps during pregnancy. […] During pregnancy, hormone and diet changes can decrease your calcium and magnesium levels. […] Your blood volume will almost double during pregnancy. That can cause slower circulation, leading to swelling and cramping. […] Leg cramps are a common symptom of dehydration. […] Some of that weak, heavy or tired feeling might be coming from the added weight of the baby. Some may be from gaining additional weight during pregnancy. […] When the blood vessels in your legs and feet are strained, it can lead to increased leg cramps.

• #57

  https://www.prevention.com/health/a20515838/leg-cramps-at-night-charley-horse/

  Overworked muscles: Yes, movement does keep you limber, but having a particularly intense workout, standing too long on hard surfaces, or tensing up due to stress can have the opposite effect. […] Dehydration: Theres some evidence that dehydration causes nocturnal cramping. […] Medications: Studies have linked diuretics and medications that have diuretic effects (high blood pressure meds like Clorpres and Thalitone, for example) as well as asthma drugs (specifically, long-acting beta-adrenoceptors, or LABAs) to a greater risk for nocturnal cramping. […] Health conditions: Certain health conditions can increase the risk of nocturnal leg cramps such as diabetes, peripheral artery disease, and neurological disorders like Parkinsons disease, says Lassey. […] Pregnancy: Dr. Kelley says leg cramps are more common in pregnant women, and research shows that pregnancy is associated with more frequent leg cramps, possibly due to weight gain and disrupted circulation.

• #58 Leg cramps: Causes, treatment, and prevention

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/180160

  Why leg cramps, or Charley horses, occur is often not clear. However, they may result from nerve dysfunction and various health conditions, such as diabetes and kidney failure. […] In most cases, people do not know why leg cramps happen, although there are a number of theories. […] Some research suggests that muscle fatigue and nerve dysfunction may play a role. […] Another theory is that cramps are more likely nowadays, as most people no longer squat, a position that stretches the calf muscles. […] Exercise is a factor. Stressing or using a muscle for a long time may trigger a leg cramp during or after the exertion. […] Sometimes leg cramps are caused by an underlying condition relating to the nervous system, circulation, metabolism, or hormones. […] Conditions that may cause cramps include: alcohol misuse, cirrhosis, chronic kidney failure, hemodialysis, cancer treatment, muscle fatigue, vascular disease, Parkinsons disease, peripheral artery disease (PAD), restless legs syndrome, pregnancy, especially in the later stages, motor neuron disease, Lou Gehrigs disease (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, or ALS), spinal nerve irritation or compression, hardening of the arteries, spinal stenosis, thyroid disease and hormonal problems, chronic infections, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), chronic kidney disease and kidney failure, diabetes, especially type 2 diabetes, fibromyalagia.

• #59 Night leg cramps

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/symptoms/night-leg-cramps/basics/causes/sym-20050813

  Most of the time, there’s no known cause for night leg cramps. In general, they’re likely the result of tired muscles and nerve problems. […] The risk of having night leg cramps increases with age. Pregnant people also are more likely to have night leg cramps. […] Kidney failure, diabetic nerve damage and problems with blood flow are known to cause night leg cramps. […] People who take medicines that increase urine output might be more likely to have night leg cramps. But it’s not known if there’s a direct link. […] Other health issues that can sometimes be linked to night leg cramps include: Acute kidney injury, Addison’s disease, Alcohol use disorder, Anemia, Chronic kidney disease, Cirrhosis (scarring of the liver), Dehydration when the body doesn’t have enough water and other fluids to work as it should, Dialysis, High blood pressure (hypertension), Hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid) also known as overactive thyroid, Hypoglycemia, Hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid), Lack of physical activity, Medicines, such as those used to treat blood pressure problems and high cholesterol, and birth control pills, Muscle fatigue, Parkinson’s disease, Peripheral artery disease (PAD), Peripheral neuropathy, Pregnancy, Spinal stenosis, Type 1 diabetes, Type 2 diabetes. […] Causes shown here are commonly associated with this symptom. Work with your doctor or other health care professional for an accurate diagnosis.

• #60 10 Causes of Leg Cramps – Orthopedic Institute

  https://orthopedicinstitutesf.com/10-causes-of-leg-cramps/

  Bodies are meant to move, so staying in one position, regardless of whether you’re sitting or standing, puts you at greater risk for muscle cramps. […] Certain medications prescribed to treat Alzheimer’s, high cholesterol, asthma, Parkinson’s and osteoporosis have a tendency to cause muscle cramps. […] When you have a potassium deficiency, these signals are not relayed properly, and muscle contractions may be prolonged, causing a cramp. […] Poor circulation in your legs can prevent your leg muscles from getting all the oxygen they need to function. This can lead to leg pain, muscle spasms and cramps. […] Excessive drinking can alter the levels of thiamine, folate and vitamins B6, B12, and E, which are all needed for your nerves to function properly. […] Women in the third trimester of pregnancy often experience leg cramps, especially in the evening hours. […] One of the symptoms of multiple sclerosis is spasticity, a condition which causes certain muscles to be continuously contracted. Multiple sclerosis causes damage to the central nervous system, which can cause spasticity and lead to cramping in the legs.

• #61 Night leg cramps

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/symptoms/night-leg-cramps/basics/causes/sym-20050813

  Most of the time, there’s no known cause for night leg cramps. In general, they’re likely the result of tired muscles and nerve problems. […] The risk of having night leg cramps increases with age. Pregnant people also are more likely to have night leg cramps. […] Kidney failure, diabetic nerve damage and problems with blood flow are known to cause night leg cramps. […] People who take medicines that increase urine output might be more likely to have night leg cramps. But it’s not known if there’s a direct link. […] Other health issues that can sometimes be linked to night leg cramps include: Acute kidney injury, Addison’s disease, Alcohol use disorder, Anemia, Chronic kidney disease, Cirrhosis (scarring of the liver), Dehydration when the body doesn’t have enough water and other fluids to work as it should, Dialysis, High blood pressure (hypertension), Hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid) also known as overactive thyroid, Hypoglycemia, Hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid), Lack of physical activity, Medicines, such as those used to treat blood pressure problems and high cholesterol, and birth control pills, Muscle fatigue, Parkinson’s disease, Peripheral artery disease (PAD), Peripheral neuropathy, Pregnancy, Spinal stenosis, Type 1 diabetes, Type 2 diabetes. […] Causes shown here are commonly associated with this symptom. Work with your doctor or other health care professional for an accurate diagnosis.

• #62 Leg Cramps at Night: Pregnancy, Diabetes, Other Causes

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/leg-cramps-at-night-8575881

  Varicose veins are bulging, enlarged veins. […] Musculoskeletal disorders affect connective tissues, including bones, muscles, tendons, and ligaments. […] Leg cramps might occur as a side effect of medications, especially those that increase urine output. […] Cramps in the legs or elsewhere in the body might indicate a kidney problem. […] A type of nerve damage that may cause leg cramps is diabetic neuropathy. […] Severe anemia (a low number of healthy red blood cells) may cause painful lower leg cramps, especially in people with impaired blood circulation in the legs. […] Neurological disorders, like Parkinson’s disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), may cause leg cramps and muscle spasms, twitching, and weakness throughout the body. […] Congestive heart failure happens when the heart cannot pump blood well enough to provide the body with an adequate supply. The condition may cause leg cramps if it affects blood circulation in the legs.

• #63 Leg Cramps at Night: Pregnancy, Diabetes, Other Causes

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/leg-cramps-at-night-8575881

  Varicose veins are bulging, enlarged veins. […] Musculoskeletal disorders affect connective tissues, including bones, muscles, tendons, and ligaments. […] Leg cramps might occur as a side effect of medications, especially those that increase urine output. […] Cramps in the legs or elsewhere in the body might indicate a kidney problem. […] A type of nerve damage that may cause leg cramps is diabetic neuropathy. […] Severe anemia (a low number of healthy red blood cells) may cause painful lower leg cramps, especially in people with impaired blood circulation in the legs. […] Neurological disorders, like Parkinson’s disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), may cause leg cramps and muscle spasms, twitching, and weakness throughout the body. […] Congestive heart failure happens when the heart cannot pump blood well enough to provide the body with an adequate supply. The condition may cause leg cramps if it affects blood circulation in the legs.

• #64 Charley Horse: Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, & Prevention

  https://www.webmd.com/pain-management/muscle-spasms-cramps-charley-horse

  A charley horse is a muscle spasm — when a muscle suddenly tightens up on its own and cant relax. These cramps can happen anywhere in your body. They’re common in your legs and feet. […] Things that can trigger a charley horse include: Poor blood flow, Working your muscles too much, Not stretching enough, Being active in high or low temperatures, Dehydration, A lack of magnesium and/or potassium in your diet, Problems such as a spinal cord injury or a pinched nerve in your neck or back, Kidney disease, Getting dialysis, a treatment you get when you have kidney failure, Pregnancy, Stress, Poor posture, Muscle injury, Hyperexcitable nerves. […] Muscle cramps can also be a side effect of some drugs, such as: Albuterol (Proventil, Ventolin) and terbutaline (Brethine) — which are asthma medications, Donepezil (Aricept), used to treat Alzheimer’s disease, Furosemide (Lasix), hydrochlorothiazide (Microzide), and other diuretics („water pills”) that lower the levels of certain electrolytes (sodium and potassium) and take fluid out of your body, Neostigmine (Prostigmine), used for myasthenia gravis, Nifedipine (Procardia), a treatment for angina and high blood pressure, Raloxifene (Evista), an osteoporosis treatment, Tolcapone (Tasmar), which treats Parkinson’s disease, Statin medications for cholesterol, such as atorvastatin (Lipitor), fluvastatin (Lescol), lovastatin (Mevacor), pravastatin (Pravachol), rosuvastatin (Crestor), or simvastatin (Zocor).

• #65 Muscle Cramps (Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment)

  https://patient.info/doctor/muscle-cramps

  Muscle cramps are very common and 'cramp’ is usually taken to mean 'a spasmodic, painful, involuntary contraction of skeletal muscle’. Cramps usually last for a few seconds (but may last up to several minutes) and cease spontaneously, although pain and tenderness may persist for several hours afterwards. […] There are many causes. Cramps can be grouped according to their underlying aetiology: Paraphysiological cramps, Symptomatic cramps, Idiopathic cramps. […] Cramps may also occur in association with metabolic disturbance, including: Hyponatraemia, Hypokalaemia and hyperkalaemia, Hypocalcaemia, Hypomagnesaemia, Hypoglycaemia. One or more of these may be the underlying aetiology in many of the causes listed below. […] Always exclude a medicine-related cause. Implicated drugs include: Salbutamol and terbutaline, Raloxifene, Opiate withdrawal, Diuretics cause electrolyte loss, Nifedipine, Phenothiazines, Penicillamine, Nicotinic acid, Statins.

• #66 Charley Horse: Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, & Prevention

  https://www.webmd.com/pain-management/muscle-spasms-cramps-charley-horse

  A charley horse is a muscle spasm — when a muscle suddenly tightens up on its own and cant relax. These cramps can happen anywhere in your body. They’re common in your legs and feet. […] Things that can trigger a charley horse include: Poor blood flow, Working your muscles too much, Not stretching enough, Being active in high or low temperatures, Dehydration, A lack of magnesium and/or potassium in your diet, Problems such as a spinal cord injury or a pinched nerve in your neck or back, Kidney disease, Getting dialysis, a treatment you get when you have kidney failure, Pregnancy, Stress, Poor posture, Muscle injury, Hyperexcitable nerves. […] Muscle cramps can also be a side effect of some drugs, such as: Albuterol (Proventil, Ventolin) and terbutaline (Brethine) — which are asthma medications, Donepezil (Aricept), used to treat Alzheimer’s disease, Furosemide (Lasix), hydrochlorothiazide (Microzide), and other diuretics („water pills”) that lower the levels of certain electrolytes (sodium and potassium) and take fluid out of your body, Neostigmine (Prostigmine), used for myasthenia gravis, Nifedipine (Procardia), a treatment for angina and high blood pressure, Raloxifene (Evista), an osteoporosis treatment, Tolcapone (Tasmar), which treats Parkinson’s disease, Statin medications for cholesterol, such as atorvastatin (Lipitor), fluvastatin (Lescol), lovastatin (Mevacor), pravastatin (Pravachol), rosuvastatin (Crestor), or simvastatin (Zocor).

• #67

  https://www.prevention.com/health/a20515838/leg-cramps-at-night-charley-horse/

  Overworked muscles: Yes, movement does keep you limber, but having a particularly intense workout, standing too long on hard surfaces, or tensing up due to stress can have the opposite effect. […] Dehydration: Theres some evidence that dehydration causes nocturnal cramping. […] Medications: Studies have linked diuretics and medications that have diuretic effects (high blood pressure meds like Clorpres and Thalitone, for example) as well as asthma drugs (specifically, long-acting beta-adrenoceptors, or LABAs) to a greater risk for nocturnal cramping. […] Health conditions: Certain health conditions can increase the risk of nocturnal leg cramps such as diabetes, peripheral artery disease, and neurological disorders like Parkinsons disease, says Lassey. […] Pregnancy: Dr. Kelley says leg cramps are more common in pregnant women, and research shows that pregnancy is associated with more frequent leg cramps, possibly due to weight gain and disrupted circulation.

• #68

  https://www.veinhealthinstitute.com/leg-cramps

  If you have low electrolyte levels, you may be diagnosed with: Hypokalemia: Low potassium levels, associated with leg cramps and muscle weakness and, in severe cases, muscle breakdown (known as rhabdomyolysis) […] Varicose veins are swollen, twisted veins found just underneath your skins surface, most often in your legs. […] Doctors and researchers are still learning why pregnancy is a common cause of leg cramps. Around 40 percent of pregnant women will experience leg cramping, especially at night. […] Some classes of medications are more likely to cause leg cramps than others. […] Statins are cholesterol-lowering medications prescribed to help reduce levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) or bad cholesterol. […] Diuretics, or water pills, help your kidneys get rid of extra salt and water in your urine.

• #69 Muscle Cramps (Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment)

  https://patient.info/doctor/muscle-cramps

  Muscle cramps are very common and 'cramp’ is usually taken to mean 'a spasmodic, painful, involuntary contraction of skeletal muscle’. Cramps usually last for a few seconds (but may last up to several minutes) and cease spontaneously, although pain and tenderness may persist for several hours afterwards. […] There are many causes. Cramps can be grouped according to their underlying aetiology: Paraphysiological cramps, Symptomatic cramps, Idiopathic cramps. […] Cramps may also occur in association with metabolic disturbance, including: Hyponatraemia, Hypokalaemia and hyperkalaemia, Hypocalcaemia, Hypomagnesaemia, Hypoglycaemia. One or more of these may be the underlying aetiology in many of the causes listed below. […] Always exclude a medicine-related cause. Implicated drugs include: Salbutamol and terbutaline, Raloxifene, Opiate withdrawal, Diuretics cause electrolyte loss, Nifedipine, Phenothiazines, Penicillamine, Nicotinic acid, Statins.

• #70 Charley Horse: Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, & Prevention

  https://www.webmd.com/pain-management/muscle-spasms-cramps-charley-horse

  A charley horse is a muscle spasm — when a muscle suddenly tightens up on its own and cant relax. These cramps can happen anywhere in your body. They’re common in your legs and feet. […] Things that can trigger a charley horse include: Poor blood flow, Working your muscles too much, Not stretching enough, Being active in high or low temperatures, Dehydration, A lack of magnesium and/or potassium in your diet, Problems such as a spinal cord injury or a pinched nerve in your neck or back, Kidney disease, Getting dialysis, a treatment you get when you have kidney failure, Pregnancy, Stress, Poor posture, Muscle injury, Hyperexcitable nerves. […] Muscle cramps can also be a side effect of some drugs, such as: Albuterol (Proventil, Ventolin) and terbutaline (Brethine) — which are asthma medications, Donepezil (Aricept), used to treat Alzheimer’s disease, Furosemide (Lasix), hydrochlorothiazide (Microzide), and other diuretics („water pills”) that lower the levels of certain electrolytes (sodium and potassium) and take fluid out of your body, Neostigmine (Prostigmine), used for myasthenia gravis, Nifedipine (Procardia), a treatment for angina and high blood pressure, Raloxifene (Evista), an osteoporosis treatment, Tolcapone (Tasmar), which treats Parkinson’s disease, Statin medications for cholesterol, such as atorvastatin (Lipitor), fluvastatin (Lescol), lovastatin (Mevacor), pravastatin (Pravachol), rosuvastatin (Crestor), or simvastatin (Zocor).

• #71 Muscle Cramps (Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment)

  https://patient.info/doctor/muscle-cramps

  Muscle cramps are very common and 'cramp’ is usually taken to mean 'a spasmodic, painful, involuntary contraction of skeletal muscle’. Cramps usually last for a few seconds (but may last up to several minutes) and cease spontaneously, although pain and tenderness may persist for several hours afterwards. […] There are many causes. Cramps can be grouped according to their underlying aetiology: Paraphysiological cramps, Symptomatic cramps, Idiopathic cramps. […] Cramps may also occur in association with metabolic disturbance, including: Hyponatraemia, Hypokalaemia and hyperkalaemia, Hypocalcaemia, Hypomagnesaemia, Hypoglycaemia. One or more of these may be the underlying aetiology in many of the causes listed below. […] Always exclude a medicine-related cause. Implicated drugs include: Salbutamol and terbutaline, Raloxifene, Opiate withdrawal, Diuretics cause electrolyte loss, Nifedipine, Phenothiazines, Penicillamine, Nicotinic acid, Statins.

• #72 Charley Horse: Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, & Prevention

  https://www.webmd.com/pain-management/muscle-spasms-cramps-charley-horse

  A charley horse is a muscle spasm — when a muscle suddenly tightens up on its own and cant relax. These cramps can happen anywhere in your body. They’re common in your legs and feet. […] Things that can trigger a charley horse include: Poor blood flow, Working your muscles too much, Not stretching enough, Being active in high or low temperatures, Dehydration, A lack of magnesium and/or potassium in your diet, Problems such as a spinal cord injury or a pinched nerve in your neck or back, Kidney disease, Getting dialysis, a treatment you get when you have kidney failure, Pregnancy, Stress, Poor posture, Muscle injury, Hyperexcitable nerves. […] Muscle cramps can also be a side effect of some drugs, such as: Albuterol (Proventil, Ventolin) and terbutaline (Brethine) — which are asthma medications, Donepezil (Aricept), used to treat Alzheimer’s disease, Furosemide (Lasix), hydrochlorothiazide (Microzide), and other diuretics („water pills”) that lower the levels of certain electrolytes (sodium and potassium) and take fluid out of your body, Neostigmine (Prostigmine), used for myasthenia gravis, Nifedipine (Procardia), a treatment for angina and high blood pressure, Raloxifene (Evista), an osteoporosis treatment, Tolcapone (Tasmar), which treats Parkinson’s disease, Statin medications for cholesterol, such as atorvastatin (Lipitor), fluvastatin (Lescol), lovastatin (Mevacor), pravastatin (Pravachol), rosuvastatin (Crestor), or simvastatin (Zocor).

• #73 Charley Horse: Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, & Prevention

  https://www.webmd.com/pain-management/muscle-spasms-cramps-charley-horse

  A charley horse is a muscle spasm — when a muscle suddenly tightens up on its own and cant relax. These cramps can happen anywhere in your body. They’re common in your legs and feet. […] Things that can trigger a charley horse include: Poor blood flow, Working your muscles too much, Not stretching enough, Being active in high or low temperatures, Dehydration, A lack of magnesium and/or potassium in your diet, Problems such as a spinal cord injury or a pinched nerve in your neck or back, Kidney disease, Getting dialysis, a treatment you get when you have kidney failure, Pregnancy, Stress, Poor posture, Muscle injury, Hyperexcitable nerves. […] Muscle cramps can also be a side effect of some drugs, such as: Albuterol (Proventil, Ventolin) and terbutaline (Brethine) — which are asthma medications, Donepezil (Aricept), used to treat Alzheimer’s disease, Furosemide (Lasix), hydrochlorothiazide (Microzide), and other diuretics („water pills”) that lower the levels of certain electrolytes (sodium and potassium) and take fluid out of your body, Neostigmine (Prostigmine), used for myasthenia gravis, Nifedipine (Procardia), a treatment for angina and high blood pressure, Raloxifene (Evista), an osteoporosis treatment, Tolcapone (Tasmar), which treats Parkinson’s disease, Statin medications for cholesterol, such as atorvastatin (Lipitor), fluvastatin (Lescol), lovastatin (Mevacor), pravastatin (Pravachol), rosuvastatin (Crestor), or simvastatin (Zocor).

• #74 Charley Horse: Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, & Prevention

  https://www.webmd.com/pain-management/muscle-spasms-cramps-charley-horse

  A charley horse is a muscle spasm — when a muscle suddenly tightens up on its own and cant relax. These cramps can happen anywhere in your body. They’re common in your legs and feet. […] Things that can trigger a charley horse include: Poor blood flow, Working your muscles too much, Not stretching enough, Being active in high or low temperatures, Dehydration, A lack of magnesium and/or potassium in your diet, Problems such as a spinal cord injury or a pinched nerve in your neck or back, Kidney disease, Getting dialysis, a treatment you get when you have kidney failure, Pregnancy, Stress, Poor posture, Muscle injury, Hyperexcitable nerves. […] Muscle cramps can also be a side effect of some drugs, such as: Albuterol (Proventil, Ventolin) and terbutaline (Brethine) — which are asthma medications, Donepezil (Aricept), used to treat Alzheimer’s disease, Furosemide (Lasix), hydrochlorothiazide (Microzide), and other diuretics („water pills”) that lower the levels of certain electrolytes (sodium and potassium) and take fluid out of your body, Neostigmine (Prostigmine), used for myasthenia gravis, Nifedipine (Procardia), a treatment for angina and high blood pressure, Raloxifene (Evista), an osteoporosis treatment, Tolcapone (Tasmar), which treats Parkinson’s disease, Statin medications for cholesterol, such as atorvastatin (Lipitor), fluvastatin (Lescol), lovastatin (Mevacor), pravastatin (Pravachol), rosuvastatin (Crestor), or simvastatin (Zocor).

• #75

  https://www.veinhealthinstitute.com/leg-cramps

  Raloxifene (Evista) is a medication used to treat and prevent invasive breast cancer in women who are at a high risk of developing the disease. […] Conjugated estrogens (Premarin) are also used to treat osteoporosis, breast cancer, and hot flashes in postmenopausal women. […] Intravenous iron sucrose (Venofer) is a medication used to treat anemia (low red blood cell count) caused by low iron levels. […] Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is a cardiovascular disease caused by the buildup of fats, cholesterol, and blood cells in your arteries. […] If you are living with kidney failure, you will likely need dialysis to replace the function of your kidneys. […] Lumbar spinal stenosis is diagnosed when the space surrounding the spinal cord (the spinal canal) in your lower back becomes narrowed.

• #76 Charley Horse: Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, & Prevention

  https://www.webmd.com/pain-management/muscle-spasms-cramps-charley-horse

  A charley horse is a muscle spasm — when a muscle suddenly tightens up on its own and cant relax. These cramps can happen anywhere in your body. They’re common in your legs and feet. […] Things that can trigger a charley horse include: Poor blood flow, Working your muscles too much, Not stretching enough, Being active in high or low temperatures, Dehydration, A lack of magnesium and/or potassium in your diet, Problems such as a spinal cord injury or a pinched nerve in your neck or back, Kidney disease, Getting dialysis, a treatment you get when you have kidney failure, Pregnancy, Stress, Poor posture, Muscle injury, Hyperexcitable nerves. […] Muscle cramps can also be a side effect of some drugs, such as: Albuterol (Proventil, Ventolin) and terbutaline (Brethine) — which are asthma medications, Donepezil (Aricept), used to treat Alzheimer’s disease, Furosemide (Lasix), hydrochlorothiazide (Microzide), and other diuretics („water pills”) that lower the levels of certain electrolytes (sodium and potassium) and take fluid out of your body, Neostigmine (Prostigmine), used for myasthenia gravis, Nifedipine (Procardia), a treatment for angina and high blood pressure, Raloxifene (Evista), an osteoporosis treatment, Tolcapone (Tasmar), which treats Parkinson’s disease, Statin medications for cholesterol, such as atorvastatin (Lipitor), fluvastatin (Lescol), lovastatin (Mevacor), pravastatin (Pravachol), rosuvastatin (Crestor), or simvastatin (Zocor).

• #77 Muscle Cramps (Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment)

  https://patient.info/doctor/muscle-cramps

  Muscle cramps are very common and 'cramp’ is usually taken to mean 'a spasmodic, painful, involuntary contraction of skeletal muscle’. Cramps usually last for a few seconds (but may last up to several minutes) and cease spontaneously, although pain and tenderness may persist for several hours afterwards. […] There are many causes. Cramps can be grouped according to their underlying aetiology: Paraphysiological cramps, Symptomatic cramps, Idiopathic cramps. […] Cramps may also occur in association with metabolic disturbance, including: Hyponatraemia, Hypokalaemia and hyperkalaemia, Hypocalcaemia, Hypomagnesaemia, Hypoglycaemia. One or more of these may be the underlying aetiology in many of the causes listed below. […] Always exclude a medicine-related cause. Implicated drugs include: Salbutamol and terbutaline, Raloxifene, Opiate withdrawal, Diuretics cause electrolyte loss, Nifedipine, Phenothiazines, Penicillamine, Nicotinic acid, Statins.

• #78 Night leg cramps

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/symptoms/night-leg-cramps/basics/causes/sym-20050813

  Most of the time, there’s no known cause for night leg cramps. In general, they’re likely the result of tired muscles and nerve problems. […] The risk of having night leg cramps increases with age. Pregnant people also are more likely to have night leg cramps. […] Kidney failure, diabetic nerve damage and problems with blood flow are known to cause night leg cramps. […] People who take medicines that increase urine output might be more likely to have night leg cramps. But it’s not known if there’s a direct link. […] Other health issues that can sometimes be linked to night leg cramps include: Acute kidney injury, Addison’s disease, Alcohol use disorder, Anemia, Chronic kidney disease, Cirrhosis (scarring of the liver), Dehydration when the body doesn’t have enough water and other fluids to work as it should, Dialysis, High blood pressure (hypertension), Hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid) also known as overactive thyroid, Hypoglycemia, Hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid), Lack of physical activity, Medicines, such as those used to treat blood pressure problems and high cholesterol, and birth control pills, Muscle fatigue, Parkinson’s disease, Peripheral artery disease (PAD), Peripheral neuropathy, Pregnancy, Spinal stenosis, Type 1 diabetes, Type 2 diabetes. […] Causes shown here are commonly associated with this symptom. Work with your doctor or other health care professional for an accurate diagnosis.

• #79 Night leg cramps | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/symptoms/night-leg-cramps?content_id=SYM-20050813

  Night leg cramps usually involve calf muscles, although muscles in the feet or thighs might cramp as well. […] Most of the time, there’s no known cause for night leg cramps. In general, they’re likely the result of tired muscles and nerve problems. […] Kidney failure, diabetic nerve damage and problems with blood flow are known to cause night leg cramps. […] Other health issues that can sometimes be linked to night leg cramps include: Acute kidney injury, Addison’s disease, Alcohol use disorder, Anemia, Chronic kidney disease, Cirrhosis (scarring of the liver), Dehydration when the body doesn’t have enough water and other fluids to work as it should, Dialysis, High blood pressure (hypertension), Hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid), Hypoglycemia, Hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid), Lack of physical activity, Medicines, such as those used to treat blood pressure problems and high cholesterol, and birth control pills, Muscle fatigue, Parkinson’s disease, Peripheral artery disease (PAD), Peripheral neuropathy, Pregnancy, Spinal stenosis, Type 1 diabetes, Type 2 diabetes.

• #80 Nocturnal Leg Cramps | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2012/0815/p350.html

  Metabolic causes are suggested by the high prevalence in patients undergoing hemodialysis that is associated with hyperphosphatemia, but not with hyper- or hypocalcemia. […] Medication-related leg cramps are most commonly associated with intravenous iron sucrose, conjugated estrogens, raloxifene, naproxen, and teriparatide, although the overall incidence is very low. […] Several medical conditions are associated with leg cramps. […] Leg cramps have been linked to neurologic diseases such as parkinsonism and peripheral neuropathy. […] Lumbar canal stenosis also is associated with leg cramps. […] Hemodialysis is linked to cramps, but chronic kidney disease is not. […] Venous insufficiency is also linked to leg cramps, but research has not demonstrated that cramps are caused by tissue hypoxia or toxic metabolites. […] Pregnancy historically has been associated with leg cramps, although it is difficult to differentiate pregnancy itself as the primary cause as opposed to venous insufficiency.

• #81

  https://www.veinhealthinstitute.com/leg-cramps

  Raloxifene (Evista) is a medication used to treat and prevent invasive breast cancer in women who are at a high risk of developing the disease. […] Conjugated estrogens (Premarin) are also used to treat osteoporosis, breast cancer, and hot flashes in postmenopausal women. […] Intravenous iron sucrose (Venofer) is a medication used to treat anemia (low red blood cell count) caused by low iron levels. […] Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is a cardiovascular disease caused by the buildup of fats, cholesterol, and blood cells in your arteries. […] If you are living with kidney failure, you will likely need dialysis to replace the function of your kidneys. […] Lumbar spinal stenosis is diagnosed when the space surrounding the spinal cord (the spinal canal) in your lower back becomes narrowed.

• #82

  https://www.veinhealthinstitute.com/leg-cramps

  Raloxifene (Evista) is a medication used to treat and prevent invasive breast cancer in women who are at a high risk of developing the disease. […] Conjugated estrogens (Premarin) are also used to treat osteoporosis, breast cancer, and hot flashes in postmenopausal women. […] Intravenous iron sucrose (Venofer) is a medication used to treat anemia (low red blood cell count) caused by low iron levels. […] Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is a cardiovascular disease caused by the buildup of fats, cholesterol, and blood cells in your arteries. […] If you are living with kidney failure, you will likely need dialysis to replace the function of your kidneys. […] Lumbar spinal stenosis is diagnosed when the space surrounding the spinal cord (the spinal canal) in your lower back becomes narrowed.

• #83 10 Causes of Leg Cramps – Orthopedic Institute

  https://orthopedicinstitutesf.com/10-causes-of-leg-cramps/

  Leg cramps are a pain, literally! It may not always obvious what causes them, but the pain associated with leg cramps makes them nearly impossible to ignore. The Orthopedic Institute team has compiled a list of 10 common causes of leg cramps to help you understand and avoid this pesky problem. […] Dehydration is one of the most common causes of leg cramps. A cramp is an involuntary contraction of a muscle. The fluids in your body allow your muscles to relax, but—when those muscles are dehydrated—they get irritable and prone to cramping. […] In addition to dehydration, leg muscles can also cramp from overuse. When doing particularly intense physical activity, the nerves in your spine can become overexcited and fire involuntarily, contracting your muscles and causing a cramp. […] If you use them for extended periods of time without proper rest, the potential for leg cramps is greatly increased.

• #84 Leg Cramps: Causes, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://www.webmd.com/sleep-disorders/leg-cramps

  Leg cramps are different from restless legs syndrome. Both tend to happen at night, but restless legs syndrome causes discomfort and an urge to move instead of painful muscle cramps. […] Experts don’t know the exact cause of nighttime leg cramps. They could happen because your nerves send the wrong signals to your muscles. […] You’re more likely to have leg cramps if you: Are 50 or older, Work your muscles too much, Sit too long without moving, Don’t drink enough water, Stand too long on hard surfaces. […] Other health conditions can also raise your chances of leg cramps, including: Diabetes, Neurological conditions like Parkinson’s disease, Alcohol abuse, Low blood sugar, Some hormone disorders, such as hypothyroidism, Too much or not enough of certain chemicals in your body, such as calcium, potassium, and magnesium, Flat feet, Pregnancy, Blood flow problems, Nerve damage.

• #85 Night leg cramps

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/symptoms/night-leg-cramps/basics/causes/sym-20050813

  Most of the time, there’s no known cause for night leg cramps. In general, they’re likely the result of tired muscles and nerve problems. […] The risk of having night leg cramps increases with age. Pregnant people also are more likely to have night leg cramps. […] Kidney failure, diabetic nerve damage and problems with blood flow are known to cause night leg cramps. […] People who take medicines that increase urine output might be more likely to have night leg cramps. But it’s not known if there’s a direct link. […] Other health issues that can sometimes be linked to night leg cramps include: Acute kidney injury, Addison’s disease, Alcohol use disorder, Anemia, Chronic kidney disease, Cirrhosis (scarring of the liver), Dehydration when the body doesn’t have enough water and other fluids to work as it should, Dialysis, High blood pressure (hypertension), Hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid) also known as overactive thyroid, Hypoglycemia, Hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid), Lack of physical activity, Medicines, such as those used to treat blood pressure problems and high cholesterol, and birth control pills, Muscle fatigue, Parkinson’s disease, Peripheral artery disease (PAD), Peripheral neuropathy, Pregnancy, Spinal stenosis, Type 1 diabetes, Type 2 diabetes. […] Causes shown here are commonly associated with this symptom. Work with your doctor or other health care professional for an accurate diagnosis.

• #86 Muscle Spasms (Muscle Cramps): Causes, Treatment & Prevention

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/muscle-spasms-muscle-cramps

  Muscle spasms (muscle cramps) can involve part or all of a muscle or several muscles in a group. […] Muscle spasms can happen to anyone at any time. […] Experts aren’t exactly sure why some people get muscle spasms more than others. One or more of the following may be to blame in most cases: Not enough stretching, muscle fatigue, exercising in extreme heat (heat cramps), dehydration, electrolyte imbalance (having too many or too few salts and minerals like potassium, magnesium and calcium, in your body), stress, too much high-intensity exercise. […] Possible causes for nocturnal leg cramps (leg cramps at night), specifically, include: sitting for long periods of time, overusing your muscles, standing or working on concrete floors, sitting improperly. […] Deficiencies in these vitamins and minerals may cause muscle cramps: calcium, potassium, magnesium (hypomagnesemia), vitamin D. […] Severe muscle cramps all over your body could indicate an electrolyte imbalance or a serious underlying medical condition like atherosclerosis, thyroid disease or multiple sclerosis (MS).

• #87 13 Causes of Leg Cramps–and How To Stop Them – New Mexico Orthopaedic Associates

  https://nmortho.com/13-causes-leg-cramps-stop/

  Pregnancy increases a woman’s risk for leg cramps, especially during the second and third trimesters. “This is most likely because the odds of magnesium and potassium deficiency are higher during pregnancy,” Peterson says. […] Whenever cramps are induced by starting or restarting an exercise, that’s usually an indication of ‘too much, too soon,’” Dr. Miranda-Comas explains. “Your muscles don’t act and respond the same when you jog and sprint, for instance, so any increase in workout volume or intensity can trigger cramps.” […] You may be more prone to leg cramps when you’re already overtired. […] Muscles were made to move, contract, and rest, so if you’re doing anything out of the ordinary—sitting at a conference all day, standing in line at an amusement park—you might experience some leg cramping.

• #88 9 Causes of Leg Cramps—and How To Stop Them | TIME

  https://time.com/4882188/what-are-leg-cramps-dehydration/

  One of the classic causes of leg cramps is dehydration. […] If you’re low in certain electrolytes and other minerals, that imbalance can trigger spontaneous cramping. […] Pregnancy increases a woman’s risk for leg cramps, especially during the second and third trimesters. […] Independent of an exerciser’s hydration status, many experience leg cramping due to overuse. […] Whenever cramps are induced by starting or restarting an exercise, that’s usually an indication of too much, too soon. […] You may be more prone to leg cramps when you’re already overtired. […] Prolonged sitting may predispose the muscles to malfunction, he explains, as the muscle fibers may become hyperactive. […] Diuretics, a class of medications used to lower blood pressure, may trigger cramps because they deplete the body of fluid and salts. […] If your leg cramps seem spontaneous and not exercise-related, it’s important to see your doctor to rule out underlying concerns.

• #89 Muscle cramp | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/muscle-cramp

  A muscle cramp is an uncontrollable and painful spasm of a muscle. […] The exact cause of cramp is unknown but risk factors may include poor physical condition, mineral and electrolyte imbalances and tight, inflexible muscles. […] The exact cause of muscle cramp is not known, but risk factors may include: tight, inflexible muscles, poor physical condition, poor muscle tone, inadequate diet, physical overexertion, physical exertion of cold muscles, muscle injury, muscle fatigue, excessive perspiration, dehydration caused by, for example, a bout of gastroenteritis, reduced blood supply (ischaemia), wearing high-heeled shoes for lengthy periods. […] Certain diseases or conditions may increase the risk of muscle cramp, including: Atherosclerosis a condition characterised by narrowed arteries due to the formation of fatty plaques. Muscles are more likely to cramp if their blood supply is inadequate. […] Some medical conditions require the regular use of fluid pills (diuretics). These drugs can interfere with the bodys mineral balance and contribute to cramping.

• #90 Why Do My Feet and Legs Cramp? — Westfield Foot and Ankle, LLC

  https://www.westfieldfoot.com/podiatrist-blog/2020/12/14/why-do-my-feet-and-legs-cramp

  Sometimes, something more serious could be causing your foot or leg cramps. Certain types of nerve disease, including peripheral neuropathy, can give you foot or leg cramps. […] You may develop cramps when your blood doesn’t flow properly through your body. That’s why leg cramps are a classic symptom of Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD). […] Other medical conditions that can cause cramping include spinal stenosis, metabolic issues such as Type 1 or Type 2 diabetes, osteoarthritis, Addison’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, sarcoidosis, cirrhosis, and being on kidney dialysis. […] Certain medications can induce foot or leg cramping as a side effect. […] If your diet is low in potassium, calcium, or magnesium, you may experience painful cramps. Deficiencies in vitamin B12 and vitamin D can also cause foot and leg cramps. […] Poor-fitting shoes are one of the most common causes of foot cramps, and it’s easy to fix that problem!

• #91 Muscle Spasms (Muscle Cramps): Causes, Treatment & Prevention

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/muscle-spasms-muscle-cramps

  Muscle spasms (muscle cramps) can involve part or all of a muscle or several muscles in a group. […] Muscle spasms can happen to anyone at any time. […] Experts aren’t exactly sure why some people get muscle spasms more than others. One or more of the following may be to blame in most cases: Not enough stretching, muscle fatigue, exercising in extreme heat (heat cramps), dehydration, electrolyte imbalance (having too many or too few salts and minerals like potassium, magnesium and calcium, in your body), stress, too much high-intensity exercise. […] Possible causes for nocturnal leg cramps (leg cramps at night), specifically, include: sitting for long periods of time, overusing your muscles, standing or working on concrete floors, sitting improperly. […] Deficiencies in these vitamins and minerals may cause muscle cramps: calcium, potassium, magnesium (hypomagnesemia), vitamin D. […] Severe muscle cramps all over your body could indicate an electrolyte imbalance or a serious underlying medical condition like atherosclerosis, thyroid disease or multiple sclerosis (MS).

• #92

  https://www.prevention.com/health/a20515838/leg-cramps-at-night-charley-horse/

  Overworked muscles: Yes, movement does keep you limber, but having a particularly intense workout, standing too long on hard surfaces, or tensing up due to stress can have the opposite effect. […] Dehydration: Theres some evidence that dehydration causes nocturnal cramping. […] Medications: Studies have linked diuretics and medications that have diuretic effects (high blood pressure meds like Clorpres and Thalitone, for example) as well as asthma drugs (specifically, long-acting beta-adrenoceptors, or LABAs) to a greater risk for nocturnal cramping. […] Health conditions: Certain health conditions can increase the risk of nocturnal leg cramps such as diabetes, peripheral artery disease, and neurological disorders like Parkinsons disease, says Lassey. […] Pregnancy: Dr. Kelley says leg cramps are more common in pregnant women, and research shows that pregnancy is associated with more frequent leg cramps, possibly due to weight gain and disrupted circulation.

• #93 Leg Cramps: Pains in the Leg Muscle | Pantai Hospitals

  https://www.pantai.com.my/health-pulse/leg-cramps

  Leg cramps may occur for no apparent reason (idiopathic leg cramps) or due to a symptom or complication of a condition (secondary leg cramps). […] Some of the most common causes of idiopathic leg cramps include: Overexertion of leg muscles (muscle fatigue). […] Some of the most common causes of secondary leg cramps include: Dehydration that leads to decreased salt levels due to low levels of water in your body. […] Extra weight during pregnancy may strain the leg muscles and causes leg cramps. […] Neurological conditions such as motor neuron disease. […] Excessive exercise. […] Certain medications such as diuretics and statins.

• #94 Could Your Diet Be Causing Leg Cramps?: Louisiana Heart and Vascular: Interventional Cardiologists

  https://www.louisianaheart.org/blog/could-your-diet-be-causing-leg-cramps

  Muscle cramps anywhere in your body are perfectly normal from time to time, but regular leg cramps may signal an underlying issue. […] Outside of insufficient hydration, there is some evidence that deficiencies in certain substances, such as magnesium, potassium, vitamin D, and certain B vitamins, can lead to a higher risk for leg cramps. […] Its important to note that while diet can play a role in ongoing muscle cramping, its often only a contributing factor. Theres often an overarching cause behind it.

• #95 10 Causes of Leg Cramps – Orthopedic Institute

  https://orthopedicinstitutesf.com/10-causes-of-leg-cramps/

  Bodies are meant to move, so staying in one position, regardless of whether you’re sitting or standing, puts you at greater risk for muscle cramps. […] Certain medications prescribed to treat Alzheimer’s, high cholesterol, asthma, Parkinson’s and osteoporosis have a tendency to cause muscle cramps. […] When you have a potassium deficiency, these signals are not relayed properly, and muscle contractions may be prolonged, causing a cramp. […] Poor circulation in your legs can prevent your leg muscles from getting all the oxygen they need to function. This can lead to leg pain, muscle spasms and cramps. […] Excessive drinking can alter the levels of thiamine, folate and vitamins B6, B12, and E, which are all needed for your nerves to function properly. […] Women in the third trimester of pregnancy often experience leg cramps, especially in the evening hours. […] One of the symptoms of multiple sclerosis is spasticity, a condition which causes certain muscles to be continuously contracted. Multiple sclerosis causes damage to the central nervous system, which can cause spasticity and lead to cramping in the legs.

• #96 Causes of Nightly Leg Cramps & Ways to Ease the Pain – BuzzRx

  https://www.buzzrx.com/blog/what-causes-leg-cramps-at-night

  Chronic alcohol consumption: Studies have shown that people who drink alcohol are at a higher risk of developing leg cramps. […] Muscle overuse, fatigue, and underuse can all contribute to nocturnal leg cramps due to their effects on muscle excitability, neuromuscular control, and overall blood flow to the muscle. […] Certain medical conditions and health issues can increase the risk of experiencing leg cramps at night, including: […] Restless legs syndrome (RLS). […] Diabetic neuropathy (diabetic nerve damage). […] Chronic kidney disease and kidney failure. […] Neurological disorders such as Parkinson’s disease. […] Hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid gland). […] Circulation problems, such as peripheral artery disease, that can affect blood flow to the leg muscles. […] Nutritional deficiencies (mineral deficits).

• #97

  https://www.prevention.com/health/a20515838/leg-cramps-at-night-charley-horse/

  Nerve compression: Pressure from a pinched nerve in the back or neck, Dr. Kelley says, may radiate down the leg and cause Charley horses. […] Aging: Leg cramps appear to be more common after age 50, according to a 2017 study in BMC Family Practice. […] Changing seasons: Dr. Garrisons own research has shown nighttime leg cramps are more common in summer than winter.

• #98 Leg cramps: Causes, treatment, and prevention

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/180160

  Some experts believe dehydration and electrolyte imbalances may contribute. […] Older people are more likely to experience leg cramps. Muscle loss starts from the mid-40s and increases if a person is not active. This may raise the risk of cramps. […] Research suggests that 5060% of adults and 7% of children experience cramps, and the likelihood increases with age.

• #99 Nocturnal Leg Cramps | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2012/0815/p350.html

  Up to 60 percent of adults report that they have had nocturnal leg cramps. […] The exact mechanism is unknown, but the cramps are probably caused by muscle fatigue and nerve dysfunction rather than electrolyte or other abnormalities. […] Nocturnal leg cramps are associated with vascular disease, lumbar canal stenosis, cirrhosis, hemodialysis, pregnancy, and other medical conditions. […] The precise mechanism of leg cramps is unknown, but several myopathic, neurologic, and metabolic causes have been suggested. Most cases of leg cramps are idiopathic. […] Exercise research suggests that muscle fatigue is a primary cause of leg cramps. […] Nerve dysfunction or damage has been suggested as a cause of leg cramps because of the high prevalence in patients with neurologic conditions such as parkinsonism.

• #100 Leg Cramps: Causes, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://patient.info/bones-joints-muscles/cramps-in-the-leg

  Leg cramps commonly occur at night in bed, as the natural position we lie in is with the knees slightly bent (flexed) and with feet pointing slightly downwards. In this position the calf muscle is relatively shortened and may be prone to cramps. This theory explains why stretching the muscles may cure the problem.

• #101 Leg Cramps: Causes, Remedies, and When to See a Doctor

  https://resources.healthgrades.com/right-care/bones-joints-and-muscles/leg-cramps

  Conditions that affect the heart and vascular system can sometimes cause cramping in the legs. This is because impairments to blood flow and circulation can lead to local muscle pain. […] There are other factors that may contribute to the development of cramps or muscle pain. […] Sometimes, people can also experience cramps for an unknown reason. […] Factors and conditions that may lead to nighttime leg cramps include: alcohol use disorder, spinal stenosis, abnormal nerve activity during sleep or rest, pregnancy, vascular conditions, cirrhosis, hemodialysis, taking certain medications, plantar flexion foot position while sleeping. […] While leg cramps are typically harmless, sometimes more serious conditions can lead to leg cramps. […] Leg cramps can be a symptom of conditions that affect the nervous system, vascular system, and organs such as the heart or kidneys.

• #102 Causes of Nightly Leg Cramps & Ways to Ease the Pain – BuzzRx

  https://www.buzzrx.com/blog/what-causes-leg-cramps-at-night

  Structural problems such as pes planus (flat feet). […] Varicose veins. […] Sleep disorders such as obstructive sleep apnea. […] The body may be lacking minerals such as potassium, calcium, sodium, or magnesium when you have leg cramps. […] Scientists don’t know for sure what causes leg cramps at night. In general, tired muscles and nerve problems can cause calf cramps at night.

• #103 Leg cramps at night: Causes, risk factors, and how to stop them

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/326327

  Leg cramps at night, or nocturnal leg cramps (NLCs), can occur due to inactivity during the day, tired muscles, or certain medical conditions. […] Research suggests that muscle fatigue may be a primary cause. Athletes are more likely to get leg cramps after doing higher-than-usual levels of activity. […] Another leading theory is that sitting for an extended period, such as while working at a desk, may cause the muscles to shorten over time. […] This physical inactivity when a person has not stretched their muscles for a while may increase the risk of cramps. […] As people age, they may also be more likely to have leg cramps at night. […] There may also be a link between pregnancy and leg cramps at night. […] Many medications list muscle cramping as a side effect. […] Some chronic medical conditions may also put a person at risk for chronic leg cramps, such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and nerve disorders. […] Some sources say that mineral deficiencies can cause NLCs. However, there is mixed evidence that supplementing with minerals, such as magnesium and vitamin B complexes, can reduce or relieve these muscle cramps.

• #104 Leg Cramps at Night: Causes, Treatment, Prevention, and Seeking Help

  https://www.healthline.com/health/leg-cramps-at-night

  Leg cramps at night dont always have a medical cause, but its a good idea to see a doctor to rule this out. […] Experts dont know exactly what causes leg cramps at night. There are, however, known factors that can increase your risk. In most cases, nocturnal leg cramps are idiopathic, which means their exact cause isnt known. […] Nighttime leg cramps may be related to foot position. We often sleep with our feet and toes extending away from the rest of our bodies, a position called plantar flexion. This shortens the calf muscles, making them more susceptible to cramping. […] Other factors that may contribute to nighttime leg cramps include: Sedentary lifestyle. Muscles need to be stretched regularly to function properly. Sitting for long periods of time could make leg muscles more susceptible to cramping.

• #105 Muscle Cramps – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499895/

  Muscle cramps result in continuous, involuntary, painful, and localized contraction of an entire muscle group, individual single muscle, or select muscle fibers. […] The specific etiology is not well understood and possible causes depend on the physiological or pathological situation in which the cramps appear. […] The etiology of the cramp depends on the situation in which it occurs. It is not possible to draw up the causes, and the possible physiological or pathological differences in which the cramp occurs must be highlighted, as different scenarios give rise to cramps. […] Heat-associated muscle cramping is often seen during sports and rigorous exercise or physical activity. In this situation, large losses of sweat and electrolytes are believed to be the underlying pathologic mechanism.

• #106 What causes leg cramps? Charley horse cause, concerns explained

  https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/health-wellness/2023/05/26/what-causes-leg-cramps-charley-horse/70236779007/

  Leg cramping can have many causes. […] Leg cramps can occur due to abnormal nerve activity during sleep, says Marvasti. […] Muscle cramping can be a sign that there are imbalances in your bodys levels of certain minerals. Leg cramps commonly occur when there is too little calcium, potassium or magnesium in the diet, explains Marvasti. […] Leg cramps may also be a complication of rigorous exercise. Marvasti explains that leg cramps may occur because of excessive strain placed on muscles of the leg during exercise due to a sudden restriction of blood supply to the muscles involved.

• #107 Charley Horse: Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, & Prevention

  https://www.webmd.com/pain-management/muscle-spasms-cramps-charley-horse

  A charley horse is a muscle spasm — when a muscle suddenly tightens up on its own and cant relax. These cramps can happen anywhere in your body. They’re common in your legs and feet. […] Things that can trigger a charley horse include: Poor blood flow, Working your muscles too much, Not stretching enough, Being active in high or low temperatures, Dehydration, A lack of magnesium and/or potassium in your diet, Problems such as a spinal cord injury or a pinched nerve in your neck or back, Kidney disease, Getting dialysis, a treatment you get when you have kidney failure, Pregnancy, Stress, Poor posture, Muscle injury, Hyperexcitable nerves. […] Muscle cramps can also be a side effect of some drugs, such as: Albuterol (Proventil, Ventolin) and terbutaline (Brethine) — which are asthma medications, Donepezil (Aricept), used to treat Alzheimer’s disease, Furosemide (Lasix), hydrochlorothiazide (Microzide), and other diuretics („water pills”) that lower the levels of certain electrolytes (sodium and potassium) and take fluid out of your body, Neostigmine (Prostigmine), used for myasthenia gravis, Nifedipine (Procardia), a treatment for angina and high blood pressure, Raloxifene (Evista), an osteoporosis treatment, Tolcapone (Tasmar), which treats Parkinson’s disease, Statin medications for cholesterol, such as atorvastatin (Lipitor), fluvastatin (Lescol), lovastatin (Mevacor), pravastatin (Pravachol), rosuvastatin (Crestor), or simvastatin (Zocor).

• #108 Muscle Spasms (Muscle Cramps): Causes, Treatment & Prevention

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/muscle-spasms-muscle-cramps

  Muscle spasms (muscle cramps) can involve part or all of a muscle or several muscles in a group. […] Muscle spasms can happen to anyone at any time. […] Experts aren’t exactly sure why some people get muscle spasms more than others. One or more of the following may be to blame in most cases: Not enough stretching, muscle fatigue, exercising in extreme heat (heat cramps), dehydration, electrolyte imbalance (having too many or too few salts and minerals like potassium, magnesium and calcium, in your body), stress, too much high-intensity exercise. […] Possible causes for nocturnal leg cramps (leg cramps at night), specifically, include: sitting for long periods of time, overusing your muscles, standing or working on concrete floors, sitting improperly. […] Deficiencies in these vitamins and minerals may cause muscle cramps: calcium, potassium, magnesium (hypomagnesemia), vitamin D. […] Severe muscle cramps all over your body could indicate an electrolyte imbalance or a serious underlying medical condition like atherosclerosis, thyroid disease or multiple sclerosis (MS).

• #109 Leg Cramps: What you can do about them – Stellis Health

  https://stellishealth.com/leg-cramp-or-something-more-when-to-seek-urgent-care/

  Leg cramps can occur because of working long hours doing physical labor, especially in hot weather. Some medications and medical conditions can also cause muscle cramps. The leg cramps that happen for no known obvious reason are called idiopathic cramps. Secondary leg cramps typically happen as a side effect from another medical condition, and should be discussed with your provider. […] Here are some common causes of idiopathic cramps: Inadequate blood supply to the area, Stress, Involuntary nerve discharge, Nerve compression, Mineral depletion, Dehydration.

• #110 Leg cramps | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/muscle-bone-and-joints/leg-and-foot-problems-and-conditions/leg-cramps/

  Leg cramps might be a sign of a more serious health condition. […] The cause of leg cramps is sometimes unknown (idiopathic). In other cases, there may be an underlying condition or identifiable cause (secondary leg cramps). […] Idiopathic leg cramps may be caused by: abnormal nerve activity during sleep, excessive strain placed on leg muscles, for example during exercise, a sudden restriction in the blood supply to the affected muscles. […] Secondary leg cramps are caused by an underlying condition or another identifiable cause like: pregnancy the extra weight of pregnancy can place strain on the leg muscles, making them more vulnerable to cramping, exercise leg cramps are often experienced when resting after exercise, neurological conditions for example, motor neurone disease or peripheral neuropathy, liver disease if your liver stops working properly, toxins will build up in your blood, which can make your muscles spasm, infection some types of bacterial infection, like tetanus, can cause muscle cramps and spasm, toxins in some people, high levels of toxic (poisonous) substances in the blood, like lead or mercury, can cause leg cramps, dehydration in some people, low levels of water in the body can lead to a drop in your salt levels, which can trigger muscle cramps.

• #111 Leg Cramps at Night: Causes, Pain Relief & Prevention

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/14170-leg-cramps

  Leg cramps are painful, involuntary muscle contractions that can last seconds or minutes. Some medical conditions and drugs can cause them, and there are some risk factors you’ll want to avoid. […] Possible causes of these leg cramps include: Involuntary nerve discharges. Part of your leg muscle isn’t getting enough blood. Stress. Too much high-intensity exercise. […] Possible causes for leg cramps at night (nocturnal leg cramps) include: Sitting for long periods of time (like at a desk job). Overusing your muscles. Standing or working on concrete floors. Having poor posture during the day. Kidney failure, diabetic nerve damage, mineral deficits and issues with blood flow. […] Medications have side effects. A prescription you’re taking could be causing your leg cramps. […] Cancer treatments like chemotherapy can cause nerve damage, which may also cause leg cramps.

• #112 Leg Cramps | Side Effects of Cancer | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/managing-cancer/side-effects/pain/leg-cramps.html

  Cancer and its treatment may cause leg cramps and other types of muscle cramps. […] Some causes of leg cramps in people who have cancer include: Certain chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy medicines. […] Radiation therapy to the lower extremities (hips, legs, etc). […] Some hormone treatments (tamoxifen or raloxifene). […] Medicines to treat bone loss. […] Tumors that start in a muscle or press on a muscle. […] Having too many white blood cells. […] Getting treatment for too few white blood cells. […] Staying in bed or being inactive for longer than usual. […] Overuse of certain muscles. […] Changes in the temperature around you (too hot or too cold). […] Peripheral neuropathy or other nerve damage. […] Dehydration. […] Changes in electrolyte (blood chemistry) levels, especially phosphorus, calcium, glucose (sugar), or potassium. […] Non-cancer health problems.

• #113 Muscle Cramps – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499895/

  Muscle cramps result in continuous, involuntary, painful, and localized contraction of an entire muscle group, individual single muscle, or select muscle fibers. […] The specific etiology is not well understood and possible causes depend on the physiological or pathological situation in which the cramps appear. […] The etiology of the cramp depends on the situation in which it occurs. It is not possible to draw up the causes, and the possible physiological or pathological differences in which the cramp occurs must be highlighted, as different scenarios give rise to cramps. […] Heat-associated muscle cramping is often seen during sports and rigorous exercise or physical activity. In this situation, large losses of sweat and electrolytes are believed to be the underlying pathologic mechanism.

• #114 Muscle Cramps

  https://practicalneurology.com/diseases-diagnoses/neuromuscular/muscle-cramps/31559/

  A muscle cramp is a hyperexcitable neurologic phenomena of excessive, involuntary muscle contractions. It is important to distinguish between myogenic and neurogenic muscle cramps, because each has unique pathophysiology and management. The origin and propagation of neurogenic muscle cramps localizes to peripheral and central targets, including the neuromuscular junction, where mechanical disruption and electrolyte disturbances can influence hyperexcitability and cramp generation. Injury to peripheral nerve components including the motor neuron cell bodies or the motor axons can result in ephaptic transmission and development of muscle cramps. Dysfunctional intramuscular small fiber sensory afferents are also proposed to be involved in cramp generation. Centrally, persistent inward currents mediated by GABAergic transmitters at the spinal level can amplify incoming sensory input and lead to the propagation and amplification of cramp potentials. Disruption of chloride, sodium, and potassium channels and inadequate amino acids concentrations disrupt membrane currents to generate muscle cramps.

• #115 What Causes Muscle Cramps?

  https://www.brainfacts.org/thinking-sensing-and-behaving/pain/2020/what-causes-muscle-cramps-070220

  For example, one of the most common explanations was that dehydration caused cramps. […] Another folk remedy for cramps is eating bananas. The idea is that potassium helps get rid of cramps. But there is no evidence for this. […] Nowadays, most researchers believe the source of cramps is hyperactivity of motor neurons, rather than muscles. […] If this is the case, cramps are like epileptic seizures also caused by neurons firing when they shouldnt. […] Calf cramps are common because your calves work hard all day every time youre on your feet or walking, those motor neurons are firing. […] Its possible this change in neurotransmitters makes misfiring more likely, which would explain why charley horses are common while sleeping.

• #116 Muscle Cramp: Types, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment & Prevention

  https://www.medicinenet.com/muscle_cramps/article.htm

  Muscle cramps can occur in any muscle; cramps of the leg muscles and feet are particularly common. […] Most authorities agree that true cramps are caused by hyperexcitability of the nerves that stimulate the muscles. […] True cramps are commonly associated with the vigorous use of muscles and muscle fatigue (in sports or with unaccustomed activities). […] Dehydration increases the likelihood of true cramps. […] Low blood levels of either calcium or magnesium directly increase the excitability of both the nerve endings and the muscles they stimulate. […] Low potassium blood levels occasionally cause muscle cramps. […] Numerous medicines can cause cramps. […] Several vitamin deficiency states may directly or indirectly lead to muscle cramps. […] Poor circulation to the leg muscles, which results in inadequate oxygen to the muscle tissue, can cause severe pain in the leg muscle. […] The primary causes of cramps include muscle overuse or strain, dehydration, and imbalances in electrolytes such as potassium, calcium, and magnesium.

• #117 Muscle Cramps

  https://practicalneurology.com/diseases-diagnoses/neuromuscular/muscle-cramps/31559/

  A muscle cramp is a hyperexcitable neurologic phenomena of excessive, involuntary muscle contractions. It is important to distinguish between myogenic and neurogenic muscle cramps, because each has unique pathophysiology and management. The origin and propagation of neurogenic muscle cramps localizes to peripheral and central targets, including the neuromuscular junction, where mechanical disruption and electrolyte disturbances can influence hyperexcitability and cramp generation. Injury to peripheral nerve components including the motor neuron cell bodies or the motor axons can result in ephaptic transmission and development of muscle cramps. Dysfunctional intramuscular small fiber sensory afferents are also proposed to be involved in cramp generation. Centrally, persistent inward currents mediated by GABAergic transmitters at the spinal level can amplify incoming sensory input and lead to the propagation and amplification of cramp potentials. Disruption of chloride, sodium, and potassium channels and inadequate amino acids concentrations disrupt membrane currents to generate muscle cramps.

• #118 Muscle Cramps

  https://practicalneurology.com/diseases-diagnoses/neuromuscular/muscle-cramps/31559/

  A muscle cramp is a hyperexcitable neurologic phenomena of excessive, involuntary muscle contractions. It is important to distinguish between myogenic and neurogenic muscle cramps, because each has unique pathophysiology and management. The origin and propagation of neurogenic muscle cramps localizes to peripheral and central targets, including the neuromuscular junction, where mechanical disruption and electrolyte disturbances can influence hyperexcitability and cramp generation. Injury to peripheral nerve components including the motor neuron cell bodies or the motor axons can result in ephaptic transmission and development of muscle cramps. Dysfunctional intramuscular small fiber sensory afferents are also proposed to be involved in cramp generation. Centrally, persistent inward currents mediated by GABAergic transmitters at the spinal level can amplify incoming sensory input and lead to the propagation and amplification of cramp potentials. Disruption of chloride, sodium, and potassium channels and inadequate amino acids concentrations disrupt membrane currents to generate muscle cramps.

• #119 Muscle Cramps

  https://practicalneurology.com/diseases-diagnoses/neuromuscular/muscle-cramps/31559/

  A muscle cramp is a hyperexcitable neurologic phenomena of excessive, involuntary muscle contractions. It is important to distinguish between myogenic and neurogenic muscle cramps, because each has unique pathophysiology and management. The origin and propagation of neurogenic muscle cramps localizes to peripheral and central targets, including the neuromuscular junction, where mechanical disruption and electrolyte disturbances can influence hyperexcitability and cramp generation. Injury to peripheral nerve components including the motor neuron cell bodies or the motor axons can result in ephaptic transmission and development of muscle cramps. Dysfunctional intramuscular small fiber sensory afferents are also proposed to be involved in cramp generation. Centrally, persistent inward currents mediated by GABAergic transmitters at the spinal level can amplify incoming sensory input and lead to the propagation and amplification of cramp potentials. Disruption of chloride, sodium, and potassium channels and inadequate amino acids concentrations disrupt membrane currents to generate muscle cramps.

• #120 Muscle Cramps

  https://practicalneurology.com/diseases-diagnoses/neuromuscular/muscle-cramps/31559/

  A muscle cramp is a hyperexcitable neurologic phenomena of excessive, involuntary muscle contractions. It is important to distinguish between myogenic and neurogenic muscle cramps, because each has unique pathophysiology and management. The origin and propagation of neurogenic muscle cramps localizes to peripheral and central targets, including the neuromuscular junction, where mechanical disruption and electrolyte disturbances can influence hyperexcitability and cramp generation. Injury to peripheral nerve components including the motor neuron cell bodies or the motor axons can result in ephaptic transmission and development of muscle cramps. Dysfunctional intramuscular small fiber sensory afferents are also proposed to be involved in cramp generation. Centrally, persistent inward currents mediated by GABAergic transmitters at the spinal level can amplify incoming sensory input and lead to the propagation and amplification of cramp potentials. Disruption of chloride, sodium, and potassium channels and inadequate amino acids concentrations disrupt membrane currents to generate muscle cramps.

• #121 Muscle Cramps

  https://practicalneurology.com/diseases-diagnoses/neuromuscular/muscle-cramps/31559/

  The pathophysiology of myogenic muscle cramps, in contrast, is usually the result of disrupted energy production in muscle cells and occurs most commonly in metabolic myopathies associated with disorders of glycogen, lipid, or mitochondrial metabolism. Metabolic myopathies cause deficient ATP levels. Because muscle relaxation is an adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-dependent active process, actin and myosin chains do not disengage, causing an electrically silent cramp. The metabolic defect may also cause accumulation of potentially toxic metabolites that further aggravate ATP deficiency. Myopathic cramps are also a potential symptom of myopathies linked to muscle membrane or intramuscular structural dysfunction in acquired and hereditary myopathies. […] Causes of muscle cramps include physiologic and pathologic processes that can lead to muscle cramps, which are nearly ubiquitous throughout the lifespan. Physiologic stressors are a common precipitant to muscle cramps. The most common is dehydration, in which electrolyte loss disrupts neuromuscular junction function and membrane stability. Other physiologic stressors include unusually prolonged or strenuous exercise, particularly in a deconditioned state in which muscle tendon shortening is common. Pathologic states that disrupt the homeostatic environment or structural integrity of the neuromuscular axis or spinal connections also lead to muscle cramps. People with medical conditions in which fluid shifts occur are especially vulnerable to muscle cramps.

• #122 Muscle Cramps

  https://practicalneurology.com/diseases-diagnoses/neuromuscular/muscle-cramps/31559/

  The pathophysiology of myogenic muscle cramps, in contrast, is usually the result of disrupted energy production in muscle cells and occurs most commonly in metabolic myopathies associated with disorders of glycogen, lipid, or mitochondrial metabolism. Metabolic myopathies cause deficient ATP levels. Because muscle relaxation is an adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-dependent active process, actin and myosin chains do not disengage, causing an electrically silent cramp. The metabolic defect may also cause accumulation of potentially toxic metabolites that further aggravate ATP deficiency. Myopathic cramps are also a potential symptom of myopathies linked to muscle membrane or intramuscular structural dysfunction in acquired and hereditary myopathies. […] Causes of muscle cramps include physiologic and pathologic processes that can lead to muscle cramps, which are nearly ubiquitous throughout the lifespan. Physiologic stressors are a common precipitant to muscle cramps. The most common is dehydration, in which electrolyte loss disrupts neuromuscular junction function and membrane stability. Other physiologic stressors include unusually prolonged or strenuous exercise, particularly in a deconditioned state in which muscle tendon shortening is common. Pathologic states that disrupt the homeostatic environment or structural integrity of the neuromuscular axis or spinal connections also lead to muscle cramps. People with medical conditions in which fluid shifts occur are especially vulnerable to muscle cramps.

• #123 Muscle Cramps

  https://practicalneurology.com/diseases-diagnoses/neuromuscular/muscle-cramps/31559/

  The pathophysiology of myogenic muscle cramps, in contrast, is usually the result of disrupted energy production in muscle cells and occurs most commonly in metabolic myopathies associated with disorders of glycogen, lipid, or mitochondrial metabolism. Metabolic myopathies cause deficient ATP levels. Because muscle relaxation is an adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-dependent active process, actin and myosin chains do not disengage, causing an electrically silent cramp. The metabolic defect may also cause accumulation of potentially toxic metabolites that further aggravate ATP deficiency. Myopathic cramps are also a potential symptom of myopathies linked to muscle membrane or intramuscular structural dysfunction in acquired and hereditary myopathies. […] Causes of muscle cramps include physiologic and pathologic processes that can lead to muscle cramps, which are nearly ubiquitous throughout the lifespan. Physiologic stressors are a common precipitant to muscle cramps. The most common is dehydration, in which electrolyte loss disrupts neuromuscular junction function and membrane stability. Other physiologic stressors include unusually prolonged or strenuous exercise, particularly in a deconditioned state in which muscle tendon shortening is common. Pathologic states that disrupt the homeostatic environment or structural integrity of the neuromuscular axis or spinal connections also lead to muscle cramps. People with medical conditions in which fluid shifts occur are especially vulnerable to muscle cramps.

• #124 Muscle Cramps

  https://practicalneurology.com/diseases-diagnoses/neuromuscular/muscle-cramps/31559/

  The pathophysiology of myogenic muscle cramps, in contrast, is usually the result of disrupted energy production in muscle cells and occurs most commonly in metabolic myopathies associated with disorders of glycogen, lipid, or mitochondrial metabolism. Metabolic myopathies cause deficient ATP levels. Because muscle relaxation is an adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-dependent active process, actin and myosin chains do not disengage, causing an electrically silent cramp. The metabolic defect may also cause accumulation of potentially toxic metabolites that further aggravate ATP deficiency. Myopathic cramps are also a potential symptom of myopathies linked to muscle membrane or intramuscular structural dysfunction in acquired and hereditary myopathies. […] Causes of muscle cramps include physiologic and pathologic processes that can lead to muscle cramps, which are nearly ubiquitous throughout the lifespan. Physiologic stressors are a common precipitant to muscle cramps. The most common is dehydration, in which electrolyte loss disrupts neuromuscular junction function and membrane stability. Other physiologic stressors include unusually prolonged or strenuous exercise, particularly in a deconditioned state in which muscle tendon shortening is common. Pathologic states that disrupt the homeostatic environment or structural integrity of the neuromuscular axis or spinal connections also lead to muscle cramps. People with medical conditions in which fluid shifts occur are especially vulnerable to muscle cramps.

• #125 Muscle Cramps (Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment)

  https://patient.info/doctor/muscle-cramps

  Muscle cramps are very common and 'cramp’ is usually taken to mean 'a spasmodic, painful, involuntary contraction of skeletal muscle’. Cramps usually last for a few seconds (but may last up to several minutes) and cease spontaneously, although pain and tenderness may persist for several hours afterwards. […] There are many causes. Cramps can be grouped according to their underlying aetiology: Paraphysiological cramps, Symptomatic cramps, Idiopathic cramps. […] Cramps may also occur in association with metabolic disturbance, including: Hyponatraemia, Hypokalaemia and hyperkalaemia, Hypocalcaemia, Hypomagnesaemia, Hypoglycaemia. One or more of these may be the underlying aetiology in many of the causes listed below. […] Always exclude a medicine-related cause. Implicated drugs include: Salbutamol and terbutaline, Raloxifene, Opiate withdrawal, Diuretics cause electrolyte loss, Nifedipine, Phenothiazines, Penicillamine, Nicotinic acid, Statins.

• #126 Muscle Cramps (Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment)

  https://patient.info/doctor/muscle-cramps

  Muscle cramps are very common and 'cramp’ is usually taken to mean 'a spasmodic, painful, involuntary contraction of skeletal muscle’. Cramps usually last for a few seconds (but may last up to several minutes) and cease spontaneously, although pain and tenderness may persist for several hours afterwards. […] There are many causes. Cramps can be grouped according to their underlying aetiology: Paraphysiological cramps, Symptomatic cramps, Idiopathic cramps. […] Cramps may also occur in association with metabolic disturbance, including: Hyponatraemia, Hypokalaemia and hyperkalaemia, Hypocalcaemia, Hypomagnesaemia, Hypoglycaemia. One or more of these may be the underlying aetiology in many of the causes listed below. […] Always exclude a medicine-related cause. Implicated drugs include: Salbutamol and terbutaline, Raloxifene, Opiate withdrawal, Diuretics cause electrolyte loss, Nifedipine, Phenothiazines, Penicillamine, Nicotinic acid, Statins.

• #127 Muscle Cramps (Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment)

  https://patient.info/doctor/muscle-cramps

  Muscle cramps are very common and 'cramp’ is usually taken to mean 'a spasmodic, painful, involuntary contraction of skeletal muscle’. Cramps usually last for a few seconds (but may last up to several minutes) and cease spontaneously, although pain and tenderness may persist for several hours afterwards. […] There are many causes. Cramps can be grouped according to their underlying aetiology: Paraphysiological cramps, Symptomatic cramps, Idiopathic cramps. […] Cramps may also occur in association with metabolic disturbance, including: Hyponatraemia, Hypokalaemia and hyperkalaemia, Hypocalcaemia, Hypomagnesaemia, Hypoglycaemia. One or more of these may be the underlying aetiology in many of the causes listed below. […] Always exclude a medicine-related cause. Implicated drugs include: Salbutamol and terbutaline, Raloxifene, Opiate withdrawal, Diuretics cause electrolyte loss, Nifedipine, Phenothiazines, Penicillamine, Nicotinic acid, Statins.

• #128 Muscle Cramps (Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment)

  https://patient.info/doctor/muscle-cramps

  Muscle cramps are very common and 'cramp’ is usually taken to mean 'a spasmodic, painful, involuntary contraction of skeletal muscle’. Cramps usually last for a few seconds (but may last up to several minutes) and cease spontaneously, although pain and tenderness may persist for several hours afterwards. […] There are many causes. Cramps can be grouped according to their underlying aetiology: Paraphysiological cramps, Symptomatic cramps, Idiopathic cramps. […] Cramps may also occur in association with metabolic disturbance, including: Hyponatraemia, Hypokalaemia and hyperkalaemia, Hypocalcaemia, Hypomagnesaemia, Hypoglycaemia. One or more of these may be the underlying aetiology in many of the causes listed below. […] Always exclude a medicine-related cause. Implicated drugs include: Salbutamol and terbutaline, Raloxifene, Opiate withdrawal, Diuretics cause electrolyte loss, Nifedipine, Phenothiazines, Penicillamine, Nicotinic acid, Statins.

• #129 Muscle Cramps (Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment)

  https://patient.info/doctor/muscle-cramps

  Muscle cramps are very common and 'cramp’ is usually taken to mean 'a spasmodic, painful, involuntary contraction of skeletal muscle’. Cramps usually last for a few seconds (but may last up to several minutes) and cease spontaneously, although pain and tenderness may persist for several hours afterwards. […] There are many causes. Cramps can be grouped according to their underlying aetiology: Paraphysiological cramps, Symptomatic cramps, Idiopathic cramps. […] Cramps may also occur in association with metabolic disturbance, including: Hyponatraemia, Hypokalaemia and hyperkalaemia, Hypocalcaemia, Hypomagnesaemia, Hypoglycaemia. One or more of these may be the underlying aetiology in many of the causes listed below. […] Always exclude a medicine-related cause. Implicated drugs include: Salbutamol and terbutaline, Raloxifene, Opiate withdrawal, Diuretics cause electrolyte loss, Nifedipine, Phenothiazines, Penicillamine, Nicotinic acid, Statins.

• #130 Muscle Cramps (Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment)

  https://patient.info/doctor/muscle-cramps

  Muscle cramps are very common and 'cramp’ is usually taken to mean 'a spasmodic, painful, involuntary contraction of skeletal muscle’. Cramps usually last for a few seconds (but may last up to several minutes) and cease spontaneously, although pain and tenderness may persist for several hours afterwards. […] There are many causes. Cramps can be grouped according to their underlying aetiology: Paraphysiological cramps, Symptomatic cramps, Idiopathic cramps. […] Cramps may also occur in association with metabolic disturbance, including: Hyponatraemia, Hypokalaemia and hyperkalaemia, Hypocalcaemia, Hypomagnesaemia, Hypoglycaemia. One or more of these may be the underlying aetiology in many of the causes listed below. […] Always exclude a medicine-related cause. Implicated drugs include: Salbutamol and terbutaline, Raloxifene, Opiate withdrawal, Diuretics cause electrolyte loss, Nifedipine, Phenothiazines, Penicillamine, Nicotinic acid, Statins.

• #131 Most Leg Cramps are Harmless, But Some Have a Deeper Cause

  https://www.baystatehealth.org/articles/pvd-and-leg-cramping

  Leg muscle cramps often happen for no known reason. These cramps may be caused by stress, not stressing enough, overworking your muscles, or not drinking enough water. […] Although most muscle cramps are harmless, some may be related to an underlying medical condition known as peripheral arterial disease (PAD), a form of peripheral vascular disease (PVD). […] The most common symptom of lower-extremity PAD, painful muscle cramps in calf, buttocks, thighs, or hips, is called claudication. […] Claudication occurs when your body can’t deliver the oxygen needed by your muscles to engage in an activity, most often walking. […] Blackwood notes, It’s important not to ignore cramping pain that repeatedly occurs when walking. The pain is your body sending a warning that something is amiss, and that part of your body isn’t receiving enough blood during.

• #132 Are Those Leg Cramps A Sign Of Peripheral Artery Disease? | Henry Ford Health – Detroit, MI

  https://www.henryford.com/blog/2023/11/are-those-leg-cramps-a-sign-of-peripheral-artery-disease

  Leg cramps are common and happen for many different reasons. […] But leg cramps related to peripheral artery disease happen in the same way each time you exert yourself. […] Peripheral artery disease causes narrowing or blockage of blood vessels—particularly those in the legs and feet, says Dr. Onofrey. That restriction in blood flow can lead to various symptoms, one of the most noticeable being leg cramps during physical activities like walking. […] Without enough blood and oxygen, the leg muscles produce more lactic acid. Lactic acid buildup leads to muscle cramping and pain. Those leg cramps act as a warning sign, says Dr. Onofrey. They indicate that the muscles are not receiving enough blood flow to sustain your level of activity. […] While its worth having a doctor evaluate any type of leg cramps, those related to PAD share specific features. They are consistent and reproducible, says Dr. Onofrey. In other words, the cramps will typically happen every time you walk a certain distance or for a specific amount of time. […] The cramps are your bodys way of saying its maxed out its ability to move blood to your muscles, says Dr. Onofrey.

• #133 Are Those Leg Cramps A Sign Of Peripheral Artery Disease? | Henry Ford Health – Detroit, MI

  https://www.henryford.com/blog/2023/11/are-those-leg-cramps-a-sign-of-peripheral-artery-disease

  Leg cramps are common and happen for many different reasons. […] But leg cramps related to peripheral artery disease happen in the same way each time you exert yourself. […] Peripheral artery disease causes narrowing or blockage of blood vessels—particularly those in the legs and feet, says Dr. Onofrey. That restriction in blood flow can lead to various symptoms, one of the most noticeable being leg cramps during physical activities like walking. […] Without enough blood and oxygen, the leg muscles produce more lactic acid. Lactic acid buildup leads to muscle cramping and pain. Those leg cramps act as a warning sign, says Dr. Onofrey. They indicate that the muscles are not receiving enough blood flow to sustain your level of activity. […] While its worth having a doctor evaluate any type of leg cramps, those related to PAD share specific features. They are consistent and reproducible, says Dr. Onofrey. In other words, the cramps will typically happen every time you walk a certain distance or for a specific amount of time. […] The cramps are your bodys way of saying its maxed out its ability to move blood to your muscles, says Dr. Onofrey.

• #134 When To Worry About Leg Cramps

  https://inoviavein.com/leg-cramps/

  If you have underlying medical conditions such as vein disease, peripheral artery disease, heart disease or kidney disease it might be a good idea to check in with your primary care or other providers to evaluate for the common risk factors for most muscle cramps. […] If chronic leg cramping continues outside of exercise and with proper hydration, and/or if you have severe discomfort, swelling or skin redness, this may be a symptom of a more serious health condition. […] If you have venous insufficiency you may be able to be helped. […] These legs conditions can lead to swelling in the blood vessels that creates cramping.

• #135 Muscle Cramps – Neurologic Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/neurologic-disorders/symptoms-of-neurologic-disorders/muscle-cramps

  A muscle cramp (charley horse) is a sudden, brief, involuntary, painful contraction of a muscle or group of muscles. […] The most common types of leg cramps are benign idiopathic leg cramps (leg cramps in the absence of a causative disorder, typically at night) and exercise-associated muscle cramping (cramps during or immediately after exercise). […] Although almost everyone has muscle cramps at some time, certain factors increase the risk and severity of cramps. They include the following: Tight calf muscles (eg, due to lack of stretching, inactivity, or sometimes chronic lower leg edema), dehydration, electrolyte abnormalities (eg, low body levels of potassium or magnesium), neurologic or metabolic disorders, removal of a large volume of fluid during dialysis in patients with end-stage kidney disease, and some medications.

• #136 Healthy Aging: Muscle Cramps & Spasms | MUSC Health | Charleston SC

  https://muschealth.org/medical-services/geriatrics-and-aging/healthy-aging/cramps-and-spasms

  Cramps occur commonly, it is estimated that 60 percent of adults have cramps from time to time. […] In addition to age, there are a number of risk factors that often are associated with muscle cramping. These include medications, dehydration, electrolyte imbalance, certain diseases, and exercise. […] Cramps are associated with physical exertion. Even the best conditioned athletes can be brought to their knees and removed from competition because of cramps. […] Dehydration for any reason predisposes one to cramping. […] Some of the diseases associated with cramping include alcoholism, hypothyroidism, myopathies, renal disease with dialysis, and excessive sweating.

• #137 Leg Cramps: Causes, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://www.webmd.com/sleep-disorders/leg-cramps

  Leg cramps are different from restless legs syndrome. Both tend to happen at night, but restless legs syndrome causes discomfort and an urge to move instead of painful muscle cramps. […] Experts don’t know the exact cause of nighttime leg cramps. They could happen because your nerves send the wrong signals to your muscles. […] You’re more likely to have leg cramps if you: Are 50 or older, Work your muscles too much, Sit too long without moving, Don’t drink enough water, Stand too long on hard surfaces. […] Other health conditions can also raise your chances of leg cramps, including: Diabetes, Neurological conditions like Parkinson’s disease, Alcohol abuse, Low blood sugar, Some hormone disorders, such as hypothyroidism, Too much or not enough of certain chemicals in your body, such as calcium, potassium, and magnesium, Flat feet, Pregnancy, Blood flow problems, Nerve damage.

• #138 Causes of Nightly Leg Cramps & Ways to Ease the Pain – BuzzRx

  https://www.buzzrx.com/blog/what-causes-leg-cramps-at-night

  Nocturnal leg cramps are common in older adults, pregnant women, and those experiencing dehydration or electrolyte imbalances. Conditions like restless leg syndrome and circulation issues can also increase the risk of leg cramps at night. […] Possible causes of nocturnal leg cramps include: […] Older age: Night leg cramps can affect people of all ages, but are more common in older adults due to age-related changes in muscles and tendons. […] Pregnancy: About 40% of pregnant women develop leg cramps, especially in the second half of pregnancy. […] Dehydration: Not drinking enough fluids can cause reduced blood flow to the muscles, causing them to cramp. […] Electrolyte imbalance: Decreased levels of minerals such as sodium, potassium, magnesium, and calcium in the body can interrupt signaling between nerves and muscles, leading to muscle cramping.

• #139 Leg Cramps: A Sign of Underlying Illness?

  https://www.pharmacytimes.com/view/leg-cramps-a-sign-of-underlying-illness

  Leg cramps are characterized by sudden, severe, and involuntary muscle contractions.1 Leg cramps commonly affect the calf muscles but may occur in the hamstrings or muscles of the feet, especially at night (ie nocturnal leg cramps).2-4 The majority of leg cramps are idiopathic and harmless, but some may result from underlying illnesses such as diabetes or peripheral artery disease.1,6 Other examples of secondary causes include neurologic disorders, structural disorders or positioning of the leg, and metabolic disorders, including extracellular fluid volume depletion and electrolyte disturbances. Medications such as statins, diuretics, and oral contraceptives may increase the risk of leg cramps, too.1,6 […] Although anyone can experience leg cramps, the incidence is highest in women and older adults, affecting an estimated 33% of individuals older than 60 and an estimated 50% of individuals older than 80.1 Individuals with leg cramps may complain of sleep disturbances that may negatively affect their overall well-being. Pregnant women are extremely prone to leg cramps at night, especially during the second and third trimesters.1 Up to 20% of patients who experience leg cramps have troublesome enough daily symptoms that they seek medical attention.6

• #140 Night leg cramps

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/symptoms/night-leg-cramps/basics/causes/sym-20050813

  Most of the time, there’s no known cause for night leg cramps. In general, they’re likely the result of tired muscles and nerve problems. […] The risk of having night leg cramps increases with age. Pregnant people also are more likely to have night leg cramps. […] Kidney failure, diabetic nerve damage and problems with blood flow are known to cause night leg cramps. […] People who take medicines that increase urine output might be more likely to have night leg cramps. But it’s not known if there’s a direct link. […] Other health issues that can sometimes be linked to night leg cramps include: Acute kidney injury, Addison’s disease, Alcohol use disorder, Anemia, Chronic kidney disease, Cirrhosis (scarring of the liver), Dehydration when the body doesn’t have enough water and other fluids to work as it should, Dialysis, High blood pressure (hypertension), Hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid) also known as overactive thyroid, Hypoglycemia, Hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid), Lack of physical activity, Medicines, such as those used to treat blood pressure problems and high cholesterol, and birth control pills, Muscle fatigue, Parkinson’s disease, Peripheral artery disease (PAD), Peripheral neuropathy, Pregnancy, Spinal stenosis, Type 1 diabetes, Type 2 diabetes. […] Causes shown here are commonly associated with this symptom. Work with your doctor or other health care professional for an accurate diagnosis.

• #141

  https://www.veinhealthinstitute.com/leg-cramps

  If you have low electrolyte levels, you may be diagnosed with: Hypokalemia: Low potassium levels, associated with leg cramps and muscle weakness and, in severe cases, muscle breakdown (known as rhabdomyolysis) […] Varicose veins are swollen, twisted veins found just underneath your skins surface, most often in your legs. […] Doctors and researchers are still learning why pregnancy is a common cause of leg cramps. Around 40 percent of pregnant women will experience leg cramping, especially at night. […] Some classes of medications are more likely to cause leg cramps than others. […] Statins are cholesterol-lowering medications prescribed to help reduce levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) or bad cholesterol. […] Diuretics, or water pills, help your kidneys get rid of extra salt and water in your urine.

• #142 9 Causes of Foot and Leg Cramps and 2 More for Diabetics | Alliance Foot & Ankle Specialists

  https://www.footdoc.org/faqs/common-causes-foot-leg-cramps.cfm

  Foot and leg cramps aren’t that unusual, and most people experience one at some point in their lives. […] There are many potential causes of leg and foot cramps some are serious, and some are not. […] Common Causes of Foot and Leg Cramps include dehydration, vitamin deficiencies, especially B vitamins, poor circulation in legs due to diabetes or other medical conditions, overuse or injury to the muscles, obesity or being overweight, shoes that don’t fit or wearing high heels, low levels of physical activity, constant standing for long periods of time on hard surfaces, and nerve compression from sitting with your legs crossed for long periods of time. […] For those with diabetes, there are more serious causes of foot or leg cramps, including poor circulation and diabetic nerve damage or neuropathy. […] Poor circulation means that blood isn’t flowing properly through the body, which can cause the muscles in the legs and feet to cramp up due to oxygen deprivation. […] Diabetic nerve damage, also known as neuropathy, is another leading cause of foot or leg cramps in those with diabetes.

• #143 Conquering Nocturnal Leg Cramps: Causes, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://www.samitivejhospitals.com/article/detail/nocturnal-leg-cramps-treating-preventions

  The true causes of nocturnal leg cramps remain unknown, but studies have found that they may be associated with structural disorders, neurological disorders and peripheral artery disease. […] The true causes of nocturnal leg cramps are not yet fully understood, but there is evidence to suggest that the causes are more likely associated with muscular fatigue, flexibility, irregular central nervous system function, or inhibited circulation rather than the common misconception that a lack of minerals or other factors play a part. […] Nocturnal leg cramps may be associated with the following conditions and medication: Pregnancy, Thyroid disorders, Nervous system disorders, such as Parkinsons disease, Central nervous system disorders, such as peripheral neuropathy or motor neuron disease, Metabolic conditions, such as diabetes, Coronary artery disorders, such as heart disease or peripheral vascular disease, Physical disorders, such as flat footedness or spinal stenosis, Drugs used to treat certain conditions, such as statins, cholesterol reduction medication, COPD drugs, diuretics, and blood pressure medication. […] While the true causes of nocturnal leg cramps remain unknown, there are several symptoms that can signal an increased risk of occurrence, such as diabetes, kidney disease, and peripheral artery disease.

• #144 Causes of Nightly Leg Cramps & Ways to Ease the Pain – BuzzRx

  https://www.buzzrx.com/blog/what-causes-leg-cramps-at-night

  Structural problems such as pes planus (flat feet). […] Varicose veins. […] Sleep disorders such as obstructive sleep apnea. […] The body may be lacking minerals such as potassium, calcium, sodium, or magnesium when you have leg cramps. […] Scientists don’t know for sure what causes leg cramps at night. In general, tired muscles and nerve problems can cause calf cramps at night.

• #145 Muscle Cramps (Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment)

  https://patient.info/doctor/muscle-cramps

  This is a diagnosis of exclusion but represents the majority of those experiencing the condition. Familial forms exist which appear to have an autosomal dominant mode of transmission. […] In most cases the aetiology is benign and the patient needs to be reassured of this whilst steps are taken to help alleviate the problem. Exclude known causes of muscle cramps without excessive and unnecessary investigation.

• #146 Muscle Cramps: Causes and Treatments | Live Science

  https://www.livescience.com/muscle-cramps.html

  Muscle spasms and cramps can stop even the most elite athletes in their tracks. […] Muscle spasms are the sudden, intense and uncontrollable contraction of muscles. […] Researchers have hypothesized that exercise cramps might be caused by electrolyte imbalance or dehydration, but that’s primarily based on anecdotal evidence. Many experts agree that the strongest scientific evidence points to muscle cramps being caused by a miscommunication between the tendon that controls the muscle and the nervous system. […] The miscommunication that causes exercise-associated muscle cramps (EAMC) is most likely the result of muscle fatigue. […] If you tend to get muscle cramps, you may have a genetic predisposition based on the type of collagen in your tendons. […] You’re also more likely to suffer cramping during exercise if you’ve experienced it before, and if you’ve had injuries to the tendons or ligaments.

• #147 Muscle Cramps: Causes and Treatments | Live Science

  https://www.livescience.com/muscle-cramps.html

  Muscle spasms and cramps can stop even the most elite athletes in their tracks. […] Muscle spasms are the sudden, intense and uncontrollable contraction of muscles. […] Researchers have hypothesized that exercise cramps might be caused by electrolyte imbalance or dehydration, but that’s primarily based on anecdotal evidence. Many experts agree that the strongest scientific evidence points to muscle cramps being caused by a miscommunication between the tendon that controls the muscle and the nervous system. […] The miscommunication that causes exercise-associated muscle cramps (EAMC) is most likely the result of muscle fatigue. […] If you tend to get muscle cramps, you may have a genetic predisposition based on the type of collagen in your tendons. […] You’re also more likely to suffer cramping during exercise if you’ve experienced it before, and if you’ve had injuries to the tendons or ligaments.

• #148 Muscle Cramps: Causes and Treatments | Live Science

  https://www.livescience.com/muscle-cramps.html

  The simplest way to avoid cramps during and after exercise is to avoid overexertion. […] The condition is more common in older adults and in people with other health issues, such as hypertension, diabetes or poor cardiovascular health. […] To prevent nocturnal cramping, stretching leg muscles before bed has been shown to help, and there are some prescription medications that have varying levels of effectiveness in preventing and treating cramps. […] Period cramps are the result of a different mechanism than muscle cramps and therefore require a different treatment. […] If period cramps are very painful and don’t respond to pain medication or hormonal contraceptives, they may be the result of an underlying medical condition such as endometriosis or uterine fibroids.

• #149 Muscle Cramp: Types, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment & Prevention

  https://www.medicinenet.com/muscle_cramps/article.htm

  Muscle cramps can occur in any muscle; cramps of the leg muscles and feet are particularly common. […] Most authorities agree that true cramps are caused by hyperexcitability of the nerves that stimulate the muscles. […] True cramps are commonly associated with the vigorous use of muscles and muscle fatigue (in sports or with unaccustomed activities). […] Dehydration increases the likelihood of true cramps. […] Low blood levels of either calcium or magnesium directly increase the excitability of both the nerve endings and the muscles they stimulate. […] Low potassium blood levels occasionally cause muscle cramps. […] Numerous medicines can cause cramps. […] Several vitamin deficiency states may directly or indirectly lead to muscle cramps. […] Poor circulation to the leg muscles, which results in inadequate oxygen to the muscle tissue, can cause severe pain in the leg muscle. […] The primary causes of cramps include muscle overuse or strain, dehydration, and imbalances in electrolytes such as potassium, calcium, and magnesium.

• #150 Nocturnal Leg Cramps | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2012/0815/p350.html

  Up to 60 percent of adults report that they have had nocturnal leg cramps. […] The exact mechanism is unknown, but the cramps are probably caused by muscle fatigue and nerve dysfunction rather than electrolyte or other abnormalities. […] Nocturnal leg cramps are associated with vascular disease, lumbar canal stenosis, cirrhosis, hemodialysis, pregnancy, and other medical conditions. […] The precise mechanism of leg cramps is unknown, but several myopathic, neurologic, and metabolic causes have been suggested. Most cases of leg cramps are idiopathic. […] Exercise research suggests that muscle fatigue is a primary cause of leg cramps. […] Nerve dysfunction or damage has been suggested as a cause of leg cramps because of the high prevalence in patients with neurologic conditions such as parkinsonism.

• #151 Leg cramps | nidirect

  https://www.nidirect.gov.uk/conditions/leg-cramps

  Leg cramps can happen for no obvious reason. […] They can also occur as a symptom or complication of a health condition. This is known as secondary leg cramps. […] Causes of secondary leg cramps can include: exercise, pregnancy, certain types of medication, such as statins (medicines that help lower cholesterol levels), liver disease. […] This may be a sign that you have secondary leg cramps caused by an underlying condition. […] If you have secondary leg cramps, treating the underlying cause may help relieve your symptoms. […] Treating cramps that occur as a result of serious liver disease can be more difficult.

• #152 What Causes Leg Cramps at Night? – Baptist Health

  https://www.baptisthealth.com/blog/health-and-wellness/what-causes-leg-cramps-at-night

  Muscle cramps are involuntary contractions of the muscles that can last from a few seconds to several minutes, with soreness that may remain for days. […] Leg cramps are often idiopathic, meaning there’s no known reason that they occur. Researchers speculate that their potential causes include: […] You may increase your risk of leg cramps at night if you: […] Although leg cramps are typically harmless, they can be a symptom of several serious health issues, including: […] You should contact your doctor if your leg cramps are severe, frequent, or worsening. […] If a leg cramp persists for more than 10 minutes or the pain is unbearable, you should seek emergency medical care.

• #153 Painful Leg Cramps Can Stop You in Your Tracks | University Hospitals

  https://www.uhhospitals.org/blog/articles/2023/06/painful-leg-cramps-can-stop-you-in-your-tracks

  Leg cramps can strike at any time while walking, running, sitting, even sleeping. […] The cause of leg cramps in otherwise healthy people is not fully understood. However, research is ongoing and there are several evidence-based theories, including: Poor blood flow to the legs due to pregnancy or excess weight, Dehydration, Being inactive (sitting) for long periods of time, Vitamin deficiency, specifically vitamins B1, B12 and D, Depleted minerals in the bloodstream, including magnesium, potassium, sodium, phosphorus and calcium. Mineral depletion can be due to a poor diet or certain medications that cause increased urination, like some high blood pressure medications or diuretics. […] Patients often ask if drinking tonic water with quinine can help prevent leg cramps, says Dr. Hadney. Although there are anecdotal reports that suggest it might have some preventive value, quinine is not FDA approved or recommended for the treatment of muscle cramps. […] Although leg cramps are generally harmless, if you have severe, persistent cramps that disrupt your sleep and affect your quality of life, its time to talk to your doctor. There may be an underlying medical condition contributing to the spasms that needs to be diagnosed and treated.

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