Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Conjoined Twins: A Worldwide Collaborative Epidemiological Study of the International Clearinghouse for Birth Defects Surveillance and Research

  https://stacks-use2.cdc.gov/view/cdc/33771

  Conjoined twins (CT) are a very rare developmental accident of uncertain etiology. Prevalence has been previously estimated to be 1 in 50,000 to 1 in 100,000 births. […] The purpose of the present study was to analyze diverse epidemiological aspects of CT, including the different variables listed in the Introduction Section of this issue of the Journal. […] A total of 383 carefully reviewed sets of CT obtained from 26,138,837 births reported by 21 Clearinghouse Surveillance Programs (SP) were included in the analysis. Total prevalence was 1.47 per 100,000 births (95% CI: 1.32-1.62). […] Salient findings including an evident variation in prevalence among SPs: a marked variation in the type of pregnancy outcome, a similarity in the proportion of CT types among programs: a significant female predominance in CT: particularly of the thoracopagus type and a significant male predominance in parapagus and parasitic types: significant differences in prevalence by ethnicity and an apparent increasing prevalence trend in South American countries. […] No genetic, environmental or demographic significant associated factors were identified. Further work in epidemiology and molecular research is necessary to understand the etiology and pathogenesis involved in the development of this fascinating phenomenon of nature.

• #2 Conjoined twins: A worldwide collaborative epidemiological study of the International Clearinghouse for Birth Defects Surveillance and Research | CoLab

  https://colab.ws/articles/10.1002%2Fajmg.c.30321

  Conjoined twins (CT) are a very rare developmental accident of uncertain etiology. Prevalence has been previously estimated to be 1 in 50,000 to 1 in 100,000 births. […] The purpose of the present study was to analyze diverse epidemiological aspects of CT, including the different variables listed in the Introduction Section of this issue of the Journal. […] This multicenter worldwide research includes the largest sample of CT ever studied. A total of 383 carefully reviewed sets of CT obtained from 26,138,837 births reported by 21 Clearinghouse Surveillance Programs (SP) were included in the analysis. Total prevalence was 1.47 per 100,000 births (95% CI: 1.321.62). […] Salient findings including an evident variation in prevalence among SPs: a marked variation in the type of pregnancy outcome, a similarity in the proportion of CT types among programs: a significant female predominance in CT: particularly of the thoracopagus type and a significant male predominance in parapagus and parasitic types: significant differences in prevalence by ethnicity and an apparent increasing prevalence trend in South American countries. […] No genetic, environmental or demographic significant associated factors were identified. Further work in epidemiology and molecular research is necessary to understand the etiology and pathogenesis involved in the development of this fascinating phenomenon of nature.

• #3 Conjoined Twins: A Worldwide Collaborative Epidemiological Study of the International Clearinghouse for Birth Defects Surveillance and Research

  https://stacks-use2.cdc.gov/view/cdc/33771

  Conjoined twins (CT) are a very rare developmental accident of uncertain etiology. Prevalence has been previously estimated to be 1 in 50,000 to 1 in 100,000 births. […] The purpose of the present study was to analyze diverse epidemiological aspects of CT, including the different variables listed in the Introduction Section of this issue of the Journal. […] A total of 383 carefully reviewed sets of CT obtained from 26,138,837 births reported by 21 Clearinghouse Surveillance Programs (SP) were included in the analysis. Total prevalence was 1.47 per 100,000 births (95% CI: 1.32-1.62). […] Salient findings including an evident variation in prevalence among SPs: a marked variation in the type of pregnancy outcome, a similarity in the proportion of CT types among programs: a significant female predominance in CT: particularly of the thoracopagus type and a significant male predominance in parapagus and parasitic types: significant differences in prevalence by ethnicity and an apparent increasing prevalence trend in South American countries. […] No genetic, environmental or demographic significant associated factors were identified. Further work in epidemiology and molecular research is necessary to understand the etiology and pathogenesis involved in the development of this fascinating phenomenon of nature.

• #4 Conjoined twins | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/conjoined-twins?embed_domain=hackmd.io%252525252f%2525252540yipuafecsl2jsu8smr5njq%252525252fbnjhjgjghjghjgh&lang=us

  The prevalence of conjoined twins ranges from 1:50,000 to 1:200,000. They are more common in parts of Southeast Asia and Africa with prevalence rates as high as 1:14,000 to 1:25,000. There is a recognized female predisposition (F: M of approximately 3:1). […] The prognosis for conjoined twins, in general, is quite poor. Approximately 40-60% of conjoined twins are stillborn and almost 35% of live births do not survive beyond 24 hours. Of those who do survive, surgical separation is sometimes possible (but with higher failure rates if performed within the first 3 weeks). Surgical separation, in general, is in most cases very challenging with high mortality, depending on the complexity of shared structures. Of those with thoracopagus, ~75% have extensively joined hearts which in turn preclude a successful separation.

• #5 Conjoined Twins: A Worldwide Collaborative Epidemiological Study of the International Clearinghouse for Birth Defects Surveillance and Research

  https://stacks-use2.cdc.gov/view/cdc/33771

  Conjoined twins (CT) are a very rare developmental accident of uncertain etiology. Prevalence has been previously estimated to be 1 in 50,000 to 1 in 100,000 births. […] The purpose of the present study was to analyze diverse epidemiological aspects of CT, including the different variables listed in the Introduction Section of this issue of the Journal. […] A total of 383 carefully reviewed sets of CT obtained from 26,138,837 births reported by 21 Clearinghouse Surveillance Programs (SP) were included in the analysis. Total prevalence was 1.47 per 100,000 births (95% CI: 1.32-1.62). […] Salient findings including an evident variation in prevalence among SPs: a marked variation in the type of pregnancy outcome, a similarity in the proportion of CT types among programs: a significant female predominance in CT: particularly of the thoracopagus type and a significant male predominance in parapagus and parasitic types: significant differences in prevalence by ethnicity and an apparent increasing prevalence trend in South American countries. […] No genetic, environmental or demographic significant associated factors were identified. Further work in epidemiology and molecular research is necessary to understand the etiology and pathogenesis involved in the development of this fascinating phenomenon of nature.

• #6 The Epidemiology of Conjoined Twins in Latin America | Acta geneticae medicae et gemellologiae: twin research | Cambridge Core

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/amg-acta-geneticae-medicae-et-gemellologiae-twin-research/article/epidemiology-of-conjoined-twins-in-latin-america/DDFD9F46198F456AA2793FF1D9FE3F4E

  Twentythree cases of symmetrical conjoined twins were registered by the Latin-American Collaborative Study of Congenital Malformations (ECLAMC) in 1,714,952 births, which were observed during the 1967-1986 period in 95 maternity hospitals distributed in eleven Latin-American countries. This results in a birth prevalence rate of about 1/75,000 births. […] The secular and geographic distribution of this material do not depart from random in spite of one hospital with three cases, and two hospitals with two cases each, within a short time period. […] These 23 cases include one diprosopus, 3 dicephalus, one ischiopagus, 5 pygopagus, none dipygus, 3 syncephalus, none craniopagus, 9 thoracopagus, one omphalopagus, and none rachipagus. […] Sex distribution is even, with 12 male and 11 female cases.

• #7 Conjoined twins | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/conjoined-twins?embed_domain=hackmd.io%252525252f%2525252540yipuafecsl2jsu8smr5njq%252525252fbnjhjgjghjghjgh&lang=us

  The prevalence of conjoined twins ranges from 1:50,000 to 1:200,000. They are more common in parts of Southeast Asia and Africa with prevalence rates as high as 1:14,000 to 1:25,000. There is a recognized female predisposition (F: M of approximately 3:1). […] The prognosis for conjoined twins, in general, is quite poor. Approximately 40-60% of conjoined twins are stillborn and almost 35% of live births do not survive beyond 24 hours. Of those who do survive, surgical separation is sometimes possible (but with higher failure rates if performed within the first 3 weeks). Surgical separation, in general, is in most cases very challenging with high mortality, depending on the complexity of shared structures. Of those with thoracopagus, ~75% have extensively joined hearts which in turn preclude a successful separation.

• #8 World Conjoined Twins Day | United Nations

  https://www.un.org/en/observances/conjoined-twins-day

  Conjoined fetuses are a rare type of identical twins that share a placenta and an amniotic sac, when the embryo divides at 13-15 days from conception. The incidence ranges from 1/50,000-1/100,000 live births. Female fetuses are more commonly affected, as the ratio of female to male is 3:1. […] No association with maternal age, race, parity, or heredity has been observed, and the recurrence risk is negligible. […] Estimated incidence of conjoined twins can be 1 in 50,000 births. […] Currently, there is lack of quality, timely and reliable data in this regard.

• #9 Conjoined Twins | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/conditions-diseases/conjoined-twins

  Conjoined twins occur once in every 50,000 to 60,000 births. Approximately 70 percent of conjoined twins are female, and most are stillborn. […] Approximately 75 percent of conjoined twins are joined at least partially in the chest and share organs with one another. If they have separate sets of organs, chances for surgery and survival are greater than if they share the same organs. […] Conjoined twins are typically diagnosed early in pregnancy with prenatal ultrasound. The optimal evaluation period for additional prenatal testing is after 18 weeks gestation. […] A thorough prenatal evaluation is particularly important for conjoined twins, as the location and extent of where the twins are joined and what organs are shared play a crucial role in deciding whether the twins will be separable.

• #10 Conjoined Twins

  https://www.contemporarypediatrics.com/view/conjoined-twins

  Conjoined twins are classified according to the most prominent site of connection. The true incidence of conjoined twinning is difficult to ascertain because the majority of these twins are either aborted or stillborn. A crude incidence of 10.25 per million births has been reported, but rough estimates range from 1 per 50,000 to 100,000 births. Female conjoined twins are more common and account for approximately 70% to 95% of cases. There have been reports of racial predilection-such as an increased incidence in some areas of Africa and Asia-but no significant relationship with heredity, maternal age, or parity has been reported. […] Ultrasonographic evaluation is indicated for all pregnant women carrying more than a single fetus to rule out the possibility of conjoined twins. If the diagnosis is not certain, other imaging techniques can be considered-including plain radiography or amniography. […] The prognosis for conjoined twins is generally poor. Roughly 40% of conjoined twins are stillborn, and approximately 35% die within the first day of life. Survival depends on the type of conjunction and the presence of associated anomalies. Only 60% of surgically treated conjoined twins survive.

• #11 Conjoined Twins: A Worldwide Collaborative Epidemiological Study of the International Clearinghouse for Birth Defects Surveillance and Research

  https://stacks-use2.cdc.gov/view/cdc/33771

  Conjoined twins (CT) are a very rare developmental accident of uncertain etiology. Prevalence has been previously estimated to be 1 in 50,000 to 1 in 100,000 births. […] The purpose of the present study was to analyze diverse epidemiological aspects of CT, including the different variables listed in the Introduction Section of this issue of the Journal. […] A total of 383 carefully reviewed sets of CT obtained from 26,138,837 births reported by 21 Clearinghouse Surveillance Programs (SP) were included in the analysis. Total prevalence was 1.47 per 100,000 births (95% CI: 1.32-1.62). […] Salient findings including an evident variation in prevalence among SPs: a marked variation in the type of pregnancy outcome, a similarity in the proportion of CT types among programs: a significant female predominance in CT: particularly of the thoracopagus type and a significant male predominance in parapagus and parasitic types: significant differences in prevalence by ethnicity and an apparent increasing prevalence trend in South American countries. […] No genetic, environmental or demographic significant associated factors were identified. Further work in epidemiology and molecular research is necessary to understand the etiology and pathogenesis involved in the development of this fascinating phenomenon of nature.

• #12 Conjoined Twins: A Worldwide Collaborative Epidemiological Study of the International Clearinghouse for Birth Defects Surveillance and Research

  https://stacks-use2.cdc.gov/view/cdc/33771

  Conjoined twins (CT) are a very rare developmental accident of uncertain etiology. Prevalence has been previously estimated to be 1 in 50,000 to 1 in 100,000 births. […] The purpose of the present study was to analyze diverse epidemiological aspects of CT, including the different variables listed in the Introduction Section of this issue of the Journal. […] A total of 383 carefully reviewed sets of CT obtained from 26,138,837 births reported by 21 Clearinghouse Surveillance Programs (SP) were included in the analysis. Total prevalence was 1.47 per 100,000 births (95% CI: 1.32-1.62). […] Salient findings including an evident variation in prevalence among SPs: a marked variation in the type of pregnancy outcome, a similarity in the proportion of CT types among programs: a significant female predominance in CT: particularly of the thoracopagus type and a significant male predominance in parapagus and parasitic types: significant differences in prevalence by ethnicity and an apparent increasing prevalence trend in South American countries. […] No genetic, environmental or demographic significant associated factors were identified. Further work in epidemiology and molecular research is necessary to understand the etiology and pathogenesis involved in the development of this fascinating phenomenon of nature.

• #13 World Conjoined Twins Day | United Nations

  https://www.un.org/en/observances/conjoined-twins-day

  Conjoined fetuses are a rare type of identical twins that share a placenta and an amniotic sac, when the embryo divides at 13-15 days from conception. The incidence ranges from 1/50,000-1/100,000 live births. Female fetuses are more commonly affected, as the ratio of female to male is 3:1. […] No association with maternal age, race, parity, or heredity has been observed, and the recurrence risk is negligible. […] Estimated incidence of conjoined twins can be 1 in 50,000 births. […] Currently, there is lack of quality, timely and reliable data in this regard.

• #14 Conjoined Twins

  https://www.contemporarypediatrics.com/view/conjoined-twins

  Conjoined twins are classified according to the most prominent site of connection. The true incidence of conjoined twinning is difficult to ascertain because the majority of these twins are either aborted or stillborn. A crude incidence of 10.25 per million births has been reported, but rough estimates range from 1 per 50,000 to 100,000 births. Female conjoined twins are more common and account for approximately 70% to 95% of cases. There have been reports of racial predilection-such as an increased incidence in some areas of Africa and Asia-but no significant relationship with heredity, maternal age, or parity has been reported. […] Ultrasonographic evaluation is indicated for all pregnant women carrying more than a single fetus to rule out the possibility of conjoined twins. If the diagnosis is not certain, other imaging techniques can be considered-including plain radiography or amniography. […] The prognosis for conjoined twins is generally poor. Roughly 40% of conjoined twins are stillborn, and approximately 35% die within the first day of life. Survival depends on the type of conjunction and the presence of associated anomalies. Only 60% of surgically treated conjoined twins survive.

• #15 Conjoined Twins | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/conditions-diseases/conjoined-twins

  The prognosis for conjoined twins depends on where the twins are connected. […] Conjoined twins are generally classified in three ways: 75 percent are joined at the chest wall or upper abdomen (thoracopagus and omphalopagus), 23 percent are joined at the hips, legs, or genitalia (pygopagus and ischiopagus), and 2 percent are joined at the head (craniopagus). […] Not all conjoined twins are candidates for separation, and the success rates for separating conjoined twins vary depending on the connection. […] Childrens Hospital of Philadelphia has successfully separated 32 pairs of conjoined twins, the first in 1957.

• #16 Thoracopagus Conjoined Twins: Early Diagnosis by Ultrasound, A Case Report

  https://clinmedjournals.org/articles/cmrcr/clinical-medical-reviews-and-case-reports-cmrcr-7-305.php?jid=cmrcr

  A tempestive diagnosis of conjoined twins pregnancy is crucial for choosing the best therapeutic option in terms of pregnancy termination or gestational continuation with surgical twins separation. […] Thoracopagus conjoined twins account for more than 40% of cases, and the prognosis of this kind of twins is very poor because in most of cases a single heart and/or liver is present.

• #17 Conjoined Twins | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/conditions-diseases/conjoined-twins

  The prognosis for conjoined twins depends on where the twins are connected. […] Conjoined twins are generally classified in three ways: 75 percent are joined at the chest wall or upper abdomen (thoracopagus and omphalopagus), 23 percent are joined at the hips, legs, or genitalia (pygopagus and ischiopagus), and 2 percent are joined at the head (craniopagus). […] Not all conjoined twins are candidates for separation, and the success rates for separating conjoined twins vary depending on the connection. […] Childrens Hospital of Philadelphia has successfully separated 32 pairs of conjoined twins, the first in 1957.

• #18 Conjoined Twins | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/conditions-diseases/conjoined-twins

  The prognosis for conjoined twins depends on where the twins are connected. […] Conjoined twins are generally classified in three ways: 75 percent are joined at the chest wall or upper abdomen (thoracopagus and omphalopagus), 23 percent are joined at the hips, legs, or genitalia (pygopagus and ischiopagus), and 2 percent are joined at the head (craniopagus). […] Not all conjoined twins are candidates for separation, and the success rates for separating conjoined twins vary depending on the connection. […] Childrens Hospital of Philadelphia has successfully separated 32 pairs of conjoined twins, the first in 1957.

• #19 Conjoined Twins – Fetal Health Foundation

  https://www.fetalhealthfoundation.org/fetal-syndromes/conjoined-twins/

  Conjoined twins are categorized by where they are connected. Approximately 75% are joined at the chest wall or upper abdomen, 23% are connected at the hips, legs, or genitalia, and only 2% are joined at the head. […] This occurs when a single fertilized egg begins to split into two babies but does not do so completely. This is a rare occurrence, happening only once in about 50,000 pregnancies (according to Childrens Hospital of Philadelphia.) […] Typically, a diagnosis of conjoined twins occurs early in pregnancy by using prenatal ultrasound. Further evaluations are later conducted, usually after 18 weeks, using ultrasound, MRI, and echocardiogram technology to understand the location and extent of the connection and help determine whether separation surgery after birth is possible. […] Conjoined twins must always be delivered by C-section, which can carry certain maternal risks including: infection, loss of blood, blood clots, organ injury, risks to future pregnancies, and more. Other risks include miscarriage, preterm birth, and neonatal death. It is important to deliver your babies at a facility that has a wide range of specialized services to ensure the best outcome for you and your babies.

• #20 Conjoined Twins | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/conditions-diseases/conjoined-twins

  The prognosis for conjoined twins depends on where the twins are connected. […] Conjoined twins are generally classified in three ways: 75 percent are joined at the chest wall or upper abdomen (thoracopagus and omphalopagus), 23 percent are joined at the hips, legs, or genitalia (pygopagus and ischiopagus), and 2 percent are joined at the head (craniopagus). […] Not all conjoined twins are candidates for separation, and the success rates for separating conjoined twins vary depending on the connection. […] Childrens Hospital of Philadelphia has successfully separated 32 pairs of conjoined twins, the first in 1957.

• #21 Conjoined Twins – Fetal Health Foundation

  https://www.fetalhealthfoundation.org/fetal-syndromes/conjoined-twins/

  Conjoined twins are categorized by where they are connected. Approximately 75% are joined at the chest wall or upper abdomen, 23% are connected at the hips, legs, or genitalia, and only 2% are joined at the head. […] This occurs when a single fertilized egg begins to split into two babies but does not do so completely. This is a rare occurrence, happening only once in about 50,000 pregnancies (according to Childrens Hospital of Philadelphia.) […] Typically, a diagnosis of conjoined twins occurs early in pregnancy by using prenatal ultrasound. Further evaluations are later conducted, usually after 18 weeks, using ultrasound, MRI, and echocardiogram technology to understand the location and extent of the connection and help determine whether separation surgery after birth is possible. […] Conjoined twins must always be delivered by C-section, which can carry certain maternal risks including: infection, loss of blood, blood clots, organ injury, risks to future pregnancies, and more. Other risks include miscarriage, preterm birth, and neonatal death. It is important to deliver your babies at a facility that has a wide range of specialized services to ensure the best outcome for you and your babies.

• #22 Prenatal diagnosis of non-janiceps type of cephalopagus conjoined twins: a case report | Egyptian Journal of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine | Full Text

  https://ejrnm.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s43055-023-01008-x

  Conjoined twin pregnancy is a very rare variety of twin pregnancy which results from the failure of complete separation of a zygote after 13 days, cephalopagus being the rarest variety of such twin pregnancies. […] The exact prevalence of conjoined twins is not known. However, it varies between 1:50,000 and 1:200,000 total births. […] Cephalopagus twinning is the rarest type of conjoined twinning accounting for about 1 per million births and has a very poor prognosis. […] Hence, early antenatal detection using ultrasound and fetal MRI as a complementary, non invasive modality of investigation for appropriate and timely management followed by parental counselling is necessary. […] High level of suspicion is required to diagnose such cases on an ultrasound. One can diagnose a conjoined twin pregnancy as early as at 12 weeks of gestation.

• #23 Conjoined Twins

  https://www.contemporarypediatrics.com/view/conjoined-twins

  Conjoined twins are classified according to the most prominent site of connection. The true incidence of conjoined twinning is difficult to ascertain because the majority of these twins are either aborted or stillborn. A crude incidence of 10.25 per million births has been reported, but rough estimates range from 1 per 50,000 to 100,000 births. Female conjoined twins are more common and account for approximately 70% to 95% of cases. There have been reports of racial predilection-such as an increased incidence in some areas of Africa and Asia-but no significant relationship with heredity, maternal age, or parity has been reported. […] Ultrasonographic evaluation is indicated for all pregnant women carrying more than a single fetus to rule out the possibility of conjoined twins. If the diagnosis is not certain, other imaging techniques can be considered-including plain radiography or amniography. […] The prognosis for conjoined twins is generally poor. Roughly 40% of conjoined twins are stillborn, and approximately 35% die within the first day of life. Survival depends on the type of conjunction and the presence of associated anomalies. Only 60% of surgically treated conjoined twins survive.

• #24 World Conjoined Twins Day | United Nations

  https://www.un.org/en/observances/conjoined-twins-day

  Conjoined fetuses are a rare type of identical twins that share a placenta and an amniotic sac, when the embryo divides at 13-15 days from conception. The incidence ranges from 1/50,000-1/100,000 live births. Female fetuses are more commonly affected, as the ratio of female to male is 3:1. […] No association with maternal age, race, parity, or heredity has been observed, and the recurrence risk is negligible. […] Estimated incidence of conjoined twins can be 1 in 50,000 births. […] Currently, there is lack of quality, timely and reliable data in this regard.

• #25 Conjoined Twins: A Worldwide Collaborative Epidemiological Study of the International Clearinghouse for Birth Defects Surveillance and Research

  https://stacks-use2.cdc.gov/view/cdc/33771

  Conjoined twins (CT) are a very rare developmental accident of uncertain etiology. Prevalence has been previously estimated to be 1 in 50,000 to 1 in 100,000 births. […] The purpose of the present study was to analyze diverse epidemiological aspects of CT, including the different variables listed in the Introduction Section of this issue of the Journal. […] A total of 383 carefully reviewed sets of CT obtained from 26,138,837 births reported by 21 Clearinghouse Surveillance Programs (SP) were included in the analysis. Total prevalence was 1.47 per 100,000 births (95% CI: 1.32-1.62). […] Salient findings including an evident variation in prevalence among SPs: a marked variation in the type of pregnancy outcome, a similarity in the proportion of CT types among programs: a significant female predominance in CT: particularly of the thoracopagus type and a significant male predominance in parapagus and parasitic types: significant differences in prevalence by ethnicity and an apparent increasing prevalence trend in South American countries. […] No genetic, environmental or demographic significant associated factors were identified. Further work in epidemiology and molecular research is necessary to understand the etiology and pathogenesis involved in the development of this fascinating phenomenon of nature.

• #26 The Epidemiology of Conjoined Twins in Latin America | Acta geneticae medicae et gemellologiae: twin research | Cambridge Core

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/amg-acta-geneticae-medicae-et-gemellologiae-twin-research/article/epidemiology-of-conjoined-twins-in-latin-america/DDFD9F46198F456AA2793FF1D9FE3F4E

  Twentythree cases of symmetrical conjoined twins were registered by the Latin-American Collaborative Study of Congenital Malformations (ECLAMC) in 1,714,952 births, which were observed during the 1967-1986 period in 95 maternity hospitals distributed in eleven Latin-American countries. This results in a birth prevalence rate of about 1/75,000 births. […] The secular and geographic distribution of this material do not depart from random in spite of one hospital with three cases, and two hospitals with two cases each, within a short time period. […] These 23 cases include one diprosopus, 3 dicephalus, one ischiopagus, 5 pygopagus, none dipygus, 3 syncephalus, none craniopagus, 9 thoracopagus, one omphalopagus, and none rachipagus. […] Sex distribution is even, with 12 male and 11 female cases.

• #27 Prenatal diagnosis of non-janiceps type of cephalopagus conjoined twins: a case report | Egyptian Journal of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine | Full Text

  https://ejrnm.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s43055-023-01008-x

  Conjoined twin pregnancy is a very rare variety of twin pregnancy which results from the failure of complete separation of a zygote after 13 days, cephalopagus being the rarest variety of such twin pregnancies. […] The exact prevalence of conjoined twins is not known. However, it varies between 1:50,000 and 1:200,000 total births. […] Cephalopagus twinning is the rarest type of conjoined twinning accounting for about 1 per million births and has a very poor prognosis. […] Hence, early antenatal detection using ultrasound and fetal MRI as a complementary, non invasive modality of investigation for appropriate and timely management followed by parental counselling is necessary. […] High level of suspicion is required to diagnose such cases on an ultrasound. One can diagnose a conjoined twin pregnancy as early as at 12 weeks of gestation.

• #28 Conjoined Twins: Definition, Causes & Outlook

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22895-conjoined-twins

  Conjoined twins are rare. It’s estimated to occur only once in every 50,000 pregnancies. Up to 60% of conjoined twins are stillborn (not alive at birth) or die shortly after delivery. Conjoined twins can be identified as early as 12-weeks prenatally through imaging tests, including ultrasound and MRI. It is very common for birthing parents to experience premature labor with conjoined twins. With early detection, the pregnancy can be managed to prevent pre-term labor and allow the twins to develop normally. Since the cause of conjoined twins is unknown, there’s no way to prevent conjoined twins from occurring during pregnancy. Survival rates and quality of life for conjoined twins depend entirely on how the two babies are connected. If separation surgery is attempted, only 60% of surgically separated conjoined twins survive. Conjoined twins can be identified as early as 12 weeks into your pregnancy.

• #29 Prenatal diagnosis of non-janiceps type of cephalopagus conjoined twins: a case report | Egyptian Journal of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine | Full Text

  https://ejrnm.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s43055-023-01008-x

  The findings on ultrasound that would help in diagnosing conjoined twins include inseparable fetal bodies, unvarying relative positioning of the two fetuses, both heads persistently at the same level to each other, bi-breech or bicephalic presentations and a single umbilical cord with more than three vessels. […] 3-D ultrasound can help in determining the extent of fusion of conjoined twins and thus help in proper classification, which would further help in appropriate management. […] Fetal MRI can help as a complimentary mode of investigation to the ultrasound as it can give reproducible fetal anatomy with better and detailed delineation of the associated congenital fetal abnormalities. […] Diagnosis of conjoined twins can be missed in case of a bicephalic fetal presentation where one of the fetal heads is engaged and another one is floating. […] Now with the advent of 3-D ultrasound techniques and faster MRI sequences, early prenatal diagnosis and appropriate classification of conjoined twins has become easier for optimal and timely obstetric as well as post natal management.

• #30 Prenatal diagnosis of non-janiceps type of cephalopagus conjoined twins: a case report | Egyptian Journal of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine | Full Text

  https://ejrnm.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s43055-023-01008-x

  The findings on ultrasound that would help in diagnosing conjoined twins include inseparable fetal bodies, unvarying relative positioning of the two fetuses, both heads persistently at the same level to each other, bi-breech or bicephalic presentations and a single umbilical cord with more than three vessels. […] 3-D ultrasound can help in determining the extent of fusion of conjoined twins and thus help in proper classification, which would further help in appropriate management. […] Fetal MRI can help as a complimentary mode of investigation to the ultrasound as it can give reproducible fetal anatomy with better and detailed delineation of the associated congenital fetal abnormalities. […] Diagnosis of conjoined twins can be missed in case of a bicephalic fetal presentation where one of the fetal heads is engaged and another one is floating. […] Now with the advent of 3-D ultrasound techniques and faster MRI sequences, early prenatal diagnosis and appropriate classification of conjoined twins has become easier for optimal and timely obstetric as well as post natal management.

• #31 Conjoined Twins – Fetal Health Foundation

  https://www.fetalhealthfoundation.org/fetal-syndromes/conjoined-twins/

  Conjoined twins are categorized by where they are connected. Approximately 75% are joined at the chest wall or upper abdomen, 23% are connected at the hips, legs, or genitalia, and only 2% are joined at the head. […] This occurs when a single fertilized egg begins to split into two babies but does not do so completely. This is a rare occurrence, happening only once in about 50,000 pregnancies (according to Childrens Hospital of Philadelphia.) […] Typically, a diagnosis of conjoined twins occurs early in pregnancy by using prenatal ultrasound. Further evaluations are later conducted, usually after 18 weeks, using ultrasound, MRI, and echocardiogram technology to understand the location and extent of the connection and help determine whether separation surgery after birth is possible. […] Conjoined twins must always be delivered by C-section, which can carry certain maternal risks including: infection, loss of blood, blood clots, organ injury, risks to future pregnancies, and more. Other risks include miscarriage, preterm birth, and neonatal death. It is important to deliver your babies at a facility that has a wide range of specialized services to ensure the best outcome for you and your babies.

• #32 Conjoined Twins – Fetal Health Foundation

  https://www.fetalhealthfoundation.org/fetal-syndromes/conjoined-twins/

  Conjoined twins are categorized by where they are connected. Approximately 75% are joined at the chest wall or upper abdomen, 23% are connected at the hips, legs, or genitalia, and only 2% are joined at the head. […] This occurs when a single fertilized egg begins to split into two babies but does not do so completely. This is a rare occurrence, happening only once in about 50,000 pregnancies (according to Childrens Hospital of Philadelphia.) […] Typically, a diagnosis of conjoined twins occurs early in pregnancy by using prenatal ultrasound. Further evaluations are later conducted, usually after 18 weeks, using ultrasound, MRI, and echocardiogram technology to understand the location and extent of the connection and help determine whether separation surgery after birth is possible. […] Conjoined twins must always be delivered by C-section, which can carry certain maternal risks including: infection, loss of blood, blood clots, organ injury, risks to future pregnancies, and more. Other risks include miscarriage, preterm birth, and neonatal death. It is important to deliver your babies at a facility that has a wide range of specialized services to ensure the best outcome for you and your babies.

• #33 Prenatal diagnosis of non-janiceps type of cephalopagus conjoined twins: a case report | Egyptian Journal of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine | Full Text

  https://ejrnm.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s43055-023-01008-x

  The findings on ultrasound that would help in diagnosing conjoined twins include inseparable fetal bodies, unvarying relative positioning of the two fetuses, both heads persistently at the same level to each other, bi-breech or bicephalic presentations and a single umbilical cord with more than three vessels. […] 3-D ultrasound can help in determining the extent of fusion of conjoined twins and thus help in proper classification, which would further help in appropriate management. […] Fetal MRI can help as a complimentary mode of investigation to the ultrasound as it can give reproducible fetal anatomy with better and detailed delineation of the associated congenital fetal abnormalities. […] Diagnosis of conjoined twins can be missed in case of a bicephalic fetal presentation where one of the fetal heads is engaged and another one is floating. […] Now with the advent of 3-D ultrasound techniques and faster MRI sequences, early prenatal diagnosis and appropriate classification of conjoined twins has become easier for optimal and timely obstetric as well as post natal management.

• #34 Conjoined twins

  https://www.isuog.org/clinical-resources/patient-information-series/patient-information-pregnancy-conditions/multiple-pregnancies/conjoined-twins.html

  Conjoined twins are at very high risk of morbidity and mortality, especially when important organs such as the brain, heart or liver are shared between the two twins. […] Many anatomical arrangements can be encountered in conjoined twins. Some are incompatible with life and/ or can limit the surgical options for separation of the fetuses after birth. The potential outcomes of the pregnancy will be determined by the degree of organ sharing. […] There is no consensus of how often conjoined twin pregnancies should be assessed, but it is very important that they undergone intensive fetal surveillance in a tertiary care fetal medicine unit for the entire gestation. […] Following extensive assessment of shared organs, doctors will determine whether these twins can be safely separated. Termination of the pregnancy will also be offered as a management option.

• #35 Conjoined twins | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/conjoined-twins?embed_domain=hackmd.io%252525252f%2525252540yipuafecsl2jsu8smr5njq%252525252fbnjhjgjghjghjgh&lang=us

  The prevalence of conjoined twins ranges from 1:50,000 to 1:200,000. They are more common in parts of Southeast Asia and Africa with prevalence rates as high as 1:14,000 to 1:25,000. There is a recognized female predisposition (F: M of approximately 3:1). […] The prognosis for conjoined twins, in general, is quite poor. Approximately 40-60% of conjoined twins are stillborn and almost 35% of live births do not survive beyond 24 hours. Of those who do survive, surgical separation is sometimes possible (but with higher failure rates if performed within the first 3 weeks). Surgical separation, in general, is in most cases very challenging with high mortality, depending on the complexity of shared structures. Of those with thoracopagus, ~75% have extensively joined hearts which in turn preclude a successful separation.

• #36 Conjoined Twins Separation, Surgery, Causes & Types

  https://www.medicinenet.com/conjoined_twins/article.htm

  Conjoined twins are estimated to occur in around 1.5 per 100,000 births worldwide. […] Because the cause of conjoined twins is not understood and because this condition is so rare, there are no known risk factors for having a conjoined twin pregnancy. […] The outlook for conjoined twins depends upon the extent and location of the fusion of body parts. In many pregnancies, conjoined twins die in utero or do not survive long after birth. Stillbirth affects about 40% of sets of conjoined twins. […] Because there are no known risk factors for conjoined twins, this condition cannot be prevented.

• #37 Conjoined twins | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/conjoined-twins?embed_domain=hackmd.io%252525252f%2525252540yipuafecsl2jsu8smr5njq%252525252fbnjhjgjghjghjgh&lang=us

  The prevalence of conjoined twins ranges from 1:50,000 to 1:200,000. They are more common in parts of Southeast Asia and Africa with prevalence rates as high as 1:14,000 to 1:25,000. There is a recognized female predisposition (F: M of approximately 3:1). […] The prognosis for conjoined twins, in general, is quite poor. Approximately 40-60% of conjoined twins are stillborn and almost 35% of live births do not survive beyond 24 hours. Of those who do survive, surgical separation is sometimes possible (but with higher failure rates if performed within the first 3 weeks). Surgical separation, in general, is in most cases very challenging with high mortality, depending on the complexity of shared structures. Of those with thoracopagus, ~75% have extensively joined hearts which in turn preclude a successful separation.

• #38 Conjoined Twins

  https://www.contemporarypediatrics.com/view/conjoined-twins

  Conjoined twins are classified according to the most prominent site of connection. The true incidence of conjoined twinning is difficult to ascertain because the majority of these twins are either aborted or stillborn. A crude incidence of 10.25 per million births has been reported, but rough estimates range from 1 per 50,000 to 100,000 births. Female conjoined twins are more common and account for approximately 70% to 95% of cases. There have been reports of racial predilection-such as an increased incidence in some areas of Africa and Asia-but no significant relationship with heredity, maternal age, or parity has been reported. […] Ultrasonographic evaluation is indicated for all pregnant women carrying more than a single fetus to rule out the possibility of conjoined twins. If the diagnosis is not certain, other imaging techniques can be considered-including plain radiography or amniography. […] The prognosis for conjoined twins is generally poor. Roughly 40% of conjoined twins are stillborn, and approximately 35% die within the first day of life. Survival depends on the type of conjunction and the presence of associated anomalies. Only 60% of surgically treated conjoined twins survive.

• #39 Conjoined Twins | Consultant360

  https://www.consultant360.com/articles/conjoined-twins

  Conjoined twins are classified according to the most prominent site of connection. The true incidence of conjoined twinning is difficult to ascertain because the majority of these twins are either aborted or stillborn. A crude incidence of 10.25 per million births has been reported, but rough estimates range from 1 per 50,000 to 100,000 births. Female conjoined twins are more common and account for approximately 70% to 95% of cases. There have been reports of racial predilection such as an increased incidence in some areas of Africa and Asia but no significant relationship with heredity, maternal age, or parity has been reported. […] The prognosis for conjoined twins is generally poor. Roughly 40% of conjoined twins are stillborn, and approximately 35% die within the first day of life. Survival depends on the type of conjunction and the presence of associated anomalies. Only 60% of surgically treated conjoined twins survive.

• #40 Conjoined Twins

  https://www.contemporarypediatrics.com/view/conjoined-twins

  Conjoined twins are classified according to the most prominent site of connection. The true incidence of conjoined twinning is difficult to ascertain because the majority of these twins are either aborted or stillborn. A crude incidence of 10.25 per million births has been reported, but rough estimates range from 1 per 50,000 to 100,000 births. Female conjoined twins are more common and account for approximately 70% to 95% of cases. There have been reports of racial predilection-such as an increased incidence in some areas of Africa and Asia-but no significant relationship with heredity, maternal age, or parity has been reported. […] Ultrasonographic evaluation is indicated for all pregnant women carrying more than a single fetus to rule out the possibility of conjoined twins. If the diagnosis is not certain, other imaging techniques can be considered-including plain radiography or amniography. […] The prognosis for conjoined twins is generally poor. Roughly 40% of conjoined twins are stillborn, and approximately 35% die within the first day of life. Survival depends on the type of conjunction and the presence of associated anomalies. Only 60% of surgically treated conjoined twins survive.

• #41

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s44197-025-00339-4

  Since its inception in 1990, the Saudi Conjoined Twins Programme, led under the patronage of the Saudi leadership has achieved remarkable success in treating one of the rarest medical conditions, occurring in approximately one in every 200,000 live births annually. […] Each year, around 1,400 pairs of conjoined twins are born worldwide, and most parents lack access to the support and resources needed to address their childrens serious healthcare needs. […] The designation encourages global cooperation, inspires fundraising for research, and raises awareness about the importance of equitable access to medical interventions. […] The conference brought together medical professionals, policymakers, researchers, and advocates to address key challenges and opportunities in the care of conjoined twins.

• #42

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s44197-025-00339-4

  Since its inception in 1990, the Saudi Conjoined Twins Programme, led under the patronage of the Saudi leadership has achieved remarkable success in treating one of the rarest medical conditions, occurring in approximately one in every 200,000 live births annually. […] Each year, around 1,400 pairs of conjoined twins are born worldwide, and most parents lack access to the support and resources needed to address their childrens serious healthcare needs. […] The designation encourages global cooperation, inspires fundraising for research, and raises awareness about the importance of equitable access to medical interventions. […] The conference brought together medical professionals, policymakers, researchers, and advocates to address key challenges and opportunities in the care of conjoined twins.

• #43

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s44197-025-00339-4

  The global observance of World Conjoined Twins Day on November 24 was further proposed as an annual opportunity to commemorate the occasion through educational and awareness initiatives. […] The programmes success has led to the development of cutting-edge surgical techniques, innovations in imaging and preoperative planning, and improved understanding of the ethical considerations surrounding conjoined twin separations.

• #44 Conjoined Twins | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/conditions-diseases/conjoined-twins

  The prognosis for conjoined twins depends on where the twins are connected. […] Conjoined twins are generally classified in three ways: 75 percent are joined at the chest wall or upper abdomen (thoracopagus and omphalopagus), 23 percent are joined at the hips, legs, or genitalia (pygopagus and ischiopagus), and 2 percent are joined at the head (craniopagus). […] Not all conjoined twins are candidates for separation, and the success rates for separating conjoined twins vary depending on the connection. […] Childrens Hospital of Philadelphia has successfully separated 32 pairs of conjoined twins, the first in 1957.

• #45 Conjoined Twins – Stanford Medicine Children’s Health

  https://www.stanfordchildrens.org/en/services/general-surgery/patient-stories/conjoined-twins.html

  The frequency of the occurrence of conjoined twins is not well recorded, but is estimated to be between 1 in 30,000 to 1 in 200,000 worldwide. […] Because they occur so rarely, it is difficult to determine an exact frequency. […] The majority of conjoined twins die in utero, and about half who are born alive do not survive for more than 24 hours. […] Separation surgery is performed in the United States about five times a year. […] Three sets of conjoined twins have been separated at Packard Childrens. […] Gary Hartman, MD, has led seven total separation surgeries of conjoined twins, including these three cases. […] Conjoined twins successfully separated at Lucile Packard Childrens Hospital Stanford (2016).

• #46

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s44197-025-00339-4

  The global observance of World Conjoined Twins Day on November 24 was further proposed as an annual opportunity to commemorate the occasion through educational and awareness initiatives. […] The programmes success has led to the development of cutting-edge surgical techniques, innovations in imaging and preoperative planning, and improved understanding of the ethical considerations surrounding conjoined twin separations.

• #47 Conjoined Twins | Pediatric Surgery NaT

  https://www.pedsurglibrary.com/apsa/view/Pediatric-Surgery-NaT/829673/all/Conjoined_Twins

  It is also crucial to consider that separation is a team effort. While in the past a single surgeon may have taken on these cases and dealt with both babies, the complexities of union and the specifics of separation call for expertise in a number of areas including general, thoracic, cardiac, orthopedic, urologic, neurosurgical and plastic surgery. Careful coordination of services in neonatology, radiology and even media control are essential to providing care for these infants.

• #48 Conjoined Twins | Pediatric Surgery NaT

  https://www.pedsurglibrary.com/apsa/view/Pediatric-Surgery-NaT/829673/13/Conjoined_Twins

  Conjoined twins are perhaps the most complex pediatric surgical patients. […] Because they are also rare, it is also likely that a single pediatric surgeon will take care of very few of them or none at all. […] Therefore, extensive study of the literature and understanding of patient anatomy and embryology is essential to providing a good outcome. […] Well over 1000 cases have been described in the literature. […] It is important to understand that the desire to separate conjoined twins varies significantly by culture and certain ethical standards. […] In some instances, it is probable that the need for subsequent care will be less in a nonseparated set than in those undergoing separation. […] It is also crucial to consider that separation is a team effort. […] The complexities of union and the specifics of separation call for expertise in a number of areas including general, thoracic, cardiac, orthopedic, urologic, neurosurgical and plastic surgery. […] Careful coordination of services in neonatology, radiology and even media control are essential to providing care for these infants.

• #49 Conjoined Twins: A Worldwide Collaborative Epidemiological Study of the International Clearinghouse for Birth Defects Surveillance and Research

  https://stacks-use2.cdc.gov/view/cdc/33771

  Conjoined twins (CT) are a very rare developmental accident of uncertain etiology. Prevalence has been previously estimated to be 1 in 50,000 to 1 in 100,000 births. […] The purpose of the present study was to analyze diverse epidemiological aspects of CT, including the different variables listed in the Introduction Section of this issue of the Journal. […] A total of 383 carefully reviewed sets of CT obtained from 26,138,837 births reported by 21 Clearinghouse Surveillance Programs (SP) were included in the analysis. Total prevalence was 1.47 per 100,000 births (95% CI: 1.32-1.62). […] Salient findings including an evident variation in prevalence among SPs: a marked variation in the type of pregnancy outcome, a similarity in the proportion of CT types among programs: a significant female predominance in CT: particularly of the thoracopagus type and a significant male predominance in parapagus and parasitic types: significant differences in prevalence by ethnicity and an apparent increasing prevalence trend in South American countries. […] No genetic, environmental or demographic significant associated factors were identified. Further work in epidemiology and molecular research is necessary to understand the etiology and pathogenesis involved in the development of this fascinating phenomenon of nature.

• #50 World Conjoined Twins Day | United Nations

  https://www.un.org/en/observances/conjoined-twins-day

  Conjoined fetuses are a rare type of identical twins that share a placenta and an amniotic sac, when the embryo divides at 13-15 days from conception. The incidence ranges from 1/50,000-1/100,000 live births. Female fetuses are more commonly affected, as the ratio of female to male is 3:1. […] No association with maternal age, race, parity, or heredity has been observed, and the recurrence risk is negligible. […] Estimated incidence of conjoined twins can be 1 in 50,000 births. […] Currently, there is lack of quality, timely and reliable data in this regard.

• #51 Conjoined Twins | Consultant360

  https://www.consultant360.com/articles/conjoined-twins

  Conjoined twins are classified according to the most prominent site of connection. The true incidence of conjoined twinning is difficult to ascertain because the majority of these twins are either aborted or stillborn. A crude incidence of 10.25 per million births has been reported, but rough estimates range from 1 per 50,000 to 100,000 births. Female conjoined twins are more common and account for approximately 70% to 95% of cases. There have been reports of racial predilection such as an increased incidence in some areas of Africa and Asia but no significant relationship with heredity, maternal age, or parity has been reported. […] The prognosis for conjoined twins is generally poor. Roughly 40% of conjoined twins are stillborn, and approximately 35% die within the first day of life. Survival depends on the type of conjunction and the presence of associated anomalies. Only 60% of surgically treated conjoined twins survive.

• #52 Conjoined Twins | Pediatric Surgery NaT

  https://www.pedsurglibrary.com/apsa/view/Pediatric-Surgery-NaT/829673/all/Conjoined_Twins

  Conjoined twins are perhaps the most complex pediatric surgical patients. Because they are also rare, it is also likely that a single pediatric surgeon will take care of very few of them or none at all. Therefore, extensive study of the literature and understanding of patient anatomy and embryology is essential to providing a good outcome. Care of these infants can be both the highlight and greatest challenges of ones career. […] Well over 1000 cases have been described in the literature. Most through 2003 were cataloged in Spencers comprehensive text Conjoined Twins, Developmental Malformations and Clinical Implications. Since then, numerous additional articles describing individual cases have been reported. […] It is important to understand that the desire to separate conjoined twins varies significantly by culture and certain ethical standards. While western society places a greater emphasis on the needs of the individual, this is not the case in some areas of the world as highlighted in the book, One of Us. In some cases, ethics, cultural norms and the need for subsequent care may dictate that the twins not be separated.

• #53 Conjoined Twins: A Worldwide Collaborative Epidemiological Study of the International Clearinghouse for Birth Defects Surveillance and Research

  https://stacks-use2.cdc.gov/view/cdc/33771

  Conjoined twins (CT) are a very rare developmental accident of uncertain etiology. Prevalence has been previously estimated to be 1 in 50,000 to 1 in 100,000 births. […] The purpose of the present study was to analyze diverse epidemiological aspects of CT, including the different variables listed in the Introduction Section of this issue of the Journal. […] A total of 383 carefully reviewed sets of CT obtained from 26,138,837 births reported by 21 Clearinghouse Surveillance Programs (SP) were included in the analysis. Total prevalence was 1.47 per 100,000 births (95% CI: 1.32-1.62). […] Salient findings including an evident variation in prevalence among SPs: a marked variation in the type of pregnancy outcome, a similarity in the proportion of CT types among programs: a significant female predominance in CT: particularly of the thoracopagus type and a significant male predominance in parapagus and parasitic types: significant differences in prevalence by ethnicity and an apparent increasing prevalence trend in South American countries. […] No genetic, environmental or demographic significant associated factors were identified. Further work in epidemiology and molecular research is necessary to understand the etiology and pathogenesis involved in the development of this fascinating phenomenon of nature.

• #54 GoTriple – Conjoined Twins: A Worldwide Collaborative Epidemiological Study of the International Clearinghouse for Birth Defects Surveillance and Research

  https://gotriple.eu/documents/ftpubmed%3Aoai%3Apubmedcentral.nih.gov%3A4457318

  Conjoined twins (CT) are a very rare developmental accident of uncertain etiology. Prevalence has been previously estimated to be 1 in 50,000 to 1 in 100,000 births. […] The purpose of the present study was to analyze diverse epidemiological aspects of CT, including the different variables listed in the Introduction Section of this issue of the Journal. […] A total of 383 carefully reviewed sets of CT obtained from 26,138,837 births reported by 21 Clearinghouse Surveillance Programs (SP) were included in the analysis. Total prevalence was 1.47 per 100,000 births (95% CI: 1.321.62). […] Salient findings including an evident variation in prevalence among SPs: a marked variation in the type of pregnancy outcome, a similarity in the proportion of CT types among programs: a significant female predominance in CT: particularly of the thoracopagus type and a significant male predominance in parapagus and parasitic types: significant differences in prevalence by ethnicity and an apparent increasing prevalence trend in South American countries. […] Further work in epidemiology and molecular research is necessary to understand the etiology and pathogenesis involved in the development of this fascinating phenomenon of nature.

• #55 Prenatal diagnosis of non-janiceps type of cephalopagus conjoined twins: a case report | Egyptian Journal of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine | Full Text

  https://ejrnm.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s43055-023-01008-x

  The findings on ultrasound that would help in diagnosing conjoined twins include inseparable fetal bodies, unvarying relative positioning of the two fetuses, both heads persistently at the same level to each other, bi-breech or bicephalic presentations and a single umbilical cord with more than three vessels. […] 3-D ultrasound can help in determining the extent of fusion of conjoined twins and thus help in proper classification, which would further help in appropriate management. […] Fetal MRI can help as a complimentary mode of investigation to the ultrasound as it can give reproducible fetal anatomy with better and detailed delineation of the associated congenital fetal abnormalities. […] Diagnosis of conjoined twins can be missed in case of a bicephalic fetal presentation where one of the fetal heads is engaged and another one is floating. […] Now with the advent of 3-D ultrasound techniques and faster MRI sequences, early prenatal diagnosis and appropriate classification of conjoined twins has become easier for optimal and timely obstetric as well as post natal management.

• #56 Conjoined Twins: A Worldwide Collaborative Epidemiological Study of the International Clearinghouse for Birth Defects Surveillance and Research

  https://stacks-use2.cdc.gov/view/cdc/33771

  Conjoined twins (CT) are a very rare developmental accident of uncertain etiology. Prevalence has been previously estimated to be 1 in 50,000 to 1 in 100,000 births. […] The purpose of the present study was to analyze diverse epidemiological aspects of CT, including the different variables listed in the Introduction Section of this issue of the Journal. […] A total of 383 carefully reviewed sets of CT obtained from 26,138,837 births reported by 21 Clearinghouse Surveillance Programs (SP) were included in the analysis. Total prevalence was 1.47 per 100,000 births (95% CI: 1.32-1.62). […] Salient findings including an evident variation in prevalence among SPs: a marked variation in the type of pregnancy outcome, a similarity in the proportion of CT types among programs: a significant female predominance in CT: particularly of the thoracopagus type and a significant male predominance in parapagus and parasitic types: significant differences in prevalence by ethnicity and an apparent increasing prevalence trend in South American countries. […] No genetic, environmental or demographic significant associated factors were identified. Further work in epidemiology and molecular research is necessary to understand the etiology and pathogenesis involved in the development of this fascinating phenomenon of nature.

• #57

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s44197-025-00339-4

  Since its inception in 1990, the Saudi Conjoined Twins Programme, led under the patronage of the Saudi leadership has achieved remarkable success in treating one of the rarest medical conditions, occurring in approximately one in every 200,000 live births annually. […] Each year, around 1,400 pairs of conjoined twins are born worldwide, and most parents lack access to the support and resources needed to address their childrens serious healthcare needs. […] The designation encourages global cooperation, inspires fundraising for research, and raises awareness about the importance of equitable access to medical interventions. […] The conference brought together medical professionals, policymakers, researchers, and advocates to address key challenges and opportunities in the care of conjoined twins.

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