Materiały źródłowe

• #1

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/schistosomiasis

  Symptoms of schistosomiasis are caused mainly by the bodys reaction to the worms eggs. […] Intestinal schistosomiasis can result in abdominal pain, diarrhoea, and blood in the stool. Liver enlargement is common in advanced cases and is frequently associated with an accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity and hypertension of the abdominal blood vessels. In such cases there may also be enlargement of the spleen. […] The classic sign of urogenital schistosomiasis is haematuria (blood in urine). Kidney damage and fibrosis of the bladder and ureter are sometimes diagnosed in advanced cases. Bladder cancer is another possible complication in the later stages. In women, urogenital schistosomiasis may present with genital lesions, vaginal bleeding, pain during sexual intercourse and nodules in the vulva. In men, urogenital schistosomiasis can induce pathology of the seminal vesicles, prostate and other organs. This disease may also have other long-term irreversible consequences, including infertility.

• #2

  https://www.who.int/health-topics/schistosomiasis

  Symptoms of schistosomiasis are caused by the bodys reaction to the worms’ eggs. […] Intestinal schistosomiasis can result in abdominal pain, diarrhoea, and blood in the stool. Liver enlargement is common in advanced cases, and is frequently associated with an accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity and hypertension of the abdominal blood vessels. In such cases there may also be enlargement of the spleen. […] The classic sign of urogenital schistosomiasis is haematuria (blood in urine). Fibrosis of the bladder and ureter, and kidney damage are sometimes diagnosed in advanced cases. Bladder cancer is another possible complication in the later stages. In women, urogenital schistosomiasis may present with genital lesions, vaginal bleeding, pain during sexual intercourse, and nodules in the vulva. In men, urogenital schistosomiasis can induce pathology of the seminal vesicles, prostate, and other organs. This disease may also have other long-term irreversible consequences, including infertility. […] In children, schistosomiasis can cause anaemia, stunting and a reduced ability to learn, although the effects are usually reversible with treatment.

• #3 Schistosomiasis (Bilharzia) Transmission, Diagnosis & Prevention

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/schistosomiasis_bilharzia/article_em.htm

  Within days after becoming infected, you may develop a rash or itchy skin. […] Fever, chills, cough, and muscle aches can begin within 1-2 months of infection. Most people have no symptoms at this early phase of infection. […] When adult worms are present, the eggs that are produced usually travel to the intestine, liver or bladder, causing inflammation or scarring. Children who are repeatedly infected can develop anemia, malnutrition, and learning difficulties. After years of infection, the parasite can also damage the liver, intestine, lungs, and bladder. Rarely, eggs are found in the brain or spinal cord and can cause seizures, paralysis, or spinal cord inflammation. […] Symptoms of schistosomiasis are caused by the body’s reaction to the eggs produced by worms, not by the worms themselves.

• #4 Schistosomiasis (Bilharzia) Symptoms & Treatment | Unlimit Health

  https://unlimithealth.org/ntds/schistosomiasis/

  At first, there are often no symptoms of schistosomiasis but within one to two months of infection, symptoms may develop including fever, abdominal pain (liver/spleen area), bloody diarrhoea or blood in the stools or urine, coughing, malaise, headaches, rashes and body aches. […] Symptoms get worse in the parts of the body where the schistosoma eggs travel to, and cause infection. Chronic schistosomiasis can cause serious health problems in almost any area of the body, including the digestive, urinary, pulmonary and nervous systems. […] Without treatment, schistosomiasis can cause permanent organ damage, shutdown, and even death. […] Examples of long-term health complications of schistosomiasis include: Impact on the digestive system, such as abdominal pain and swelling, diarrhoea and blood in faeces; Impact on nutritional outcomes, such as anaemia and stunting (short height-for-age); Urinary and bladder problems, like cystitis, contracted bladder and bladder cancer; Reproductive problems, such as female genital schistosomiasis and infertility; Problems with heart and lungs, including shortness of breath or coughing up blood; Brain and nervous system issues, like headaches, weakness and numbness, dizziness or fits.

• #5 Schistosomiasis (bilharzia)

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/schistosomiasis/

  You often don’t have any symptoms when you first become infected with schistosomiasis, but the parasite can remain in the body for many years and cause damage to organs such as the bladder, kidneys and liver. […] Many people with schistosomiasis don’t have any symptoms, or don’t experience any for several months or even years. […] After a few weeks, some people develop: a high temperature (fever), an itchy, red, blotchy and raised rash, a cough, diarrhoea, muscle and joint pain, tummy pain, a general sense of feeling unwell. […] These symptoms, known as acute schistosomiasis, often get better by themselves within a few weeks. […] But it’s still important to get treated because the parasite can remain in your body and lead to long-term problems. […] Some people with schistosomiasis, regardless of whether they had any initial symptoms or not, eventually develop more serious problems in parts of the body the eggs have travelled to.

• #6 Schistosomiasis (Bilharzia) Clinical Presentation: History, Physical Examination

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/228392-clinical

  Individuals who have been exposed to fresh or salt water may develop a pruritic rash due to cercarial dermatitis (also called swimmer’s itch). […] Patients with acute schistosomiasis (Katayama fever) present usually 4-8 weeks after contact with infested water. It occurs 2-8 weeks after exposure to S japonicum or S mansoni. Katayama fever is common in heavily infested areas where there is S japonicum. Wading and swimming in fresh water in tropical regions causes schistosomal trematodes to enter the body. Fever, lethargy, malaise, and myalgia are the most common symptoms of Katayama syndrome. Less common symptoms include cough, headache, anorexia, and rash (urticarial or papular). Right upper quadrant pain and bloody diarrhea also may occur. […] These symptoms mimic any acute viral, bacterial, or malarial illness. The distinguishing features from malaria include generalized urticaria, pruritic rash at the site of cercarial penetration (often the legs), eosinophilia, and lymphadenopathy. Consequently, acute illness often is missed unless schistosomiasis is suspected.

• #7 CDC – DPDx – Schistosomiasis Infection

  https://www.cdc.gov/dpdx/schistosomiasis/index.html

  Symptoms of schistosomiasis are not caused by the worms themselves but by the body’s reaction to the eggs. Many infections are asymptomatic. A local cutaneous hypersensitivity reaction following skin penetration by cercariae may occur and appears as small, itchy maculopapular lesions. […] Acute schistosomiasis (Katayama fever) is a systemic hypersensitivity reaction that may occur weeks after the initial infection, especially by S. mansoni and S. japonicum. Manifestations include systemic symptoms/signs including fever, cough, abdominal pain, diarrhea, hepatosplenomegaly, and eosinophilia. […] Occasionally, Schistosoma infections may lead to central nervous system lesions. Cerebral granulomatous disease may be caused by ectopic S. japonicum eggs in the brain, and granulomatous lesions around ectopic eggs in the spinal cord may occur in S. mansoni and S. haematobium infections. Continuing infection may cause granulomatous reactions and fibrosis in the affected organs (e.g., liver and spleen) with associated signs/symptoms.

• #8 Schistosomiasis: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22631-schistosomiasis

  Many people have no symptoms of schistosomiasis. Early signs and symptoms (those that happen within days of being infected) may include itchiness and a skin rash. […] Later symptoms (those that develop within 30 to 60 days of being infected) may include: Fever. Chills. Cough. Muscle aches and pain. […] If you arent treated, symptoms that develop after years of being infected may include: Pain in your stomach. Enlarged liver (hepatomegaly). Blood in your urine (pee), also called hematuria. Difficulty or pain while urinating (dysuria). Blood in feces (poop), also called hematochezia. Miscarriage. […] Chronic (long-lasting) schistosomiasis may make it more likely that you’ll develop scars on your liver or bladder cancer. […] In rare cases, you might have eggs in your brain or spinal cord. If this is true, you may have seizures, become paralyzed or have an inflamed spinal cord.

• #9 Schistosomiasis: Symptoms, Treatment and Spread

  https://patient.info/infections/schistosomiasis-leaflet

  Schistosomiasis can be 'acute’ or 'chronic’. Within days of becoming infected, some people can develop a rash or itchy skin. This is known as 'swimmer’s itch’. […] Symptoms first develop some weeks after you have been in contact with the infested water. Symptoms can include: Fever. Headache. Tiredness. Joint and muscle pains. Cough. Bloody diarrhoea. Tummy (abdominal) pain. […] many people who are infected do not develop symptoms of acute schistosomiasis, or their symptoms may be mild and go unrecognised. Some may dismiss their symptoms, believing them to have been caused by a simple viral infection. However, they can go on to develop chronic schistosomiasis. […] If you have chronic schistosomiasis, you can develop symptoms many months or years after you were first infected. It can cause long-term ill health.

• #10 Schistosomiasis (Bilharzia) Clinical Presentation: History, Physical Examination

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/228392-clinical

  Individuals who have been exposed to fresh or salt water may develop a pruritic rash due to cercarial dermatitis (also called swimmer’s itch). […] Patients with acute schistosomiasis (Katayama fever) present usually 4-8 weeks after contact with infested water. It occurs 2-8 weeks after exposure to S japonicum or S mansoni. Katayama fever is common in heavily infested areas where there is S japonicum. Wading and swimming in fresh water in tropical regions causes schistosomal trematodes to enter the body. Fever, lethargy, malaise, and myalgia are the most common symptoms of Katayama syndrome. Less common symptoms include cough, headache, anorexia, and rash (urticarial or papular). Right upper quadrant pain and bloody diarrhea also may occur. […] These symptoms mimic any acute viral, bacterial, or malarial illness. The distinguishing features from malaria include generalized urticaria, pruritic rash at the site of cercarial penetration (often the legs), eosinophilia, and lymphadenopathy. Consequently, acute illness often is missed unless schistosomiasis is suspected.

• #11 CDC – DPDx – Schistosomiasis Infection

  https://www.cdc.gov/dpdx/schistosomiasis/index.html

  Symptoms of schistosomiasis are not caused by the worms themselves but by the body’s reaction to the eggs. Many infections are asymptomatic. A local cutaneous hypersensitivity reaction following skin penetration by cercariae may occur and appears as small, itchy maculopapular lesions. […] Acute schistosomiasis (Katayama fever) is a systemic hypersensitivity reaction that may occur weeks after the initial infection, especially by S. mansoni and S. japonicum. Manifestations include systemic symptoms/signs including fever, cough, abdominal pain, diarrhea, hepatosplenomegaly, and eosinophilia. […] Occasionally, Schistosoma infections may lead to central nervous system lesions. Cerebral granulomatous disease may be caused by ectopic S. japonicum eggs in the brain, and granulomatous lesions around ectopic eggs in the spinal cord may occur in S. mansoni and S. haematobium infections. Continuing infection may cause granulomatous reactions and fibrosis in the affected organs (e.g., liver and spleen) with associated signs/symptoms.

• #12 Schistosomiasis – Infectious Diseases – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/trematodes-flukes/schistosomiasis

  Acute symptoms are dermatitis, followed several weeks later by fever, chills, nausea, abdominal pain, diarrhea, malaise, and myalgia. […] Chronic symptoms vary with species but include bloody diarrhea (eg, with S. mansoni, S. mekongi, S. intercalatum, and S. japonicum) or hematuria (eg, with S. haematobium). […] Most infections are asymptomatic. A pruritic papular rash (cercarial dermatitis) can develop where cercariae penetrate the skin. […] Katayama fever is a systemic hypersensitivity reaction that may occur with onset of egg laying, typically 2 to 4 weeks after heavy exposure. Symptoms include fever, chills, cough, nausea, abdominal pain, malaise, myalgia, urticarial rashes, and marked eosinophilia, resembling serum sickness. […] Chronic schistosomiasis results primarily from granulomatous host responses to eggs retained in tissues.

• #13 Symptoms of Schistosomiasis | Schistosomiasis | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/schistosomiasis/symptoms/index.html

  The most common early signs of schistosomiasis are rash or itchy skin. […] Symptoms of schistosomiasis are your body’s reaction to the eggs produced by adult worms. […] Without treatment, schistosomiasis symptoms can last for years. […] You may not experience symptoms when you are first infected. The most common early symptoms of schistosomiasis are a rash or itchy skin. These occur within days after becoming infected. […] Within 1 2 months, you may experience: Fever, Chills, Cough, Muscle aches. […] Chronic (long term) schistosomiasis can develop if you do not get treatment. Symptoms include: Abdominal (stomach) pain, Larger liver, Blood in the stool (poop) or urine (pee), Problems urinating, Damage to the spleen, lungs, intestines, and bladder. […] Chronic infection can also cause increased risk of liver fibrosis (scarring of the liver), bladder fibrosis (scarring of the bladder), bladder cancer, or kidney damage. […] In rare cases, eggs can enter the brain or spinal cord. These eggs can cause seizures, paralysis, or spinal cord inflammation.

• #14 Schistosomiasis (bilharzia)

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/schistosomiasis/

  You often don’t have any symptoms when you first become infected with schistosomiasis, but the parasite can remain in the body for many years and cause damage to organs such as the bladder, kidneys and liver. […] Many people with schistosomiasis don’t have any symptoms, or don’t experience any for several months or even years. […] After a few weeks, some people develop: a high temperature (fever), an itchy, red, blotchy and raised rash, a cough, diarrhoea, muscle and joint pain, tummy pain, a general sense of feeling unwell. […] These symptoms, known as acute schistosomiasis, often get better by themselves within a few weeks. […] But it’s still important to get treated because the parasite can remain in your body and lead to long-term problems. […] Some people with schistosomiasis, regardless of whether they had any initial symptoms or not, eventually develop more serious problems in parts of the body the eggs have travelled to.

• #15 Schistosomiasis or bilharzia | Africa Health Organisation

  https://aho.org/health-topics/schistosomiasis/

  The symptoms of schistosomiasis include a rash or itchy skin that is followed by fever, cough and chills. […] After a few weeks, some people develop: a high temperature (fever) above 38C, an itchy, red, blotchy and raised rash, a cough, diarrhoea, muscle and joint pain, abdominal (tummy) pain, a general sense of feeling unwell. […] These symptoms, known as acute schistosomiasis, often get better by themselves within a few weeks. But it’s still important to get treated because the parasite can remain in your body and lead to long-term problems. […] Some people with schistosomiasis, regardless of whether they had any initial symptoms or not, eventually develop more serious problems in parts of the body the eggs have travelled to. […] Chronic schistosomiasis can include a range of symptoms and problems, depending on the exact area that’s infected. […] Without treatment, affected organs can become permanently damaged.

• #16 Schistosomiasis (bilharzia)

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/schistosomiasis/

  You often don’t have any symptoms when you first become infected with schistosomiasis, but the parasite can remain in the body for many years and cause damage to organs such as the bladder, kidneys and liver. […] Many people with schistosomiasis don’t have any symptoms, or don’t experience any for several months or even years. […] After a few weeks, some people develop: a high temperature (fever), an itchy, red, blotchy and raised rash, a cough, diarrhoea, muscle and joint pain, tummy pain, a general sense of feeling unwell. […] These symptoms, known as acute schistosomiasis, often get better by themselves within a few weeks. […] But it’s still important to get treated because the parasite can remain in your body and lead to long-term problems. […] Some people with schistosomiasis, regardless of whether they had any initial symptoms or not, eventually develop more serious problems in parts of the body the eggs have travelled to.

• #17 Schistosomiasis (bilharzia) | NICS Well

  https://www.nicswell.co.uk/conditions-and-treatments/schistosomiasis-bilharzia

  You often don’t have any symptoms when you first become infected with schistosomiasis, but the parasite can remain in the body for many years and cause damage to organs such as the bladder, kidneys and liver. […] Many people with schistosomiasis don’t have any symptoms, or don’t experience any for several months or even years. […] After a few weeks, some people develop: a high temperature (fever) above 38C, an itchy, red, blotchy and raised rash, a cough, diarrhoea, muscle and joint pain, abdominal (tummy) pain, a general sense of feeling unwell. […] These symptoms, known as acute schistosomiasis, often get better by themselves within a few weeks. But it’s still important to get treated because the parasite can remain in your body and lead to long-term problems. […] Some people with schistosomiasis, regardless of whether they had any initial symptoms or not, eventually develop more serious problems in parts of the body the eggs have travelled to.

• #18 Schistosomiasis: Symptoms and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/schistosomiasis-pro

  Infection can be acute or chronic. Physical findings vary with the stage of illness, worm burden, worm location and the organs involved. […] Schistosomiasis is associated with anaemia, chronic pain, diarrhoea, exercise intolerance and malnutrition. […] The acute reaction is due to the sudden release of highly antigenic eggs. The most common acute syndrome is Katayama fever. […] Most acute infections are asymptomatic. […] Clinical features include systemic symptoms/signs including fever, cough, abdominal pain, diarrhoea, hepatosplenomegaly, and eosinophilia. […] Chronic schistosomiasis can present months to years after exposure, making diagnosis difficult. […] Symptoms may be few or mild. They may be nonspecific or reflect the site of egg production in the mesentery or bladder wall, the extent of damage to liver or spleen, the degree of lung involvement, and possibly other sites including the central nervous system (CNS).

• #19 Schistosomiasis (Bilharzia) Clinical Presentation: History, Physical Examination

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/228392-clinical

  In acute schistosomiasis, patients may present with focal neurologic deficits. […] Symptoms are likely secondary to immune complex formation following egg deposition in tissues; the illness resembles serum sickness. […] Patients with symptomatic chronic schistosomiasis may present months to years after primary exposure. A complete lifelong travel history often is essential for diagnosis. Many patients do not have a clear history of acute schistosomiasis and many individuals have few or mild symptoms. Individuals with symptoms may present with nonspecific complaints reflecting their level of infection, the immune response to the eggs, the primary location of egg production for the schistosomal species involved (eg, mesenteric, bladder wall), the extent of hepatosplenic involvement, the extent of cardiopulmonary involvement, and the presence of ectopic sites (eg, CNS). Typically, disease onset is insidious.

• #20

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/schistosomiasis

  Symptoms of schistosomiasis are caused mainly by the bodys reaction to the worms eggs. […] Intestinal schistosomiasis can result in abdominal pain, diarrhoea, and blood in the stool. Liver enlargement is common in advanced cases and is frequently associated with an accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity and hypertension of the abdominal blood vessels. In such cases there may also be enlargement of the spleen. […] The classic sign of urogenital schistosomiasis is haematuria (blood in urine). Kidney damage and fibrosis of the bladder and ureter are sometimes diagnosed in advanced cases. Bladder cancer is another possible complication in the later stages. In women, urogenital schistosomiasis may present with genital lesions, vaginal bleeding, pain during sexual intercourse and nodules in the vulva. In men, urogenital schistosomiasis can induce pathology of the seminal vesicles, prostate and other organs. This disease may also have other long-term irreversible consequences, including infertility.

• #21

  https://www.who.int/health-topics/schistosomiasis

  Symptoms of schistosomiasis are caused by the bodys reaction to the worms’ eggs. […] Intestinal schistosomiasis can result in abdominal pain, diarrhoea, and blood in the stool. Liver enlargement is common in advanced cases, and is frequently associated with an accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity and hypertension of the abdominal blood vessels. In such cases there may also be enlargement of the spleen. […] The classic sign of urogenital schistosomiasis is haematuria (blood in urine). Fibrosis of the bladder and ureter, and kidney damage are sometimes diagnosed in advanced cases. Bladder cancer is another possible complication in the later stages. In women, urogenital schistosomiasis may present with genital lesions, vaginal bleeding, pain during sexual intercourse, and nodules in the vulva. In men, urogenital schistosomiasis can induce pathology of the seminal vesicles, prostate, and other organs. This disease may also have other long-term irreversible consequences, including infertility. […] In children, schistosomiasis can cause anaemia, stunting and a reduced ability to learn, although the effects are usually reversible with treatment.

• #22 Schistosomiasis: Symptoms, Treatment and Spread

  https://patient.info/infections/schistosomiasis-leaflet

  The symptoms depend on the species of schistosoma that you have and where this species produces most of its eggs. […] If eggs are mainly produced in the blood vessels around the bowel, symptoms can include bloody diarrhoea and tummy (abdominal) pain which tends to be cramping. If they are produced in the blood vessels around the bladder, symptoms can include blood in the urine and pain on urinating. […] Eggs that have not been excreted by the body can also travel to other parts of the body and cause symptoms. For example, the liver, lungs, heart, brain or nervous system may be affected. Symptoms depend on the affected area but can include: Breathlessness. Cough. Palpitations. Chest pain. Liver failure. Seizures. Confusion. Paralysis (if the spinal cord is involved). […] Children who are repeatedly infected with schistosomiasis can develop anaemia, malnutrition and learning difficulties.

• #23

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/schistosomiasis

  Symptoms of schistosomiasis are caused mainly by the bodys reaction to the worms eggs. […] Intestinal schistosomiasis can result in abdominal pain, diarrhoea, and blood in the stool. Liver enlargement is common in advanced cases and is frequently associated with an accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity and hypertension of the abdominal blood vessels. In such cases there may also be enlargement of the spleen. […] The classic sign of urogenital schistosomiasis is haematuria (blood in urine). Kidney damage and fibrosis of the bladder and ureter are sometimes diagnosed in advanced cases. Bladder cancer is another possible complication in the later stages. In women, urogenital schistosomiasis may present with genital lesions, vaginal bleeding, pain during sexual intercourse and nodules in the vulva. In men, urogenital schistosomiasis can induce pathology of the seminal vesicles, prostate and other organs. This disease may also have other long-term irreversible consequences, including infertility.

• #24

  https://www.who.int/health-topics/schistosomiasis

  Symptoms of schistosomiasis are caused by the bodys reaction to the worms’ eggs. […] Intestinal schistosomiasis can result in abdominal pain, diarrhoea, and blood in the stool. Liver enlargement is common in advanced cases, and is frequently associated with an accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity and hypertension of the abdominal blood vessels. In such cases there may also be enlargement of the spleen. […] The classic sign of urogenital schistosomiasis is haematuria (blood in urine). Fibrosis of the bladder and ureter, and kidney damage are sometimes diagnosed in advanced cases. Bladder cancer is another possible complication in the later stages. In women, urogenital schistosomiasis may present with genital lesions, vaginal bleeding, pain during sexual intercourse, and nodules in the vulva. In men, urogenital schistosomiasis can induce pathology of the seminal vesicles, prostate, and other organs. This disease may also have other long-term irreversible consequences, including infertility. […] In children, schistosomiasis can cause anaemia, stunting and a reduced ability to learn, although the effects are usually reversible with treatment.

• #25 Bilharzia – Symptoms of schistosomiasis | Clear Chemist

  https://www.clearchemist.co.uk/az-health/bilharzia/symptoms-of-schistosomiasis

  If the parasites travel to the digestive system, they can cause the following symptoms: feeling tired all the time (fatigue), abdominal pain, bowel problems such as mild or severe watery diarrhoea that contains blood and mucus. […] If the parasites travel to the urinary system, they can cause the following symptoms: symptoms of cystitis such as pain when urinating, frequent need to urinate, blood in your urine. […] If the parasites travel to the heart or lungs, they can cause the following symptoms: persistent cough in some cases, people cough up blood, wheezing, feeling breathless and very tired after physical activity. […] If the parasites travel to the central nervous system or brain, they can cause the following symptoms: seizures (fits), headache, back pain, urinary incontinence, weakness and numbness in your legs, dizziness, feeling sick. […] The parasites can also sometimes travel to the female genitals, where they can cause the following symptoms: bleeding after sex, genital ulcers, irregular menstruation, pelvic pain.

• #26

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/schistosomiasis

  Symptoms of schistosomiasis are caused mainly by the bodys reaction to the worms eggs. […] Intestinal schistosomiasis can result in abdominal pain, diarrhoea, and blood in the stool. Liver enlargement is common in advanced cases and is frequently associated with an accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity and hypertension of the abdominal blood vessels. In such cases there may also be enlargement of the spleen. […] The classic sign of urogenital schistosomiasis is haematuria (blood in urine). Kidney damage and fibrosis of the bladder and ureter are sometimes diagnosed in advanced cases. Bladder cancer is another possible complication in the later stages. In women, urogenital schistosomiasis may present with genital lesions, vaginal bleeding, pain during sexual intercourse and nodules in the vulva. In men, urogenital schistosomiasis can induce pathology of the seminal vesicles, prostate and other organs. This disease may also have other long-term irreversible consequences, including infertility.

• #27 Schistosomiasis – Infections – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/infections/parasitic-infections-trematodes-flukes/schistosomiasis

  If the liver is affected and pressure in the portal vein is high (portal hypertension): An enlarged liver and spleen […] If the bladder is chronically infected: Painful, frequent urination, bloody urine, and an increased risk of bladder cancer […] If the urinary tract is chronically infected: Inflammation and eventual scarring that can block the tube from the kidney to the bladder (ureter), sometimes causing urine to back up and damage the kidney […] If the brain or spinal cord is chronically infected (rare): Seizures, muscle weakness, or paralysis […] If the lungs are chronically infected: High blood pressure in the arteries of the lungs (called pulmonary hypertension) and shortness of breath, light-headedness, and chest pain due to a type of heart failure called cor pulmonale […] If the genitals are infected in females: Can involve the vulva, vagina, and cervix as well as the fallopian tubes and can result in vaginal bleeding during sex and pelvic (gynecologic) examinations, pain during sex, infertility, ectopic pregnancy, miscarriage, and increased risk of becoming infected with HIV (if exposed to the virus) […] If the genitals are infected in males: Can involve the epididymis, testicles, spermatic cord, or prostate and can result in pelvic, coital, or ejaculatory pain, blood in semen (hematospermia), abnormal swelling of genital organs, and infertility.

• #28 Schistosomiasis and genital schistosomiasis | BMZ

  https://www.bmz.de/en/issues/fighting-female-genital-schistosomiasis-fgs/schistosomiasis-and-genital-schistosomiasis-230948

  The symptoms of the disease are very diverse, ranging from fatigue to organ failure. […] In girls and women, an infection with the parasites can take the form of female genital schistosomiasis (FGS). This can cause severe pain, lesions in the genital area, vaginal bleeding, infertility, ectopic pregnancy, miscarriage and pain during intercourse. […] Worldwide, an estimated 56 million women and girls are affected by genital schistosomiasis. In southern Africa, it is one of the most widespread gynaecological illnesses. […] As a result, many women who are affected by it are wrongly diagnosed with a sexually transmitted disease, do not receive effective medicines and suffer chronic symptoms from the disease.

• #29 Male genitourinary schistosomiasis-related symptoms among long-term Western African migrants in Spain: a prospective population-based screening study | Infectious Diseases of Poverty | Full Text

  https://idpjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40249-024-01190-8

  Schistosomiasis is highly endemic in sub-Saharan Africa and frequently imported to Europe. Male urogenital manifestations are often neglected. We aimed to ascertain the prevalence of genitourinary clinical signs and symptoms among long-term African migrants in a non-endemic European country using a serology test. […] Of the 338, 147 (37.6%) tested positive for Schistosoma. Nine genitourinary clinical items were significantly associated with positive Schistosoma serology results: pelvic pain (45.2%; OR=1.57, 95% CI: 1.02-4), pain on ejaculation (14.5%; OR=1.85, 95% CI: 1.03-5), dyspareunia (12.4%; OR=2.45, 95% CI: 1.25-5.2), erectile dysfunction (9.5%; OR=3.10, 95% CI: 1.3-7.6), self-reported episodes of infertility (32.1%; OR=1.69, 95% CI: 1.02-8), haematuria (55.2%; OR=2.37, 95% CI: 1.5-3.6), dysuria (52.1%; OR=2.01, 95% CI: 1.3-3.1), undiagnosed syndromic STIs (5.4%), and orchitis (20.7%; OR=1.81, 95% CI: 1.03-1). Clinical signs tended to cluster.

• #30 Schistosomiasis – Infections – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/infections/parasitic-infections-trematodes-flukes/schistosomiasis

  If the liver is affected and pressure in the portal vein is high (portal hypertension): An enlarged liver and spleen […] If the bladder is chronically infected: Painful, frequent urination, bloody urine, and an increased risk of bladder cancer […] If the urinary tract is chronically infected: Inflammation and eventual scarring that can block the tube from the kidney to the bladder (ureter), sometimes causing urine to back up and damage the kidney […] If the brain or spinal cord is chronically infected (rare): Seizures, muscle weakness, or paralysis […] If the lungs are chronically infected: High blood pressure in the arteries of the lungs (called pulmonary hypertension) and shortness of breath, light-headedness, and chest pain due to a type of heart failure called cor pulmonale […] If the genitals are infected in females: Can involve the vulva, vagina, and cervix as well as the fallopian tubes and can result in vaginal bleeding during sex and pelvic (gynecologic) examinations, pain during sex, infertility, ectopic pregnancy, miscarriage, and increased risk of becoming infected with HIV (if exposed to the virus) […] If the genitals are infected in males: Can involve the epididymis, testicles, spermatic cord, or prostate and can result in pelvic, coital, or ejaculatory pain, blood in semen (hematospermia), abnormal swelling of genital organs, and infertility.

• #31 Schistosomiasis (bilharzia)

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/schistosomiasis/

  This is known as chronic schistosomiasis. […] Chronic schistosomiasis can include a range of symptoms and problems, depending on the exact area that’s infected. […] For example, an infection in the digestive system can cause anaemia, tummy pain and swelling, diarrhoea and blood in your poo; urinary system can cause irritation of the bladder (cystitis), pain when peeing, a frequent need to pee, and blood in your pee; heart and lungs can cause a persistent cough, wheezing, shortness of breath and coughing up blood; nervous system or brain can cause seizures (fits), headaches, weakness and numbness in your legs, and dizziness. […] Without treatment, affected organs can become permanently damaged.

• #32 Bilharzia – Symptoms of schistosomiasis | Clear Chemist

  https://www.clearchemist.co.uk/az-health/bilharzia/symptoms-of-schistosomiasis

  If the parasites travel to the digestive system, they can cause the following symptoms: feeling tired all the time (fatigue), abdominal pain, bowel problems such as mild or severe watery diarrhoea that contains blood and mucus. […] If the parasites travel to the urinary system, they can cause the following symptoms: symptoms of cystitis such as pain when urinating, frequent need to urinate, blood in your urine. […] If the parasites travel to the heart or lungs, they can cause the following symptoms: persistent cough in some cases, people cough up blood, wheezing, feeling breathless and very tired after physical activity. […] If the parasites travel to the central nervous system or brain, they can cause the following symptoms: seizures (fits), headache, back pain, urinary incontinence, weakness and numbness in your legs, dizziness, feeling sick. […] The parasites can also sometimes travel to the female genitals, where they can cause the following symptoms: bleeding after sex, genital ulcers, irregular menstruation, pelvic pain.

• #33 Schistosomiasis (Bilharzia) Clinical Presentation: History, Physical Examination

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/228392-clinical

  In the early stage of hepatic schistosomiasis, dyspepsia, flatulence, and pain are present in the left hypochondrium due to spleen enlargement. Anemia or cor pulmonale may cause generalized pain, weakness, and shortness of breath. In the later stages, abdominal distention, lower limb edema, hematemesis, and melena can occur. Symptoms of liver failure are rare unless other infectious, toxic, or malignant causes of hepatitis are present. […] In patients with intestinal schistosomiasis, the following symptoms may occur: Fatigue, Abdominal pain, Diarrhea, Dysentery. […] In patients with urinary schistosomiasis, the following symptoms may occur: Dysuria, Urinary frequency, Terminal hematuria. […] Cardiopulmonary schistosomiasis may cause larval pneumonitis with a cough, mild wheezing, and a low-grade fever, while in schistosomal cor pulmonale, easy fatigability, palpitations, dyspnea on exertion, and hemoptysis are present.

• #34 Symptoms of Schistosomiasis | Schistosomiasis | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/schistosomiasis/symptoms/index.html

  The most common early signs of schistosomiasis are rash or itchy skin. […] Symptoms of schistosomiasis are your body’s reaction to the eggs produced by adult worms. […] Without treatment, schistosomiasis symptoms can last for years. […] You may not experience symptoms when you are first infected. The most common early symptoms of schistosomiasis are a rash or itchy skin. These occur within days after becoming infected. […] Within 1 2 months, you may experience: Fever, Chills, Cough, Muscle aches. […] Chronic (long term) schistosomiasis can develop if you do not get treatment. Symptoms include: Abdominal (stomach) pain, Larger liver, Blood in the stool (poop) or urine (pee), Problems urinating, Damage to the spleen, lungs, intestines, and bladder. […] Chronic infection can also cause increased risk of liver fibrosis (scarring of the liver), bladder fibrosis (scarring of the bladder), bladder cancer, or kidney damage. […] In rare cases, eggs can enter the brain or spinal cord. These eggs can cause seizures, paralysis, or spinal cord inflammation.

• #35 Schistosomiasis (bilharzia)

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/schistosomiasis/

  This is known as chronic schistosomiasis. […] Chronic schistosomiasis can include a range of symptoms and problems, depending on the exact area that’s infected. […] For example, an infection in the digestive system can cause anaemia, tummy pain and swelling, diarrhoea and blood in your poo; urinary system can cause irritation of the bladder (cystitis), pain when peeing, a frequent need to pee, and blood in your pee; heart and lungs can cause a persistent cough, wheezing, shortness of breath and coughing up blood; nervous system or brain can cause seizures (fits), headaches, weakness and numbness in your legs, and dizziness. […] Without treatment, affected organs can become permanently damaged.

• #36 Schistosomiasis (Bilharzia) Clinical Presentation: History, Physical Examination

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/228392-clinical

  CNS schistosomiasis causes the following: Focal and generalized seizures, Headache, Myeloradiculopathy with lower limb and back pain, bladder dysfunction, paresthesia, and lower limb weakness, Transverse myelitis, back pain, and paraplegia from eggs reaching the conus medullaris and cauda equina. […] Female genital schistosomiasis can involve the following symptoms: Postcoital bleeding, Genital ulceration, Irregular menstruation, Pelvic pain.

• #37 Neuroschistosomiasis

  https://practicalneurology.com/articles/2020-may/neuroschistosomiasis

  Mr. M, age 30, presented to a US hospital with severe headaches and abdominal pain with no clearly identifiable cause. […] After 10 days of progressive symptoms, he developed paresthesias, saddle anesthesia, and urinary/fecal retention. […] Neurologic examination revealed near-complete sensory loss of the right lower extremity, perianal area, and genitalia with a spinal cord sensory level at L1/T12. […] Spinal schistosomiasis typically presents as acute myelopathy with transverse myelitis or as cauda equina syndrome with symptoms of flaccid paraparesis, urinary retention, and variable paresthesias. […] Often, back or flank pain precedes neurologic symptoms. […] Diagnosis of neuroschistosomiasis requires clinical signs of CNS involvement (eg, altered mental status, seizures, or myeloradiculopathy), typical imaging findings (eg, obstructive hydrocephalus, transverse myelitis, or vasculitis), demonstration of schistosomal infection, and exclusion of other causes. […] Neuroschistosomiasis is a rare but serious cause of treatable neurologic disability. […] Prompt recognition and initiation of appropriate treatment are critical to improving clinical outcomes and minimizing permanent neurologic sequelae.

• #38

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/schistosomiasis

  The economic and health effects of schistosomiasis are considerable and the disease disables more than it kills. In children, schistosomiasis can cause anaemia, stunting and a reduced ability to learn, although the effects are usually reversible with treatment. Chronic schistosomiasis may affect peoples ability to work and in some cases can result in death. The number of deaths due to schistosomiasis is difficult to estimate because of hidden pathologies such as liver and kidney failure, bladder cancer and ectopic pregnancies due to female genital schistosomiasis. […] Deaths due to schistosomiasis are currently estimated at 11 792 globally per year. However, these figures are likely underestimated and need to be reassessed.

• #39 Bilharzia (schistosomiasis): Transmission, symptoms, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/173081

  If the parasites affect the urinary system, there may also be: blood in the urine, painful urination, higher risk of bladder cancer. […] Over time, anemia can develop. In rare cases, the parasite may affect the central nervous system. […] Children may have stunted growth and a reduced capability to learn, according to the WHO.

• #40 What is Schistosomiasis? – Treatment, Causes, Prevention

  https://opc.ong/eye-diseases/schistosomiasis/

  Symptoms of schistosomiasis are caused by the bodys reaction to the worms eggs. This can result in abdominal pain, diarrhea and blood in the urine or stool. Long-term damage includes chronic, irreversible diseases such as liver scarring, kidney failure and bladder cancer. The severity of infection depends on the amount of worms present and how long the person has been affected. […] In children, the infection contributes to stunted growth, malnutrition, anemia and impaired cognitive development which disrupts school attendance and ability to learn, although the effects are usually reversible with treatment.

• #41

  https://www.who.int/health-topics/schistosomiasis

  Symptoms of schistosomiasis are caused by the bodys reaction to the worms’ eggs. […] Intestinal schistosomiasis can result in abdominal pain, diarrhoea, and blood in the stool. Liver enlargement is common in advanced cases, and is frequently associated with an accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity and hypertension of the abdominal blood vessels. In such cases there may also be enlargement of the spleen. […] The classic sign of urogenital schistosomiasis is haematuria (blood in urine). Fibrosis of the bladder and ureter, and kidney damage are sometimes diagnosed in advanced cases. Bladder cancer is another possible complication in the later stages. In women, urogenital schistosomiasis may present with genital lesions, vaginal bleeding, pain during sexual intercourse, and nodules in the vulva. In men, urogenital schistosomiasis can induce pathology of the seminal vesicles, prostate, and other organs. This disease may also have other long-term irreversible consequences, including infertility. […] In children, schistosomiasis can cause anaemia, stunting and a reduced ability to learn, although the effects are usually reversible with treatment.

• #42 Schistosomiasis. Bilharzia

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/schistosomiasis

  Schistosomiasis can cause acute and chronic complications. […] Acute schistosomiasis is also called Katayama fever; this is a systemic (whole body) hypersensitivity reaction which develops several weeks after exposure in some individuals. Symptoms include fever, muscle and joint aches, cough, diarrhoea, enlarged liver and spleen, and headache. Symptoms usually resolve without treatment over several weeks, but occasionally can be fatal. […] Chronic symptoms arise months to years after exposure. Chronic features are due to an intense immune response against the schistosomal eggs, with granuloma (ball-like collection of immune cells) formation and scarring. […] Bowel involvement causes bloody diarrhoea, chronic pain, and iron deficiency anaemia. […] Urinary tract involvement can cause bloody urine, pain when urinating, bladder polyps, obstruction of urine flow leading to kidney damage, and an increased risk of developing bladder cancer. […] In rare cases eggs have migrated to the skin producing firm red papules that can present some months to years after exposure to schistosomes. […] Eggs can also be deposited and produce complications in almost any organ, such as lungs, brain, spinal cord, muscles, genitals, and eyes.

• #43 Schistosomiasis (Bilharzia): Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment | First Derm

  https://firstderm.com/schistosomiasis-bilharzia-causes-symptoms-diagnosis-treatment/

  Schistosomiasis affects almost 240 million people worldwide, with the highest occurrence in sub-Saharan Africa, highlighting it as a significant public health concern. […] Early symptoms include rash or itchy skin, progressing to more severe conditions like anemia, organ damage, and potentially bladder cancer, emphasizing the need for early detection and treatment. […] Within days: After becoming infected, individuals may experience a rash or itchy skin, redness, and the appearance of small, raised bumps. […] Within 1-2 months: Fever, chills, cough, and muscle aches can develop. […] Chronic schistosomiasis can lead to various symptoms and problems, such as anemia, tummy pain and swelling, diarrhea with blood, blood in urine, bladder and ureter fibrosis, kidney damage, bladder cancer in later stages, genital lesions, vaginal bleeding, and pain during sexual intercourse in women, persistent cough, wheezing, and shortness of breath in the case of heart and lung involvement. […] Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial in managing the infection and preventing long-term complications.

• #44

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40475-023-00286-9

  Symptoms of human cercarial dermatitis include reddening and itching of skin surfaces exposed to water; the most common locations are legs and feet. […] The onset of symptoms usually occurs between a few minutes (when the person is still in the water or immediately after emerging) and a maximum of 24 h after exposure. […] Signs and symptoms are usually self-limiting; they peak within 13 days after exposure, begin to resolve after 5-7 days, and may last 1-3 weeks. […] Infections with a large number of cercariae may also cause fever, limb swelling, nausea, and diarrhoea. […] The development of lesions is mediated by the human host’s immune responses, indicating the occurrence of hypersensitization and the development of allergic-type, immunogenic reactions. […] The burden of human cercarial dermatitis in Europe is not well known. […] The mildness of the disease entails its frequent under-reporting. […] Human cercarial dermatitis in Europe typically occurs during the summer (June to September), when bathing for recreational purposes is common as a mean to seek refreshment from warm temperatures.

• #45 Schistosomiasis in the Military—A Narrative Review

  https://www.mdpi.com/2414-6366/9/9/221

  Schistosomiasis is a parasitic disease caused by trematode worms (flukes) of the genus Schistosoma, whose infective stages, the cercariae, are amplified through freshwater-dwelling mollusks (snails) acting as intermediate hosts. […] The clinical spectrum of schistosomiasis is very varied, depending on the pattern of exposure, the intensity and the stage of infection, and the infective species. […] Schistosomiasis in travelers differs substantially from infection in endemic populations in many aspects, such as level of exposure, morbidity, treatment, and prevention. […] The first, called cercarial dermatitis, occurs 24 h after the penetration of the cercariae into the skin, the second, acute schistosomiasis, appears 3–8 weeks after infection, when symptomatic, and the chronic stage occurs months or years after infection and is a consequence of the formation of granulomas in the tissues around the schistosome eggs.

• #46 Schistosomiasis (Bilharzia) Clinical Presentation: History, Physical Examination

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/228392-clinical

  Individuals who have been exposed to fresh or salt water may develop a pruritic rash due to cercarial dermatitis (also called swimmer’s itch). […] Patients with acute schistosomiasis (Katayama fever) present usually 4-8 weeks after contact with infested water. It occurs 2-8 weeks after exposure to S japonicum or S mansoni. Katayama fever is common in heavily infested areas where there is S japonicum. Wading and swimming in fresh water in tropical regions causes schistosomal trematodes to enter the body. Fever, lethargy, malaise, and myalgia are the most common symptoms of Katayama syndrome. Less common symptoms include cough, headache, anorexia, and rash (urticarial or papular). Right upper quadrant pain and bloody diarrhea also may occur. […] These symptoms mimic any acute viral, bacterial, or malarial illness. The distinguishing features from malaria include generalized urticaria, pruritic rash at the site of cercarial penetration (often the legs), eosinophilia, and lymphadenopathy. Consequently, acute illness often is missed unless schistosomiasis is suspected.

• #47 Schistosomiasis in the Military—A Narrative Review

  https://www.mdpi.com/2414-6366/9/9/221

  Acute schistosomiasis is most often found in non-immune travelers to schistosome-endemic regions. […] The typical clinical presentation of acute schistosomiasis is a sudden onset of fever, malaise, myalgia, headache, eosinophilia, fatigue, urticaria, a nonproductive cough and abdominal pain lasting 2–10 weeks. […] After maturing in the portal veins of the liver, the worms form couples and mate before migrating against the flow of the blood to the veinous plexuses of the target organs. […] The adult worm couples produce fertilized eggs, which are either shed into the environment with the feces or urine or are retained in host tissues where they induce inflammation and then die after 5–10 years. […] Chronic morbidity is mainly related to the granulomatous reactions to the eggs, which are reversible in their early stage, but become irreversible once they progress to fibrosis.

• #48 What is schistosomiasis?

  https://www.yourgenome.org/theme/what-is-schistosomiasis/

  In acute schistosomiasis, symptoms are caused by the immune system reacting to the parasite and are generally short-term and mild sometimes so mild they go unnoticed. […] Symptoms develop a few weeks after the parasite first burrows into the individual’s skin. […] Acute symptoms are generally flu-like, including a high temperature and muscle aches, but can also include a skin rash, cough and abdominal pain. This is usually in response to the first parasite eggs getting trapped in the liver and spleen. […] In areas of the world where people don’t have access to medical care and may already have a weak immune system, schistosomiasis can become chronic. This means that schistosomiasis persists for a long time in the body. […] Chronic schistosomiasis can develop months or even years after the initial infection and cause long-term health problems. Damage to the organs after chronic infection is irreversible. […] Symptoms of chronic schistosomiasis result from the inflammation and scarring of various tissues and organs caused by the body’s immune response to the schistosome eggs.

• #49 Schistosomiasis (Bilharzia): Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/228392-overview

  Acute schistosomiasis (Katayama syndrome) is a systemic, serum sickness-like illness that develops after several weeks in some, but not most, individuals with new schistosomal infections. Symptoms usually resolve over several weeks, but the syndrome can be fatal. […] The pathology of chronic schistosomiasis, which is far more common than the acute form of the infection, results from egg-induced immune response, granuloma formation, and associated fibrotic changes. […] Egg retention and granuloma formation in the urinary tract (S haematobium) can lead to hematuria, dysuria, bladder polyps and ulcers, and even obstructive uropathies. S haematobium infection is also associated with an increased rate of bladder cancer, usually squamous cell rather than transitional cell. […] Most patients are asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic and do not require medical attention. Only a small proportion of an endemic population harbors a heavy worm burden that later leads to clinical complications.

• #50 Schistosomiasis (Bilharzia) Clinical Presentation: History, Physical Examination

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/228392-clinical

  In acute schistosomiasis, patients may present with focal neurologic deficits. […] Symptoms are likely secondary to immune complex formation following egg deposition in tissues; the illness resembles serum sickness. […] Patients with symptomatic chronic schistosomiasis may present months to years after primary exposure. A complete lifelong travel history often is essential for diagnosis. Many patients do not have a clear history of acute schistosomiasis and many individuals have few or mild symptoms. Individuals with symptoms may present with nonspecific complaints reflecting their level of infection, the immune response to the eggs, the primary location of egg production for the schistosomal species involved (eg, mesenteric, bladder wall), the extent of hepatosplenic involvement, the extent of cardiopulmonary involvement, and the presence of ectopic sites (eg, CNS). Typically, disease onset is insidious.

• #51 Schistosomiasis (Bilharzia): Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/228392-overview

  Acute schistosomiasis (Katayama syndrome) is a systemic, serum sickness-like illness that develops after several weeks in some, but not most, individuals with new schistosomal infections. Symptoms usually resolve over several weeks, but the syndrome can be fatal. […] The pathology of chronic schistosomiasis, which is far more common than the acute form of the infection, results from egg-induced immune response, granuloma formation, and associated fibrotic changes. […] Egg retention and granuloma formation in the urinary tract (S haematobium) can lead to hematuria, dysuria, bladder polyps and ulcers, and even obstructive uropathies. S haematobium infection is also associated with an increased rate of bladder cancer, usually squamous cell rather than transitional cell. […] Most patients are asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic and do not require medical attention. Only a small proportion of an endemic population harbors a heavy worm burden that later leads to clinical complications.

• #52 Schistosomiasis (Bilharzia) Symptoms & Treatment | Unlimit Health

  https://unlimithealth.org/ntds/schistosomiasis/

  At first, there are often no symptoms of schistosomiasis but within one to two months of infection, symptoms may develop including fever, abdominal pain (liver/spleen area), bloody diarrhoea or blood in the stools or urine, coughing, malaise, headaches, rashes and body aches. […] Symptoms get worse in the parts of the body where the schistosoma eggs travel to, and cause infection. Chronic schistosomiasis can cause serious health problems in almost any area of the body, including the digestive, urinary, pulmonary and nervous systems. […] Without treatment, schistosomiasis can cause permanent organ damage, shutdown, and even death. […] Examples of long-term health complications of schistosomiasis include: Impact on the digestive system, such as abdominal pain and swelling, diarrhoea and blood in faeces; Impact on nutritional outcomes, such as anaemia and stunting (short height-for-age); Urinary and bladder problems, like cystitis, contracted bladder and bladder cancer; Reproductive problems, such as female genital schistosomiasis and infertility; Problems with heart and lungs, including shortness of breath or coughing up blood; Brain and nervous system issues, like headaches, weakness and numbness, dizziness or fits.

• #53 Schistosomiasis: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22631-schistosomiasis

  If you arent treated, you can stay infected. This could cause serious problems with your liver, intestines and bladder. Women can develop urogenital schistosomiasis, a condition that could increase the risk of developing HIV because the tissue is damaged. The condition is also linked to bladder cancer. […] Children who are infected over and over again could develop anemia and might not grow properly. Without treatment, schistosomiasis can be fatal.

• #54 Schistosomiasis (Bilharzia): Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/228392-overview

  Schistosomiasis is due to immunologic reactions to Schistosoma eggs trapped in tissues. Symptoms and signs depend on the number and location of eggs trapped in the tissues. Initially, the inflammatory reaction is readily reversible. In the latter stages of the disease, the pathology is associated with collagen deposition and fibrosis, resulting in organ damage that may be only partially reversible. […] Today, 120 million people are symptomatic with schistosomiasis, with 20 million having severe clinical disease. More than 200,000 deaths per year are due to schistosomiasis in sub-Saharan Africa. […] Complications of schistosomiasis include the following: Gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding, GI obstruction, Malnutrition, Schistosomal nephropathy, Renal failure, Pyelonephritis, Hematuria, Hemospermia, Squamous cell bladder cancer, Sepsis (Salmonella), Pulmonary hypertension, Cor pulmonale, Neuroschistosomiasis – Transverse myelitis, paralysis, and cerebral microinfarcts, Infertility, Severe anemia, Low-birth-weight babies, Spontaneous abortion, Higher risk for ectopic pregnancies, End-organ disease, Portal hypertension, Obstructive uropathy, Pregnancy complications from vulvar or fallopian granuloma, Carcinoma of the liver, bladder, or gallbladder.

• #55 Schistosomiasis (Bilharzia) Symptoms & Treatment | Unlimit Health

  https://unlimithealth.org/ntds/schistosomiasis/

  At first, there are often no symptoms of schistosomiasis but within one to two months of infection, symptoms may develop including fever, abdominal pain (liver/spleen area), bloody diarrhoea or blood in the stools or urine, coughing, malaise, headaches, rashes and body aches. […] Symptoms get worse in the parts of the body where the schistosoma eggs travel to, and cause infection. Chronic schistosomiasis can cause serious health problems in almost any area of the body, including the digestive, urinary, pulmonary and nervous systems. […] Without treatment, schistosomiasis can cause permanent organ damage, shutdown, and even death. […] Examples of long-term health complications of schistosomiasis include: Impact on the digestive system, such as abdominal pain and swelling, diarrhoea and blood in faeces; Impact on nutritional outcomes, such as anaemia and stunting (short height-for-age); Urinary and bladder problems, like cystitis, contracted bladder and bladder cancer; Reproductive problems, such as female genital schistosomiasis and infertility; Problems with heart and lungs, including shortness of breath or coughing up blood; Brain and nervous system issues, like headaches, weakness and numbness, dizziness or fits.

• #56 Human schistosomiasis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4672382/

  Human schistosomiasisor bilharziais a parasitic disease caused by trematode flukes of the genus Schistosoma. […] Trapped eggs induce a distinct immune-mediated granulomatous response that causes local and systemic pathological effects ranging from anaemia, growth stunting, impaired cognition, and decreased physical fitness, to organ-specific effects such as severe hepatosplenism, periportal fibrosis with portal hypertension, and urogenital inflammation and scarring. […] Acute schistosomiasis occurs most often in travellers or immigrants to schistosome-endemic regions who are exposed to schistosome antigens for the first time at an older age than usual. It occurs weeks to months after infection, as a consequence of worm maturation, egg production, release of egg antigen, and the host’s florid granulomatous and immune complex responses. Acute schistosomiasis is sometimes referred to as Katayama syndrome and the typical clinical presentation is a sudden onset of fever, malaise, myalgia, headache, eosinophilia, fatigue, and abdominal pain lasting 210 weeks.

• #57 Schistosomiasis in the Military—A Narrative Review

  https://www.mdpi.com/2414-6366/9/9/221

  Acute schistosomiasis is most often found in non-immune travelers to schistosome-endemic regions. […] The typical clinical presentation of acute schistosomiasis is a sudden onset of fever, malaise, myalgia, headache, eosinophilia, fatigue, urticaria, a nonproductive cough and abdominal pain lasting 2–10 weeks. […] After maturing in the portal veins of the liver, the worms form couples and mate before migrating against the flow of the blood to the veinous plexuses of the target organs. […] The adult worm couples produce fertilized eggs, which are either shed into the environment with the feces or urine or are retained in host tissues where they induce inflammation and then die after 5–10 years. […] Chronic morbidity is mainly related to the granulomatous reactions to the eggs, which are reversible in their early stage, but become irreversible once they progress to fibrosis.

• #58 What is schistosomiasis?

  https://www.yourgenome.org/theme/what-is-schistosomiasis/

  Symptoms can range from very mild to chronic, long-term inflammation. […] The symptoms of schistosomiasis are caused by the body’s immune system reacting to the schistosome eggs. Symptoms vary depending on the location of the eggs in the body. […] Schistosome eggs can lodge themselves in many areas in the body, causing inflammation and swelling. This leads to formation of tissue masses called granulomas and stiffening of the tissue called fibrosis. […] The intensity and prevalence of infection and symptoms peaks at around 15-20 years of age. As people get older, although the prevalence of infection tends to stay the same, the number of parasites in the body (parasite burden) has been seen to decrease. […] Schistosomiasis has both an acute (shorter term) and chronic (longer term) phase.

• #59 What is schistosomiasis?

  https://www.yourgenome.org/theme/what-is-schistosomiasis/

  Symptoms can range from very mild to chronic, long-term inflammation. […] The symptoms of schistosomiasis are caused by the body’s immune system reacting to the schistosome eggs. Symptoms vary depending on the location of the eggs in the body. […] Schistosome eggs can lodge themselves in many areas in the body, causing inflammation and swelling. This leads to formation of tissue masses called granulomas and stiffening of the tissue called fibrosis. […] The intensity and prevalence of infection and symptoms peaks at around 15-20 years of age. As people get older, although the prevalence of infection tends to stay the same, the number of parasites in the body (parasite burden) has been seen to decrease. […] Schistosomiasis has both an acute (shorter term) and chronic (longer term) phase.

• #60

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/schistosomiasis

  The economic and health effects of schistosomiasis are considerable and the disease disables more than it kills. In children, schistosomiasis can cause anaemia, stunting and a reduced ability to learn, although the effects are usually reversible with treatment. Chronic schistosomiasis may affect peoples ability to work and in some cases can result in death. The number of deaths due to schistosomiasis is difficult to estimate because of hidden pathologies such as liver and kidney failure, bladder cancer and ectopic pregnancies due to female genital schistosomiasis. […] Deaths due to schistosomiasis are currently estimated at 11 792 globally per year. However, these figures are likely underestimated and need to be reassessed.

• #61 Schistosomiasis (Bilharzia): Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/228392-overview

  Schistosomiasis is due to immunologic reactions to Schistosoma eggs trapped in tissues. Symptoms and signs depend on the number and location of eggs trapped in the tissues. Initially, the inflammatory reaction is readily reversible. In the latter stages of the disease, the pathology is associated with collagen deposition and fibrosis, resulting in organ damage that may be only partially reversible. […] Today, 120 million people are symptomatic with schistosomiasis, with 20 million having severe clinical disease. More than 200,000 deaths per year are due to schistosomiasis in sub-Saharan Africa. […] Complications of schistosomiasis include the following: Gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding, GI obstruction, Malnutrition, Schistosomal nephropathy, Renal failure, Pyelonephritis, Hematuria, Hemospermia, Squamous cell bladder cancer, Sepsis (Salmonella), Pulmonary hypertension, Cor pulmonale, Neuroschistosomiasis – Transverse myelitis, paralysis, and cerebral microinfarcts, Infertility, Severe anemia, Low-birth-weight babies, Spontaneous abortion, Higher risk for ectopic pregnancies, End-organ disease, Portal hypertension, Obstructive uropathy, Pregnancy complications from vulvar or fallopian granuloma, Carcinoma of the liver, bladder, or gallbladder.

• #62 Schistosomiasis (Bilharzia): Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/228392-overview

  Schistosomiasis is due to immunologic reactions to Schistosoma eggs trapped in tissues. Symptoms and signs depend on the number and location of eggs trapped in the tissues. Initially, the inflammatory reaction is readily reversible. In the latter stages of the disease, the pathology is associated with collagen deposition and fibrosis, resulting in organ damage that may be only partially reversible. […] Today, 120 million people are symptomatic with schistosomiasis, with 20 million having severe clinical disease. More than 200,000 deaths per year are due to schistosomiasis in sub-Saharan Africa. […] Complications of schistosomiasis include the following: Gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding, GI obstruction, Malnutrition, Schistosomal nephropathy, Renal failure, Pyelonephritis, Hematuria, Hemospermia, Squamous cell bladder cancer, Sepsis (Salmonella), Pulmonary hypertension, Cor pulmonale, Neuroschistosomiasis – Transverse myelitis, paralysis, and cerebral microinfarcts, Infertility, Severe anemia, Low-birth-weight babies, Spontaneous abortion, Higher risk for ectopic pregnancies, End-organ disease, Portal hypertension, Obstructive uropathy, Pregnancy complications from vulvar or fallopian granuloma, Carcinoma of the liver, bladder, or gallbladder.

• #63 Schistosomiasis | Nature Reviews Disease Primers

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41572-018-0013-8

  Schistosomiasis (bilharzia) is a neglected tropical disease caused by parasitic flatworms (blood flukes) of the genus Schistosoma, with considerable morbidity in parts of the Middle East, South America, Southeast Asia and, particularly, in sub-Saharan Africa. […] Eggs trapped in the surrounding tissues and organs, such as the liver and bladder, cause inflammatory immune responses (including granulomas) that result in intestinal, hepato-splenic or urogenital disease. […] This systematic review of data on disability-associated outcomes for all forms of schistosomiasis shows that the disease is significantly associated with anaemia, chronic pain, diarrhoea, exercise intolerance and undernutrition, suggesting that the disability burden previously assigned to schistosomiasis by the WHO is an underestimate and indicating a need to reassess priorities for treating this silent pandemic. […] This paper considers the potential consequences of the current extensive MDA programmes for schistosomiasis, which, although curing infection, could have profound effects in the future on schistosome biology, immunoepidemiology and public health.

• #64 Schistosomiasis: Symptoms and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/schistosomiasis-pro

  Infection can be acute or chronic. Physical findings vary with the stage of illness, worm burden, worm location and the organs involved. […] Schistosomiasis is associated with anaemia, chronic pain, diarrhoea, exercise intolerance and malnutrition. […] The acute reaction is due to the sudden release of highly antigenic eggs. The most common acute syndrome is Katayama fever. […] Most acute infections are asymptomatic. […] Clinical features include systemic symptoms/signs including fever, cough, abdominal pain, diarrhoea, hepatosplenomegaly, and eosinophilia. […] Chronic schistosomiasis can present months to years after exposure, making diagnosis difficult. […] Symptoms may be few or mild. They may be nonspecific or reflect the site of egg production in the mesentery or bladder wall, the extent of damage to liver or spleen, the degree of lung involvement, and possibly other sites including the central nervous system (CNS).

• #65 Three overviews on Environment and Aquaculture in the Tropics and Sub-tropics

  https://www.fao.org/4/ad002e/ad002e03.htm

  Schistosomiasis seriously threatens the health and productive life of rural families, and (together with malaria) is held responsible for impeding the development of whole nations. […] The severity of the disease is related to inflammatory and fibrotic response in the host to the eggs in the liver, lungs, intestine and urinary bladder. In urinary schistosomiasis (due to S. haematobium), damage to the urinary tract is revealed by blood in the urine. Urination becomes painful and there is progressive damage to the bladder and ureters and then to the kidneys. Bladder cancer is quite common in advanced cases. Intestinal schistosomiasis (due to S. mansoni) is slower to develop. There is progressive enlargement of the liver and spleen as well as damage to the intestine, due to fibrotic lesions around the schistosome eggs lodged in these tissues and hypertension of the abdominal blood vessels. Repeated bleeding from these vessels leads to blood in the stools, and can be fatal (Anon., 1990B).

• #66 Schistosomiasis: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001321.htm

  Schistosomiasis is an infection with a type of blood fluke parasite called schistosomes. […] Symptoms vary with the species of worm and the phase of infection. The parasites may cause fever, chills, swollen lymph nodes, and swollen liver and spleen. When the worm first gets into the skin, it may cause itching and a rash (swimmer’s itch). In this condition, the schistosome is destroyed within the skin. Intestinal symptoms include abdominal pain and diarrhea (which may be bloody). Urinary symptoms may include frequent urination, painful urination, and blood in the urine. […] Treatment before significant damage or severe complications occur usually produces good results.

• #67 Schistosomiasis (Bilharzia): Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment | First Derm

  https://firstderm.com/schistosomiasis-bilharzia-causes-symptoms-diagnosis-treatment/

  Schistosomiasis affects almost 240 million people worldwide, with the highest occurrence in sub-Saharan Africa, highlighting it as a significant public health concern. […] Early symptoms include rash or itchy skin, progressing to more severe conditions like anemia, organ damage, and potentially bladder cancer, emphasizing the need for early detection and treatment. […] Within days: After becoming infected, individuals may experience a rash or itchy skin, redness, and the appearance of small, raised bumps. […] Within 1-2 months: Fever, chills, cough, and muscle aches can develop. […] Chronic schistosomiasis can lead to various symptoms and problems, such as anemia, tummy pain and swelling, diarrhea with blood, blood in urine, bladder and ureter fibrosis, kidney damage, bladder cancer in later stages, genital lesions, vaginal bleeding, and pain during sexual intercourse in women, persistent cough, wheezing, and shortness of breath in the case of heart and lung involvement. […] Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial in managing the infection and preventing long-term complications.

• #68 A Rare Parasitic Infection in Turkey: Schistosomiasis. Case Report – Turkish Journal of Pathology

  https://www.turkjpath.org/text.php3?id=1547

  A definitive diagnosis can only be made with evidence of viable eggs in the urine, stool, or biopsy specimens. […] Visualization of eggs in the urine is the most sensitive and specific method for diagnosing active schistosomiasis. […] The medical treatment of urinary schistosomiasis is praziquantel, given orally as a single or divided dose of 40 60 mg/kg. […] An important complication of chronic S. haematobium infection is bladder carcinoma.

• #69 Schistosomiasis in the Military—A Narrative Review

  https://www.mdpi.com/2414-6366/9/9/221

  Urogenital Schistosomiasis: More than 90% of schistosomiasis cases occur nowadays in Africa, and two-thirds of them are caused by S. haematobium. […] The most common symptoms are nonspecific, and include chronic or intermittent abdominal pain, asthenia, weight loss, anorexia, diarrhea, and anemia due to bleeding from ulcerations in the colon and rectum, which can mimic inflammatory bowel diseases. […] Neuroschistosomiasis is the most feared clinical syndrome associated with Schistosoma spp. infections, as it could occur even with low egg load. […] The diagnosis of schistosomiasis depends on its infection stage and intensity. […] The diagnostic gold standard for active schistosomiasis is the detection of viable eggs in urine, feces, or tissue biopsies. […] Praziquantel (PZQ), a pyrazino–isoquinoline derivative developed by Bayer in the 1970s, is still the drug of choice for schistosomiasis. […] The prevention and control of schistosomiasis at a public health level requires a multi-faceted strategy, with several complementary and integrated One Health approaches.

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