Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Schistosomiasis (Bilharzia): Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/228392-overview

  Schistosomiasis is a parasitic disease caused by flukes (trematodes) of the genus Schistosoma. After malaria and intestinal helminthiasis, schistosomiasis is the third most devastating tropical disease in the world, being a major source of morbidity and mortality for developing countries in Africa, South America, the Caribbean, the Middle East, and Asia. (See Epidemiology and Prognosis.) […] More than 140 million people, 90% of who live in Africa, are infected with schistosomiasis. […] An estimated 700 million people are at risk for infection in 76 countries where the disease is considered endemic, as their agricultural work, domestic chores, and recreational activities expose them to infested water. […] Globally, 200,000 deaths are attributed to schistosomiasis annually. […] The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that about 220.8 million people required preventive treatment for schistosomiasis in 2017. An estimated 102.3 million people were treated the same year.

• #2 Schistosomiasis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schistosomiasis

  The disease is found in tropical countries in Africa, the Caribbean, eastern South America, Southeast Asia, and the Middle East. […] The disease is endemic in about 75 developing countries and mainly affects people living in rural agricultural and peri-urban areas. […] In 2010, approximately 238 million people were infected with schistosomiasis, 85 percent of whom live in Africa. […] As of the latest WHO record, 236.6 million people were infected in 2019. […] An estimated 600 to 700 million people worldwide are at risk from the disease because they live in countries where the organism is common. […] In 2012, 249 million people needed treatment to prevent the disease. […] Estimates regarding the number of deaths vary. […] According to the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021, the number of deaths related to schistosomiasis in 2021 was 12,858 people. […] It is the most deadly of the neglected tropical diseases.

• #3 Insights into the epidemiology, pathogenesis, and differential diagnosis of schistosomiasis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11097794/

  Schistosomiasis is a neglected tropical disease that is prevalent in low- and middle-income countries. There are five human pathogenic species, of which Schistosoma haematobium, Schistosoma mansoni and Schistosoma japonicum are the most prevalent worldwide and cause the greatest burden of disease in terms of mortality and morbidity. […] Schistosomiasis affects more than 250 million people and causes approximately 70 million Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs), mainly in Africa, South America, and Asia. To control infection, it is essential to establish sensitive and specific diagnostic tests for epidemiological surveillance and morbidity reduction. […] According to World Health Organization (WHO) data, schistosomiasis is endemic in 78 countries, 51 of which require preventive drug administration for moderate to severe transmission.

• #4 Schistosomiasis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schistosomiasis

  The disease is found in tropical countries in Africa, the Caribbean, eastern South America, Southeast Asia, and the Middle East. […] The disease is endemic in about 75 developing countries and mainly affects people living in rural agricultural and peri-urban areas. […] In 2010, approximately 238 million people were infected with schistosomiasis, 85 percent of whom live in Africa. […] As of the latest WHO record, 236.6 million people were infected in 2019. […] An estimated 600 to 700 million people worldwide are at risk from the disease because they live in countries where the organism is common. […] In 2012, 249 million people needed treatment to prevent the disease. […] Estimates regarding the number of deaths vary. […] According to the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021, the number of deaths related to schistosomiasis in 2021 was 12,858 people. […] It is the most deadly of the neglected tropical diseases.

• #5 Schistosomiasis (Bilharzia): Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/228392-overview

  Schistosomiasis is a parasitic disease caused by flukes (trematodes) of the genus Schistosoma. After malaria and intestinal helminthiasis, schistosomiasis is the third most devastating tropical disease in the world, being a major source of morbidity and mortality for developing countries in Africa, South America, the Caribbean, the Middle East, and Asia. (See Epidemiology and Prognosis.) […] More than 140 million people, 90% of who live in Africa, are infected with schistosomiasis. […] An estimated 700 million people are at risk for infection in 76 countries where the disease is considered endemic, as their agricultural work, domestic chores, and recreational activities expose them to infested water. […] Globally, 200,000 deaths are attributed to schistosomiasis annually. […] The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that about 220.8 million people required preventive treatment for schistosomiasis in 2017. An estimated 102.3 million people were treated the same year.

• #6 Schistosomiasis | Yellow Book | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/yellow-book/hcp/travel-associated-infections-diseases/schistosomiasis.html

  An estimated 85% of the world’s cases of schistosomiasis are in Africa, where prevalence rates can exceed 50% in local populations. […] Schistosomiasis distribution is focal and is determined by the presence of competent snail intermediate hosts, inadequate sanitation, and infected humans. […] Many, but not all, countries endemic for schistosomiasis have established control programs. […] Travelers and expatriates potentially at increased risk for infection include adventure travelers, ecotourists, missionaries, Peace Corps volunteers, and soldiers. […] Most travel-associated cases of schistosomiasis are acquired in Sub-Saharan Africa. […] The geographic distribution of schistosomiasis acquired by travelers reflects travel and migration patterns.

• #7 Schistosomiasis (Bilharzia) Symptoms & Treatment | Unlimit Health

  https://unlimithealth.org/ntds/schistosomiasis/

  Schistosomiasis, also known as bilharzia or snail fever, is a disease caused by parasites (worms called schistosomes) that are carried by freshwater snails. In Africa, schistosomiasis/bilharzia is the most important parasitic disease of public health concern after malaria. The disease affects over 264m people globally and causes an estimated 200,000 deaths a year. […] Schistosomiasis affects over 246 million people worldwide. The parasite is most commonly found in sub-Saharan Africa, but also lives in parts of South America, the Caribbean, the Middle East and Asia. Local outbreaks are possible where environmental conditions allow, as demonstrated recently by renewed schistosomiasis transmission in the Mediterranean. […] Schistosomiasis mainly occurs in marginalised communities that do not have access to clean drinking water or adequate sanitation. It affects those who rely on the use of infected surface water for their daily living needs such as drinking, cooking, cleaning and bathing, or their livelihoods.

• #8

  https://www.who.int/data/gho/data/themes/topics/schistosomiasis

  Schistosomiasis remains a public health problem in several parts of the world, particularly in Africa where 91% of all the people requiring preventive chemotherapy for schistosomiasis live. […] Of the 78 countries considered endemic for schistosomiasis, only 50 countries have populations requiring preventive chemotherapy. […] The total number of people in need of preventive chemotherapy globally in 2023 was 253.8 million, of which 135 million were school-aged children. […] Data reported in 2023 from 33 countries for treatment of school-aged children and from 20 countries for treatment of adults show that about 90 million people received preventive chemotherapy for schistosomiasis globally, which is equivalent to 56% global coverage for school-aged children and 12% for adults at risk.

• #9

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/schistosomiasis

  Schistosomiasis is prevalent in tropical and subtropical areas, especially in poor communities without access to safe drinking water and adequate sanitation. It is estimated that at least 90% of those requiring treatment for schistosomiasis live in Africa. […] Estimates show that at least 251.4 million people required preventive treatment in 2021. […] Schistosomiasis transmission has been reported from 78 countries. However, preventive chemotherapy for schistosomiasis, where people and communities are targeted for large-scale treatment, is only required in 51 endemic countries with moderate-to-high transmission. […] Migration to urban areas and population movements are introducing the disease to new areas. Increasing population size and the corresponding needs for power and water often result in development schemes, and environmental modifications facilitate transmission.

• #10 Insights into the epidemiology, pathogenesis, and differential diagnosis of schistosomiasis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11097794/

  Schistosomiasis is a neglected tropical disease that is prevalent in low- and middle-income countries. There are five human pathogenic species, of which Schistosoma haematobium, Schistosoma mansoni and Schistosoma japonicum are the most prevalent worldwide and cause the greatest burden of disease in terms of mortality and morbidity. […] Schistosomiasis affects more than 250 million people and causes approximately 70 million Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs), mainly in Africa, South America, and Asia. To control infection, it is essential to establish sensitive and specific diagnostic tests for epidemiological surveillance and morbidity reduction. […] According to World Health Organization (WHO) data, schistosomiasis is endemic in 78 countries, 51 of which require preventive drug administration for moderate to severe transmission.

• #11 Schistosoma haematobium – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schistosoma_haematobium

  S. hematobium is found in Africa and the Middle East, where infants and young children are most infected. Infection is most prevalent in both the Nile Delta and the Nile Valley South of Cairo. The first epidemiological survey in 1937 indicated that infection rate was as high as 85% among people in the Northern and Eastern parts of the Delta. Following construction of the Aswan Dam, basin irrigation is converted to perennial irrigation system, and this has significantly reduced the infection.

• #12 Schistosomiasis (Bilharzia): Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/228392-overview

  Of this population, approximately 60% have disease symptoms, including organ-specific complaints and problems related to chronic anemia and malnutrition from the infection; more than 20 million are severely ill. […] Disease prevalence is heterogeneous in vulnerable locales and tends to be worse in areas with poor sanitation, increased freshwater irrigation usage, and heavy schistosomal infestation of human, animal, and/or snail populations. […] However, targeted interventions combining snail control, improved water supply quality, and treatment of infected persons, particularly children, have shown success in diverse endemic areas, including China, Brazil, Egypt, and some areas of sub-Saharan Africa. […] According to the WHO, the global distribution of schistosomiasis has changed in that it has been eradicated from Japan and the Lesser Antilles islands; transmission has been stopped in Tunisia; and transmission is very low in Morocco, Saudi Arabia, Venezuela, and Puerto Rico.

• #13 Schistosomiasis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schistosomiasis

  The disease is found in tropical countries in Africa, the Caribbean, eastern South America, Southeast Asia, and the Middle East. […] The disease is endemic in about 75 developing countries and mainly affects people living in rural agricultural and peri-urban areas. […] In 2010, approximately 238 million people were infected with schistosomiasis, 85 percent of whom live in Africa. […] As of the latest WHO record, 236.6 million people were infected in 2019. […] An estimated 600 to 700 million people worldwide are at risk from the disease because they live in countries where the organism is common. […] In 2012, 249 million people needed treatment to prevent the disease. […] Estimates regarding the number of deaths vary. […] According to the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021, the number of deaths related to schistosomiasis in 2021 was 12,858 people. […] It is the most deadly of the neglected tropical diseases.

• #14 Schistosomiasis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554434/

  Per the World Health Organization (WHO), 78 countries have reported transmission of schistosomiasis in all forms, and it is endemic in 52. The WHO Global Health Estimates from 2016 estimated that schistosomiasis had a death rate of 0.3 per 100,000. There were also estimated to be 24,000 deaths in 2016, which decreased from 55,000 in 2000. […] Schistosoma haematobium is the species responsible for urogenital schistosomiasis. It is endemic to many countries in sub-Saharan Africa, as well as some parts of the Middle East. It is especially prevalent in tropical and subtropical areas, particularly affecting communities that lack access to sanitation and safe drinking water. […] Serology has shown that endemic areas have almost a 100% infection rate, with 60% to 80% of school-age children and 20% to 40% of adults remaining actively infected.

• #15 Insights into the epidemiology, pathogenesis, and differential diagnosis of schistosomiasis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11097794/

  Schistosomiasis is a neglected tropical disease that is prevalent in low- and middle-income countries. There are five human pathogenic species, of which Schistosoma haematobium, Schistosoma mansoni and Schistosoma japonicum are the most prevalent worldwide and cause the greatest burden of disease in terms of mortality and morbidity. […] Schistosomiasis affects more than 250 million people and causes approximately 70 million Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs), mainly in Africa, South America, and Asia. To control infection, it is essential to establish sensitive and specific diagnostic tests for epidemiological surveillance and morbidity reduction. […] According to World Health Organization (WHO) data, schistosomiasis is endemic in 78 countries, 51 of which require preventive drug administration for moderate to severe transmission.

• #16 Schistosomiasis | Yellow Book | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/yellow-book/hcp/travel-associated-infections-diseases/schistosomiasis.html

  An estimated 85% of the world’s cases of schistosomiasis are in Africa, where prevalence rates can exceed 50% in local populations. […] Schistosomiasis distribution is focal and is determined by the presence of competent snail intermediate hosts, inadequate sanitation, and infected humans. […] Many, but not all, countries endemic for schistosomiasis have established control programs. […] Travelers and expatriates potentially at increased risk for infection include adventure travelers, ecotourists, missionaries, Peace Corps volunteers, and soldiers. […] Most travel-associated cases of schistosomiasis are acquired in Sub-Saharan Africa. […] The geographic distribution of schistosomiasis acquired by travelers reflects travel and migration patterns.

• #17 Insights into the epidemiology, pathogenesis, and differential diagnosis of schistosomiasis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11097794/

  Schistosomiasis is a neglected tropical disease that is prevalent in low- and middle-income countries. There are five human pathogenic species, of which Schistosoma haematobium, Schistosoma mansoni and Schistosoma japonicum are the most prevalent worldwide and cause the greatest burden of disease in terms of mortality and morbidity. […] Schistosomiasis affects more than 250 million people and causes approximately 70 million Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs), mainly in Africa, South America, and Asia. To control infection, it is essential to establish sensitive and specific diagnostic tests for epidemiological surveillance and morbidity reduction. […] According to World Health Organization (WHO) data, schistosomiasis is endemic in 78 countries, 51 of which require preventive drug administration for moderate to severe transmission.

• #18 Schistosomiasis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554434/

  Per the World Health Organization (WHO), 78 countries have reported transmission of schistosomiasis in all forms, and it is endemic in 52. The WHO Global Health Estimates from 2016 estimated that schistosomiasis had a death rate of 0.3 per 100,000. There were also estimated to be 24,000 deaths in 2016, which decreased from 55,000 in 2000. […] Schistosoma haematobium is the species responsible for urogenital schistosomiasis. It is endemic to many countries in sub-Saharan Africa, as well as some parts of the Middle East. It is especially prevalent in tropical and subtropical areas, particularly affecting communities that lack access to sanitation and safe drinking water. […] Serology has shown that endemic areas have almost a 100% infection rate, with 60% to 80% of school-age children and 20% to 40% of adults remaining actively infected.

• #19 Schistosomiasis – Infectious Diseases – MSD Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/trematodes-flukes/schistosomiasis

  Schistosomiasis is by far the most important trematode infection. Over 200 million people are infected worldwide (see CDC: About Schistosomiasis). […] Geographic distribution of schistosomes that infect humans differs by species: […] Humans are the main reservoir of infection. […] Transmission of these species does not occur within the United States (including Puerto Rico) and Canada, but the disease may be present in travelers and immigrants from endemic areas. […] Diagnostic testing is indicated for patients with symptoms of schistosomiasis and relevant epidemiologic exposure. Screening of asymptomatic people may be warranted for those exposed to fresh water in endemic areas. […] Geography is a primary determinant of species, so the location of exposure should be communicated to the laboratory.

• #20 Insights into the epidemiology, pathogenesis, and differential diagnosis of schistosomiasis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11097794/

  Schistosomiasis is a neglected tropical disease that is prevalent in low- and middle-income countries. There are five human pathogenic species, of which Schistosoma haematobium, Schistosoma mansoni and Schistosoma japonicum are the most prevalent worldwide and cause the greatest burden of disease in terms of mortality and morbidity. […] Schistosomiasis affects more than 250 million people and causes approximately 70 million Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs), mainly in Africa, South America, and Asia. To control infection, it is essential to establish sensitive and specific diagnostic tests for epidemiological surveillance and morbidity reduction. […] According to World Health Organization (WHO) data, schistosomiasis is endemic in 78 countries, 51 of which require preventive drug administration for moderate to severe transmission.

• #21 Insights into the epidemiology, pathogenesis, and differential diagnosis of schistosomiasis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11097794/

  In recent decades, clinically significant hybrid species have been discovered with increasing frequency. Hybridisation between human and animal pathogenic species poses a potential threat due to the easier transmission and spread of new strains. […] The diagnosis of schistosomiasis relies on specific epidemiological criteria and symptoms associated with the acute or chronic phase of the disease. […] National and international guidelines recommend screening for HIV-Antibody (HIV-Ab), HCV-Ab, HBsAb, HAV, Strongyloides-Ab, and latent tuberculosis infection in individuals with bilharzia infection. […] The WHO roadmap outlines the goals of improving sanitation, expanding access to clean water, and controlling vectors through molluscicide, physical removal, and environmental modification to achieve the goal of eliminating schistosomiasis as a public health problem by 2030.

• #22 Global Epidemiology of Schistosomiasis by Martin Nelwan :: SSRN

  https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3722378

  Schistosomiasis has become global epidemic. […] Knowledge of this parasite is important in order to stop the spread of this parasite. […] In this study, the author describes the progress in a study of schistosomiasis that focused on the spread of schistosomiasis on the globe, morbidity and mortality, and prevention and treatment of schistosomiasis. […] Schistosomiasis has become global epidemiology. […] Schistosoma haematobium x S. bovis has occurreded in France. […] Schistosoma japonicum has expanded its habitat in more areas in Sulawesi. […] Intermediate host, Biomphalaria straminea has occurred in China from Brazil. […] Praziquantel is the only effective drug for schistosomiasis.

• #23

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/schistosomiasis

  Schistosomiasis is prevalent in tropical and subtropical areas, especially in poor communities without access to safe drinking water and adequate sanitation. It is estimated that at least 90% of those requiring treatment for schistosomiasis live in Africa. […] Estimates show that at least 251.4 million people required preventive treatment in 2021. […] Schistosomiasis transmission has been reported from 78 countries. However, preventive chemotherapy for schistosomiasis, where people and communities are targeted for large-scale treatment, is only required in 51 endemic countries with moderate-to-high transmission. […] Migration to urban areas and population movements are introducing the disease to new areas. Increasing population size and the corresponding needs for power and water often result in development schemes, and environmental modifications facilitate transmission.

• #24 Schistosomiasis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schistosomiasis

  The disease is found in tropical countries in Africa, the Caribbean, eastern South America, Southeast Asia, and the Middle East. […] The disease is endemic in about 75 developing countries and mainly affects people living in rural agricultural and peri-urban areas. […] In 2010, approximately 238 million people were infected with schistosomiasis, 85 percent of whom live in Africa. […] As of the latest WHO record, 236.6 million people were infected in 2019. […] An estimated 600 to 700 million people worldwide are at risk from the disease because they live in countries where the organism is common. […] In 2012, 249 million people needed treatment to prevent the disease. […] Estimates regarding the number of deaths vary. […] According to the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021, the number of deaths related to schistosomiasis in 2021 was 12,858 people. […] It is the most deadly of the neglected tropical diseases.

• #25 Schistosomiasis (bilharzia): Signs, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention

  https://www.gideononline.com/blogs/schistosomiasis-bilharzia-signs-diagnosis-treatment-prevention-parasitic-disease/

  Schistosomiasis outbreak data is from GIDEON, a leading infectious disease database. […] While anyone can contract schistosomiasis in endemic areas, certain groups are at higher risk, including people without access to safe drinking water and adequate sanitation, school-aged children who play in infected waters, and individuals whose work exposes them to infected water, such as farmers, fishermen, and women doing domestic chores. […] Schistosomiasis can remain undetected for years. […] Diagnosing schistosomiasis often begins with a patient’s history, including travel to endemic areas and potential exposure to water containing infected snails. […] WHO is taking steps to control and eliminate human schistosomiasis, focusing on treatment, prevention, and managing the environment. […] Schistosomiasis remains a significant global health challenge, particularly in regions with limited access to clean water and adequate sanitation.

• #26 Schistosomiasis (Bilharzia): Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/228392-overview

  Nevertheless, the human cost of schistosomal infections remains high, and the disease contributes to comorbidity with other infections, including hepatitis, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and malaria, in endemic regions. […] In China, despite multifaceted control over decades indirectly transmitted Schistosoma japonicum remains endemic because of animal reservoirs. […] The frequency of infection among individuals of specific races is based on the geographic distribution of endemic schistosomiasis in large tropical and subtropical regions of Africa, Asia, the Middle East, and the Caribbean. […] Schistosomiasis is more common in males, most likely because of increased exposure to infected water via bathing, swimming, and agricultural activities. […] The prevalence and severity of schistosomal infections vary with age. Children and adolescents are infected most often and are infested most heavily.

• #27 Schistosomiasis (Bilharzia): Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/228392-overview

  Globally, infections peak in individuals aged 10-19 years. […] In some areas, the prevalence in this group may approach 100%. […] In persons older than age 19 years living in endemic areas, the prevalence of active infection and egg counts slowly declines. […] Reinfection, particularly after high exposure, is possible.

• #28 Schistosomiasis (Bilharzia): Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/228392-overview

  Today, 120 million people are symptomatic with schistosomiasis, with 20 million having severe clinical disease. […] More than 200,000 deaths per year are due to schistosomiasis in sub-Saharan Africa. […] In endemic areas, the infection usually is acquired as a child. […] In Brazil and Africa, refugee movements and migration to urban areas are introducing the disease to new locations. […] It has been estimated that 5-10% of an endemic community may be heavily infected, and the remainder has mild to moderate infections. […] The risk for infection is highest amongst those who lived near lakes or rivers. […] In Uganda, almost no transmission was found to have occurred at altitudes greater than 1400 m or where the annual rainfall was less than 900 mm. […] More than 207 million people in at least 74 countries have active schistosomal infection.

• #29 Schistosomiasis (bilharzia): Signs, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention

  https://www.gideononline.com/blogs/schistosomiasis-bilharzia-signs-diagnosis-treatment-prevention-parasitic-disease/

  Schistosomiasis outbreak data is from GIDEON, a leading infectious disease database. […] While anyone can contract schistosomiasis in endemic areas, certain groups are at higher risk, including people without access to safe drinking water and adequate sanitation, school-aged children who play in infected waters, and individuals whose work exposes them to infected water, such as farmers, fishermen, and women doing domestic chores. […] Schistosomiasis can remain undetected for years. […] Diagnosing schistosomiasis often begins with a patient’s history, including travel to endemic areas and potential exposure to water containing infected snails. […] WHO is taking steps to control and eliminate human schistosomiasis, focusing on treatment, prevention, and managing the environment. […] Schistosomiasis remains a significant global health challenge, particularly in regions with limited access to clean water and adequate sanitation.

• #30 Schistosomiasis | Yellow Book | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/yellow-book/hcp/travel-associated-infections-diseases/schistosomiasis.html

  An estimated 85% of the world’s cases of schistosomiasis are in Africa, where prevalence rates can exceed 50% in local populations. […] Schistosomiasis distribution is focal and is determined by the presence of competent snail intermediate hosts, inadequate sanitation, and infected humans. […] Many, but not all, countries endemic for schistosomiasis have established control programs. […] Travelers and expatriates potentially at increased risk for infection include adventure travelers, ecotourists, missionaries, Peace Corps volunteers, and soldiers. […] Most travel-associated cases of schistosomiasis are acquired in Sub-Saharan Africa. […] The geographic distribution of schistosomiasis acquired by travelers reflects travel and migration patterns.

• #31 Schistosomiasis (Bilharzia): Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/228392-overview

  Nevertheless, the human cost of schistosomal infections remains high, and the disease contributes to comorbidity with other infections, including hepatitis, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and malaria, in endemic regions. […] In China, despite multifaceted control over decades indirectly transmitted Schistosoma japonicum remains endemic because of animal reservoirs. […] The frequency of infection among individuals of specific races is based on the geographic distribution of endemic schistosomiasis in large tropical and subtropical regions of Africa, Asia, the Middle East, and the Caribbean. […] Schistosomiasis is more common in males, most likely because of increased exposure to infected water via bathing, swimming, and agricultural activities. […] The prevalence and severity of schistosomal infections vary with age. Children and adolescents are infected most often and are infested most heavily.

• #32 Schistosomiasis (Bilharzia): Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/228392-overview

  Today, 120 million people are symptomatic with schistosomiasis, with 20 million having severe clinical disease. […] More than 200,000 deaths per year are due to schistosomiasis in sub-Saharan Africa. […] In endemic areas, the infection usually is acquired as a child. […] In Brazil and Africa, refugee movements and migration to urban areas are introducing the disease to new locations. […] It has been estimated that 5-10% of an endemic community may be heavily infected, and the remainder has mild to moderate infections. […] The risk for infection is highest amongst those who lived near lakes or rivers. […] In Uganda, almost no transmission was found to have occurred at altitudes greater than 1400 m or where the annual rainfall was less than 900 mm. […] More than 207 million people in at least 74 countries have active schistosomal infection.

• #33 Three overviews on Environment and Aquaculture in the Tropics and Sub-tropics

  https://www.fao.org/4/ad002e/ad002e03.htm

  Schistosomiasis is increasing in distribution as snails are carried from infected loci into new areas with water-related projects or as appropriate snails in previously uninfected areas become contaminated from eggs discharged into the water by infected individuals (Beaver et al, 1984). […] Major factors affecting the distribution and prevalence of schistosomiasis are: Surface water availability and permanence – important for the development of large snail populations. […] Water contact is the most critical variable in the transmission of schistosomiasis. Each cercaria that enters the human body develops into only one worm, thus with augmented contact the infection will increase and the symptoms of the disease will be more severe. […] The prevalence of schistosomiasis varies widely in different areas and between age-groups, even in different localities within a highly endemic site (Beaver et al, 1984).

• #34 Overview & resources: Schistosomiasis, Senegal, the Senegal River, & the Diama Dam – Global Health Case Competition 2023: Schistosomiasis in the Diama Dam area of the Senegal River – LibGuides at Health Sciences Library System

  https://hsls.libguides.com/global-health-case-competition-2023/overview

  Schistosomiasis (Bilharzia) is considered a Neglected Tropical Disease (NTD) by the World Health Organization (WHO). […] According to the World Health Organization (WHO), over 700 million people live in areas in which schistosomes are endemic and almost 240 people are infected. […] Major factors affecting the distribution and prevalence of schistosomiasis are: Surface water availability and permanence – important for the development of large snail populations. […] A programme of monitoring or surveillance and control concerning the number of snails should form an important activity of an aquaculture project. […] There was a significant uptick in Schistosomiasis cases after the Diama Dam was built, especially as precautions were not put in place for proper sanitation or to ensure good drainage.

• #35 Schistosomiasis (Bilharzia): Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/228392-overview

  Today, 120 million people are symptomatic with schistosomiasis, with 20 million having severe clinical disease. […] More than 200,000 deaths per year are due to schistosomiasis in sub-Saharan Africa. […] In endemic areas, the infection usually is acquired as a child. […] In Brazil and Africa, refugee movements and migration to urban areas are introducing the disease to new locations. […] It has been estimated that 5-10% of an endemic community may be heavily infected, and the remainder has mild to moderate infections. […] The risk for infection is highest amongst those who lived near lakes or rivers. […] In Uganda, almost no transmission was found to have occurred at altitudes greater than 1400 m or where the annual rainfall was less than 900 mm. […] More than 207 million people in at least 74 countries have active schistosomal infection.

• #36

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/schistosomiasis

  Schistosomiasis is prevalent in tropical and subtropical areas, especially in poor communities without access to safe drinking water and adequate sanitation. It is estimated that at least 90% of those requiring treatment for schistosomiasis live in Africa. […] Estimates show that at least 251.4 million people required preventive treatment in 2021. […] Schistosomiasis transmission has been reported from 78 countries. However, preventive chemotherapy for schistosomiasis, where people and communities are targeted for large-scale treatment, is only required in 51 endemic countries with moderate-to-high transmission. […] Migration to urban areas and population movements are introducing the disease to new areas. Increasing population size and the corresponding needs for power and water often result in development schemes, and environmental modifications facilitate transmission.

• #37 Schistosomiasis (Bilharzia): Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/228392-overview

  Today, 120 million people are symptomatic with schistosomiasis, with 20 million having severe clinical disease. […] More than 200,000 deaths per year are due to schistosomiasis in sub-Saharan Africa. […] In endemic areas, the infection usually is acquired as a child. […] In Brazil and Africa, refugee movements and migration to urban areas are introducing the disease to new locations. […] It has been estimated that 5-10% of an endemic community may be heavily infected, and the remainder has mild to moderate infections. […] The risk for infection is highest amongst those who lived near lakes or rivers. […] In Uganda, almost no transmission was found to have occurred at altitudes greater than 1400 m or where the annual rainfall was less than 900 mm. […] More than 207 million people in at least 74 countries have active schistosomal infection.

• #38 Three overviews on Environment and Aquaculture in the Tropics and Sub-tropics

  https://www.fao.org/4/ad002e/ad002e03.htm

  Schistosomiasis is increasing in distribution as snails are carried from infected loci into new areas with water-related projects or as appropriate snails in previously uninfected areas become contaminated from eggs discharged into the water by infected individuals (Beaver et al, 1984). […] Major factors affecting the distribution and prevalence of schistosomiasis are: Surface water availability and permanence – important for the development of large snail populations. […] Water contact is the most critical variable in the transmission of schistosomiasis. Each cercaria that enters the human body develops into only one worm, thus with augmented contact the infection will increase and the symptoms of the disease will be more severe. […] The prevalence of schistosomiasis varies widely in different areas and between age-groups, even in different localities within a highly endemic site (Beaver et al, 1984).

• #39 Schistosomiasis (Bilharzia): Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/228392-overview

  Globally, infections peak in individuals aged 10-19 years. […] In some areas, the prevalence in this group may approach 100%. […] In persons older than age 19 years living in endemic areas, the prevalence of active infection and egg counts slowly declines. […] Reinfection, particularly after high exposure, is possible.

• #40 Schistosomiasis (Bilharzia): Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/228392-overview

  Globally, infections peak in individuals aged 10-19 years. […] In some areas, the prevalence in this group may approach 100%. […] In persons older than age 19 years living in endemic areas, the prevalence of active infection and egg counts slowly declines. […] Reinfection, particularly after high exposure, is possible.

• #41 Acquired immunity and epidemiology of Schistosoma haematobium | Nature

  https://www.nature.com/articles/351757a0

  HUMAN immune responses to schistosome infection have been characterized in detail. But there has been controversy over the relative importance of ecological factors (variation in exposure to infection) and immunological factors (acquired immunity) in determining the relationships between levels of infection and age typically found in areas where infection is endemic. Independent effects of exposure and age on the rates of reinfection with Schistosoma haematobium after chemotherapy have been demonstrated in the Gambia and Zimbabwe. This age effect could be the result of acquired immunity to infection. […] We have now analysed age-prevalence data for human infection with S. haematobium, and find patterns of variation that are indeed consistent with the epidemiological effects of acquired immunity predicted by mathematical models.

• #42 Prevalence of Schistosoma mansoni infection in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis | Tropical Diseases, Travel Medicine and Vaccines | Full Text

  https://tdtmvjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40794-020-00127-x

  The burden of S. mansoni infection was also higher than the national average in rural areas and among men with pooled prevalence of 20.2% (95% CI, 13.228.5) and 28.5% (95%CI, 22.7,35.1), respectively. […] The trend analysis showed that the prevalence of S. mansoni infection in Ethiopia decreased over the past 15 years, potentially because of the repeated preventive chemotherapy. […] The higher prevalence from rural settings may be due to increased exposure to water through different activities such as irrigation practice, swimming and fishing, limited access to health-care services and lack of safe water for the rural population. […] We observed a significant variation in the number of studies by region of Ethiopia with most studies conducted in Amhara (42%), Oromia (26%) and Southern Ethiopia (13%). […] The prevalence of S. mansoni infection rate was high in children and adolescent than adolescent and adult or adults, which could be associated with children and adolescents are part takers in swimming and other activities increasing contact with water bodies.

• #43 Three overviews on Environment and Aquaculture in the Tropics and Sub-tropics

  https://www.fao.org/4/ad002e/ad002e03.htm

  Schistosomiasis is increasing in distribution as snails are carried from infected loci into new areas with water-related projects or as appropriate snails in previously uninfected areas become contaminated from eggs discharged into the water by infected individuals (Beaver et al, 1984). […] Major factors affecting the distribution and prevalence of schistosomiasis are: Surface water availability and permanence – important for the development of large snail populations. […] Water contact is the most critical variable in the transmission of schistosomiasis. Each cercaria that enters the human body develops into only one worm, thus with augmented contact the infection will increase and the symptoms of the disease will be more severe. […] The prevalence of schistosomiasis varies widely in different areas and between age-groups, even in different localities within a highly endemic site (Beaver et al, 1984).

• #44 Schistosomiasis (Bilharzia): Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/228392-overview

  Today, 120 million people are symptomatic with schistosomiasis, with 20 million having severe clinical disease. […] More than 200,000 deaths per year are due to schistosomiasis in sub-Saharan Africa. […] In endemic areas, the infection usually is acquired as a child. […] In Brazil and Africa, refugee movements and migration to urban areas are introducing the disease to new locations. […] It has been estimated that 5-10% of an endemic community may be heavily infected, and the remainder has mild to moderate infections. […] The risk for infection is highest amongst those who lived near lakes or rivers. […] In Uganda, almost no transmission was found to have occurred at altitudes greater than 1400 m or where the annual rainfall was less than 900 mm. […] More than 207 million people in at least 74 countries have active schistosomal infection.

• #45 Three overviews on Environment and Aquaculture in the Tropics and Sub-tropics

  https://www.fao.org/4/ad002e/ad002e03.htm

  The actual number of snails infected in nature is surprisingly low. A few scattered snails can provide enough cercariae to infect a large number of people, partly because the amount of contact the local people have with the infected water is so great (Tucker, 1983) and partly because of the large number of cercariae that each infected snail can release. […] The prevalence of schistosomiasis varies with sex and age. These sex-related differences vary depending on the cultural habits of the community (Beaver et al, 1984, Garfield, 1986). […] Schistosomiasis can be found in all the SADC countries The less severely infected nations are Botswana, Lesotho and Namibia (Table 2). […] Schistosomiasis seriously threatens the health and productive life of rural families, and (together with malaria) is held responsible for impeding the development of whole nations. […] The distribution of the different kinds of schistosomiasis corresponds with the distribution of vector snails S. haematobium with the distribution of the genus Bulinus and S. mansoni with the genus Biomphalaria.

• #46 Prevalence of Schistosoma mansoni infection in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis | Tropical Diseases, Travel Medicine and Vaccines | Full Text

  https://tdtmvjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40794-020-00127-x

  The burden of S. mansoni infection was also higher than the national average in rural areas and among men with pooled prevalence of 20.2% (95% CI, 13.228.5) and 28.5% (95%CI, 22.7,35.1), respectively. […] The trend analysis showed that the prevalence of S. mansoni infection in Ethiopia decreased over the past 15 years, potentially because of the repeated preventive chemotherapy. […] The higher prevalence from rural settings may be due to increased exposure to water through different activities such as irrigation practice, swimming and fishing, limited access to health-care services and lack of safe water for the rural population. […] We observed a significant variation in the number of studies by region of Ethiopia with most studies conducted in Amhara (42%), Oromia (26%) and Southern Ethiopia (13%). […] The prevalence of S. mansoni infection rate was high in children and adolescent than adolescent and adult or adults, which could be associated with children and adolescents are part takers in swimming and other activities increasing contact with water bodies.

• #47 Epidemiology and Control of Schistosomiasis | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/82827

  Human schistosomiasis is caused by the genus Schistosoma. Its prevalence and morbidity are highest among schoolchildren, adolescents, and young adults. It is prevalent in poor communities without access to safe drinking water and adequate sanitation. The WHOs schistosomiasis control strategy focuses on reducing disease by regularly administering praziquantel to affected populations on a large scale. It entails the regular treatment of all at-risk populations. Disease transmission should be halted in specific countries where transmission is low. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), 207 million people may have schistosomiasis in the world. In 2018, it was estimated that at least 229 million people needed preventive treatment for schistosomiasis, while the number of people treated was 97.2 million. Ninety percent of the disease burden is in sub-Saharan Africa, where the main species that cause schistosomiasis in humans are Schistosoma mansoni (intestinal schistosomiasis) and S. haematobium (urogenital schistosomiasis), which are transmitted through feces and urine, respectively. The fight against schistosomiasis aims to reduce the number of patients by means of periodic large-scale treatment of populations with praziquantel; a more comprehensive approach, including access to drinking water, appropriate sanitation and the fight against gastropods, should also reduce the transmission of schistosomiasis. The WHO recommends praziquantel-based preventive chemotherapy for schistosomiasis control; this treatment is given largely to school-aged children aged 5 to 15, who have the largest infection burden and may be reached efficiently through schools. The WHO set goals to reduce schistosomiasis morbidity (referred to as disease control; defined as a heavy-intensity prevalence of infection of less than 5% aggregated across sentinel sites) by 2020 and eliminate schistosomiasis as a public health problem (referred to as elimination; defined as a prevalence of heavy-intensity infection of less than 1% in all sentinel sites) by 2025 in countries where human schistosomiasis is endemic. The WHOs strategic plan provides guidance on how programs can move from control of schistosomiasis to elimination and interruption of transmission. As a result, quantitative data from program monitoring must be analyzed to evaluate and improve these standards. According to recent theoretical modeling, the 2020 disease control goal outlined in the current treatment guideline is likely to be met in areas with low or moderate prevalence but will be missed in areas with high prevalence.

• #48 Sentinel Surveillance of Schistosomiasis — China, 2021

  https://weekly.chinacdc.cn/en/article/doi/10.46234/ccdcw2023.050

  This report analyzes the national surveillance data for schistosomiasis in 2021 to understand the current status and provide evidence for further policy actions to promote elimination. […] Data from the 2021 national surveillance of schistosomiasis in humans, livestock, and snails were collected from 13 provincial-level administrative divisions (PLADs) and analyzed using descriptive epidemiological methodology. […] The prevalence of schistosomiasis among humans and livestock was found to be low, however, a potential transmission risk was identified in certain areas. […] To reduce the risk of transmission, a comprehensive control strategy should be continued and new techniques should be implemented in the surveillance and early warning system. […] Since the 1990s, China has implemented a national surveillance project to understand the transmission patterns and trends of schistosomiasis.

• #49 Surveillance-based evidence: elimination of schistosomiasis as a public health problem in the Peoples’ Republic of China | Infectious Diseases of Poverty | Full Text

  https://idpjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40249-020-00676-5

  A steady progress on schistosomiasis control in the Peoples Republic of China (P.R. China) was achieved and broadened into the twelve-year medium and long term national plan (MLNP) which marked the implementation of an integrated control strategy across all endemic areas in P.R. China in 2004. […] To understand the endemic trends of schistosomiasis to assess the effectiveness of an integrated strategy, we conducted an analysis of schistosomiasis surveillance data spanned from 2005 to 2015. […] The infection rate of schistosomes declined significantly, providing evidence that the goal of the MLNP was achieved. Elimination of schistosomiasis as a public health problem defined as WHO was also reached in P.R. China nationwide. […] To better understand the trends of schistosomiasis transmission and evaluate the effectiveness of the comprehensive control strategy, a systematic surveillance platform was constructed since 2005.

• #50 Epidemiology and Control of Schistosomiasis | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/82827

  Human schistosomiasis is caused by the genus Schistosoma. Its prevalence and morbidity are highest among schoolchildren, adolescents, and young adults. It is prevalent in poor communities without access to safe drinking water and adequate sanitation. The WHOs schistosomiasis control strategy focuses on reducing disease by regularly administering praziquantel to affected populations on a large scale. It entails the regular treatment of all at-risk populations. Disease transmission should be halted in specific countries where transmission is low. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), 207 million people may have schistosomiasis in the world. In 2018, it was estimated that at least 229 million people needed preventive treatment for schistosomiasis, while the number of people treated was 97.2 million. Ninety percent of the disease burden is in sub-Saharan Africa, where the main species that cause schistosomiasis in humans are Schistosoma mansoni (intestinal schistosomiasis) and S. haematobium (urogenital schistosomiasis), which are transmitted through feces and urine, respectively. The fight against schistosomiasis aims to reduce the number of patients by means of periodic large-scale treatment of populations with praziquantel; a more comprehensive approach, including access to drinking water, appropriate sanitation and the fight against gastropods, should also reduce the transmission of schistosomiasis. The WHO recommends praziquantel-based preventive chemotherapy for schistosomiasis control; this treatment is given largely to school-aged children aged 5 to 15, who have the largest infection burden and may be reached efficiently through schools. The WHO set goals to reduce schistosomiasis morbidity (referred to as disease control; defined as a heavy-intensity prevalence of infection of less than 5% aggregated across sentinel sites) by 2020 and eliminate schistosomiasis as a public health problem (referred to as elimination; defined as a prevalence of heavy-intensity infection of less than 1% in all sentinel sites) by 2025 in countries where human schistosomiasis is endemic. The WHOs strategic plan provides guidance on how programs can move from control of schistosomiasis to elimination and interruption of transmission. As a result, quantitative data from program monitoring must be analyzed to evaluate and improve these standards. According to recent theoretical modeling, the 2020 disease control goal outlined in the current treatment guideline is likely to be met in areas with low or moderate prevalence but will be missed in areas with high prevalence.

• #51 SciELO – Public Health – Questionnaires for rapid screening of schistosomiasis in sub-Saharan Africa Questionnaires for rapid screening of schistosomiasis in sub-Saharan Africa

  https://www.scielosp.org/article/bwho/2002.v80n3/235-242/

  This article is a comprehensive review of the experiences and evidence from sub-Saharan Africa with questionnaires for rapidly screening for schistosomiasis. […] The questionnaires can be used at both community and individual levels, and this approach allows communities with a high risk of schistosomiasis to be identified. […] Resources for controlling the parasite can thus be allocated in a more cost-effective way. […] The evidence for using questionnaires to screen for S. haematobium is now compelling and guidelines have been developed for district health managers. […] Despite the extensive validation, it is still recommended that the diagnostic performance of questionnaires be assessed on a limited scale, either when the questionnaire has been significantly altered or when health authorities need to be convinced about the usefulness of this method.

• #52 Sentinel Surveillance of Schistosomiasis — China, 2021

  https://weekly.chinacdc.cn/en/article/doi/10.46234/ccdcw2023.050

  Surveillance of intermediate host snails revealed potential transmission risk. […] To ensure effective surveillance, more sensitive detection tools should be introduced, given the current low infection rate and intensity as schistosomiasis control moves towards elimination. […] To expedite the elimination of schistosomiasis nationwide, surveillance strategies focusing on risk should be enhanced to provide guidance for precise implementation of interventions.

• #53 Schistosomiasis | Nature Reviews Disease Primers

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41572-018-0013-8

  Schistosomiasis (bilharzia) is a neglected tropical disease caused by parasitic flatworms (blood flukes) of the genus Schistosoma, with considerable morbidity in parts of the Middle East, South America, Southeast Asia and, particularly, in sub-Saharan Africa. […] Diagnosis requires the detection of eggs in excreta or worm antigens in the serum, and sensitive, rapid, point-of-care tests for populations living in endemic areas are needed. […] Schistosomiasis elimination will require a multifaceted approach, including: treatment; snail control; information, education and communication; improved water, sanitation and hygiene; accurate diagnostics; and surveillance-response systems that are readily tailored to social-ecological settings. […] This authoritative review pertains to all aspects of human schistosomiasis, including diagnosis, epidemiology, immunology, mapping and surveillance, pathogenesis, morbidity and comorbidities, treatment and control and elimination.

• #54 Schistosoma species detection by environmental DNA assays in African freshwaters | PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases

  https://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0008129

  Despite large integrated control programs during the last few decades, disease transmission continues due to the absence of rapid and reliable diagnostic tools to detect the schistosomes in endemic areas. […] Our eDNA assays showed agreement with tests of direct qPCR-based tests of the infection status of snail hosts. […] Rapid and inexpensive diagnosis and surveillance of schistosome prevalence in freshwaters will provide timely advice to stakeholders who could promote interventions to interrupt transmission of schistosomiasis in developing countries.

• #55 Surveillance-based evidence: elimination of schistosomiasis as a public health problem in the Peoples’ Republic of China | Infectious Diseases of Poverty | Full Text

  https://idpjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40249-020-00676-5

  The national sentinel surveillance conducted in 2005-2015 in P.R. China illustrated significant decline of transmission intensity and changes of transmission pattern due to continued interventions against schistosomiasis. […] The infection rate of schistosomes in residents decreased by more than 90% from 2005 to 2015. […] Based on the evidence obtained from the sentinel sites, in combination with the annual data obtained from endemic provinces, P.R. China has reached the final goal set by the MLNP to reach the transmission control, also eliminate schistosomiasis as a public health problem one year earlier than the deadline settled by WHO Western Pacific Region Office. […] The sensitive and effective surveillance-response systems will not only promote the process of schistosomiasis towards elimination, but also provide scientific evidence for schistosomiasis elimination programme in P.R. China.

• #56

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40475-023-00286-9

  The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of the burden of schistosomiasis in the European continent. It discusses three subjects: the endemic forms of non-human schistosomiasis in Europe; the introduction of transmission of human schistosomiasis into Europe; and the occurrence of imported cases of human schistosomiasis. […] Europe is not endemic for human schistosomiasis; nevertheless, it is affected by the disease in multiple ways, although the magnitude of the burden remains elusive because of gaps in surveillance and reporting. […] A stronger epidemiological surveillance and reporting system, coupled with more surveys on humans and snails, can contribute to better assess and characterize the burden of schistosomiasis in Europe. […] Human schistosomiasis is not endemic in Europe. Nevertheless, foci of transmission have been occasionally documented as a result of the introduction of parasites into freshwater bodies populated by competent snail hosts.

• #57 INSTITUTIONALISING SCHISTOSOMIASIS SURVEILLANCE: BEST PRACTICES TO IMPROVE FEMALE GENITAL AND URINARY SCHISTOSOMIASIS CONTROL IN SOUTH AFRICA | medRxiv

  https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.21.24315852v1.full-text

  In the absence of an active schistosomiasis control program, the affected community is vulnerable to complications such as female genital schistosomiasis. […] Since 2008, the South African National Department of Health has been trying to resuscitate the schistosomiasis control programme; the programme has not been fully established or implemented. […] However, there are some surveillance best practices that the country can institutionalise to improve control. […] The Health Laboratory Services, Notifiable Medical Conditions Surveillance System, and District Health Information System are the existing surveillance and reporting systems. […] According to Notifiable Medical Conditions Surveillance System (the overall and central notification system for the notifiable medical conditions), a total of 56529 schistosomiasis cases were reported nationwide between 2017 and 2021 (ranging from annual cases of 4140 to 15032).

• #58

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40475-023-00286-9

  The risk of further introduction of transmission of urogenital schistosomiasis in Europe is significant in reason of the intensification of human travels (e.g., migration) and the widespread presence of Planorbidae strains susceptible to S. haematobium infection in several Mediterranean countries. […] In conclusion, it can be said that while the number of cases of schistosomiasis imported into Europe is overall relatively small, its proportion among people originating from endemic countries is quite high. Information available remains limited, however, for the reason that schistosomiasis is not a disease under surveillance in European Union or European Economic Area (EU/EEA) countries, and the relevant information, when available at country level, is not shared with institutions such as the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) or WHO for compilation. […] A stronger involvement of health services in terms of epidemiological surveillance and reporting system, coupled with more surveys on humans and snails, can contribute to addressing the elusive burden of schistosomiasis in Europe.

• #59 Sentinel Surveillance of Schistosomiasis — China, 2021

  https://weekly.chinacdc.cn/en/article/doi/10.46234/ccdcw2023.050

  Surveillance of intermediate host snails revealed potential transmission risk. […] To ensure effective surveillance, more sensitive detection tools should be introduced, given the current low infection rate and intensity as schistosomiasis control moves towards elimination. […] To expedite the elimination of schistosomiasis nationwide, surveillance strategies focusing on risk should be enhanced to provide guidance for precise implementation of interventions.

• #60 INSTITUTIONALISING SCHISTOSOMIASIS SURVEILLANCE: BEST PRACTICES TO IMPROVE FEMALE GENITAL AND URINARY SCHISTOSOMIASIS CONTROL IN SOUTH AFRICA | medRxiv

  https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.21.24315852v1.full-text

  The countrys regulations on the surveillance and control of notifiable medical conditions stipulate that schistosomiasis is one of the priority conditions that should be notified (within 7 days of clinical or laboratory diagnosis) by all public and private health care providers, as well as public and private health laboratories. […] The regulations did not specify female genital schistosomiasis as one of the notifiable medical conditions. […] As a result, there was no reported data on female genital schistosomiasis. […] The data collected through the National Health Laboratory Services, Notifiable Medical Conditions Surveillance System, and District Health Information System demonstrate that there are formalised schistosomiasis reporting systems, but no female genital schistosomiasis reporting.

• #61 JMIR Public Health and Surveillance – Prevalence of Schistosoma Haematobium Measured by a Mobile Health System in an Unexplored Endemic Region in the Subprefecture of Torrock, Chad

  https://publichealth.jmir.org/2019/2/e13359/

  In most endemic areas, the disease is diagnosed only incidentally when the patient consults a health worker for other reasons. […] In Chad, no reliable data exist on the prevalence of the disease, given the absence of a national program for the control of schistosomiasis and also because the organization of the health care system does not provide diagnostics to prove this pathology thus hindering the pathway to treatment. […] This study revealed a prevalence of 24.9% of Schistosoma haematobium infection in our cohort aged 1 to 14 years. […] This study in Chad is the first study, after our earlier survey, into Schistosoma haematobium in this large endemic area. […] Future studies will investigate methods for optimization of information dissemination to the local people, the results of treatment, the rate of reinfection, and the difference in infection prevalence in areas with or without mHealth systems.

• #62 JMIR Public Health and Surveillance – Prevalence of Schistosoma Haematobium Measured by a Mobile Health System in an Unexplored Endemic Region in the Subprefecture of Torrock, Chad

  https://publichealth.jmir.org/2019/2/e13359/

  In most endemic areas, the disease is diagnosed only incidentally when the patient consults a health worker for other reasons. […] In Chad, no reliable data exist on the prevalence of the disease, given the absence of a national program for the control of schistosomiasis and also because the organization of the health care system does not provide diagnostics to prove this pathology thus hindering the pathway to treatment. […] This study revealed a prevalence of 24.9% of Schistosoma haematobium infection in our cohort aged 1 to 14 years. […] This study in Chad is the first study, after our earlier survey, into Schistosoma haematobium in this large endemic area. […] Future studies will investigate methods for optimization of information dissemination to the local people, the results of treatment, the rate of reinfection, and the difference in infection prevalence in areas with or without mHealth systems.

• #63

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/schistosomiasis

  The control of schistosomiasis is based on large-scale treatment of at-risk population groups, access to safe water, improved sanitation, hygiene education and behaviour change, and snail control and environmental management. […] The frequency of treatment is determined by the prevalence of infection in school-age children. In high-transmission areas, treatment may have to be repeated every year for several years. Monitoring is essential to determine the impact of control interventions. […] Data for 2021 show that 29.9% of people requiring treatment were reached globally, with a proportion of 43.3% of school-aged children requiring preventive chemotherapy for schistosomiasis being treated. A drop of 38% compared to 2019, due to the COVID-19 pandemic which suspended treatment campaigns in many endemic areas.

• #64 Epidemiology and Control of Schistosomiasis | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/82827

  Human schistosomiasis is caused by the genus Schistosoma. Its prevalence and morbidity are highest among schoolchildren, adolescents, and young adults. It is prevalent in poor communities without access to safe drinking water and adequate sanitation. The WHOs schistosomiasis control strategy focuses on reducing disease by regularly administering praziquantel to affected populations on a large scale. It entails the regular treatment of all at-risk populations. Disease transmission should be halted in specific countries where transmission is low. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), 207 million people may have schistosomiasis in the world. In 2018, it was estimated that at least 229 million people needed preventive treatment for schistosomiasis, while the number of people treated was 97.2 million. Ninety percent of the disease burden is in sub-Saharan Africa, where the main species that cause schistosomiasis in humans are Schistosoma mansoni (intestinal schistosomiasis) and S. haematobium (urogenital schistosomiasis), which are transmitted through feces and urine, respectively. The fight against schistosomiasis aims to reduce the number of patients by means of periodic large-scale treatment of populations with praziquantel; a more comprehensive approach, including access to drinking water, appropriate sanitation and the fight against gastropods, should also reduce the transmission of schistosomiasis. The WHO recommends praziquantel-based preventive chemotherapy for schistosomiasis control; this treatment is given largely to school-aged children aged 5 to 15, who have the largest infection burden and may be reached efficiently through schools. The WHO set goals to reduce schistosomiasis morbidity (referred to as disease control; defined as a heavy-intensity prevalence of infection of less than 5% aggregated across sentinel sites) by 2020 and eliminate schistosomiasis as a public health problem (referred to as elimination; defined as a prevalence of heavy-intensity infection of less than 1% in all sentinel sites) by 2025 in countries where human schistosomiasis is endemic. The WHOs strategic plan provides guidance on how programs can move from control of schistosomiasis to elimination and interruption of transmission. As a result, quantitative data from program monitoring must be analyzed to evaluate and improve these standards. According to recent theoretical modeling, the 2020 disease control goal outlined in the current treatment guideline is likely to be met in areas with low or moderate prevalence but will be missed in areas with high prevalence.

• #65

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/schistosomiasis

  The control of schistosomiasis is based on large-scale treatment of at-risk population groups, access to safe water, improved sanitation, hygiene education and behaviour change, and snail control and environmental management. […] The frequency of treatment is determined by the prevalence of infection in school-age children. In high-transmission areas, treatment may have to be repeated every year for several years. Monitoring is essential to determine the impact of control interventions. […] Data for 2021 show that 29.9% of people requiring treatment were reached globally, with a proportion of 43.3% of school-aged children requiring preventive chemotherapy for schistosomiasis being treated. A drop of 38% compared to 2019, due to the COVID-19 pandemic which suspended treatment campaigns in many endemic areas.

• #66

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/schistosomiasis

  The control of schistosomiasis is based on large-scale treatment of at-risk population groups, access to safe water, improved sanitation, hygiene education and behaviour change, and snail control and environmental management. […] The frequency of treatment is determined by the prevalence of infection in school-age children. In high-transmission areas, treatment may have to be repeated every year for several years. Monitoring is essential to determine the impact of control interventions. […] Data for 2021 show that 29.9% of people requiring treatment were reached globally, with a proportion of 43.3% of school-aged children requiring preventive chemotherapy for schistosomiasis being treated. A drop of 38% compared to 2019, due to the COVID-19 pandemic which suspended treatment campaigns in many endemic areas.

• #67 Epidemiology and Control of Schistosomiasis | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/82827

  Human schistosomiasis is caused by the genus Schistosoma. Its prevalence and morbidity are highest among schoolchildren, adolescents, and young adults. It is prevalent in poor communities without access to safe drinking water and adequate sanitation. The WHOs schistosomiasis control strategy focuses on reducing disease by regularly administering praziquantel to affected populations on a large scale. It entails the regular treatment of all at-risk populations. Disease transmission should be halted in specific countries where transmission is low. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), 207 million people may have schistosomiasis in the world. In 2018, it was estimated that at least 229 million people needed preventive treatment for schistosomiasis, while the number of people treated was 97.2 million. Ninety percent of the disease burden is in sub-Saharan Africa, where the main species that cause schistosomiasis in humans are Schistosoma mansoni (intestinal schistosomiasis) and S. haematobium (urogenital schistosomiasis), which are transmitted through feces and urine, respectively. The fight against schistosomiasis aims to reduce the number of patients by means of periodic large-scale treatment of populations with praziquantel; a more comprehensive approach, including access to drinking water, appropriate sanitation and the fight against gastropods, should also reduce the transmission of schistosomiasis. The WHO recommends praziquantel-based preventive chemotherapy for schistosomiasis control; this treatment is given largely to school-aged children aged 5 to 15, who have the largest infection burden and may be reached efficiently through schools. The WHO set goals to reduce schistosomiasis morbidity (referred to as disease control; defined as a heavy-intensity prevalence of infection of less than 5% aggregated across sentinel sites) by 2020 and eliminate schistosomiasis as a public health problem (referred to as elimination; defined as a prevalence of heavy-intensity infection of less than 1% in all sentinel sites) by 2025 in countries where human schistosomiasis is endemic. The WHOs strategic plan provides guidance on how programs can move from control of schistosomiasis to elimination and interruption of transmission. As a result, quantitative data from program monitoring must be analyzed to evaluate and improve these standards. According to recent theoretical modeling, the 2020 disease control goal outlined in the current treatment guideline is likely to be met in areas with low or moderate prevalence but will be missed in areas with high prevalence.

• #68

  https://www.who.int/data/gho/data/themes/topics/schistosomiasis

  Schistosomiasis remains a public health problem in several parts of the world, particularly in Africa where 91% of all the people requiring preventive chemotherapy for schistosomiasis live. […] Of the 78 countries considered endemic for schistosomiasis, only 50 countries have populations requiring preventive chemotherapy. […] The total number of people in need of preventive chemotherapy globally in 2023 was 253.8 million, of which 135 million were school-aged children. […] Data reported in 2023 from 33 countries for treatment of school-aged children and from 20 countries for treatment of adults show that about 90 million people received preventive chemotherapy for schistosomiasis globally, which is equivalent to 56% global coverage for school-aged children and 12% for adults at risk.

• #69

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/schistosomiasis

  The control of schistosomiasis is based on large-scale treatment of at-risk population groups, access to safe water, improved sanitation, hygiene education and behaviour change, and snail control and environmental management. […] The frequency of treatment is determined by the prevalence of infection in school-age children. In high-transmission areas, treatment may have to be repeated every year for several years. Monitoring is essential to determine the impact of control interventions. […] Data for 2021 show that 29.9% of people requiring treatment were reached globally, with a proportion of 43.3% of school-aged children requiring preventive chemotherapy for schistosomiasis being treated. A drop of 38% compared to 2019, due to the COVID-19 pandemic which suspended treatment campaigns in many endemic areas.

• #70 Schistosomiasis | Nature Reviews Disease Primers

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41572-018-0013-8

  Schistosomiasis (bilharzia) is a neglected tropical disease caused by parasitic flatworms (blood flukes) of the genus Schistosoma, with considerable morbidity in parts of the Middle East, South America, Southeast Asia and, particularly, in sub-Saharan Africa. […] Diagnosis requires the detection of eggs in excreta or worm antigens in the serum, and sensitive, rapid, point-of-care tests for populations living in endemic areas are needed. […] Schistosomiasis elimination will require a multifaceted approach, including: treatment; snail control; information, education and communication; improved water, sanitation and hygiene; accurate diagnostics; and surveillance-response systems that are readily tailored to social-ecological settings. […] This authoritative review pertains to all aspects of human schistosomiasis, including diagnosis, epidemiology, immunology, mapping and surveillance, pathogenesis, morbidity and comorbidities, treatment and control and elimination.

• #71 Urinary schistosomiasis and the associated bladder cancer: update | Journal of the Egyptian National Cancer Institute | Full Text

  https://jenci.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s43046-020-00055-z

  The main aim of this review is to present an update of the known knowledge of schistosomiasis, the uncommon disease in Europe, to help spread knowledge and remove the ambiguity of the disease to help proper management and avoid cost overruns. […] The available data showed that despite some etiologic and carcinogenic differences, the oncologic outcomes are generally comparable for SA-BC and NSA-BC when adjusting for stage, risk status, and comorbidities. […] The diagnosis is confirmed by microscopic detection of eggs in urine. Serologic tests may be diagnostic especially in travelers with light infection. However, it does not differentiate current from past infection. […] A multidisciplinary, integrated approach is the optimal goal for schistosomiasis elimination. It consisted of interventions, measures to control the source of SH infection, and integrated snail control. Public health interventions include improving sanitation and supply of clean water, snail control, and health education. Integrated snail control interventions using both biological and mechanical methods have shown promising results.

• #72 Epidemiology and Control of Schistosomiasis | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/82827

  Human schistosomiasis is caused by the genus Schistosoma. Its prevalence and morbidity are highest among schoolchildren, adolescents, and young adults. It is prevalent in poor communities without access to safe drinking water and adequate sanitation. The WHOs schistosomiasis control strategy focuses on reducing disease by regularly administering praziquantel to affected populations on a large scale. It entails the regular treatment of all at-risk populations. Disease transmission should be halted in specific countries where transmission is low. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), 207 million people may have schistosomiasis in the world. In 2018, it was estimated that at least 229 million people needed preventive treatment for schistosomiasis, while the number of people treated was 97.2 million. Ninety percent of the disease burden is in sub-Saharan Africa, where the main species that cause schistosomiasis in humans are Schistosoma mansoni (intestinal schistosomiasis) and S. haematobium (urogenital schistosomiasis), which are transmitted through feces and urine, respectively. The fight against schistosomiasis aims to reduce the number of patients by means of periodic large-scale treatment of populations with praziquantel; a more comprehensive approach, including access to drinking water, appropriate sanitation and the fight against gastropods, should also reduce the transmission of schistosomiasis. The WHO recommends praziquantel-based preventive chemotherapy for schistosomiasis control; this treatment is given largely to school-aged children aged 5 to 15, who have the largest infection burden and may be reached efficiently through schools. The WHO set goals to reduce schistosomiasis morbidity (referred to as disease control; defined as a heavy-intensity prevalence of infection of less than 5% aggregated across sentinel sites) by 2020 and eliminate schistosomiasis as a public health problem (referred to as elimination; defined as a prevalence of heavy-intensity infection of less than 1% in all sentinel sites) by 2025 in countries where human schistosomiasis is endemic. The WHOs strategic plan provides guidance on how programs can move from control of schistosomiasis to elimination and interruption of transmission. As a result, quantitative data from program monitoring must be analyzed to evaluate and improve these standards. According to recent theoretical modeling, the 2020 disease control goal outlined in the current treatment guideline is likely to be met in areas with low or moderate prevalence but will be missed in areas with high prevalence.

• #73 Urinary schistosomiasis and the associated bladder cancer: update | Journal of the Egyptian National Cancer Institute | Full Text

  https://jenci.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s43046-020-00055-z

  The main aim of this review is to present an update of the known knowledge of schistosomiasis, the uncommon disease in Europe, to help spread knowledge and remove the ambiguity of the disease to help proper management and avoid cost overruns. […] The available data showed that despite some etiologic and carcinogenic differences, the oncologic outcomes are generally comparable for SA-BC and NSA-BC when adjusting for stage, risk status, and comorbidities. […] The diagnosis is confirmed by microscopic detection of eggs in urine. Serologic tests may be diagnostic especially in travelers with light infection. However, it does not differentiate current from past infection. […] A multidisciplinary, integrated approach is the optimal goal for schistosomiasis elimination. It consisted of interventions, measures to control the source of SH infection, and integrated snail control. Public health interventions include improving sanitation and supply of clean water, snail control, and health education. Integrated snail control interventions using both biological and mechanical methods have shown promising results.

• #74 Epidemiology and Control of Schistosomiasis | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/82827

  Human schistosomiasis is caused by the genus Schistosoma. Its prevalence and morbidity are highest among schoolchildren, adolescents, and young adults. It is prevalent in poor communities without access to safe drinking water and adequate sanitation. The WHOs schistosomiasis control strategy focuses on reducing disease by regularly administering praziquantel to affected populations on a large scale. It entails the regular treatment of all at-risk populations. Disease transmission should be halted in specific countries where transmission is low. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), 207 million people may have schistosomiasis in the world. In 2018, it was estimated that at least 229 million people needed preventive treatment for schistosomiasis, while the number of people treated was 97.2 million. Ninety percent of the disease burden is in sub-Saharan Africa, where the main species that cause schistosomiasis in humans are Schistosoma mansoni (intestinal schistosomiasis) and S. haematobium (urogenital schistosomiasis), which are transmitted through feces and urine, respectively. The fight against schistosomiasis aims to reduce the number of patients by means of periodic large-scale treatment of populations with praziquantel; a more comprehensive approach, including access to drinking water, appropriate sanitation and the fight against gastropods, should also reduce the transmission of schistosomiasis. The WHO recommends praziquantel-based preventive chemotherapy for schistosomiasis control; this treatment is given largely to school-aged children aged 5 to 15, who have the largest infection burden and may be reached efficiently through schools. The WHO set goals to reduce schistosomiasis morbidity (referred to as disease control; defined as a heavy-intensity prevalence of infection of less than 5% aggregated across sentinel sites) by 2020 and eliminate schistosomiasis as a public health problem (referred to as elimination; defined as a prevalence of heavy-intensity infection of less than 1% in all sentinel sites) by 2025 in countries where human schistosomiasis is endemic. The WHOs strategic plan provides guidance on how programs can move from control of schistosomiasis to elimination and interruption of transmission. As a result, quantitative data from program monitoring must be analyzed to evaluate and improve these standards. According to recent theoretical modeling, the 2020 disease control goal outlined in the current treatment guideline is likely to be met in areas with low or moderate prevalence but will be missed in areas with high prevalence.

• #75 Schistosomiasis | Nature Reviews Disease Primers

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41572-018-0013-8

  Schistosomiasis (bilharzia) is a neglected tropical disease caused by parasitic flatworms (blood flukes) of the genus Schistosoma, with considerable morbidity in parts of the Middle East, South America, Southeast Asia and, particularly, in sub-Saharan Africa. […] Diagnosis requires the detection of eggs in excreta or worm antigens in the serum, and sensitive, rapid, point-of-care tests for populations living in endemic areas are needed. […] Schistosomiasis elimination will require a multifaceted approach, including: treatment; snail control; information, education and communication; improved water, sanitation and hygiene; accurate diagnostics; and surveillance-response systems that are readily tailored to social-ecological settings. […] This authoritative review pertains to all aspects of human schistosomiasis, including diagnosis, epidemiology, immunology, mapping and surveillance, pathogenesis, morbidity and comorbidities, treatment and control and elimination.

• #76

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/schistosomiasis

  Schistosomiasis control has been successfully implemented over the past 40 years in several countries, including Brazil, Cambodia, China, Egypt, Mauritius, Islamic Republic of Iran, Oman, Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Morocco, Tunisia and others. In many countries it has been possible to scale-up schistosomiasis treatment to the national level and have an impact on the disease in a few years. An assessment of the status of transmission is required in several countries. […] Over the past 10 years there has been scale-up of treatment campaigns in a number of sub-Saharan countries, where most of those at risk live. These treatments campaigns resulted in the decrease of prevalence of schistosomiasis in school age children by almost 60%.

• #77

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/schistosomiasis

  Schistosomiasis control has been successfully implemented over the past 40 years in several countries, including Brazil, Cambodia, China, Egypt, Mauritius, Islamic Republic of Iran, Oman, Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Morocco, Tunisia and others. In many countries it has been possible to scale-up schistosomiasis treatment to the national level and have an impact on the disease in a few years. An assessment of the status of transmission is required in several countries. […] Over the past 10 years there has been scale-up of treatment campaigns in a number of sub-Saharan countries, where most of those at risk live. These treatments campaigns resulted in the decrease of prevalence of schistosomiasis in school age children by almost 60%.

• #78 Surveillance-based evidence: elimination of schistosomiasis as a public health problem in the Peoples’ Republic of China | Infectious Diseases of Poverty | Full Text

  https://idpjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40249-020-00676-5

  Elimination of schistosomiasis as a public health problem was reached in P.R. China nationwide according to WHO’s definition. With the changes of transmission features and existed challenges for schistosomiasis elimination, surveillance-response systems should be further improved and strengthened in P.R. China in order to achieve the goal of schistosomiasis elimination by 2030.

• #79 Surveillance-based evidence: elimination of schistosomiasis as a public health problem in the Peoples’ Republic of China | Infectious Diseases of Poverty | Full Text

  https://idpjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40249-020-00676-5

  The national sentinel surveillance conducted in 2005-2015 in P.R. China illustrated significant decline of transmission intensity and changes of transmission pattern due to continued interventions against schistosomiasis. […] The infection rate of schistosomes in residents decreased by more than 90% from 2005 to 2015. […] Based on the evidence obtained from the sentinel sites, in combination with the annual data obtained from endemic provinces, P.R. China has reached the final goal set by the MLNP to reach the transmission control, also eliminate schistosomiasis as a public health problem one year earlier than the deadline settled by WHO Western Pacific Region Office. […] The sensitive and effective surveillance-response systems will not only promote the process of schistosomiasis towards elimination, but also provide scientific evidence for schistosomiasis elimination programme in P.R. China.

• #80

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/schistosomiasis

  Schistosomiasis control has been successfully implemented over the past 40 years in several countries, including Brazil, Cambodia, China, Egypt, Mauritius, Islamic Republic of Iran, Oman, Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Morocco, Tunisia and others. In many countries it has been possible to scale-up schistosomiasis treatment to the national level and have an impact on the disease in a few years. An assessment of the status of transmission is required in several countries. […] Over the past 10 years there has been scale-up of treatment campaigns in a number of sub-Saharan countries, where most of those at risk live. These treatments campaigns resulted in the decrease of prevalence of schistosomiasis in school age children by almost 60%.

• #81 Surveillance-based evidence: elimination of schistosomiasis as a public health problem in the Peoples’ Republic of China | Infectious Diseases of Poverty | Full Text

  https://idpjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40249-020-00676-5

  Elimination of schistosomiasis as a public health problem was reached in P.R. China nationwide according to WHO’s definition. With the changes of transmission features and existed challenges for schistosomiasis elimination, surveillance-response systems should be further improved and strengthened in P.R. China in order to achieve the goal of schistosomiasis elimination by 2030.

• #82 Insights into the epidemiology, pathogenesis, and differential diagnosis of schistosomiasis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11097794/

  In recent decades, clinically significant hybrid species have been discovered with increasing frequency. Hybridisation between human and animal pathogenic species poses a potential threat due to the easier transmission and spread of new strains. […] The diagnosis of schistosomiasis relies on specific epidemiological criteria and symptoms associated with the acute or chronic phase of the disease. […] National and international guidelines recommend screening for HIV-Antibody (HIV-Ab), HCV-Ab, HBsAb, HAV, Strongyloides-Ab, and latent tuberculosis infection in individuals with bilharzia infection. […] The WHO roadmap outlines the goals of improving sanitation, expanding access to clean water, and controlling vectors through molluscicide, physical removal, and environmental modification to achieve the goal of eliminating schistosomiasis as a public health problem by 2030.

• #83 Schistosomiasis (Bilharzia): Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/228392-overview

  Nevertheless, the human cost of schistosomal infections remains high, and the disease contributes to comorbidity with other infections, including hepatitis, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and malaria, in endemic regions. […] In China, despite multifaceted control over decades indirectly transmitted Schistosoma japonicum remains endemic because of animal reservoirs. […] The frequency of infection among individuals of specific races is based on the geographic distribution of endemic schistosomiasis in large tropical and subtropical regions of Africa, Asia, the Middle East, and the Caribbean. […] Schistosomiasis is more common in males, most likely because of increased exposure to infected water via bathing, swimming, and agricultural activities. […] The prevalence and severity of schistosomal infections vary with age. Children and adolescents are infected most often and are infested most heavily.

• #84 Epidemiological surveillance of schistosomiasis outbreak in Corsica (France): Are animal reservoir hosts implicated in local transmission? | PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases

  https://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0007543

  Environmental and anthropogenic changes are expected to promote emergence and spread of pathogens worldwide. Since 2013, human urogenital schistosomiasis is established in Corsica island (France). Schistosomiasis is a parasitic disease affecting both humans and animals. The parasite involved in the Corsican outbreak is a hybrid form between Schistosoma haematobium, a human parasite, and Schistosoma bovis, a livestock parasite. […] In this study we combined a sero-epidemiological survey on ruminants and a rodent trapping campaign to check whether schistosomes could shift on vertebrate hosts other than humans. […] Given the low abundance of rodents and the low parasitic prevalence and intensity among rodents, it is unlikely that neither rats nor ruminants play a significant role in the maintenance of schistosomiasis outbreak in Corsica. Finally, the most likely hypothesis is that local people initially infected in 2013 re-contaminated the river during subsequent summers, however we cannot definitively rule out the possibility of an animal species acting as reservoir host.

• #85 Schistosomiasis (Bilharzia): Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/228392-overview

  Nevertheless, the human cost of schistosomal infections remains high, and the disease contributes to comorbidity with other infections, including hepatitis, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and malaria, in endemic regions. […] In China, despite multifaceted control over decades indirectly transmitted Schistosoma japonicum remains endemic because of animal reservoirs. […] The frequency of infection among individuals of specific races is based on the geographic distribution of endemic schistosomiasis in large tropical and subtropical regions of Africa, Asia, the Middle East, and the Caribbean. […] Schistosomiasis is more common in males, most likely because of increased exposure to infected water via bathing, swimming, and agricultural activities. […] The prevalence and severity of schistosomal infections vary with age. Children and adolescents are infected most often and are infested most heavily.

• #86 Schistosomiasis (Bilharzia): Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/228392-overview

  Nevertheless, the human cost of schistosomal infections remains high, and the disease contributes to comorbidity with other infections, including hepatitis, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and malaria, in endemic regions. […] In China, despite multifaceted control over decades indirectly transmitted Schistosoma japonicum remains endemic because of animal reservoirs. […] The frequency of infection among individuals of specific races is based on the geographic distribution of endemic schistosomiasis in large tropical and subtropical regions of Africa, Asia, the Middle East, and the Caribbean. […] Schistosomiasis is more common in males, most likely because of increased exposure to infected water via bathing, swimming, and agricultural activities. […] The prevalence and severity of schistosomal infections vary with age. Children and adolescents are infected most often and are infested most heavily.

• #87

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/schistosomiasis

  Schistosomiasis is prevalent in tropical and subtropical areas, especially in poor communities without access to safe drinking water and adequate sanitation. It is estimated that at least 90% of those requiring treatment for schistosomiasis live in Africa. […] Estimates show that at least 251.4 million people required preventive treatment in 2021. […] Schistosomiasis transmission has been reported from 78 countries. However, preventive chemotherapy for schistosomiasis, where people and communities are targeted for large-scale treatment, is only required in 51 endemic countries with moderate-to-high transmission. […] Migration to urban areas and population movements are introducing the disease to new areas. Increasing population size and the corresponding needs for power and water often result in development schemes, and environmental modifications facilitate transmission.

• #88 Global Epidemiology of Schistosomiasis by Martin Nelwan :: SSRN

  https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3722378

  Schistosomiasis has become global epidemic. […] Knowledge of this parasite is important in order to stop the spread of this parasite. […] In this study, the author describes the progress in a study of schistosomiasis that focused on the spread of schistosomiasis on the globe, morbidity and mortality, and prevention and treatment of schistosomiasis. […] Schistosomiasis has become global epidemiology. […] Schistosoma haematobium x S. bovis has occurreded in France. […] Schistosoma japonicum has expanded its habitat in more areas in Sulawesi. […] Intermediate host, Biomphalaria straminea has occurred in China from Brazil. […] Praziquantel is the only effective drug for schistosomiasis.

• #89 Schistosomiasis | Nature Reviews Disease Primers

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41572-018-0013-8

  This paper reviews schistosomiasis control and elimination efforts in different parts of the world and puts forward a schistosomiasis elimination agenda. […] This paper considers the potential consequences of the current extensive MDA programmes for schistosomiasis, which, although curing infection, could have profound effects in the future on schistosome biology, immunoepidemiology and public health. […] This paper describes the outcomes of a 2013 meeting co-sponsored by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases and the Bill Melinda Gates Foundation and concludes that an integrated, multifaceted approach involving chemotherapy; water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH); snail control; vaccines and other innovative tools will be necessary to have a permanent effect on schistosomiasis.

• #90 Epidemiology and evolution of zoonotic schistosomiasis in a changing world | LCNTDR

  https://www.londonntd.org/research/projects-search/epidemiology-and-evolution-of-zoonotic-schistosomiasis-in-a-changing-world

  Schistosoma spp. are the causative agents of schistosomiasis, a chronic and debilitating helminthic disease of humans and animals across much of the developing world. Schistosomiasis infects 240 million people with 750 million at risk of infection, 90% of which are within sub Saharan Africa (SSA). […] Recent environmental and anthropogenic changes are exacerbating opportunities for mixing and subsequent hybridization between human and animal schistosomes, which is likely to have a substantial impact on the epidemiology, evolution and clinical outcomes of the disease, with further challenges and constraints for effective control. […] Extensive parasite sampling in humans, livestock, wildlife and snail intermediate hosts and the application of novel molecular and diagnostic tools, as well as mathematical modeling and socio-economic surveys, are being used to elucidate the epidemiology of novel zoonotic hybrid schistosomes and its impact on host spectrum, PZQ efficacy, host morbidity and ultimately transmission potential.

• #91 Schistosomiasis | Nature Reviews Disease Primers

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41572-018-0013-8

  Schistosomiasis (bilharzia) is a neglected tropical disease caused by parasitic flatworms (blood flukes) of the genus Schistosoma, with considerable morbidity in parts of the Middle East, South America, Southeast Asia and, particularly, in sub-Saharan Africa. […] Diagnosis requires the detection of eggs in excreta or worm antigens in the serum, and sensitive, rapid, point-of-care tests for populations living in endemic areas are needed. […] Schistosomiasis elimination will require a multifaceted approach, including: treatment; snail control; information, education and communication; improved water, sanitation and hygiene; accurate diagnostics; and surveillance-response systems that are readily tailored to social-ecological settings. […] This authoritative review pertains to all aspects of human schistosomiasis, including diagnosis, epidemiology, immunology, mapping and surveillance, pathogenesis, morbidity and comorbidities, treatment and control and elimination.

• #92 Epidemiology and evolution of zoonotic schistosomiasis in a changing world | LCNTDR

  https://www.londonntd.org/research/projects-search/epidemiology-and-evolution-of-zoonotic-schistosomiasis-in-a-changing-world

  Schistosoma spp. are the causative agents of schistosomiasis, a chronic and debilitating helminthic disease of humans and animals across much of the developing world. Schistosomiasis infects 240 million people with 750 million at risk of infection, 90% of which are within sub Saharan Africa (SSA). […] Recent environmental and anthropogenic changes are exacerbating opportunities for mixing and subsequent hybridization between human and animal schistosomes, which is likely to have a substantial impact on the epidemiology, evolution and clinical outcomes of the disease, with further challenges and constraints for effective control. […] Extensive parasite sampling in humans, livestock, wildlife and snail intermediate hosts and the application of novel molecular and diagnostic tools, as well as mathematical modeling and socio-economic surveys, are being used to elucidate the epidemiology of novel zoonotic hybrid schistosomes and its impact on host spectrum, PZQ efficacy, host morbidity and ultimately transmission potential.

• #93 Schistosomiasis | Nature Reviews Disease Primers

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41572-018-0013-8

  This paper reviews schistosomiasis control and elimination efforts in different parts of the world and puts forward a schistosomiasis elimination agenda. […] This paper considers the potential consequences of the current extensive MDA programmes for schistosomiasis, which, although curing infection, could have profound effects in the future on schistosome biology, immunoepidemiology and public health. […] This paper describes the outcomes of a 2013 meeting co-sponsored by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases and the Bill Melinda Gates Foundation and concludes that an integrated, multifaceted approach involving chemotherapy; water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH); snail control; vaccines and other innovative tools will be necessary to have a permanent effect on schistosomiasis.

• #94 Schistosomiasis Consortium for Operational Research and Evaluation – Center for Tropical and Emerging Global DiseasesSchistosomiasis Consortium for Operational Research and Evaluation – Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases

  https://ctegd.uga.edu/score/

  Sustaining control of schistosomiasis. These projects evaluated alternative approaches to MDA in areas of moderate prevalence. […] Elimination of schistosomiasis. The original focus of this project was eliminating schistosomiasis in Zanzibar and providing data and insights into effective strategies for moving large areas from having a low prevalence of infection to eliminating schistosomiasis. […] Field evaluations of the point-of-care (POC) circulating cathodic antigen (CCA) urine assay for use as a screening tool for S. mansoni infection in humans. […] Research and evaluation on human diagnostic tests for schistosomiasis. […] Development of tools for studies of schistosome population genetics. […] The RAP projects provided critical information by analyzing and synthesizing existing data.

• #95 Schistosomiasis Consortium for Operational Research and Evaluation – Center for Tropical and Emerging Global DiseasesSchistosomiasis Consortium for Operational Research and Evaluation – Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases

  https://ctegd.uga.edu/score/

  Sustaining control of schistosomiasis. These projects evaluated alternative approaches to MDA in areas of moderate prevalence. […] Elimination of schistosomiasis. The original focus of this project was eliminating schistosomiasis in Zanzibar and providing data and insights into effective strategies for moving large areas from having a low prevalence of infection to eliminating schistosomiasis. […] Field evaluations of the point-of-care (POC) circulating cathodic antigen (CCA) urine assay for use as a screening tool for S. mansoni infection in humans. […] Research and evaluation on human diagnostic tests for schistosomiasis. […] Development of tools for studies of schistosome population genetics. […] The RAP projects provided critical information by analyzing and synthesizing existing data.

• #96 Schistosomiasis Consortium for Operational Research and Evaluation – Center for Tropical and Emerging Global DiseasesSchistosomiasis Consortium for Operational Research and Evaluation – Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases

  https://ctegd.uga.edu/score/

  The Schistosomiasis Consortium for Operational Research and Evaluation (SCORE) was established in December 2008 to answer strategic questions about schistosomiasis control and elimination. […] Schistosomiasis, also known as bilharzia, is caused by worms that live in the blood vessels, is found predominantly in tropical and sub-tropical climates, especially Africa, Asia, South America and the Middle East, and infects approximately 200 million people worldwide. […] SCORE’s focus was on the two major disease-causing schistosomes in Africa, South America, and the Middle East –Schistosoma mansoni and S. haematobium. […] SCORE did this work by funding investigators from around the world to conduct the needed research and evaluation activities. […] Gaining control of schistosomiasis. These projects evaluated alternative approaches to mass drug administration (MDA) in communities with high prevalence rates of schistosomiasis.

• #97 Insights into the epidemiology, pathogenesis, and differential diagnosis of schistosomiasis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11097794/

  In recent decades, clinically significant hybrid species have been discovered with increasing frequency. Hybridisation between human and animal pathogenic species poses a potential threat due to the easier transmission and spread of new strains. […] The diagnosis of schistosomiasis relies on specific epidemiological criteria and symptoms associated with the acute or chronic phase of the disease. […] National and international guidelines recommend screening for HIV-Antibody (HIV-Ab), HCV-Ab, HBsAb, HAV, Strongyloides-Ab, and latent tuberculosis infection in individuals with bilharzia infection. […] The WHO roadmap outlines the goals of improving sanitation, expanding access to clean water, and controlling vectors through molluscicide, physical removal, and environmental modification to achieve the goal of eliminating schistosomiasis as a public health problem by 2030.

• #98 Schistosomiasis | Nature Reviews Disease Primers

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41572-018-0013-8

  Schistosomiasis (bilharzia) is a neglected tropical disease caused by parasitic flatworms (blood flukes) of the genus Schistosoma, with considerable morbidity in parts of the Middle East, South America, Southeast Asia and, particularly, in sub-Saharan Africa. […] Diagnosis requires the detection of eggs in excreta or worm antigens in the serum, and sensitive, rapid, point-of-care tests for populations living in endemic areas are needed. […] Schistosomiasis elimination will require a multifaceted approach, including: treatment; snail control; information, education and communication; improved water, sanitation and hygiene; accurate diagnostics; and surveillance-response systems that are readily tailored to social-ecological settings. […] This authoritative review pertains to all aspects of human schistosomiasis, including diagnosis, epidemiology, immunology, mapping and surveillance, pathogenesis, morbidity and comorbidities, treatment and control and elimination.

• #99 Epidemiology and evolution of zoonotic schistosomiasis in a changing world | LCNTDR

  https://www.londonntd.org/research/projects-search/epidemiology-and-evolution-of-zoonotic-schistosomiasis-in-a-changing-world

  A full appreciation of the interactions taking place between schistosomes of humans and animals will provide decision-makers and health services at both national and community levels with improved tools to targeted interventions. […] The outcomes of this study could substantially contribute to change international policy on disease control and knowledge, modifying attitudes and practice of those inflicted with the threat of this disease.

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