Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Schistosomiasis | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/schistosomiasis/index.html

  The best way to prevent schistosomiasis is to not swim, wade, or bathe in unsafe water. […] Schistosomiasis, also known as bilharzia, is a disease caused by parasitic worms found in contaminated fresh water.

• #2 Schistosomiasis in the Military—A Narrative Review

  https://www.mdpi.com/2414-6366/9/9/221

  Schistosomiasis is a parasitic disease caused by trematode worms (flukes) of the genus Schistosoma, whose infective stages, the cercariae, are amplified through freshwater-dwelling mollusks (snails) acting as intermediate hosts. […] Avoiding freshwater exposure is the best prevention. […] The prevention and control of schistosomiasis at a public health level requires a multi-faceted strategy, with several complementary and integrated One Health approaches. Effective treatment of people, so that their excreta do not contain eggs, the prevention of sewage contamination of freshwater, the elimination of intermediate host snails, and the prevention of human contact with water containing infected snails are all interventions that can help to prevent transmission. […] In the military setting, as deployments in tropical conditions usually include intensive soil and freshwater contact, the risk of being infected with helminths is higher, compared to that of a regular traveler.

• #3 Preventing Schistosomiasis | Schistosomiasis | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/schistosomiasis/prevention/index.html

  There is no vaccine available to prevent schistosomiasis. There are steps you can take to lower your chances of getting it. […] The most effective ways to prevent schistosomiasis are to not swim, wade, or bathe in unsafe water. […] Do not swim, wade, or bathe in freshwater in regions where schistosomiasis is common. […] Boil water from canals, lakes, rivers, streams, or springs for at least 1 minute before you drink it. […] Boil your bath water until it is vigorously bubbling for at least a minute to remove anything harmful. […] Dry yourself well with a towel after a short exposure to unsafe water. The drying may help prevent the Schistosoma parasite from getting into your skin. Do not rely on this method to prevent schistosomiasis.

• #4 Schistosomiasis (Bilharzia) Symptoms & Treatment | Unlimit Health

  https://unlimithealth.org/ntds/schistosomiasis/

  Schistosomiasis prevention […] There is currently no vaccine for schistosomiasis, so its important that people are aware of the risks and have access to services such as a safe water supply and sanitation to reduce exposure to contaminated water, and prevent contamination from taking place. […] Approaches to reducing prevalence and infection severity of schistosomiasis have historically focused on disease control with preventive chemotherapy. However, as outlined in the World Health Organization NTD 2023-30 road map, there is growing recognition for the need to go beyond mass drug administration. We therefore support a comprehensive approach to combatting schistosomiasis, moving away from intervention delivery and towards health equity and health systems strengthening. This means focusing on cross-cutting approaches, such as water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) initiatives and a One Health approach.

• #5 Prevention and control of schistosomiasis: a current perspective

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4231879/

  The basic means of preventing Schistosoma infection is avoiding contact with fresh water infested with Schistosome parasites. Swimming, wading, or any other aquatic activities in these bodies of water exposes the skin to possible penetration by the cercariae. In cases when there is brief accidental contact with infected water, vigorous towel drying is advised to help prevent the cercariae from penetrating the skin. […] In using water from these fresh water sources for drinking or bathing, water must be brought to the boil for at least 1 minute to kill the parasite that may be present in the water. Allowing the water to stand for 24 hours or more before using it may also help in preventing infection. Fine-mesh filters may also be used to filter the cercariae possibly contained in the water.

• #6 Schistosomiasis | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/schistosomiasis/index.html

  The best way to prevent schistosomiasis is to not swim, wade, or bathe in unsafe water. […] Schistosomiasis, also known as bilharzia, is a disease caused by parasitic worms found in contaminated fresh water.

• #7 Preventing Schistosomiasis | Schistosomiasis | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/schistosomiasis/prevention/index.html

  There is no vaccine available to prevent schistosomiasis. There are steps you can take to lower your chances of getting it. […] The most effective ways to prevent schistosomiasis are to not swim, wade, or bathe in unsafe water. […] Do not swim, wade, or bathe in freshwater in regions where schistosomiasis is common. […] Boil water from canals, lakes, rivers, streams, or springs for at least 1 minute before you drink it. […] Boil your bath water until it is vigorously bubbling for at least a minute to remove anything harmful. […] Dry yourself well with a towel after a short exposure to unsafe water. The drying may help prevent the Schistosoma parasite from getting into your skin. Do not rely on this method to prevent schistosomiasis.

• #8 Schistosomiasis (bilharzia)

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/schistosomiasis/

  There’s no vaccine for schistosomiasis, so it’s important to be aware of the risks and take precautions to avoid exposure to contaminated water. […] If you’re visiting one of these areas: avoid paddling, swimming and washing in fresh water only swim in the sea or chlorinated swimming pools […] boil or filter water before drinking as the parasites could burrow into your lips or mouth if you drink contaminated water […] avoid medicines sold locally that are advertised to treat or prevent schistosomiasis these are often either fake, sub-standard, ineffective or not given at the correct dosage […] don’t rely on assurances from hotels, tourist boards or similar that a particular stretch of water is safe try to find out from an official or reliable source.

• #9 Schistosomiasis (bilharzia)

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/schistosomiasis/

  There’s no vaccine for schistosomiasis, so it’s important to be aware of the risks and take precautions to avoid exposure to contaminated water. […] If you’re visiting one of these areas: avoid paddling, swimming and washing in fresh water only swim in the sea or chlorinated swimming pools […] boil or filter water before drinking as the parasites could burrow into your lips or mouth if you drink contaminated water […] avoid medicines sold locally that are advertised to treat or prevent schistosomiasis these are often either fake, sub-standard, ineffective or not given at the correct dosage […] don’t rely on assurances from hotels, tourist boards or similar that a particular stretch of water is safe try to find out from an official or reliable source.

• #10 Schistosomiasis (Bilharzia) Transmission, Diagnosis & Prevention

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/schistosomiasis_bilharzia/article_em.htm

  How can I prevent schistosomiasis? […] Avoid swimming or wading in freshwater when you are in countries in which schistosomiasis occurs. Swimming in the ocean and in chlorinated swimming pools is safe. […] Drink safe water. Although schistosomiasis is not transmitted by swallowing contaminated water, if your mouth or lips come in contact with water containing the parasites, you could become infected. Because water coming directly from canals, lakes, rivers, streams, or springs may be contaminated with a variety of infectious organisms, you should either boil water for 1 minute or filter water before drinking it. Boiling water for at least 1 minute will kill any harmful parasites, bacteria, or viruses present. Iodine treatment alone will not guarantee that water is safe and free of all parasites.

• #11 Schistosomiasis – Fit for Travel

  https://www.fitfortravel.nhs.uk/advice/disease-prevention-advice/schistosomiasis

  Schistosomiasis is spread through direct contact with infected water e.g. through swimming. It may not cause symptoms but can lead to chronic illness if undetected and untreated. […] Because of the potential long term effects of the disease it is recommended that travellers take precautions to prevent infection, rather than rely on treatment. […] Check prior to travel if you are visiting countries where schistosomiasis occurs. […] Only swim in chlorinated swimming pools or safe sea water in affected areas. […] Check with a reliable source to ensure water facilities (showers, baths etc) at accommodation/recreational facilities are safe (many hotels/facilities draw water directly from nearby lakes, untreated, this water can transmit schistosomiasis). […] Avoid activities in affected regions that may involve direct water contact, this includes paddling, swimming, diving, snorkelling, rafting, canoeing, water sports etc.

• #12 Schistosomiasis (Bilharzia) | Nomad Health

  https://www.nomadtravel.co.uk/blog/travel-health/schistosomiasis-bilharzia

  There is no vaccine or any drug available to prevent infection. Avoid all skin contact with fresh water in countries of risk and avoid engaging in activities in these waters including diving, sailing and windsurfing. […] Look, dont swim even if the tour operator claims that it is safe. Lake Malawi is well known for its water sporting activities with people running them insisting that the water is safe. There are many cases of travellers experiencing severe Schistosomiasis infection.

• #13 IAMAT | Schistosomiasis

  https://www.iamat.org/risks/schistosomiasis

  Avoid swimming in fresh water and eating raw foods which have not been washed with purified water. […] In countries where Schistosomiasis is endemic, avoid contact with fresh water. There will be situations where you will be tempted to disregard this simple advice. There is no risk in seawater. […] If you are planning a trip into the jungle or desert, make sure it is a short one, so that you can withstand the heat and are not tempted to cool off in a pond or stream. Make sure you do not run out of purified water. […] If you must pass through streams or swamps, wear high waterproof boots or hip waders. […] Stay away from the banks of streams and rivers; snails abound in shallow water where they feed on organic waste and aquatic vegetation. Snail presence is minimal in the deeper ends of lakes, rivers, and streams where water tends to flow faster.

• #14 Schistosomiasis in the Military—A Narrative Review

  https://www.mdpi.com/2414-6366/9/9/221

  Schistosomiasis is a parasitic disease caused by trematode worms (flukes) of the genus Schistosoma, whose infective stages, the cercariae, are amplified through freshwater-dwelling mollusks (snails) acting as intermediate hosts. […] Avoiding freshwater exposure is the best prevention. […] The prevention and control of schistosomiasis at a public health level requires a multi-faceted strategy, with several complementary and integrated One Health approaches. Effective treatment of people, so that their excreta do not contain eggs, the prevention of sewage contamination of freshwater, the elimination of intermediate host snails, and the prevention of human contact with water containing infected snails are all interventions that can help to prevent transmission. […] In the military setting, as deployments in tropical conditions usually include intensive soil and freshwater contact, the risk of being infected with helminths is higher, compared to that of a regular traveler.

• #15 Preventing Schistosomiasis | Schistosomiasis | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/schistosomiasis/prevention/index.html

  There is no vaccine available to prevent schistosomiasis. There are steps you can take to lower your chances of getting it. […] The most effective ways to prevent schistosomiasis are to not swim, wade, or bathe in unsafe water. […] Do not swim, wade, or bathe in freshwater in regions where schistosomiasis is common. […] Boil water from canals, lakes, rivers, streams, or springs for at least 1 minute before you drink it. […] Boil your bath water until it is vigorously bubbling for at least a minute to remove anything harmful. […] Dry yourself well with a towel after a short exposure to unsafe water. The drying may help prevent the Schistosoma parasite from getting into your skin. Do not rely on this method to prevent schistosomiasis.

• #16 Prevention and control of schistosomiasis: a current perspective

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4231879/

  The basic means of preventing Schistosoma infection is avoiding contact with fresh water infested with Schistosome parasites. Swimming, wading, or any other aquatic activities in these bodies of water exposes the skin to possible penetration by the cercariae. In cases when there is brief accidental contact with infected water, vigorous towel drying is advised to help prevent the cercariae from penetrating the skin. […] In using water from these fresh water sources for drinking or bathing, water must be brought to the boil for at least 1 minute to kill the parasite that may be present in the water. Allowing the water to stand for 24 hours or more before using it may also help in preventing infection. Fine-mesh filters may also be used to filter the cercariae possibly contained in the water.

• #17 Preventing Schistosomiasis | Schistosomiasis | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/schistosomiasis/prevention/index.html

  There is no vaccine available to prevent schistosomiasis. There are steps you can take to lower your chances of getting it. […] The most effective ways to prevent schistosomiasis are to not swim, wade, or bathe in unsafe water. […] Do not swim, wade, or bathe in freshwater in regions where schistosomiasis is common. […] Boil water from canals, lakes, rivers, streams, or springs for at least 1 minute before you drink it. […] Boil your bath water until it is vigorously bubbling for at least a minute to remove anything harmful. […] Dry yourself well with a towel after a short exposure to unsafe water. The drying may help prevent the Schistosoma parasite from getting into your skin. Do not rely on this method to prevent schistosomiasis.

• #18 Schistosomiasis (Bilharzia) Transmission, Diagnosis & Prevention

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/schistosomiasis_bilharzia/article_em.htm

  Bath water should be heated to a rolling boil for at least 1 minute. Water held in a storage tank for at least 1-2 days should be safe for bathing. […] Vigorous towel drying after an accidental, very brief water exposure may help to prevent the Schistosoma parasite from penetrating the skin. However, you should not rely on vigorous towel drying to prevent schistosomiasis.

• #19 Prevention and control of schistosomiasis: a current perspective

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4231879/

  The basic means of preventing Schistosoma infection is avoiding contact with fresh water infested with Schistosome parasites. Swimming, wading, or any other aquatic activities in these bodies of water exposes the skin to possible penetration by the cercariae. In cases when there is brief accidental contact with infected water, vigorous towel drying is advised to help prevent the cercariae from penetrating the skin. […] In using water from these fresh water sources for drinking or bathing, water must be brought to the boil for at least 1 minute to kill the parasite that may be present in the water. Allowing the water to stand for 24 hours or more before using it may also help in preventing infection. Fine-mesh filters may also be used to filter the cercariae possibly contained in the water.

• #20 IAMAT | Schistosomiasis

  https://www.iamat.org/risks/schistosomiasis

  Avoid contact with fresh water during peak daylight hours when the cercariae emerge from the snails and are most active. […] If you accidentally come into contact with fresh water, rub your skin immediately with rubbing alcohol and a dry towel to reduce the possibility of infection. […] If you are travelling overland by car, carry a pair of rubber gloves in case you have to dip your hands into a stream or pond to get water for the radiator. […] Water from a river or lake used for bathing and washing should be boiled or chlorinated. […] Water for washing and bathing is relatively safe if it has been stored for 2-3 days (the period generally accepted as the life span of cercariae), provided that the container is free of snails. […] Drinking water should be boiled or treated with chlorine tables, as the cercariae may burrow through the mucosa of the mouth. […] Make sure vegetables are well cooked and avoid salads since the leaves may have been washed with infected water.

• #21 Prevention and control of schistosomiasis: a current perspective

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4231879/

  The basic means of preventing Schistosoma infection is avoiding contact with fresh water infested with Schistosome parasites. Swimming, wading, or any other aquatic activities in these bodies of water exposes the skin to possible penetration by the cercariae. In cases when there is brief accidental contact with infected water, vigorous towel drying is advised to help prevent the cercariae from penetrating the skin. […] In using water from these fresh water sources for drinking or bathing, water must be brought to the boil for at least 1 minute to kill the parasite that may be present in the water. Allowing the water to stand for 24 hours or more before using it may also help in preventing infection. Fine-mesh filters may also be used to filter the cercariae possibly contained in the water.

• #22 Bilharzia (schistosomiasis): Transmission, symptoms, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/173081

  No vaccine is available for schistosomiasis, but treatment can help reduce the impact of infection. […] People who live in a high-risk area can take a single oral dose of praziquantel to reduce the chance of infection and complications. People may need this treatment yearly for several years. […] The CDC advise people to avoid all contact with fresh water in areas where contamination is likely. […] Treating water with iodine does not kill parasites. Anyone who is living or traveling where the disease is present should drink only bottled water or boil the water for at least 1 minute beforehand. […] Any contact with contaminated water, however slight, can lead to infection. For this reason, people should also boil and then cool their bathing water before using it. […] Ways that authorities can reduce the chance of people becoming infected in high-risk areas include: Reducing the levels of infection: Providing drug treatment to the population can help achieve this. […] Snail control: This may involve the use of chemicals and redesigning or clearing irrigation schemes to make it harder for snails to proliferate.

• #23 Prevention and control of schistosomiasis: a current perspective

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4231879/

  The basic means of preventing Schistosoma infection is avoiding contact with fresh water infested with Schistosome parasites. Swimming, wading, or any other aquatic activities in these bodies of water exposes the skin to possible penetration by the cercariae. In cases when there is brief accidental contact with infected water, vigorous towel drying is advised to help prevent the cercariae from penetrating the skin. […] In using water from these fresh water sources for drinking or bathing, water must be brought to the boil for at least 1 minute to kill the parasite that may be present in the water. Allowing the water to stand for 24 hours or more before using it may also help in preventing infection. Fine-mesh filters may also be used to filter the cercariae possibly contained in the water.

• #24 Schistosomiasis: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22631-schistosomiasis

  There are things you shouldnt do in water from fresh pools or lakes or rivers in areas that are known to have the snails and parasites that cause schistosomiasis. […] If you do get wet, you can use a towel to dry yourself off with vigorous motions. That may help, but you shouldnt rely on it. […] If you are treated, you can expect to be cured. If you live in a location where these parasites are active, youll need to take care to avoid freshwater bodies of water that may be infected. You can be infected again. Theres no vaccine to prevent infection.

• #25 IAMAT | Schistosomiasis

  https://www.iamat.org/risks/schistosomiasis

  Avoid contact with fresh water during peak daylight hours when the cercariae emerge from the snails and are most active. […] If you accidentally come into contact with fresh water, rub your skin immediately with rubbing alcohol and a dry towel to reduce the possibility of infection. […] If you are travelling overland by car, carry a pair of rubber gloves in case you have to dip your hands into a stream or pond to get water for the radiator. […] Water from a river or lake used for bathing and washing should be boiled or chlorinated. […] Water for washing and bathing is relatively safe if it has been stored for 2-3 days (the period generally accepted as the life span of cercariae), provided that the container is free of snails. […] Drinking water should be boiled or treated with chlorine tables, as the cercariae may burrow through the mucosa of the mouth. […] Make sure vegetables are well cooked and avoid salads since the leaves may have been washed with infected water.

• #26 Schistosomiasis (Bilharzia) Transmission, Diagnosis & Prevention

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/schistosomiasis_bilharzia/article_em.htm

  Bath water should be heated to a rolling boil for at least 1 minute. Water held in a storage tank for at least 1-2 days should be safe for bathing. […] Vigorous towel drying after an accidental, very brief water exposure may help to prevent the Schistosoma parasite from penetrating the skin. However, you should not rely on vigorous towel drying to prevent schistosomiasis.

• #27 Bilharzia: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment and Prevention

  https://yourdoctors.online/treatment-for-bilharzia-or-schistosomiasis/

  You should not do things in water from fresh pools, lakes, or rivers in areas known to have the snails and parasites that cause bilharzia. […] Do not assume that the water is safe and clean because people tell you it is OK. It is better not to take the chance in places where the parasite is known to exist. […] Do not drink from these bodies of water. It is not that you will get the parasites from drinking the water, but they can enter the skin around your mouth. […] Do not bathe or swim in these water locations. […] Do not wash clothes in these water locations. […] You can use a towel to dry yourself off vigorously if you get wet. That may help, but you should not rely on it. Also, drink safe water. While bilharzia cannot be transmitted by drinking contaminated water, it can be transmitted by coming into contact with it. You should either boil or filter water before drinking it because water from canals, lakes, rivers, streams, or springs may be contaminated with germs and infectious organisms. Boiling the water for at least 2 minutes will kill harmful parasites, bacteria, or viruses. Iodine treatment alone cannot guarantee that water is safe and free of all parasites.

• #28 Prevention and control of schistosomiasis: a current perspective

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4231879/

  Contact with infected water cannot always be avoided, especially by people in endemic areas whose occupation (eg, fishing, rice farming) or day-to-day activity exposes them to these waters. The WHO has recommended preventive chemotherapy as a strategy for morbidity control that will help lessen the occurrence, extent, and severity of the consequences of infection. […] Preventive chemotherapy is targeted toward school-aged children in endemic areas because they are known to have a high risk of infection. In areas where the prevalence of infection is at least 10%, preventive treatment should also be given to those who are at high risk of infection because of their occupation, such as fishermen, farmers, and irrigation workers, as well as women who may be exposed to infected waters when performing their domestic chores. Pregnant and lactating women in these areas should also be included in preventive chemotherapy campaigns because they are considered at high risk of developing morbidity due to schistosomiasis infection.

• #29

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/schistosomiasis

  Lack of hygiene and certain play habits of school-aged children such as swimming or fishing in infested water make them especially vulnerable to infection. […] Schistosomiasis control focuses on reducing disease through periodic, large-scale population treatment with praziquantel; a more comprehensive approach including potable water, adequate sanitation, and snail control would also reduce transmission. […] Estimates show that at least 251.4 million people required preventive treatment in 2021. Preventive treatment, which should be repeated over a number of years, will reduce and prevent morbidity. […] The control of schistosomiasis is based on large-scale treatment of at-risk population groups, access to safe water, improved sanitation, hygiene education and behaviour change, and snail control and environmental management.

• #30

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/schistosomiasis

  The WHO strategy for schistosomiasis control focuses on reducing disease through periodic, targeted treatment with praziquantel through the large-scale treatment (preventive chemotherapy) of affected populations. […] The aim is to reduce disease morbidity and transmission towards the elimination of the disease as public health problem. Periodic treatment of at-risk populations will cure mild symptoms and prevent infected people from developing severe, late-stage chronic disease. […] Praziquantel is the recommended treatment against all forms of schistosomiasis. It is effective, safe and low-cost. Even though re-infection may occur after treatment, the risk of developing severe disease is diminished and even reversed when treatment is initiated and repeated in childhood.

• #31

  https://www.who.int/health-topics/schistosomiasis

  The WHO strategy on use of anthelminthic drugs now makes it possible to control schistosomiasis in poor and marginalized communities, in conjunction with interventions against lymphatic filariasis, onchocerciasis and soil transmitted helminthiasis. […] In highly endemic areas, severe morbidity due to schistosomiasis can be prevented by regular treatment of at risk groups targeted based on community diagnosis based on sentinel groups. […] Praziquantel has been safely co-administered with albendazole and ivermectin, in areas where these drugs have been used separately for preventive chemotherapy. […] Praziquantel is the recommended treatment against all forms of schistosomiasis. […] It is effective, safe, and low-cost. […] Even though re-infection may occur after treatment, the risk of developing severe disease is diminished and even reversed when treatment is initiated and repeated in childhood.

• #32 Schistosomiasis (Bilharzia) Guidelines: Guidelines Summary

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/228392-guidelines

  Praziquantel is effective for schistosomiasis. For S mansoni, S hematobium, and S intercalatum schistosomiasis, praziquantel 40 mg/kg/day is given in 2 divided doses for 1 day. Treatment usually is curative. Urine can be evaluated for test of cure 1-2 months after drug administration. The response may vary depending on organism burden. In cases of lower organism burden, the treatment may be repeated in 2-4 weeks. […] Mass drug administration campaigns against schistosomiasis in Sub-Saharan Africa and Yemen have been successful. The WHO aims to eliminate the disease as a public health issue by 2025.

• #33 Prevention and control of schistosomiasis: a current perspective

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4231879/

  Contact with infected water cannot always be avoided, especially by people in endemic areas whose occupation (eg, fishing, rice farming) or day-to-day activity exposes them to these waters. The WHO has recommended preventive chemotherapy as a strategy for morbidity control that will help lessen the occurrence, extent, and severity of the consequences of infection. […] Preventive chemotherapy is targeted toward school-aged children in endemic areas because they are known to have a high risk of infection. In areas where the prevalence of infection is at least 10%, preventive treatment should also be given to those who are at high risk of infection because of their occupation, such as fishermen, farmers, and irrigation workers, as well as women who may be exposed to infected waters when performing their domestic chores. Pregnant and lactating women in these areas should also be included in preventive chemotherapy campaigns because they are considered at high risk of developing morbidity due to schistosomiasis infection.

• #34

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/schistosomiasis

  The WHO strategy for schistosomiasis control focuses on reducing disease through periodic, targeted treatment with praziquantel through the large-scale treatment (preventive chemotherapy) of affected populations. […] The aim is to reduce disease morbidity and transmission towards the elimination of the disease as public health problem. Periodic treatment of at-risk populations will cure mild symptoms and prevent infected people from developing severe, late-stage chronic disease. […] Praziquantel is the recommended treatment against all forms of schistosomiasis. It is effective, safe and low-cost. Even though re-infection may occur after treatment, the risk of developing severe disease is diminished and even reversed when treatment is initiated and repeated in childhood.

• #35 Prevention and control of schistosomiasis: a current perspective

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4231879/

  Contact with infected water cannot always be avoided, especially by people in endemic areas whose occupation (eg, fishing, rice farming) or day-to-day activity exposes them to these waters. The WHO has recommended preventive chemotherapy as a strategy for morbidity control that will help lessen the occurrence, extent, and severity of the consequences of infection. […] Preventive chemotherapy is targeted toward school-aged children in endemic areas because they are known to have a high risk of infection. In areas where the prevalence of infection is at least 10%, preventive treatment should also be given to those who are at high risk of infection because of their occupation, such as fishermen, farmers, and irrigation workers, as well as women who may be exposed to infected waters when performing their domestic chores. Pregnant and lactating women in these areas should also be included in preventive chemotherapy campaigns because they are considered at high risk of developing morbidity due to schistosomiasis infection.

• #36 New WHO guidelines for schistosomiasis | Pediatric Praziquantel Consortium

  https://www.pediatricpraziquantelconsortium.org/what-we-do/new-who-guidelines-schistosomiasis

  Health facilities need to provide access to treatment with praziquantel to control morbidity due to schistosomiasis in all infected individuals regardless of age, including infected pregnant and lactating women (excluding the first trimester) and preschool-age children. The decision to administer treatment in children under 2 years of age should be based on testing and clinical judgement.

• #37 New WHO guidelines for schistosomiasis | Pediatric Praziquantel Consortium

  https://www.pediatricpraziquantelconsortium.org/what-we-do/new-who-guidelines-schistosomiasis

  For schistosomiasis, the main goal is to reach elimination of the disease as a public health problem (defined as less than 1% prevalence of heavy intensity infections measured by Kato-Katz or urine filtration) in 100% of endemic countries by 2030. […] The new guidelines specifically state the need to move beyond school-aged children as the primary focus for preventive chemotherapy, to a more inclusive targeting of preschool-aged children. […] In endemic communities with prevalence of schistosoma infection of more than 10%, annual preventive chemotherapy should take place with a single dose of praziquantel with more than 75% treatment coverage in all age groups from 2 years old. This is needed to control schistosomiasis morbidity and advance towards eliminating the disease as a public health problem.

• #38 Schistosomiasis primary prevention – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Schistosomiasis_primary_prevention

  Effective measures for the primary prevention of schistosomiasis include avoiding swimming or wading in freshwater that may be infested with cercariae, water used for bathing should be allowed to boil for 1 minute to kill any cercariae, and then cooled before bathing to avoid scalding. […] Travelers to areas where schistosomiasis is endemic should avoid contact with freshwater that may be infested with cercariae. […] Water used for bathing should be allowed to boil for 1 minute to kill any cercariae, and then cooled before bathing to avoid scalding. […] Vigorous towel drying after an accidental water exposure may help to prevent the Schistosoma parasite from penetrating the skin. […] Transmission of schistosomiasis in endemic communities can be interrupted by provision of sanitation and safe water supplies and elimination of snail intermediate hosts or their habitats. […] Repeated doses of artesunate or artemether (6 mg/kg every 1 or 2 weeks) appear to provide chemoprophylactic protection against infection with S.japonicum after episodic exposure.

• #39 Therapeutic and prophylactic drug interventions for Schistosomiasis japonicum

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6513098/

  This is a protocol for a Cochrane Review (Intervention). The objectives are as follows: […] To assess the effects of praziquantel and artemisinin derivatives, alone or in combination, in preventing S. japonicum infections among at risk population groups. […] Schistosomiasis prevention and control are directed towards the reduction of disease prevalence, morbidity, and disease transmission. Prevention and control strategies include mass drug administration in endemic communities, environmental sanitation, snail control, personal protection, health education, and pre or postexposure chemoprophylaxis. […] Due to its short halflife (one to 1.5 hours) and its limited ability to kill the schistosomulae, praziquantel alone may not be effective in preventing infection. […] Several placebo-controlled trials on the use of artemether and artesunate for prophylaxis have been conducted between 1994 and 1996 in highly endemic areas in China. […] Currently artemisinin derivatives are now approved in China for chemoprophylaxis to prevent schistosomiasis, or to slow down the development of the disease.

• #40 Therapeutic and prophylactic drug interventions for Schistosomiasis japonicum

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6513098/

  This is a protocol for a Cochrane Review (Intervention). The objectives are as follows: […] To assess the effects of praziquantel and artemisinin derivatives, alone or in combination, in preventing S. japonicum infections among at risk population groups. […] Schistosomiasis prevention and control are directed towards the reduction of disease prevalence, morbidity, and disease transmission. Prevention and control strategies include mass drug administration in endemic communities, environmental sanitation, snail control, personal protection, health education, and pre or postexposure chemoprophylaxis. […] Due to its short halflife (one to 1.5 hours) and its limited ability to kill the schistosomulae, praziquantel alone may not be effective in preventing infection. […] Several placebo-controlled trials on the use of artemether and artesunate for prophylaxis have been conducted between 1994 and 1996 in highly endemic areas in China. […] Currently artemisinin derivatives are now approved in China for chemoprophylaxis to prevent schistosomiasis, or to slow down the development of the disease.

• #41 Therapeutic and prophylactic drug interventions for Schistosomiasis japonicum

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6513098/

  This is a protocol for a Cochrane Review (Intervention). The objectives are as follows: […] To assess the effects of praziquantel and artemisinin derivatives, alone or in combination, in preventing S. japonicum infections among at risk population groups. […] Schistosomiasis prevention and control are directed towards the reduction of disease prevalence, morbidity, and disease transmission. Prevention and control strategies include mass drug administration in endemic communities, environmental sanitation, snail control, personal protection, health education, and pre or postexposure chemoprophylaxis. […] Due to its short halflife (one to 1.5 hours) and its limited ability to kill the schistosomulae, praziquantel alone may not be effective in preventing infection. […] Several placebo-controlled trials on the use of artemether and artesunate for prophylaxis have been conducted between 1994 and 1996 in highly endemic areas in China. […] Currently artemisinin derivatives are now approved in China for chemoprophylaxis to prevent schistosomiasis, or to slow down the development of the disease.

• #42 Schistosomiasis | Wanda

  https://artsen.wanda.be/en/a-z-index/schistosomiasis/

  There are no vaccines or drugs for prevention of infection. […] Travellers can prevent schistosomiasis by avoiding activities such as bathing, swimming, wading, or any direct contact with freshwater in endemic countries. If household water is sourced from freshwater that could contain cercariae, it should be left to stand for minimum 24 hours before use or treated through boiling, filtration, chlorination, or exposure to UV light. […] Brief contact with fast-flowing water poses a lower risk than contact with moderately flowing or still water, but the possibility of transmission still exists. […] The use of Praziquantel directly after potential exposure does not prevent infection, as it is only active against adult worms. […] Any traveller who was potentially exposed to contaminated water, should consult an infectious disease specialist three months after exposure, or sooner in case of symptoms.

• #43

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/schistosomiasis

  Lack of hygiene and certain play habits of school-aged children such as swimming or fishing in infested water make them especially vulnerable to infection. […] Schistosomiasis control focuses on reducing disease through periodic, large-scale population treatment with praziquantel; a more comprehensive approach including potable water, adequate sanitation, and snail control would also reduce transmission. […] Estimates show that at least 251.4 million people required preventive treatment in 2021. Preventive treatment, which should be repeated over a number of years, will reduce and prevent morbidity. […] The control of schistosomiasis is based on large-scale treatment of at-risk population groups, access to safe water, improved sanitation, hygiene education and behaviour change, and snail control and environmental management.

• #44 Schistosomiasis (Bilharzia) Symptoms & Treatment | Unlimit Health

  https://unlimithealth.org/ntds/schistosomiasis/

  Schistosomiasis prevention […] There is currently no vaccine for schistosomiasis, so its important that people are aware of the risks and have access to services such as a safe water supply and sanitation to reduce exposure to contaminated water, and prevent contamination from taking place. […] Approaches to reducing prevalence and infection severity of schistosomiasis have historically focused on disease control with preventive chemotherapy. However, as outlined in the World Health Organization NTD 2023-30 road map, there is growing recognition for the need to go beyond mass drug administration. We therefore support a comprehensive approach to combatting schistosomiasis, moving away from intervention delivery and towards health equity and health systems strengthening. This means focusing on cross-cutting approaches, such as water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) initiatives and a One Health approach.

• #45 Schistosomiasis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schistosomiasis

  Many countries are working towards eradicating the disease. The World Health Organization is promoting these efforts. […] The drug praziquantel is used for prevention in high-risk populations living in areas where the disease is common. […] A 2014 review found tentative evidence that increasing access to clean water and sanitation reduces schistosome infection. […] Other important preventive measures include hygiene education leading to behavioral change and sanitary engineering to ensure a safe water supply. […] For schistosomiasis control, the World Health Organization recommends preventive anthelminthic administration, which is the treatment of an entire affected population and the periodic treatment of all groups at high risk of acquiring schistosomiasis by using Praziquantel. […] The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention advises avoiding drinking or coming into contact with contaminated water in areas where schistosomiasis is common.

• #46

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/schistosomiasis

  Lack of hygiene and certain play habits of school-aged children such as swimming or fishing in infested water make them especially vulnerable to infection. […] Schistosomiasis control focuses on reducing disease through periodic, large-scale population treatment with praziquantel; a more comprehensive approach including potable water, adequate sanitation, and snail control would also reduce transmission. […] Estimates show that at least 251.4 million people required preventive treatment in 2021. Preventive treatment, which should be repeated over a number of years, will reduce and prevent morbidity. […] The control of schistosomiasis is based on large-scale treatment of at-risk population groups, access to safe water, improved sanitation, hygiene education and behaviour change, and snail control and environmental management.

• #47 Control and Elimination | GSA

  https://www.eliminateschisto.org/working-together/control-and-elimination

  Praziquantel is the treatment of choice for all schistosome infections. […] It can not prevent re-infection from larval cercariae when a person comes into contact with contaminated water. […] This means that treatment needs to be repeated to control infections and to mitigate the damage caused by the schistosome eggs. […] This process of repeated treatment to prevent the development of the disease is termed Preventive Chemotherapy. […] Treating children with Praziquantel will prevent the development of the disease, however it will not stop them from getting reinfected. […] More is needed to move towards the sustained elimination of schistosomiasis as a public health problem. To achieve this investment in improving accessibility and practices of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) is crucial. […] Investment in WASH infrastructure will provide communities with better, user-friendly alternatives to the use of open water bodies and the practice of open urination and defeacation.

• #48 Schistosomiasis – Infections – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/infections/parasitic-infections-trematodes-flukes/schistosomiasis

  Schistosomiasis is best prevented by avoiding swimming, bathing, or wading in fresh water in areas known to contain schistosomes. […] Using latrines or toilets for urination and defecation. […] Using chemicals that kill snails (molluscicides) in bodies of fresh water known to contain schistosomes. […] Fresh water used for bathing should be boiled for at least 1 minute and then cooled before bathing. However, water that has been held in a storage tank for at least 1 to 2 days should be safe without boiling. […] People who are accidentally exposed to possibly contaminated water (for example, by falling into a river) should vigorously dry off with a towel to attempt to remove any parasites before they penetrate the skin. […] Using molluscicides in bodies of fresh water that contain schistosomes can be effective in preventing schistosomiasis, but it can also be difficult to do and expensive, and raises environmental concerns. Mass community-based or school-based treatment with praziquantel (an antiparasitic medication) and education programs are used to control schistosomiasis in endemic areas.

• #49 Bilharzia Campaign in Uganda – The Compass for SBC

  https://thecompassforsbc.org/sbcc-spotlights/bilharzia-campaign-uganda

  Take the Bilharzia medicine distributed free of charge in schools and communities; and […] Use latrines or toilets, and never defecate or urinate in or near a water body. […] If everybody uses a latrine, the bilharzia transmission cycle will be terminated. Always use a latrine. Do not defecate or urinate outside a latrine. And, never defecate in rivers, lakes or wetlands.

• #50 Schistosomiasis | Nature Reviews Disease Primers

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41572-018-0013-8

  Schistosomiasis elimination will require a multifaceted approach, including: treatment; snail control; information, education and communication; improved water, sanitation and hygiene; accurate diagnostics; and surveillance-response systems that are readily tailored to social-ecological settings. […] The anti-schistosomal drug praziquantel is safe and efficacious against adult worms of all the six Schistosoma spp. infecting humans; however, it does not prevent reinfection and the emergence of drug resistance is a concern. […] This paper describes the outcomes of a 2013 meeting co-sponsored by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases and the Bill Melinda Gates Foundation and concludes that an integrated, multifaceted approach involving chemotherapy; water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH); snail control; vaccines and other innovative tools will be necessary to have a permanent effect on schistosomiasis.

• #51 Control and Elimination | GSA

  https://www.eliminateschisto.org/working-together/control-and-elimination

  Praziquantel is the treatment of choice for all schistosome infections. […] It can not prevent re-infection from larval cercariae when a person comes into contact with contaminated water. […] This means that treatment needs to be repeated to control infections and to mitigate the damage caused by the schistosome eggs. […] This process of repeated treatment to prevent the development of the disease is termed Preventive Chemotherapy. […] Treating children with Praziquantel will prevent the development of the disease, however it will not stop them from getting reinfected. […] More is needed to move towards the sustained elimination of schistosomiasis as a public health problem. To achieve this investment in improving accessibility and practices of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) is crucial. […] Investment in WASH infrastructure will provide communities with better, user-friendly alternatives to the use of open water bodies and the practice of open urination and defeacation.

• #52 Schistosomiasis – Infections – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/infections/parasitic-infections-trematodes-flukes/schistosomiasis

  Schistosomiasis is best prevented by avoiding swimming, bathing, or wading in fresh water in areas known to contain schistosomes. […] Using latrines or toilets for urination and defecation. […] Using chemicals that kill snails (molluscicides) in bodies of fresh water known to contain schistosomes. […] Fresh water used for bathing should be boiled for at least 1 minute and then cooled before bathing. However, water that has been held in a storage tank for at least 1 to 2 days should be safe without boiling. […] People who are accidentally exposed to possibly contaminated water (for example, by falling into a river) should vigorously dry off with a towel to attempt to remove any parasites before they penetrate the skin. […] Using molluscicides in bodies of fresh water that contain schistosomes can be effective in preventing schistosomiasis, but it can also be difficult to do and expensive, and raises environmental concerns. Mass community-based or school-based treatment with praziquantel (an antiparasitic medication) and education programs are used to control schistosomiasis in endemic areas.

• #53 Strategies and achievements in controlling and eliminating schistosomiasis from Egypt | Egyptian Liver Journal | Full Text

  https://eglj.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s43066-024-00339-2

  Schistosomiasis is an old parasitic disease in Egypt primarily caused by Schistosoma mansoni, transmitted through infected water canals, and disproportionately affects rural areas. […] Among the recent control measures: (a) mass drug administration with large-scale, biannual administration of praziquantel, which remains the cornerstone of the control program targeting the interruption of vector transmission cycles. […] (b) Improving disease diagnostics, including point-of-care tests, which facilitate early detection and case management, particularly in remote areas. […] (c) Snail control using targeted mollusciciding aims to reduce parasite transmission by controlling intermediate snail hosts. […] And (d) behavioral change communication focusing on raising awareness regarding hygiene practices and safe water access.

• #54 Historical Perspective: Snail Control to Prevent Schistosomiasis | PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases

  https://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0003657

  Effective interruption of the Schistosoma life cycle is essential to blocking the parasites transmission, and thus truly preventing human schistosomiasis over the long term. […] Before the introduction of safe oral drug therapy (e.g., praziquantel and oxamniquine), snail control for prevention of Schistosoma transmission was an important component of many regional schistosomiasis control programs. […] This scoping historical review highlights some of the perceived strengths and weakness of transmission-interruption methods based on snail control, reexamining the results of programs of the 1950-1980s that aimed at control of Bulinus and Biomphalaria host snail species. […] Application of chemical molluscicides, either by blanket or focal treatments, was the most common approach to snail control at Schistosoma transmission sites in Africa and the Americas during the 1950s-1970s.

• #55 Total prevention: a history of schistosomiasis in Japan | Medical History | Cambridge Core

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/medical-history/article/total-prevention-a-history-of-schistosomiasis-in-japan/9F05F64169B6693AF68E96D49E2278E7

  The disease could also be prevented if all the Miyairi snails were eliminated, […] The main challenge to any of these was the opposition of the agrarian class to consistently practice these measures outside the purview of public health campaigns. […] The prefecture dedicated special funds for toilet reform in schistosomiasis areas. […] The 1931 Parasite Disease Prevention Law was passed to support the fight against intestinal worms in the rural sector. […] The need for surveillance extended to all aspects of the anti-schistosomiasis campaign. […] Environmental engineering and concrete irrigation ditches were not silver bullets either, however. […] By combining agricultural reforms with prevention, this body carried out waste-water construction works, built infrastructure that changed the environment of arable land, and supported the switch from grain cultivation to fruit orchards.

• #56 Total prevention: a history of schistosomiasis in Japan | Medical History | Cambridge Core

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/medical-history/article/total-prevention-a-history-of-schistosomiasis-in-japan/9F05F64169B6693AF68E96D49E2278E7

  In 1961, Yamanashi and other hotspot prefectures set up a national association, the All Japan Schistosomiasis Hot-spot Local Government Policy Committee to help promote the laying of concrete in irrigation ditches in endemic areas because the basic way to wipe out the snail vector was by changing its environment. […] By 1968, doctors reported that total prevention was working: It is generally believed that a considerable reduction of human schistosomiasis in Japan has been brought about by the use of molluscicides, modification of snail habitat by cementing ditches, rapid development in agricultural method and industrialisation of the endemic areas. […] In conclusion, how was total prevention achieved? Doctors and public health technocrats had to transform and negotiate with the natural and human environment to make the network of prevention hold together. […] Schistosomiasis eradication was not simply the product of economic development but rather the result of a long-term project that made economics a central part of the prevention campaign.

• #57 Total prevention: a history of schistosomiasis in Japan | Medical History | Cambridge Core

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/medical-history/article/total-prevention-a-history-of-schistosomiasis-in-japan/9F05F64169B6693AF68E96D49E2278E7

  In 1961, Yamanashi and other hotspot prefectures set up a national association, the All Japan Schistosomiasis Hot-spot Local Government Policy Committee to help promote the laying of concrete in irrigation ditches in endemic areas because the basic way to wipe out the snail vector was by changing its environment. […] By 1968, doctors reported that total prevention was working: It is generally believed that a considerable reduction of human schistosomiasis in Japan has been brought about by the use of molluscicides, modification of snail habitat by cementing ditches, rapid development in agricultural method and industrialisation of the endemic areas. […] In conclusion, how was total prevention achieved? Doctors and public health technocrats had to transform and negotiate with the natural and human environment to make the network of prevention hold together. […] Schistosomiasis eradication was not simply the product of economic development but rather the result of a long-term project that made economics a central part of the prevention campaign.

• #58 Prevention & treatment resources – Global Health Case Competition 2023: Schistosomiasis in the Diama Dam area of the Senegal River – LibGuides at Health Sciences Library System

  https://hsls.libguides.com/global-health-case-competition-2023/prevention

  Putting the treatment of paediatric schistosomiasis into context […] Controlling schistosomiasis with praziquantel: How much longer without a viable alternative? […] Recommendations to minimize the hazards of schistosomiasis resulting from aquaculture ponds […] Minimize all human contacts with water. […] Quarantine regulations should be enforced whenever possible. All persons working with the ponds who are infected should be treated and should not be allowed to return to work unless treated. […] A programme of monitoring or surveillance and control concerning the number of snails should form an important activity of an aquaculture project.

• #59 Historical Perspective: Snail Control to Prevent Schistosomiasis | PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases

  https://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0003657

  The use of molluscicides still offers the greatest opportunity for the rapid control of schistosomiasis transmission. […] Ultimately, labor costs would prove to be the largest expense, creating a deterrent to the long-term continued use of mollusciciding. […] The results of using mollusciciding alone for Schistosoma transmission control were mixed. […] Nevertheless, the effects of consistent multiyear niclosamide mollusciciding were clearly beneficial on St. Lucia, even where total elimination could not be achieved. […] Informed timing of delivery, linked to peak transmission season and/or scheduled mass drug administration, has the potential to minimize mollusciciding and maximize its effects on transmission. […] In retrospect, these historical data indicate that informed snail control can be an effective means for reducing local Schistosoma transmission.

• #60

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/schistosomiasis

  Lack of hygiene and certain play habits of school-aged children such as swimming or fishing in infested water make them especially vulnerable to infection. […] Schistosomiasis control focuses on reducing disease through periodic, large-scale population treatment with praziquantel; a more comprehensive approach including potable water, adequate sanitation, and snail control would also reduce transmission. […] Estimates show that at least 251.4 million people required preventive treatment in 2021. Preventive treatment, which should be repeated over a number of years, will reduce and prevent morbidity. […] The control of schistosomiasis is based on large-scale treatment of at-risk population groups, access to safe water, improved sanitation, hygiene education and behaviour change, and snail control and environmental management.

• #61 Schistosomiasis (bilharzia): Signs, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention

  https://www.gideononline.com/blogs/schistosomiasis-bilharzia-signs-diagnosis-treatment-prevention-parasitic-disease/

  How to prevent schistosomiasis? […] Prevention strategies for schistosomiasis focus on several key areas, which include: […] Avoiding exposure to infected water […] Improving access to safe water and sanitation […] Educating at-risk populations about the disease […] Implementing snail control measures […] Providing preventive chemotherapy in high-risk areas.

• #62 Bilharzia Prevention Campaign – Johns Hopkins Center for Communication Programs

  https://ccp.jhu.edu/projects/bilharzia-prevention-campaign/

  One of 10 so-called neglected tropical diseases, schistosomiasis (also known as bilharzia) is an illness that develops when people come into contact with water contaminated with disease-causing worms. […] The Johns Hopkins Center for Communication Programs, in partnership with the Ugandan Ministry of Health, created the Bilharzia Prevention Campaign to encourage people in 43 districts in Uganda to adopt behaviors to prevent the spread of schistosomiasis. […] The campaign focused mainly on how people can avoid contact with schistosomiasis-contaminated water. For instance, wearing boots and gloves when working in the water or collecting water for washing and bathing early in the day when the worms are less active. […] The campaign also emphasized that people should take the medication when it is offered and to never urinate or defecate near or in the water.

• #63

  https://journals.publishing.umich.edu/ujph/article/id/2309/

  Schistosomiasis carries a substantial burden on individual health, communities, and leadership. Thus, this parasite requires medical interventions and approachable civilian interventions. […] Most global public health organizations are focusing on treatment measures post-infection. Still, there must be further considerations to decrease human contact with infectious cercariae and host snails, potentially minimizing the ongoing infection cycle, reinfection, and chronic schistosomiasis. […] Health education is defined as providing health information and knowledge to individuals and communities and providing skills to enable individuals to adopt healthy behaviors voluntarily. […] Therefore, educating the public within and in surrounding endemic areas about the neglected tropical disease is vital.

• #64 Bilharzia Prevention Campaign – Johns Hopkins Center for Communication Programs

  https://ccp.jhu.edu/projects/bilharzia-prevention-campaign/

  One of 10 so-called neglected tropical diseases, schistosomiasis (also known as bilharzia) is an illness that develops when people come into contact with water contaminated with disease-causing worms. […] The Johns Hopkins Center for Communication Programs, in partnership with the Ugandan Ministry of Health, created the Bilharzia Prevention Campaign to encourage people in 43 districts in Uganda to adopt behaviors to prevent the spread of schistosomiasis. […] The campaign focused mainly on how people can avoid contact with schistosomiasis-contaminated water. For instance, wearing boots and gloves when working in the water or collecting water for washing and bathing early in the day when the worms are less active. […] The campaign also emphasized that people should take the medication when it is offered and to never urinate or defecate near or in the water.

• #65 Bilharzia Prevention Campaign – Johns Hopkins Center for Communication Programs

  https://ccp.jhu.edu/projects/bilharzia-prevention-campaign/

  One of 10 so-called neglected tropical diseases, schistosomiasis (also known as bilharzia) is an illness that develops when people come into contact with water contaminated with disease-causing worms. […] The Johns Hopkins Center for Communication Programs, in partnership with the Ugandan Ministry of Health, created the Bilharzia Prevention Campaign to encourage people in 43 districts in Uganda to adopt behaviors to prevent the spread of schistosomiasis. […] The campaign focused mainly on how people can avoid contact with schistosomiasis-contaminated water. For instance, wearing boots and gloves when working in the water or collecting water for washing and bathing early in the day when the worms are less active. […] The campaign also emphasized that people should take the medication when it is offered and to never urinate or defecate near or in the water.

• #66 Bilharzia Prevention Campaign – Johns Hopkins Center for Communication Programs

  https://ccp.jhu.edu/projects/bilharzia-prevention-campaign/

  One of 10 so-called neglected tropical diseases, schistosomiasis (also known as bilharzia) is an illness that develops when people come into contact with water contaminated with disease-causing worms. […] The Johns Hopkins Center for Communication Programs, in partnership with the Ugandan Ministry of Health, created the Bilharzia Prevention Campaign to encourage people in 43 districts in Uganda to adopt behaviors to prevent the spread of schistosomiasis. […] The campaign focused mainly on how people can avoid contact with schistosomiasis-contaminated water. For instance, wearing boots and gloves when working in the water or collecting water for washing and bathing early in the day when the worms are less active. […] The campaign also emphasized that people should take the medication when it is offered and to never urinate or defecate near or in the water.

• #67 IAMAT | Schistosomiasis

  https://www.iamat.org/risks/schistosomiasis

  Avoid contact with fresh water during peak daylight hours when the cercariae emerge from the snails and are most active. […] If you accidentally come into contact with fresh water, rub your skin immediately with rubbing alcohol and a dry towel to reduce the possibility of infection. […] If you are travelling overland by car, carry a pair of rubber gloves in case you have to dip your hands into a stream or pond to get water for the radiator. […] Water from a river or lake used for bathing and washing should be boiled or chlorinated. […] Water for washing and bathing is relatively safe if it has been stored for 2-3 days (the period generally accepted as the life span of cercariae), provided that the container is free of snails. […] Drinking water should be boiled or treated with chlorine tables, as the cercariae may burrow through the mucosa of the mouth. […] Make sure vegetables are well cooked and avoid salads since the leaves may have been washed with infected water.

• #68 Bilharzia Prevention Campaign – Johns Hopkins Center for Communication Programs

  https://ccp.jhu.edu/projects/bilharzia-prevention-campaign/

  One of 10 so-called neglected tropical diseases, schistosomiasis (also known as bilharzia) is an illness that develops when people come into contact with water contaminated with disease-causing worms. […] The Johns Hopkins Center for Communication Programs, in partnership with the Ugandan Ministry of Health, created the Bilharzia Prevention Campaign to encourage people in 43 districts in Uganda to adopt behaviors to prevent the spread of schistosomiasis. […] The campaign focused mainly on how people can avoid contact with schistosomiasis-contaminated water. For instance, wearing boots and gloves when working in the water or collecting water for washing and bathing early in the day when the worms are less active. […] The campaign also emphasized that people should take the medication when it is offered and to never urinate or defecate near or in the water.

• #69 Teacher Toolkits for Schistosomiasis | GSA

  https://www.eliminateschisto.org/resources/teacher-toolkits-for-schistosomiasis

  These Schistosomiasis Teacher Toolkits provide teachers with an approach and materials to increase pupils knowledge about schistosomiasis prevention, control, and treatment. […] Eight lesson plans designed to teach students about prevention, control, and treatment of schistosomiasis using active learning approaches […] Schistosomiasis Teacher Toolkit for Teaching about the Prevention, Control and Treatment of Urogenital Schistosomiasis […] Schistosomiasis Teacher Toolkit for Teaching about the Prevention, Control, and Treatment of Intestinal Schistosomiasis […] Compared with children whose teachers had not received the Schistosomiasis Classroom Toolkit training, children from classes with trained teachers were significantly more likely to correctly describe the role of the parasite and snails in transmission of schistosomiasis and risk factors for disease transmission.

• #70

  https://journals.publishing.umich.edu/ujph/article/id/2309/

  Limited or insufficient health literacy is associated with reduced protective behaviors and understanding how one becomes infected. […] Overall, children are the ideal canvas for instilling health behaviors that can benefit community outreach and change, leading to healthier communities in the long term. […] The further point is that farmers and civilians should eliminate outside contact with contaminated water sources, given schistosomiasis is a waterborne disease. […] Overall, it is vital to have safe, non-contaminated drinking and potable water in any community. The goal is to limit the overall contact an individual has with contaminated schistosome water to reduce the prevalence of infection or reinfection. […] The future of care for this neglected tropical disease is to angle support toward public health applications that directly impact the people and that are not medicine-based.

• #71 Schistosomiasis (Bilharzia) Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Corticosteroids, Outpatient Care

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/228392-treatment

  No vaccine or prophylactic chemotherapy for schistosomiasis is available. However, clinical trials involving human volunteers are underway to develop an effective vaccine against schistosomiasis. Moreover, clinical studies show that artemether may be used as a prophylactic agent if given once every 2-4 weeks. […] Travelers to endemic areas should avoid contact with fresh water. Suspect acute schistosomiasis in a setting of recent contact with fresh water and treat early if diagnostic test results are positive or clinical suspicion is high. Early treatment after high-risk exposures should minimize morbidity. […] People returning from endemic areas with history of exposure to fresh water should be screened by serologic testing for schistosomiasis. Many infections are silent and may remain asymptomatic. Urine and stool screening should be obtained in patients with positive serologies for species identification.

• #72 Schistosomiasis – Fit for Travel

  https://www.fitfortravel.nhs.uk/advice/disease-prevention-advice/schistosomiasis

  Schistosomiasis is spread through direct contact with infected water e.g. through swimming. It may not cause symptoms but can lead to chronic illness if undetected and untreated. […] Because of the potential long term effects of the disease it is recommended that travellers take precautions to prevent infection, rather than rely on treatment. […] Check prior to travel if you are visiting countries where schistosomiasis occurs. […] Only swim in chlorinated swimming pools or safe sea water in affected areas. […] Check with a reliable source to ensure water facilities (showers, baths etc) at accommodation/recreational facilities are safe (many hotels/facilities draw water directly from nearby lakes, untreated, this water can transmit schistosomiasis). […] Avoid activities in affected regions that may involve direct water contact, this includes paddling, swimming, diving, snorkelling, rafting, canoeing, water sports etc.

• #73 Schistosomiasis – Fit for Travel

  https://www.fitfortravel.nhs.uk/advice/disease-prevention-advice/schistosomiasis

  Schistosomiasis is spread through direct contact with infected water e.g. through swimming. It may not cause symptoms but can lead to chronic illness if undetected and untreated. […] Because of the potential long term effects of the disease it is recommended that travellers take precautions to prevent infection, rather than rely on treatment. […] Check prior to travel if you are visiting countries where schistosomiasis occurs. […] Only swim in chlorinated swimming pools or safe sea water in affected areas. […] Check with a reliable source to ensure water facilities (showers, baths etc) at accommodation/recreational facilities are safe (many hotels/facilities draw water directly from nearby lakes, untreated, this water can transmit schistosomiasis). […] Avoid activities in affected regions that may involve direct water contact, this includes paddling, swimming, diving, snorkelling, rafting, canoeing, water sports etc.

• #74 Schistosomiasis (bilharzia)

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/schistosomiasis/

  There’s no vaccine for schistosomiasis, so it’s important to be aware of the risks and take precautions to avoid exposure to contaminated water. […] If you’re visiting one of these areas: avoid paddling, swimming and washing in fresh water only swim in the sea or chlorinated swimming pools […] boil or filter water before drinking as the parasites could burrow into your lips or mouth if you drink contaminated water […] avoid medicines sold locally that are advertised to treat or prevent schistosomiasis these are often either fake, sub-standard, ineffective or not given at the correct dosage […] don’t rely on assurances from hotels, tourist boards or similar that a particular stretch of water is safe try to find out from an official or reliable source.

• #75 Schistosomiasis – Fit for Travel

  https://www.fitfortravel.nhs.uk/advice/disease-prevention-advice/schistosomiasis

  Only drink bottled or boiled water. […] Visit your GP for assessment 8 weeks after return to the UK if you are concerned that you have been exposed, or earlier if you have symptoms. Early treatment stops the risk of long term damage. […] Buy treatment for schistosomiasis overseas, this is often sold in resorts and may be counterfeit, taken at the wrong dose or taken too early to cure infection. […] Use insect repellent to prevent infection, there is no evidence that this works and most repellent is water-soluble and so will simply wash off. […] Rely on vigorous towel drying of skin after water contact, there is no evidence to prove that this works. […] Rely on other travellers or locals to inform you if a water source is infected, always try and find out from an official or reliable source.

• #76 Schistosomiasis – Fit for Travel

  https://www.fitfortravel.nhs.uk/advice/disease-prevention-advice/schistosomiasis

  Schistosomiasis is spread through direct contact with infected water e.g. through swimming. It may not cause symptoms but can lead to chronic illness if undetected and untreated. […] Because of the potential long term effects of the disease it is recommended that travellers take precautions to prevent infection, rather than rely on treatment. […] Check prior to travel if you are visiting countries where schistosomiasis occurs. […] Only swim in chlorinated swimming pools or safe sea water in affected areas. […] Check with a reliable source to ensure water facilities (showers, baths etc) at accommodation/recreational facilities are safe (many hotels/facilities draw water directly from nearby lakes, untreated, this water can transmit schistosomiasis). […] Avoid activities in affected regions that may involve direct water contact, this includes paddling, swimming, diving, snorkelling, rafting, canoeing, water sports etc.

• #77 Schistosomiasis (bilharzia)

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/schistosomiasis/

  There’s no vaccine for schistosomiasis, so it’s important to be aware of the risks and take precautions to avoid exposure to contaminated water. […] If you’re visiting one of these areas: avoid paddling, swimming and washing in fresh water only swim in the sea or chlorinated swimming pools […] boil or filter water before drinking as the parasites could burrow into your lips or mouth if you drink contaminated water […] avoid medicines sold locally that are advertised to treat or prevent schistosomiasis these are often either fake, sub-standard, ineffective or not given at the correct dosage […] don’t rely on assurances from hotels, tourist boards or similar that a particular stretch of water is safe try to find out from an official or reliable source.

• #78 Schistosomiasis (Bilharzia) | Nomad Health

  https://www.nomadtravel.co.uk/blog/travel-health/schistosomiasis-bilharzia

  There is no vaccine or any drug available to prevent infection. Avoid all skin contact with fresh water in countries of risk and avoid engaging in activities in these waters including diving, sailing and windsurfing. […] Look, dont swim even if the tour operator claims that it is safe. Lake Malawi is well known for its water sporting activities with people running them insisting that the water is safe. There are many cases of travellers experiencing severe Schistosomiasis infection.

• #79 Schistosomiasis (Bilharzia) Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Corticosteroids, Outpatient Care

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/228392-treatment

  No vaccine or prophylactic chemotherapy for schistosomiasis is available. However, clinical trials involving human volunteers are underway to develop an effective vaccine against schistosomiasis. Moreover, clinical studies show that artemether may be used as a prophylactic agent if given once every 2-4 weeks. […] Travelers to endemic areas should avoid contact with fresh water. Suspect acute schistosomiasis in a setting of recent contact with fresh water and treat early if diagnostic test results are positive or clinical suspicion is high. Early treatment after high-risk exposures should minimize morbidity. […] People returning from endemic areas with history of exposure to fresh water should be screened by serologic testing for schistosomiasis. Many infections are silent and may remain asymptomatic. Urine and stool screening should be obtained in patients with positive serologies for species identification.

• #80 Schistosomiasis (bilharzia)

  https://www.trexmed.co.uk/schistosomiasis-bilharzia/

  Schistosomiasis is a parasitic blood fluke disease, chronically infecting 200 million people worldwide. […] Understanding and breaking the cycle of transmission is, as ever, the key to prevention: […] The standard travel health advice in Northern countries is: Don’t go in the water! But if you can’t help yourself… […] Jim would therefore recommend the following practical advice: […] Choose when to swim or bathe, i.e. […] In the cool of the morning is best (i.e. more than 18 hours after the previous mid-day release of cercariae) […] Not after a heavy rain, when snails may get washed downstream overnight […] Choose carefully where to swim or bathe, i.e. […] Preferably in deep water in a lake, i.e. off a boat or rocks, or in fast-flowing sections of streams or rivers […] Or in a chlorinated swimming pool/shower: neither of the water stages of the Schistosoma life cycle (miracidium or cercaria) can survive freely in the presence of chlorine or if simply stored longer than 48 hours in a water tank. […] Always have a blood test on your return, at least 8 weeks after your last exposure to fresh water (or 12 weeks if your lab only performs the traditional ELISA schistosomal egg antibody (IgG) test test.

• #81 Schistosomiasis – Fit for Travel

  https://www.fitfortravel.nhs.uk/advice/disease-prevention-advice/schistosomiasis

  Only drink bottled or boiled water. […] Visit your GP for assessment 8 weeks after return to the UK if you are concerned that you have been exposed, or earlier if you have symptoms. Early treatment stops the risk of long term damage. […] Buy treatment for schistosomiasis overseas, this is often sold in resorts and may be counterfeit, taken at the wrong dose or taken too early to cure infection. […] Use insect repellent to prevent infection, there is no evidence that this works and most repellent is water-soluble and so will simply wash off. […] Rely on vigorous towel drying of skin after water contact, there is no evidence to prove that this works. […] Rely on other travellers or locals to inform you if a water source is infected, always try and find out from an official or reliable source.

• #82 Schistosomiasis – Fit for Travel

  https://www.fitfortravel.nhs.uk/advice/disease-prevention-advice/schistosomiasis

  Only drink bottled or boiled water. […] Visit your GP for assessment 8 weeks after return to the UK if you are concerned that you have been exposed, or earlier if you have symptoms. Early treatment stops the risk of long term damage. […] Buy treatment for schistosomiasis overseas, this is often sold in resorts and may be counterfeit, taken at the wrong dose or taken too early to cure infection. […] Use insect repellent to prevent infection, there is no evidence that this works and most repellent is water-soluble and so will simply wash off. […] Rely on vigorous towel drying of skin after water contact, there is no evidence to prove that this works. […] Rely on other travellers or locals to inform you if a water source is infected, always try and find out from an official or reliable source.

• #83 Schistosomiasis (bilharzia)

  https://www.trexmed.co.uk/schistosomiasis-bilharzia/

  Schistosomiasis is a parasitic blood fluke disease, chronically infecting 200 million people worldwide. […] Understanding and breaking the cycle of transmission is, as ever, the key to prevention: […] The standard travel health advice in Northern countries is: Don’t go in the water! But if you can’t help yourself… […] Jim would therefore recommend the following practical advice: […] Choose when to swim or bathe, i.e. […] In the cool of the morning is best (i.e. more than 18 hours after the previous mid-day release of cercariae) […] Not after a heavy rain, when snails may get washed downstream overnight […] Choose carefully where to swim or bathe, i.e. […] Preferably in deep water in a lake, i.e. off a boat or rocks, or in fast-flowing sections of streams or rivers […] Or in a chlorinated swimming pool/shower: neither of the water stages of the Schistosoma life cycle (miracidium or cercaria) can survive freely in the presence of chlorine or if simply stored longer than 48 hours in a water tank. […] Always have a blood test on your return, at least 8 weeks after your last exposure to fresh water (or 12 weeks if your lab only performs the traditional ELISA schistosomal egg antibody (IgG) test test.

• #84 Schistosomiasis (Bilharzia) Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Corticosteroids, Outpatient Care

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/228392-treatment

  No vaccine or prophylactic chemotherapy for schistosomiasis is available. However, clinical trials involving human volunteers are underway to develop an effective vaccine against schistosomiasis. Moreover, clinical studies show that artemether may be used as a prophylactic agent if given once every 2-4 weeks. […] Travelers to endemic areas should avoid contact with fresh water. Suspect acute schistosomiasis in a setting of recent contact with fresh water and treat early if diagnostic test results are positive or clinical suspicion is high. Early treatment after high-risk exposures should minimize morbidity. […] People returning from endemic areas with history of exposure to fresh water should be screened by serologic testing for schistosomiasis. Many infections are silent and may remain asymptomatic. Urine and stool screening should be obtained in patients with positive serologies for species identification.

• #85 Schistosomiasis – Fit for Travel

  https://www.fitfortravel.nhs.uk/advice/disease-prevention-advice/schistosomiasis

  Only drink bottled or boiled water. […] Visit your GP for assessment 8 weeks after return to the UK if you are concerned that you have been exposed, or earlier if you have symptoms. Early treatment stops the risk of long term damage. […] Buy treatment for schistosomiasis overseas, this is often sold in resorts and may be counterfeit, taken at the wrong dose or taken too early to cure infection. […] Use insect repellent to prevent infection, there is no evidence that this works and most repellent is water-soluble and so will simply wash off. […] Rely on vigorous towel drying of skin after water contact, there is no evidence to prove that this works. […] Rely on other travellers or locals to inform you if a water source is infected, always try and find out from an official or reliable source.

• #86 Schistosomiasis (Bilharzia) Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Corticosteroids, Outpatient Care

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/228392-treatment

  No vaccine or prophylactic chemotherapy for schistosomiasis is available. However, clinical trials involving human volunteers are underway to develop an effective vaccine against schistosomiasis. Moreover, clinical studies show that artemether may be used as a prophylactic agent if given once every 2-4 weeks. […] Travelers to endemic areas should avoid contact with fresh water. Suspect acute schistosomiasis in a setting of recent contact with fresh water and treat early if diagnostic test results are positive or clinical suspicion is high. Early treatment after high-risk exposures should minimize morbidity. […] People returning from endemic areas with history of exposure to fresh water should be screened by serologic testing for schistosomiasis. Many infections are silent and may remain asymptomatic. Urine and stool screening should be obtained in patients with positive serologies for species identification.

• #87 How a Schistosoma Parasite Prevented a War

  https://asm.org/articles/2021/october/how-a-schistosoma-parasite-prevented-a-war

  But schistosomiasis, the disease caused by Schistosoma, is not simply a disease of the past. In 2019, it still plagued about 240 million people worldwide. […] In addition to drug treatment, the introduction of snail control in hot spots (mollusciciding) has been evaluated as a method for schistosomiasis elimination. […] Currently, there are no vaccines available for human use against schistosomiasis, although research is underway with several antigen-based vaccines in Phase I and Phase II trials. […] Limited funding and the body’s complex immune response to the worms has hindered progress in vaccine and drug development. […] Several countries have implemented control programs that show the elimination of disease is possible with proper surveillance methods.

• #88 Schistosomiasis (Bilharzia) Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Corticosteroids, Outpatient Care

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/228392-treatment

  No vaccine or prophylactic chemotherapy for schistosomiasis is available. However, clinical trials involving human volunteers are underway to develop an effective vaccine against schistosomiasis. Moreover, clinical studies show that artemether may be used as a prophylactic agent if given once every 2-4 weeks. […] Travelers to endemic areas should avoid contact with fresh water. Suspect acute schistosomiasis in a setting of recent contact with fresh water and treat early if diagnostic test results are positive or clinical suspicion is high. Early treatment after high-risk exposures should minimize morbidity. […] People returning from endemic areas with history of exposure to fresh water should be screened by serologic testing for schistosomiasis. Many infections are silent and may remain asymptomatic. Urine and stool screening should be obtained in patients with positive serologies for species identification.

• #89 How a Schistosoma Parasite Prevented a War

  https://asm.org/articles/2021/october/how-a-schistosoma-parasite-prevented-a-war

  But schistosomiasis, the disease caused by Schistosoma, is not simply a disease of the past. In 2019, it still plagued about 240 million people worldwide. […] In addition to drug treatment, the introduction of snail control in hot spots (mollusciciding) has been evaluated as a method for schistosomiasis elimination. […] Currently, there are no vaccines available for human use against schistosomiasis, although research is underway with several antigen-based vaccines in Phase I and Phase II trials. […] Limited funding and the body’s complex immune response to the worms has hindered progress in vaccine and drug development. […] Several countries have implemented control programs that show the elimination of disease is possible with proper surveillance methods.

• #90 How a Schistosoma Parasite Prevented a War

  https://asm.org/articles/2021/october/how-a-schistosoma-parasite-prevented-a-war

  But schistosomiasis, the disease caused by Schistosoma, is not simply a disease of the past. In 2019, it still plagued about 240 million people worldwide. […] In addition to drug treatment, the introduction of snail control in hot spots (mollusciciding) has been evaluated as a method for schistosomiasis elimination. […] Currently, there are no vaccines available for human use against schistosomiasis, although research is underway with several antigen-based vaccines in Phase I and Phase II trials. […] Limited funding and the body’s complex immune response to the worms has hindered progress in vaccine and drug development. […] Several countries have implemented control programs that show the elimination of disease is possible with proper surveillance methods.

• #91 Schistosomiasis | Nature Reviews Disease Primers

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41572-018-0013-8

  Schistosomiasis elimination will require a multifaceted approach, including: treatment; snail control; information, education and communication; improved water, sanitation and hygiene; accurate diagnostics; and surveillance-response systems that are readily tailored to social-ecological settings. […] The anti-schistosomal drug praziquantel is safe and efficacious against adult worms of all the six Schistosoma spp. infecting humans; however, it does not prevent reinfection and the emergence of drug resistance is a concern. […] This paper describes the outcomes of a 2013 meeting co-sponsored by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases and the Bill Melinda Gates Foundation and concludes that an integrated, multifaceted approach involving chemotherapy; water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH); snail control; vaccines and other innovative tools will be necessary to have a permanent effect on schistosomiasis.

• #92 Non-equilibrium plasma prevention of Schistosoma japonicum transmission | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/srep35353

  Schistosomiasis is a significant parasitic disease caused by members of Schistosoma spp. It is estimated that over 230 million people are currently infected with Schistosoma spp, with further 779 million people at risk of contracting the parasites. […] Given substantial socioeconomic impacts of the infection in endemic regions, efforts are directed to prevent morbidity, commonly through annual or bi-annual administration of praziquantel, and abolish transmission of the pathogen, by either treatment of infected humans so their excreta are free from pathogen eggs, or by direct treatment of contaminated sewage, or by treatment of contaminated freshwater sources and chemical mollusciciding (to remove intermediate host, the snails). […] Since infection occurs when an animal or human comes into contact with cercariae, a planktonic larval stage of the parasite, killing the parasite at the cercariae stage of its lifecycle should significantly reduce the incidence of infection.

• #93 Schistosomiasis | Nature Reviews Disease Primers

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41572-018-0013-8

  Schistosomiasis elimination will require a multifaceted approach, including: treatment; snail control; information, education and communication; improved water, sanitation and hygiene; accurate diagnostics; and surveillance-response systems that are readily tailored to social-ecological settings. […] The anti-schistosomal drug praziquantel is safe and efficacious against adult worms of all the six Schistosoma spp. infecting humans; however, it does not prevent reinfection and the emergence of drug resistance is a concern. […] This paper describes the outcomes of a 2013 meeting co-sponsored by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases and the Bill Melinda Gates Foundation and concludes that an integrated, multifaceted approach involving chemotherapy; water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH); snail control; vaccines and other innovative tools will be necessary to have a permanent effect on schistosomiasis.

• #94 Non-equilibrium plasma prevention of Schistosoma japonicum transmission | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/srep35353

  Schistosomiasis is a significant parasitic disease caused by members of Schistosoma spp. It is estimated that over 230 million people are currently infected with Schistosoma spp, with further 779 million people at risk of contracting the parasites. […] Given substantial socioeconomic impacts of the infection in endemic regions, efforts are directed to prevent morbidity, commonly through annual or bi-annual administration of praziquantel, and abolish transmission of the pathogen, by either treatment of infected humans so their excreta are free from pathogen eggs, or by direct treatment of contaminated sewage, or by treatment of contaminated freshwater sources and chemical mollusciciding (to remove intermediate host, the snails). […] Since infection occurs when an animal or human comes into contact with cercariae, a planktonic larval stage of the parasite, killing the parasite at the cercariae stage of its lifecycle should significantly reduce the incidence of infection.

• #95 Non-equilibrium plasma prevention of Schistosoma japonicum transmission | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/srep35353

  In this paper, we investigated physical non-equilibrium plasma as a potential environmentally-benign means to effectively kill S. japonicum cercariae. […] The major limitation with using drug-based approach is the quantity of the chemical required to treat large expanses of water, and associated economic, environmental, and health impacts of such a treatment. […] Therefore, methods that are more environment- and health-friendly are actively sought, particularly for the treatment of drinking water in areas where schistosomiasis is endemic. […] We showed that the killing efficacy increases with intensity of plasma and treatment duration, and is also enhanced when working gases rich in oxygen are used. […] This suggests that the oxygen species-mediated killing mechanisms discussed in this work are generic and may be applicable to other types of plasma devices.

• #96 Strategies and achievements in controlling and eliminating schistosomiasis from Egypt | Egyptian Liver Journal | Full Text

  https://eglj.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s43066-024-00339-2

  Schistosomiasis is an old parasitic disease in Egypt primarily caused by Schistosoma mansoni, transmitted through infected water canals, and disproportionately affects rural areas. […] Among the recent control measures: (a) mass drug administration with large-scale, biannual administration of praziquantel, which remains the cornerstone of the control program targeting the interruption of vector transmission cycles. […] (b) Improving disease diagnostics, including point-of-care tests, which facilitate early detection and case management, particularly in remote areas. […] (c) Snail control using targeted mollusciciding aims to reduce parasite transmission by controlling intermediate snail hosts. […] And (d) behavioral change communication focusing on raising awareness regarding hygiene practices and safe water access.

• #97 Schistosomiasis — Drugs & Diagnostics for Tropical Diseases

  https://www.ddtd.org/schistosomiasis

  Schistosomiasis, also known as Bilharziasis, is a parasitic disease that affects 240 million people globally, with an estimated further 780 million people living at risk of contracting the disease. […] Today, the main strategy for control of schistosomiasis focuses on mass drug administration (MDA) of praziquantel, in priority to primary school-aged children. […] Schistosomiasis control programs critically depend on field-deployable diagnostic tools to guide decisions on MDA initiation and cessation. […] As a result, in 2021, WHO released a call for new tests to diagnose schistosomiasis and defined the desired performance characteristics in two Target Product Profiles (TPPs), which is the strongest signal WHO can give regarding the urgency to develop such new diagnostic tests. […] However, as prevalence approaches 0% in post-MDA settings, antibody tests can support ME activities by selecting children as sentinel groups because there are fewer former infections, especially in younger age groups. Furthermore, antibody tests will have value in deciding when to stop MDA.

• #98 Strategies and achievements in controlling and eliminating schistosomiasis from Egypt | Egyptian Liver Journal | Full Text

  https://eglj.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s43066-024-00339-2

  Overall, eliminating schistosomiasis can be achieved using a combination of different measures, including improved diagnosis, vector control, proper treatment, vaccination, and raising disease awareness (of patients and decision makers). […] An integrated control strategy that combines preventive chemotherapy with additional complementing interventions is necessary to eliminate schistosomiasis in hotspots. […] Egyptian governmental efforts and plans for screening the risky population are required to eliminate the persistent schistosomiasis transmission in the Nile Delta’s rural areas. […] Consequently, a robust National program should be launched to draw an accurate map of the residual areas that reflect the actual extent of the spread of schistosomiasis. […] Accordingly, the necessary measures to permanently eliminate schistosomiasis are to be taken, in addition to follow-up and treat disease complications.

• #99 Frontiers | Schistosome Infection and Schistosome-Derived Products as Modulators for the Prevention and Alleviation of Immunological Disorders

  https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/immunology/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2021.619776/full

  The therapeutic effects of Schistosoma-derived products in treating autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, including allergic asthma, colitis, and diabetes, suggest their potential as preventive measures against these conditions. […] Controlled helminth infections and/or helminth-derived products may become new weapons for the prevention and/or cure of these disorders.

• #100 Schistosomiasis | Nature Reviews Disease Primers

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41572-018-0013-8

  Schistosomiasis elimination will require a multifaceted approach, including: treatment; snail control; information, education and communication; improved water, sanitation and hygiene; accurate diagnostics; and surveillance-response systems that are readily tailored to social-ecological settings. […] The anti-schistosomal drug praziquantel is safe and efficacious against adult worms of all the six Schistosoma spp. infecting humans; however, it does not prevent reinfection and the emergence of drug resistance is a concern. […] This paper describes the outcomes of a 2013 meeting co-sponsored by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases and the Bill Melinda Gates Foundation and concludes that an integrated, multifaceted approach involving chemotherapy; water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH); snail control; vaccines and other innovative tools will be necessary to have a permanent effect on schistosomiasis.

• #101

  https://www.who.int/health-topics/schistosomiasis

  Schistosomiasis control has been successfully implemented over the past 40 years in several countries, including Brazil, Cambodia, China, Egypt, Mauritius, Islamic Republic of Iran, Oman, Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Morocco, Tunisia, etc. […] In Burundi, Burkina Faso, Ghana, Niger, Rwanda, Sierra Leone, the United Republic of Tanzania, and Yemen, it has been possible to scale-up schistosomiasis treatment to the national level and have an impact on the disease in a few years. […] Over the past 10 years, there has been scale-up of treatment campaigns in a number of sub-Saharan countries, where most of those at risk live.

• #102

  https://www.who.int/health-topics/schistosomiasis

  Schistosomiasis control has been successfully implemented over the past 40 years in several countries, including Brazil, Cambodia, China, Egypt, Mauritius, Islamic Republic of Iran, Oman, Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Morocco, Tunisia, etc. […] In Burundi, Burkina Faso, Ghana, Niger, Rwanda, Sierra Leone, the United Republic of Tanzania, and Yemen, it has been possible to scale-up schistosomiasis treatment to the national level and have an impact on the disease in a few years. […] Over the past 10 years, there has been scale-up of treatment campaigns in a number of sub-Saharan countries, where most of those at risk live.

• #103

  https://www.who.int/health-topics/schistosomiasis

  Schistosomiasis control has been successfully implemented over the past 40 years in several countries, including Brazil, Cambodia, China, Egypt, Mauritius, Islamic Republic of Iran, Oman, Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Morocco, Tunisia, etc. […] In Burundi, Burkina Faso, Ghana, Niger, Rwanda, Sierra Leone, the United Republic of Tanzania, and Yemen, it has been possible to scale-up schistosomiasis treatment to the national level and have an impact on the disease in a few years. […] Over the past 10 years, there has been scale-up of treatment campaigns in a number of sub-Saharan countries, where most of those at risk live.

• #104

  https://www.who.int/health-topics/schistosomiasis

  Schistosomiasis control has been successfully implemented over the past 40 years in several countries, including Brazil, Cambodia, China, Egypt, Mauritius, Islamic Republic of Iran, Oman, Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Morocco, Tunisia, etc. […] In Burundi, Burkina Faso, Ghana, Niger, Rwanda, Sierra Leone, the United Republic of Tanzania, and Yemen, it has been possible to scale-up schistosomiasis treatment to the national level and have an impact on the disease in a few years. […] Over the past 10 years, there has been scale-up of treatment campaigns in a number of sub-Saharan countries, where most of those at risk live.

• #105 Schistosomiasis (Bilharzia) Guidelines: Guidelines Summary

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/228392-guidelines

  Praziquantel is effective for schistosomiasis. For S mansoni, S hematobium, and S intercalatum schistosomiasis, praziquantel 40 mg/kg/day is given in 2 divided doses for 1 day. Treatment usually is curative. Urine can be evaluated for test of cure 1-2 months after drug administration. The response may vary depending on organism burden. In cases of lower organism burden, the treatment may be repeated in 2-4 weeks. […] Mass drug administration campaigns against schistosomiasis in Sub-Saharan Africa and Yemen have been successful. The WHO aims to eliminate the disease as a public health issue by 2025.

• #106 Schistosomiasis – PAHO/WHO | Pan American Health Organization

  https://www.paho.org/en/topics/schistosomiasis

  Praziquantel (PZQ) is the first therapeutic option for schistosomiasis recommended dosage is 40-60 mg/kg, single-administration. It has high cure and egg reduction rates and is associated with only mild and temporary adverse events. […] The mainstay of the WHO-recommended strategy to control schistosomiasis in endemic areas is the large-scale distribution of PZQ to high-risk target groups (school-age children, women of childbearing age including pregnant women, individuals professionally exposed to frequent contact with fresh water), or to the entire resident population. The aim of the strategy is to keep, through treatment at regular intervals, the worm burden in infected individuals low, so as to prevent the development and the progression of morbidity and reduce transmission. […] It is also important to address the social determinants of health that can perpetuate the cycle of disease transmission, such as access to safe water, improved sanitation and health education.

• #107 Strategies and achievements in controlling and eliminating schistosomiasis from Egypt | Egyptian Liver Journal | Full Text

  https://eglj.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s43066-024-00339-2

  Overall, eliminating schistosomiasis can be achieved using a combination of different measures, including improved diagnosis, vector control, proper treatment, vaccination, and raising disease awareness (of patients and decision makers). […] An integrated control strategy that combines preventive chemotherapy with additional complementing interventions is necessary to eliminate schistosomiasis in hotspots. […] Egyptian governmental efforts and plans for screening the risky population are required to eliminate the persistent schistosomiasis transmission in the Nile Delta’s rural areas. […] Consequently, a robust National program should be launched to draw an accurate map of the residual areas that reflect the actual extent of the spread of schistosomiasis. […] Accordingly, the necessary measures to permanently eliminate schistosomiasis are to be taken, in addition to follow-up and treat disease complications.

• #108 Schistosomiasis – PAHO/WHO | Pan American Health Organization

  https://www.paho.org/en/topics/schistosomiasis

  Praziquantel (PZQ) is the first therapeutic option for schistosomiasis recommended dosage is 40-60 mg/kg, single-administration. It has high cure and egg reduction rates and is associated with only mild and temporary adverse events. […] The mainstay of the WHO-recommended strategy to control schistosomiasis in endemic areas is the large-scale distribution of PZQ to high-risk target groups (school-age children, women of childbearing age including pregnant women, individuals professionally exposed to frequent contact with fresh water), or to the entire resident population. The aim of the strategy is to keep, through treatment at regular intervals, the worm burden in infected individuals low, so as to prevent the development and the progression of morbidity and reduce transmission. […] It is also important to address the social determinants of health that can perpetuate the cycle of disease transmission, such as access to safe water, improved sanitation and health education.

• #109 Schistosomiasis – PAHO/WHO | Pan American Health Organization

  https://www.paho.org/en/topics/schistosomiasis

  Praziquantel (PZQ) is the first therapeutic option for schistosomiasis recommended dosage is 40-60 mg/kg, single-administration. It has high cure and egg reduction rates and is associated with only mild and temporary adverse events. […] The mainstay of the WHO-recommended strategy to control schistosomiasis in endemic areas is the large-scale distribution of PZQ to high-risk target groups (school-age children, women of childbearing age including pregnant women, individuals professionally exposed to frequent contact with fresh water), or to the entire resident population. The aim of the strategy is to keep, through treatment at regular intervals, the worm burden in infected individuals low, so as to prevent the development and the progression of morbidity and reduce transmission. […] It is also important to address the social determinants of health that can perpetuate the cycle of disease transmission, such as access to safe water, improved sanitation and health education.

• #110 Strategies and achievements in controlling and eliminating schistosomiasis from Egypt | Egyptian Liver Journal | Full Text

  https://eglj.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s43066-024-00339-2

  Community health awareness and media campaigns targeting students and young patients are needed to avoid the transmission of this water-borne disease. […] Finally, Egypt can achieve its goal of schistosomiasis elimination by continuous health awareness, mass treatment of patients, and vaccine development can cut the Schistosoma life cycle and write a fitting end for this dramatic story in Egypt.

• #111 Schistosomiasis (Bilharzia) Symptoms & Treatment | Unlimit Health

  https://unlimithealth.org/ntds/schistosomiasis/

  Schistosomiasis prevention […] There is currently no vaccine for schistosomiasis, so its important that people are aware of the risks and have access to services such as a safe water supply and sanitation to reduce exposure to contaminated water, and prevent contamination from taking place. […] Approaches to reducing prevalence and infection severity of schistosomiasis have historically focused on disease control with preventive chemotherapy. However, as outlined in the World Health Organization NTD 2023-30 road map, there is growing recognition for the need to go beyond mass drug administration. We therefore support a comprehensive approach to combatting schistosomiasis, moving away from intervention delivery and towards health equity and health systems strengthening. This means focusing on cross-cutting approaches, such as water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) initiatives and a One Health approach.

• #112 Strategies and achievements in controlling and eliminating schistosomiasis from Egypt | Egyptian Liver Journal | Full Text

  https://eglj.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s43066-024-00339-2

  Community health awareness and media campaigns targeting students and young patients are needed to avoid the transmission of this water-borne disease. […] Finally, Egypt can achieve its goal of schistosomiasis elimination by continuous health awareness, mass treatment of patients, and vaccine development can cut the Schistosoma life cycle and write a fitting end for this dramatic story in Egypt.

• #113 Fighting Schistosomiasis with the Right Information in Prevention, Cure, and Testing

  https://www.sterlitech.com/blog/post/fighting-schistosomiasis-with-the-right-information-in-prevention-cure-and-testing?srsltid=AfmBOopwmZklpK_yfAfEZUEkcuhZ4ogptCNsBddqb_N7Em0HPyv6j3pt

  Schistosomiasis can be prevented by (1) a single, annual dose of Praziquantel, (2) access to clean water, (3) improved sanitation, and (4) reduction and elimination of the snail schistosome hosts. […] The WHO has developed guidelines for community treatment of Schistosomiasis which involves periodic, targeted treatment of at-risk groups with Praziquantel. […] Monitoring infection frequencies by detecting the presence of eggs in urine and stool is a key component of these prevention control strategies, as the frequency of preventative treatment is dictated by prevalence of the disease in school-age children. […] More consistent progress in controlling Schistosomiasis globally is anticipated in the near future as more than 70 governments, NGOs, and pharmaceutical companies pledged to implement a WHO roadmap to guide policies and political strategies. […] Thus, reliable, cost-effective filtration devices are paramount to treating, controlling, and preventing Schistosomiasis on a global level.

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