Schistosomatoza (bilharcjoza) – Charakterystyka, pielęgnacja i opieka

Schistosomatoza (bilharcjoza)
Charakterystyka, pielęgnacja i opieka

Schistosomoza, wywoływana przez przywry z rodzaju Schistosoma, jest endemiczna w ponad 70 krajach, dotykając około 240 milionów osób, głównie dzieci poniżej 14 roku życia. Choroba może przebiegać ostro (zespół Katayamy) lub przewlekle, z powikłaniami wynikającymi z reakcji immunologicznej na jaja pasożyta w tkankach. Diagnostyka opiera się na wykrywaniu jaj w moczu lub kale, a także na testach serologicznych i antygenowych (np. szybki test CCA w moczu). Leczenie prazykwantelem jest standardem, z dawkami 40 mg/kg/dobę (S. mansoni, S. haematobium, S. intercalatum) lub 60 mg/kg/dobę (S. japonicum, S. mekongi), podawanymi w 1 dniu w 2-3 dawkach podzielonych. Kontrola skuteczności leczenia wymaga badania moczu lub kału 1-2 miesiące po terapii. W przypadkach neurościstosomozy stosuje się prazykwantel wraz z kortykosteroidami i lekami przeciwdrgawkowymi. WHO rekomenduje leczenie także kobiet w ciąży (po I trymestrze) i karmiących piersią oraz dzieci od 2. roku życia, co podkreśla bezpieczeństwo i skuteczność terapii w tych grupach.

Przegląd Schistosomozy (bilharcjozy)

Schistosomoza, znana również jako bilharcjoza, jest chorobą pasożytniczą wywołaną przez przywry z rodzaju Schistosoma, które bytują w świeżej wodzie w regionach subtropikalnych i tropikalnych. Jest to trzecia najczęstsza choroba pasożytnicza na świecie po malarii i amebiozie, endemiczna w ponad 70 krajach, dotykająca około 240 milionów ludzi na całym świecie, z czego 80% w Afryce Subsaharyjskiej¹². Głównie dotyka dzieci poniżej 14 roku życia, a do zakażenia niezbędny jest kontakt z zanieczyszczoną słodką wodą³.

Schistosomoza może przebiegać ostro (zespół Katayamy) z objawami takimi jak gorączka, złe samopoczucie, bóle mięśni, zmęczenie, nieproduktywny kaszel, biegunka (z krwią lub bez), krwiomocz (w zakażeniu S. haematobium) i ból w prawym górnym kwadrancie brzucha⁴. Choroba przewlekła i zaawansowana jest wynikiem odpowiedzi immunologicznej gospodarza na jaja schistosoma złożone w tkankach i reakcji ziarniniakowej wywołanej przez wydzielane przez nie antygeny⁵.

Plan opieki pielęgniarskiej w schistosomozie

Plan opieki pielęgniarskiej w schistosomozie koncentruje się na ocenie zakażenia, leczeniu objawów, zapobieganiu powikłaniom, edukacji pacjenta i promowaniu ogólnego dobrostanu⁶. Wdrażając interwencje pielęgniarskie oparte na dowodach naukowych i promując podejście współpracy, pielęgniarki odgrywają kluczową rolę w zarządzaniu schistosomozą, zapewnianiu wsparcia i promowaniu optymalnych wyników leczenia⁷.

Ocena pielęgniarska

Regularnie ocenia się stan pacjenta, dokumentuje się wyniki i prowadzi ciągłą ewaluację w celu monitorowania postępów pacjenta, oceny skuteczności interwencji i wykrywania potencjalnych powikłań⁸. Plan opieki pielęgniarskiej powinien być zindywidualizowany na podstawie konkretnych potrzeb pacjenta, wyników oceny i zaleceń lekarzy⁹.

Interwencje pielęgniarskie

Zarządzanie objawami: Zapewnienie środków łagodzących w przypadku gorączki, bólu i biegunki¹⁰
Nawodnienie: Zachęcanie do przyjmowania płynów, aby zapobiec odwodnieniu¹¹
Higiena: Promowanie właściwej higieny, aby zapobiec zakażeniu¹²
Edukacja: Informowanie pacjentów o chorobie, leczeniu i profilaktyce¹³
Monitorowanie: Obserwacja pod kątem objawów powikłań, w tym problemów wątrobowych, dysfunkcji pęcherza moczowego i objawów neurologicznych¹⁴

Interwencje pielęgniarskie obejmują także edukację, wyjaśnianie wątpliwości i promowanie przestrzegania środków zapobiegawczych¹⁵. Pielęgniarki zapewniają wsparcie i edukację pacjentom, podkreślając znaczenie środków zapobiegawczych, przestrzegania schematów leczenia i właściwej pielęgnacji ran w celu zapobiegania ponownemu zakażeniu i powikłaniom¹⁶.

Leczenie i postępowanie w schistosomozie

Leczenie schistosomozy służy trzem celom: odwróceniu ostrej lub wczesnej przewlekłej choroby, zapobieganiu powikłaniom związanym z przewlekłym zakażeniem oraz zapobieganiu neurościstosomozie. Celem leczenia jest zmniejszenie produkcji jaj poprzez redukcję obciążenia pasożytami, co zmniejsza zachorowalność i śmiertelność nawet przy braku całkowitej eliminacji pasożyta¹⁷.

Leczenie prazykwantelem

Prazykwantel jest skuteczny w leczeniu zakażeń wszystkimi głównymi gatunkami Schistosoma¹⁸. Jest on dostępny w Stanach Zjednoczonych do stosowania u ludzi¹⁹. Czas leczenia jest ważny, ponieważ prazykwantel jest najbardziej skuteczny przeciwko dorosłym pasożytom i wymaga obecności dojrzałej odpowiedzi przeciwciał przeciwko pasożytowi²⁰.

Dla S. mansoni, S. hematobium i S. intercalatum, prazykwantel w dawce 40 mg/kg/dobę podaje się w 2 dawkach podzielonych przez 1 dzień. Leczenie zwykle jest skuteczne. Mocz można ocenić pod kątem wyleczenia 1-2 miesiące po podaniu leku²¹. W przypadku S. japonicum i S. mekongi, wyższa dawka 60 mg/kg/dobę w 3 dawkach podzielonych przez 1 dzień zwykle jest skuteczna²².

Odpowiedź na leczenie może się różnić w zależności od obciążenia organizmu. W przypadkach mniejszego obciążenia organizmu leczenie można powtórzyć po 2-4 tygodniach²³. Odpowiedź immunologiczna u pacjentów z lekkim zakażeniem może być mniej intensywna, a powtórzenie leczenia może być konieczne po 2-4 tygodniach, aby zwiększyć skuteczność²⁴.

Obserwacja i monitorowanie

Jeśli badanie kału lub moczu przed leczeniem było pozytywne na obecność jaj schistosoma, zaleca się badanie kontrolne 1-2 miesiące po leczeniu, aby potwierdzić skuteczne wyleczenie²⁵. Odpowiedź na leczenie ocenia się, licząc wielkość zmniejszenia wydalania jaj²⁶.

Ważne jest, aby lekarz sprawdził stan zdrowia pacjenta lub jego dziecka po leczeniu. Ma to na celu upewnienie się, że zakażenie zostało całkowicie wyeliminowane, oraz sprawdzenie pod kątem niepożądanych efektów²⁷.

Populacje specjalne

Kobiety w ciąży: Prazykwantel należy do kategorii B leków w ciąży²⁸. WHO zaleca podawanie prazykwantelu osobom w ciąży i karmiącym piersią w celu zmniejszenia obciążenia chorobą i poprawy wyników ciąży i płodu²⁹. Korzystne może być rozpoczęcie leczenia po pierwszym trymestrze³⁰. Dostępne dane sugerują brak różnic w niekorzystnych wynikach porodowych u dzieci kobiet, które przypadkowo otrzymały prazykwantel podczas kampanii masowego podawania leków (MDA), w porównaniu z tymi, które go nie otrzymały³¹.

Kobiety karmiące piersią: Prazykwantel jest wydzielany w niskich stężeniach w mleku matki³². Według wytycznych WHO dla kampanii MDA, stosowanie prazykwantelu podczas laktacji jest zalecane³³. W przypadku indywidualnych pacjentów w warunkach klinicznych, personel medyczny powinien rozważyć ryzyko leczenia zakażonych kobiet karmiących piersią z ryzykiem postępu choroby przy braku leczenia³⁴.

Dzieci: Brakuje danych z badań klinicznych dotyczących bezpieczeństwa stosowania prazykwantelu u dzieci poniżej 4 roku życia³⁵. Jednak lek ten był szeroko rozpowszechniany w programach masowego podawania leków, a WHO obecnie zaleca, aby dzieci w wieku co najmniej 2 lat były leczone w ramach tych kampanii na podstawie rozległego doświadczenia z lekiem i przeglądu dowodów weterynaryjnych i ludzkich³⁶. Podobnie WHO informuje o rosnących dowodach na to, że zakażone dzieci w wieku zaledwie 1 roku mogą być skutecznie leczone prazykwantelem bez poważnych skutków ubocznych³⁷.

Stosowanie kortykosteroidów

Pacjenci powinni otrzymywać leki przeciw schistosomom i kortykosteroidy, szczególnie jeśli są ostro chorzy. Sterydy zmniejszają stan zapalny i pomagają hamować zmiany wynikające z zabijania pasożytów³⁸. W chorobie ośrodkowego układu nerwowego kortykosteroidy są stosowane w celu zmniejszenia stanu zapalnego i obrzęku wokół jaj³⁹.

Objawy zespołu Katayamy często wymagają podania kortykosteroidów w celu stłumienia procesu zapalnego, ale nie ma konsensusu co do właściwego leczenia przeciwpasożytniczego⁴⁰. Osoby z zajęciem OUN powinny otrzymać kortykosteroidy, aby zapobiec stanowi zapalnemu i obrzękowi wokół jaj⁴¹.

Kortykosteroidy pomagają złagodzić ostre reakcje alergiczne i zapobiegają masowym efektom spowodowanym nadmiernym stanem zapalnym ziarniniakowym w ośrodkowym układzie nerwowym⁴².

Powikłania i specjalne aspekty

Zajęcie ośrodkowego układu nerwowego

Leczenie schistosomozy zajmującej ośrodkowy układ nerwowy składa się z prazykwantelu i glikokortykoidów⁴³. W chorobie OUN, kortykosteroidy są stosowane w celu zmniejszenia stanu zapalnego i obrzęku wokół jaj⁴⁴.

Leki przeciwdrgawkowe są stosowane w leczeniu drgawek związanych z neurościstosomosy, ale dożywotnie ich stosowanie jest rzadko wskazane⁴⁵. Wskazane jest leczenie kortykosteroidami i lekami przeciwdrgawkowymi w ciągu dwóch miesięcy od zakażenia⁴⁶. Zaleca się konsultację z neurologiem i specjalistą chorób zakaźnych⁴⁷.

Wskazania do hospitalizacji

Pacjenci z ciężkimi powikłaniami, takimi jak ostre krwawienie z przewodu pokarmowego, niedrożność przewodu pokarmowego, niewydolność nerek, niewydolność serca, bakteriemia spowodowana przez Salmonellę oraz powikłania ze strony OUN, wymagają opieki szpitalnej⁴⁸.

Interwencje chirurgiczne

Opieka chirurgiczna obejmuje usunięcie mas nowotworowych, podwiązanie żylaków przełyku i operacje shuntów wrotno-jamistych⁴⁹.

Rak pęcherza moczowego a schistosomoza

Schistosomoza jest endemiczna w 78 krajach, dotykając ponad 260 milionów ludzi. Sama schistosomoza haematobia dotyka ponad 112 milionów ludzi. Rak pęcherza moczowego jest ważnym następstwem tego zakażenia⁵⁰. W krajach o niskich zasobach, gdzie ta choroba jest endemiczna, osoby z rozpoznanym rakiem pęcherza moczowego mają bardzo ograniczony dostęp do leczenia, a śmierć jest prawie pewna⁵¹.

Masowe leczenie prazykwantelem jest łatwym, bezpiecznym i niedrogim sposobem, który mógłby uratować życie tysięcy ludzi i zmniejszyć zachorowalność milionów⁵². Przewiduje się, że zapadalność na raka płaskonabłonkowego (SCC) w obszarach endemicznych zmniejszy się do poziomu regionów nieendemicznych, jeśli pacjenci z moczową schistosomozą będą regularnie leczeni od dzieciństwa pomimo stałej ponownej ekspozycji⁵³.

Profilaktyka i kontrola schistosomozy

Masowe podawanie leków

Kontrola schistosomozy koncentruje się na redukcji choroby poprzez okresowe, masowe leczenie populacji prazykwantelem; bardziej kompleksowe podejście obejmujące dostęp do wody pitnej, odpowiednie warunki sanitarne i kontrolę ślimaków również zmniejszyłoby transmisję⁵⁴.

WHO zaleca leczenie zakażonych dzieci w wieku przedszkolnym na podstawie diagnozy i oceny klinicznej oraz ich włączenie do masowego leczenia za pomocą pediatrycznej formy prazykwantelu⁵⁵. Celem jest zmniejszenie zachorowalności i transmisji w kierunku eliminacji choroby jako problemu zdrowia publicznego⁵⁶.

Okresowe leczenie zagrożonych populacji wyleczy łagodne objawy i zapobiegnie rozwojowi ciężkiej, późnej przewlekłej choroby u zakażonych osób⁵⁷. Prazykwantel jest zalecanym leczeniem przeciwko wszystkim formom schistosomozy. Jest skuteczny, bezpieczny i tani⁵⁸.

Wyzwania w programach kontroli

Pomimo wysokiego wskaźnika uczestnictwa dzieci szkolnych w masowym podawaniu leków, częstość występowania jelitowej schistosomozy po programie MDA w badanym obszarze była wyższa w porównaniu z innymi badaniami przeprowadzonymi w różnych częściach świata po interwencjach MDA⁵⁹.

Wysoka częstość występowania i nasilenie zakażenia jelitową schistosomozą na badanym obszarze albo budzi wątpliwości co do skuteczności programów interwencyjnych, albo podkreśla możliwość ponownego zakażenia⁶⁰. Obszary endemiczne i odległe powinny być szczególnie brane pod uwagę przy interwencji⁶¹.

Dodatkowo, opóźnienie między kolejnymi okresami podawania leków powinno zostać skrócone, aby zminimalizować możliwość ponownego zakażenia⁶². Należy rozważyć dalsze nowe interwencje zapobiegawcze w odległych obszarach, ukierunkowane na cykl życiowy schistosomów, wraz z higieną środowiska i zarządzaniem żywicielami pośrednimi, które powinny być rozszerzone na odległe obszary oprócz chemioterapii zapobiegawczej⁶³.

Edukacja i profilaktyka

Kampania Profilaktyki Bilharcjozy w Ugandzie skupiła się głównie na tym, jak ludzie mogą unikać kontaktu z wodą zanieczyszczoną schistosomozą. Hasło kampanii brzmiało: „Zatrzymaj bilharcjozę, zanim ona zatrzyma ciebie”⁶⁴.

Kampania podkreślała również, że ludzie powinni przyjmować leki, gdy są oferowane, i nigdy nie oddawać moczu ani nie defekować w pobliżu lub w wodzie⁶⁵. Praktyka defekacji i oddawania moczu na świeżym powietrzu jest długotrwała i będzie wyzwaniem do rozwiązania niezależnie od ryzyka, a unikanie kontaktu z wodą powierzchniową wymaga ogromnych zmian w stylu życia⁶⁶.

Dla podróżnych, leczenie powinno nastąpić co najmniej 6 do 8 tygodni po ostatniej ekspozycji na potencjalnie skażoną słodką wodę⁶⁷.

Rola placówek opieki zdrowotnej

Personel placówek medycznych wyraził chęć aktywnego udziału w zarządzaniu pacjentami i biernym nadzorze nad urogenitalną schistosomozą oraz wspierania działań eliminacyjnych. Wskazali, że chętnie przyjęliby aktywną rolę w monitorowaniu i zgłaszaniu przypadków, działaniach test-and-treat, identyfikacji ognisk choroby i wzmocnieniu edukacji zdrowotnej⁶⁸.

Aby zintegrować zarządzanie pacjentami ze schistosomozą w bardziej trwały sposób z rutynowymi działaniami placówek medycznych, należy zidentyfikować skalowalne ścieżki badań przesiewowych i poprawić możliwości poprzez regularne szkolenia personelu oraz nieprzerwane dostawy dokładnych diagnostycznych testów point-of-care i prazykwantelu do leczenia przypadków⁶⁹.

W nowych wytycznych dotyczących kontroli i eliminacji schistosomozy, opublikowanych w 2022 roku, WHO zaleca, aby placówki opieki zdrowotnej zapewniały dostęp do leczenia prazykwantelem w celu kontroli zachorowalności z powodu schistosomozy u wszystkich osób, niezależnie od wieku, w tym zakażonych kobiet w ciąży z wyłączeniem pierwszego trymestru, kobiet karmiących piersią i dzieci w wieku przedszkolnym⁷⁰.

Diagnostyka i badania przesiewowe

Złotym standardem jest badanie moczu lub kału pod kątem obecności jaj. Można zastosować badania serologiczne, jednak nie rozróżniają one między aktualnym a przeszłym zakażeniem⁷¹.

Biopsja błony śluzowej pęcherza moczowego lub odbytnicy może być rozważana w celu diagnozy u pacjentów z typowym obrazem klinicznym schistosomozy, ale bez wykrywalnych jaj w moczu lub kale⁷².

Programy kontroli schistosomozy krytycznie zależą od narzędzi diagnostycznych możliwych do zastosowania w terenie, aby kierować decyzjami o rozpoczęciu i zakończeniu MDA⁷³. Istnieje przenośny, komercyjny szybki test diagnostyczny (RDT), który wykrywa krążący antygen katodowy (CCA) Schistosoma w moczu⁷⁴. Inny test antygenowy zdolny do wykrywania krążącego antygenu anodowego (CAA) w punkcie opieki jest obecnie w fazie rozwoju⁷⁵.

Nasze wyniki wskazują, że testy przesiewowe są niezbędnym elementem programów kontroli schistosomozy⁷⁶. To badanie pokazało znaczenie stosowania metod przesiewowych i testów diagnostycznych do wykrywania i leczenia schistosomozy na obszarach wiejskich Madagaskaru⁷⁷.

Podsumowanie

Schistosomoza jest poważną chorobą, która wymaga kompleksowej opieki medycznej z uwzględnieniem specyfiki populacji. Prazykwantel pozostaje lekiem z wyboru w leczeniu schistosomozy, a opieka pielęgniarska odgrywa kluczową rolę w zarządzaniu chorobą. Programy masowego podawania leków, edukacja zdrowotna i profilaktyka są niezbędnymi elementami kontroli tej choroby na poziomie populacyjnym. Kontynuacja współpracy, oceny i dostosowywania planu opieki są konieczne, aby zaspokoić zmieniające się potrzeby pacjenta i osiągnąć optymalne wyniki⁷⁸.

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Materiały źródłowe

#1 Schistosomiasis – Pulmonary Hypertension Association
https://phassociation.org/patients/aboutph/diseases-and-conditions-associated-with-ph/schistosomiasis/
Schistosomiasis is caused by infection with the parasite schistosoma, which is a flatworm or fluke. Schistosomiasis is the third most common parasitic disease in the world after malaria and amoebiasis. It is endemic in more than 70 countries, affecting about 200 million people worldwide, of whom 80 percent are in sub-Saharan Africa. […] The diagnosis of schistosomiasis-associated PAH is similar to other types of PAH. Studies are done to rule out other causes of the disease, and for persons from areas where infection is common, specific tests for schistosomiasis are needed. […] It is important to treat active schistosomiasis infection if present. This may help to decrease the inflammation and possibly prevent further worsening of the PH. For schistosomiasis-associated PAH, treatment is similar to other forms of PAH. However, there are no clinical trials to confirm the effectiveness of treatment in these patients. Our current evidence is mainly observational from various centers all over the world. Reported treatment has included PDE5 inhibitors, endothelial receptor antagonists, or a combination of both therapies with improvement in six-minute walk distance. […] The prognosis of schistosomiasis-associated PAH is not well understood and is likely very similar to that of idiopathic PAH.
#2 Schistosomiasis — Drugs & Diagnostics for Tropical Diseases
https://www.ddtd.org/schistosomiasis
Schistosomiasis, also known as Bilharziasis, is a parasitic disease that affects 240 million people globally, with an estimated further 780 million people living at risk of contracting the disease. […] Today, the main strategy for control of schistosomiasis focuses on mass drug administration (MDA) of praziquantel, in priority to primary school-aged children. […] Schistosomiasis control programs critically depend on field-deployable diagnostic tools to guide decisions on MDA initiation and cessation. […] A portable, commercial RDT exists that detects Schistosoma circulating cathodic antigen (CCA) in urine. […] Another antigen test capable of detecting circulating anodic antigen (CAA) at the point of care is currently in development. […] However, as prevalence approaches 0% in post-MDA settings, antibody tests can support ME activities by selecting children as sentinel groups because there are fewer former infections, especially in younger age groups.
#3 Schistosomiasis — Taming the SRU
https://www.tamingthesru.com/global-health/schistosomiasis
Schistosomiasis, also known as Bilharzia or Katayama fever, is a parasitic infection caused by the parasite schistosoma. There are five species of schistosoma that can infect humans and these species are endemic in tropical and subtropical areas. Africa bears the largest disease burden and children under 14 years old are most commonly affected. Freshwater snails are the intermediate host of the parasite. Exposure to contaminated fresh water is necessary for infection. Control of the schistosomiasis disease burden is often focused around control and removal of the freshwater snail intermediate species. […] Gold standard is examination of the urine or stool for evidence of eggs. Serology testing can be used however it does not distinguish between a current and past infection. […] Praziquantal, an antihelmithic medication, which acts by killing adult worms, is the treatment of choice. Dosing is 20mg/kg x2 doses given four hours apart. If infection occurs in Southeast Asia, current recommendations are to take 30mg/kg x2 doses given four hours apart. If there is concern that a patient is early in their infection course, you should repeat the dosing several weeks later in order to kill all adult worms.
#4 Diagnosis and management of schistosomiasis
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3230106/
Schistosomiasis, or bilharzia, is a common intravascular infection caused by parasitic Schistosoma trematode worms. […] Acute schistosomiasis, or Katayama syndrome, can present as fever, malaise, myalgia, fatigue, non-productive cough, diarrhoea (with or without blood), haematuria (S haematobium), and right upper quadrant pain. […] Chronic and advanced disease results from the hosts immune response to schistosome eggs deposited in tissues and the granulomatous reaction evoked by the antigens they secrete. […] Praziquantel 60 mg/kg in three doses over one day (S japonicum and S.mekongi); and 40 mg/kg in doses over one day (S mansoni, S haematobium, S intercalatum) remains the treatment of choice although others are being investigated. […] Preventive chemotherapy is with a single oral dose of praziquantel 40 mg/kg.
#5 Diagnosis and management of schistosomiasis
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3230106/
Schistosomiasis, or bilharzia, is a common intravascular infection caused by parasitic Schistosoma trematode worms. […] Acute schistosomiasis, or Katayama syndrome, can present as fever, malaise, myalgia, fatigue, non-productive cough, diarrhoea (with or without blood), haematuria (S haematobium), and right upper quadrant pain. […] Chronic and advanced disease results from the hosts immune response to schistosome eggs deposited in tissues and the granulomatous reaction evoked by the antigens they secrete. […] Praziquantel 60 mg/kg in three doses over one day (S japonicum and S.mekongi); and 40 mg/kg in doses over one day (S mansoni, S haematobium, S intercalatum) remains the treatment of choice although others are being investigated. […] Preventive chemotherapy is with a single oral dose of praziquantel 40 mg/kg.
#6 Nursing Care Plan For Schistosomiasis – Made For Medical
https://www.madeformedical.com/nursing-care-plan-for-schistosomiasis/
Schistosomiasis, also known as bilharzia, is a parasitic infection caused by various species of Schistosoma worms. The nursing care plan for schistosomiasis focuses on assessing the infection, managing symptoms, preventing complications, providing education, and promoting overall well-being. […] By implementing evidence-based nursing interventions and promoting a collaborative approach, nurses play a crucial role in managing schistosomiasis, providing support, and promoting optimal patient outcomes. […] Regular assessment, documentation, and ongoing evaluation are crucial to monitor the patients progress, evaluate the effectiveness of interventions, and detect any potential complications. […] Please note that the nursing care plan for schistosomiasis should be individualized based on the patients specific needs, assessment findings, and healthcare providers recommendations.
#7 Nursing Care Plan For Schistosomiasis – Made For Medical
https://www.madeformedical.com/nursing-care-plan-for-schistosomiasis/
Schistosomiasis, also known as bilharzia, is a parasitic infection caused by various species of Schistosoma worms. The nursing care plan for schistosomiasis focuses on assessing the infection, managing symptoms, preventing complications, providing education, and promoting overall well-being. […] By implementing evidence-based nursing interventions and promoting a collaborative approach, nurses play a crucial role in managing schistosomiasis, providing support, and promoting optimal patient outcomes. […] Regular assessment, documentation, and ongoing evaluation are crucial to monitor the patients progress, evaluate the effectiveness of interventions, and detect any potential complications. […] Please note that the nursing care plan for schistosomiasis should be individualized based on the patients specific needs, assessment findings, and healthcare providers recommendations.
#8 Nursing Care Plan For Schistosomiasis – Made For Medical
https://www.madeformedical.com/nursing-care-plan-for-schistosomiasis/
Schistosomiasis, also known as bilharzia, is a parasitic infection caused by various species of Schistosoma worms. The nursing care plan for schistosomiasis focuses on assessing the infection, managing symptoms, preventing complications, providing education, and promoting overall well-being. […] By implementing evidence-based nursing interventions and promoting a collaborative approach, nurses play a crucial role in managing schistosomiasis, providing support, and promoting optimal patient outcomes. […] Regular assessment, documentation, and ongoing evaluation are crucial to monitor the patients progress, evaluate the effectiveness of interventions, and detect any potential complications. […] Please note that the nursing care plan for schistosomiasis should be individualized based on the patients specific needs, assessment findings, and healthcare providers recommendations.
#9 Nursing Care Plan For Schistosomiasis – Made For Medical
https://www.madeformedical.com/nursing-care-plan-for-schistosomiasis/
Schistosomiasis, also known as bilharzia, is a parasitic infection caused by various species of Schistosoma worms. The nursing care plan for schistosomiasis focuses on assessing the infection, managing symptoms, preventing complications, providing education, and promoting overall well-being. […] By implementing evidence-based nursing interventions and promoting a collaborative approach, nurses play a crucial role in managing schistosomiasis, providing support, and promoting optimal patient outcomes. […] Regular assessment, documentation, and ongoing evaluation are crucial to monitor the patients progress, evaluate the effectiveness of interventions, and detect any potential complications. […] Please note that the nursing care plan for schistosomiasis should be individualized based on the patients specific needs, assessment findings, and healthcare providers recommendations.
#10 Schistosomiasis – Nurses Revision
https://nursesrevisionuganda.com/schistosomiasis/
Nursing Care: […] – Symptom Management: Provide comfort measures for fever, pain, and diarrhea. […] – Hydration: Encourage fluid intake to prevent dehydration. […] – Hygiene: Promote proper hygiene to prevent infection. […] – Education: Educate patients about the disease, treatment, and prevention. […] – Monitoring: Monitor for signs of complications, including liver problems, bladder dysfunction, and neurological symptoms.
#11 Schistosomiasis – Nurses Revision
https://nursesrevisionuganda.com/schistosomiasis/
Nursing Care: […] – Symptom Management: Provide comfort measures for fever, pain, and diarrhea. […] – Hydration: Encourage fluid intake to prevent dehydration. […] – Hygiene: Promote proper hygiene to prevent infection. […] – Education: Educate patients about the disease, treatment, and prevention. […] – Monitoring: Monitor for signs of complications, including liver problems, bladder dysfunction, and neurological symptoms.
#12 Schistosomiasis – Nurses Revision
https://nursesrevisionuganda.com/schistosomiasis/
Nursing Care: […] – Symptom Management: Provide comfort measures for fever, pain, and diarrhea. […] – Hydration: Encourage fluid intake to prevent dehydration. […] – Hygiene: Promote proper hygiene to prevent infection. […] – Education: Educate patients about the disease, treatment, and prevention. […] – Monitoring: Monitor for signs of complications, including liver problems, bladder dysfunction, and neurological symptoms.
#13 Schistosomiasis – Nurses Revision
https://nursesrevisionuganda.com/schistosomiasis/
Nursing Care: […] – Symptom Management: Provide comfort measures for fever, pain, and diarrhea. […] – Hydration: Encourage fluid intake to prevent dehydration. […] – Hygiene: Promote proper hygiene to prevent infection. […] – Education: Educate patients about the disease, treatment, and prevention. […] – Monitoring: Monitor for signs of complications, including liver problems, bladder dysfunction, and neurological symptoms.
#14 Schistosomiasis – Nurses Revision
https://nursesrevisionuganda.com/schistosomiasis/
Nursing Care: […] – Symptom Management: Provide comfort measures for fever, pain, and diarrhea. […] – Hydration: Encourage fluid intake to prevent dehydration. […] – Hygiene: Promote proper hygiene to prevent infection. […] – Education: Educate patients about the disease, treatment, and prevention. […] – Monitoring: Monitor for signs of complications, including liver problems, bladder dysfunction, and neurological symptoms.
#15 Nursing Care Plan For Schistosomiasis – Made For Medical
https://www.madeformedical.com/nursing-care-plan-for-schistosomiasis/
Nursing interventions involve providing education, clarifying misconceptions, and promoting adherence to preventive measures. […] Nurses provide support and education to patients, emphasizing the importance of preventive measures, adherence to medication regimens, and proper wound care to prevent reinfection and complications. […] By addressing the physical, emotional, and psychosocial needs of patients, nurses promote overall well-being and contribute to the holistic care of individuals with schistosomiasis. […] Continued collaboration, assessment, and adjustment of the care plan are necessary to meet the changing needs of the patient and achieve optimal outcomes.
#16 Nursing Care Plan For Schistosomiasis – Made For Medical
https://www.madeformedical.com/nursing-care-plan-for-schistosomiasis/
Nursing interventions involve providing education, clarifying misconceptions, and promoting adherence to preventive measures. […] Nurses provide support and education to patients, emphasizing the importance of preventive measures, adherence to medication regimens, and proper wound care to prevent reinfection and complications. […] By addressing the physical, emotional, and psychosocial needs of patients, nurses promote overall well-being and contribute to the holistic care of individuals with schistosomiasis. […] Continued collaboration, assessment, and adjustment of the care plan are necessary to meet the changing needs of the patient and achieve optimal outcomes.
#17 Schistosomiasis: Treatment and prevention – UpToDate
https://www.uptodate.com/contents/schistosomiasis-treatment-and-prevention
Schistosomiasis is a disease caused by infection with parasitic blood flukes. The treatment and prevention of schistosomiasis will be reviewed here. […] Treatment of schistosomiasis serves three purposes: reversing acute or early chronic disease, preventing complications associated with chronic infection, and preventing neuroschistosomiasis. The goal of treatment is reduction of egg production via reduction of worm load; this reduces morbidity and mortality even in the absence of complete worm eradication. In endemic areas, repeated treatment is essential for schistosomiasis elimination. […] Benefits of treatment include reversal of hydronephrosis and regression of periportal fibrosis in its early stage. However, anthelmintic treatment has little effect on reversing late-stage fibrosis of the hepatic or urinary tract or reversing secondary complications such as portal hypertension with esophageal varices or cor pulmonale.
#18 Clinical Care of Schistosomiasis | Schistosomiasis | CDC
https://www.cdc.gov/schistosomiasis/hcp/treatment/index.html
Praziquantel is effective at treating infections with all major Schistosoma species. […] Host immune response differences may impact individual response to treatment with praziquantel. […] Oral praziquantel is available for human use in the United States. […] The timing of treatment is important since praziquantel is most effective against the adult worm and requires the presence of a mature antibody response to the parasite. […] For travelers, treatment should occur at least 6 to 8 weeks after last exposure to potentially contaminated freshwater. […] Limited evidence of parasite resistance to praziquantel has been reported based on low cure rates in recently exposed or heavily infected populations. […] However, widespread clinical resistance has not occurred. […] Thus, praziquantel remains the drug of choice for treatment of schistosomiasis.
#19 Clinical Care of Schistosomiasis | Schistosomiasis | CDC
https://www.cdc.gov/schistosomiasis/hcp/treatment/index.html
Praziquantel is effective at treating infections with all major Schistosoma species. […] Host immune response differences may impact individual response to treatment with praziquantel. […] Oral praziquantel is available for human use in the United States. […] The timing of treatment is important since praziquantel is most effective against the adult worm and requires the presence of a mature antibody response to the parasite. […] For travelers, treatment should occur at least 6 to 8 weeks after last exposure to potentially contaminated freshwater. […] Limited evidence of parasite resistance to praziquantel has been reported based on low cure rates in recently exposed or heavily infected populations. […] However, widespread clinical resistance has not occurred. […] Thus, praziquantel remains the drug of choice for treatment of schistosomiasis.
#20 Clinical Care of Schistosomiasis | Schistosomiasis | CDC
https://www.cdc.gov/schistosomiasis/hcp/treatment/index.html
Praziquantel is effective at treating infections with all major Schistosoma species. […] Host immune response differences may impact individual response to treatment with praziquantel. […] Oral praziquantel is available for human use in the United States. […] The timing of treatment is important since praziquantel is most effective against the adult worm and requires the presence of a mature antibody response to the parasite. […] For travelers, treatment should occur at least 6 to 8 weeks after last exposure to potentially contaminated freshwater. […] Limited evidence of parasite resistance to praziquantel has been reported based on low cure rates in recently exposed or heavily infected populations. […] However, widespread clinical resistance has not occurred. […] Thus, praziquantel remains the drug of choice for treatment of schistosomiasis.
#21 Schistosomiasis (Bilharzia) Guidelines: Guidelines Summary
https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/228392-guidelines
Praziquantel is effective for schistosomiasis. For S mansoni, S hematobium, and S intercalatum schistosomiasis, praziquantel 40 mg/kg/day is given in 2 divided doses for 1 day. Treatment usually is curative. Urine can be evaluated for test of cure 1-2 months after drug administration. The response may vary depending on organism burden. In cases of lower organism burden, the treatment may be repeated in 2-4 weeks. […] For S japonicum and S mekongi schistosomiasis, a higher dose of 60 mg/kg/day in 3 divided doses for 1 day usually is effective. […] Praziquantel is pregnancy category B. The WHO supports its use in pregnancy. […] Lactation is not considered a contraindication to praziquantel use. […] In children younger than 4 years, the benefit versus risk of use has not been determined.
#22 Schistosomiasis (Bilharzia) Guidelines: Guidelines Summary
https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/228392-guidelines
Praziquantel is effective for schistosomiasis. For S mansoni, S hematobium, and S intercalatum schistosomiasis, praziquantel 40 mg/kg/day is given in 2 divided doses for 1 day. Treatment usually is curative. Urine can be evaluated for test of cure 1-2 months after drug administration. The response may vary depending on organism burden. In cases of lower organism burden, the treatment may be repeated in 2-4 weeks. […] For S japonicum and S mekongi schistosomiasis, a higher dose of 60 mg/kg/day in 3 divided doses for 1 day usually is effective. […] Praziquantel is pregnancy category B. The WHO supports its use in pregnancy. […] Lactation is not considered a contraindication to praziquantel use. […] In children younger than 4 years, the benefit versus risk of use has not been determined.
#23 Schistosomiasis (Bilharzia) Guidelines: Guidelines Summary
https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/228392-guidelines
Praziquantel is effective for schistosomiasis. For S mansoni, S hematobium, and S intercalatum schistosomiasis, praziquantel 40 mg/kg/day is given in 2 divided doses for 1 day. Treatment usually is curative. Urine can be evaluated for test of cure 1-2 months after drug administration. The response may vary depending on organism burden. In cases of lower organism burden, the treatment may be repeated in 2-4 weeks. […] For S japonicum and S mekongi schistosomiasis, a higher dose of 60 mg/kg/day in 3 divided doses for 1 day usually is effective. […] Praziquantel is pregnancy category B. The WHO supports its use in pregnancy. […] Lactation is not considered a contraindication to praziquantel use. […] In children younger than 4 years, the benefit versus risk of use has not been determined.
#24 Clinical Care of Schistosomiasis | Schistosomiasis | CDC
https://www.cdc.gov/schistosomiasis/hcp/treatment/index.html
The immune response in lightly infected patients may be less robust and repeat treatment may be needed after 2 4 weeks to increase effectiveness. […] If the pre-treatment stool or urine examination was positive for schistosome eggs, follow up examination at 1 2 months post-treatment is suggested to help confirm successful cure. […] There is a lack of safety trial data for the use of praziquantel in children less than 4 years of age or women who are pregnant. […] However, this drug has been distributed widely in mass drug administration programs and the World Health Organization (WHO) now recommends that children at least 2 years of age and women who are pregnant should be treated as part of those campaigns based on extensive experience with the drug and review of the veterinary and human evidence.
#25 Clinical Care of Schistosomiasis | Schistosomiasis | CDC
https://www.cdc.gov/schistosomiasis/hcp/treatment/index.html
The immune response in lightly infected patients may be less robust and repeat treatment may be needed after 2 4 weeks to increase effectiveness. […] If the pre-treatment stool or urine examination was positive for schistosome eggs, follow up examination at 1 2 months post-treatment is suggested to help confirm successful cure. […] There is a lack of safety trial data for the use of praziquantel in children less than 4 years of age or women who are pregnant. […] However, this drug has been distributed widely in mass drug administration programs and the World Health Organization (WHO) now recommends that children at least 2 years of age and women who are pregnant should be treated as part of those campaigns based on extensive experience with the drug and review of the veterinary and human evidence.
#26 Schistosomiasis (Bilharzia) Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Corticosteroids, Outpatient Care
https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/228392-treatment
The symptoms of Katayama syndrome often require administration of corticosteroids to suppress the inflammatory process, but no consensus exists regarding proper antihelminthic treatment. […] Persons with CNS involvement should be given corticosteroids to prevent inflammation and edema around eggs. […] Response to treatment is evaluated by counting the amount of decrease in egg excretion. […] Schistosomiasis affects the uterine environment during pregnancy. These pregnant patients develop severe anemia, have low-birth-weight infants, and are at increased risk for infant and maternal mortality. […] WHO recommends giving praziquantel to pregnant and lactating individuals to decrease the disease burden and improve the pregnancy and fetal outcomes. […] Starting treatment after the first trimester may be advisable.
#27 Praziquantel (oral route) – Mayo Clinic
https://www.mayoclinic.org/drugs-supplements/praziquantel-oral-route/description/drg-20065610
Praziquantel is used to treat schistosomiasis, also known as snail fever or bilharzia, an infection of the urinary tract or bowels, caused by schistosoma (blood fluke), a flatworm parasite. […] It is important that your doctor check your or your child’s progress after treatment. This is to make sure that the infection is cleared up completely and to check for unwanted effects. […] This medicine kills the worms and could cause unwanted effects (eg, serum sickness, paradoxical reaction) as your body heals, especially during the early stages of schistosomiasis. […] This medicine may cause heart rhythm problems. Tell your doctor right away if you or your child gets dizzy or lightheaded, have a fast or irregular heart beat, or feel like fainting. […] Do not drive or do anything else that could be dangerous during treatment with this medicine and for 24 hours after your last dose.
#28 Schistosomiasis (Bilharzia) Guidelines: Guidelines Summary
https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/228392-guidelines
Praziquantel is effective for schistosomiasis. For S mansoni, S hematobium, and S intercalatum schistosomiasis, praziquantel 40 mg/kg/day is given in 2 divided doses for 1 day. Treatment usually is curative. Urine can be evaluated for test of cure 1-2 months after drug administration. The response may vary depending on organism burden. In cases of lower organism burden, the treatment may be repeated in 2-4 weeks. […] For S japonicum and S mekongi schistosomiasis, a higher dose of 60 mg/kg/day in 3 divided doses for 1 day usually is effective. […] Praziquantel is pregnancy category B. The WHO supports its use in pregnancy. […] Lactation is not considered a contraindication to praziquantel use. […] In children younger than 4 years, the benefit versus risk of use has not been determined.
#29 Schistosomiasis (Bilharzia) Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Corticosteroids, Outpatient Care
https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/228392-treatment
The symptoms of Katayama syndrome often require administration of corticosteroids to suppress the inflammatory process, but no consensus exists regarding proper antihelminthic treatment. […] Persons with CNS involvement should be given corticosteroids to prevent inflammation and edema around eggs. […] Response to treatment is evaluated by counting the amount of decrease in egg excretion. […] Schistosomiasis affects the uterine environment during pregnancy. These pregnant patients develop severe anemia, have low-birth-weight infants, and are at increased risk for infant and maternal mortality. […] WHO recommends giving praziquantel to pregnant and lactating individuals to decrease the disease burden and improve the pregnancy and fetal outcomes. […] Starting treatment after the first trimester may be advisable.
#30 Schistosomiasis (Bilharzia) Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Corticosteroids, Outpatient Care
https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/228392-treatment
The symptoms of Katayama syndrome often require administration of corticosteroids to suppress the inflammatory process, but no consensus exists regarding proper antihelminthic treatment. […] Persons with CNS involvement should be given corticosteroids to prevent inflammation and edema around eggs. […] Response to treatment is evaluated by counting the amount of decrease in egg excretion. […] Schistosomiasis affects the uterine environment during pregnancy. These pregnant patients develop severe anemia, have low-birth-weight infants, and are at increased risk for infant and maternal mortality. […] WHO recommends giving praziquantel to pregnant and lactating individuals to decrease the disease burden and improve the pregnancy and fetal outcomes. […] Starting treatment after the first trimester may be advisable.
#31 Clinical Care of Schistosomiasis | Schistosomiasis | CDC
https://www.cdc.gov/schistosomiasis/hcp/treatment/index.html
Similarly, WHO reports growing evidence that infected children as young as 1-year-old can be effectively treated with praziquantel without serious side effects. […] Praziquantel is a pregnancy category B drug. […] However, the available evidence suggests no difference in adverse birth outcomes in the children of women who were accidentally treated with praziquantel during mass drug administration (MDA) campaigns compared with those who were not. […] In MDA campaigns for which the World Health Organization (WHO) has determined that the benefit of treatment outweighs the risk, WHO encourages the use of praziquantel in any stage of pregnancy. […] For individual patients in clinical settings, healthcare providers should consider the risk of treatment in infected pregnant women with the risk of disease progression in the absence of treatment.
#32 Clinical Care of Schistosomiasis | Schistosomiasis | CDC
https://www.cdc.gov/schistosomiasis/hcp/treatment/index.html
Praziquantel is excreted in low concentrations in breast milk. […] According to WHO guidelines for MDA campaigns, the use of praziquantel during lactation is encouraged. […] For individual patients in clinical settings, healthcare providers should consider the risk of treatment in infected breastfeeding women with the risk of disease progression in the absence of treatment. […] A recent study states that „Arpraziquantel, a first-line orodispersible tablet, showed high efficacy and favourable safety in preschool-aged children with schistosomiasis.”
#33 Clinical Care of Schistosomiasis | Schistosomiasis | CDC
https://www.cdc.gov/schistosomiasis/hcp/treatment/index.html
Praziquantel is excreted in low concentrations in breast milk. […] According to WHO guidelines for MDA campaigns, the use of praziquantel during lactation is encouraged. […] For individual patients in clinical settings, healthcare providers should consider the risk of treatment in infected breastfeeding women with the risk of disease progression in the absence of treatment. […] A recent study states that „Arpraziquantel, a first-line orodispersible tablet, showed high efficacy and favourable safety in preschool-aged children with schistosomiasis.”
#34 Clinical Care of Schistosomiasis | Schistosomiasis | CDC
https://www.cdc.gov/schistosomiasis/hcp/treatment/index.html
Praziquantel is excreted in low concentrations in breast milk. […] According to WHO guidelines for MDA campaigns, the use of praziquantel during lactation is encouraged. […] For individual patients in clinical settings, healthcare providers should consider the risk of treatment in infected breastfeeding women with the risk of disease progression in the absence of treatment. […] A recent study states that „Arpraziquantel, a first-line orodispersible tablet, showed high efficacy and favourable safety in preschool-aged children with schistosomiasis.”
#35 Clinical Care of Schistosomiasis | Schistosomiasis | CDC
https://www.cdc.gov/schistosomiasis/hcp/treatment/index.html
The immune response in lightly infected patients may be less robust and repeat treatment may be needed after 2 4 weeks to increase effectiveness. […] If the pre-treatment stool or urine examination was positive for schistosome eggs, follow up examination at 1 2 months post-treatment is suggested to help confirm successful cure. […] There is a lack of safety trial data for the use of praziquantel in children less than 4 years of age or women who are pregnant. […] However, this drug has been distributed widely in mass drug administration programs and the World Health Organization (WHO) now recommends that children at least 2 years of age and women who are pregnant should be treated as part of those campaigns based on extensive experience with the drug and review of the veterinary and human evidence.
#36 Clinical Care of Schistosomiasis | Schistosomiasis | CDC
https://www.cdc.gov/schistosomiasis/hcp/treatment/index.html
The immune response in lightly infected patients may be less robust and repeat treatment may be needed after 2 4 weeks to increase effectiveness. […] If the pre-treatment stool or urine examination was positive for schistosome eggs, follow up examination at 1 2 months post-treatment is suggested to help confirm successful cure. […] There is a lack of safety trial data for the use of praziquantel in children less than 4 years of age or women who are pregnant. […] However, this drug has been distributed widely in mass drug administration programs and the World Health Organization (WHO) now recommends that children at least 2 years of age and women who are pregnant should be treated as part of those campaigns based on extensive experience with the drug and review of the veterinary and human evidence.
#37 Clinical Care of Schistosomiasis | Schistosomiasis | CDC
https://www.cdc.gov/schistosomiasis/hcp/treatment/index.html
Similarly, WHO reports growing evidence that infected children as young as 1-year-old can be effectively treated with praziquantel without serious side effects. […] Praziquantel is a pregnancy category B drug. […] However, the available evidence suggests no difference in adverse birth outcomes in the children of women who were accidentally treated with praziquantel during mass drug administration (MDA) campaigns compared with those who were not. […] In MDA campaigns for which the World Health Organization (WHO) has determined that the benefit of treatment outweighs the risk, WHO encourages the use of praziquantel in any stage of pregnancy. […] For individual patients in clinical settings, healthcare providers should consider the risk of treatment in infected pregnant women with the risk of disease progression in the absence of treatment.
#38 Schistosomiasis (Bilharzia) Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Corticosteroids, Outpatient Care
https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/228392-treatment
Prehospital care should include treating acute complications, such as acute intestinal bleeding. Stabilize patients who have acute complications. If appropriate, include schistosomiasis as one of the differential diagnoses. […] Patients with severe complications, such as GI bleeding, GI obstruction, renal failure, cardiac failure, bacteremia due to Salmonella, and CNS complications, need inpatient care. […] Patients should receive antischistosomal drugs and corticosteroids, especially if acutely ill. Steroids reduce inflammation and help suppress changes that result from killing of the parasites. […] Treatment of schistosomiasis affecting the CNS consists of praziquantel with glucocorticoids. In CNS disease, corticosteroids are used to reduce inflammation and edema around eggs. […] Surgical care includes removal of tumor masses, ligation of esophageal varices, and porta-caval shunt surgeries.
#39 Schistosomiasis (Bilharzia) Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Corticosteroids, Outpatient Care
https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/228392-treatment
Prehospital care should include treating acute complications, such as acute intestinal bleeding. Stabilize patients who have acute complications. If appropriate, include schistosomiasis as one of the differential diagnoses. […] Patients with severe complications, such as GI bleeding, GI obstruction, renal failure, cardiac failure, bacteremia due to Salmonella, and CNS complications, need inpatient care. […] Patients should receive antischistosomal drugs and corticosteroids, especially if acutely ill. Steroids reduce inflammation and help suppress changes that result from killing of the parasites. […] Treatment of schistosomiasis affecting the CNS consists of praziquantel with glucocorticoids. In CNS disease, corticosteroids are used to reduce inflammation and edema around eggs. […] Surgical care includes removal of tumor masses, ligation of esophageal varices, and porta-caval shunt surgeries.
#40 Schistosomiasis (Bilharzia) Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Corticosteroids, Outpatient Care
https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/228392-treatment
The symptoms of Katayama syndrome often require administration of corticosteroids to suppress the inflammatory process, but no consensus exists regarding proper antihelminthic treatment. […] Persons with CNS involvement should be given corticosteroids to prevent inflammation and edema around eggs. […] Response to treatment is evaluated by counting the amount of decrease in egg excretion. […] Schistosomiasis affects the uterine environment during pregnancy. These pregnant patients develop severe anemia, have low-birth-weight infants, and are at increased risk for infant and maternal mortality. […] WHO recommends giving praziquantel to pregnant and lactating individuals to decrease the disease burden and improve the pregnancy and fetal outcomes. […] Starting treatment after the first trimester may be advisable.
#41 Schistosomiasis (Bilharzia) Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Corticosteroids, Outpatient Care
https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/228392-treatment
The symptoms of Katayama syndrome often require administration of corticosteroids to suppress the inflammatory process, but no consensus exists regarding proper antihelminthic treatment. […] Persons with CNS involvement should be given corticosteroids to prevent inflammation and edema around eggs. […] Response to treatment is evaluated by counting the amount of decrease in egg excretion. […] Schistosomiasis affects the uterine environment during pregnancy. These pregnant patients develop severe anemia, have low-birth-weight infants, and are at increased risk for infant and maternal mortality. […] WHO recommends giving praziquantel to pregnant and lactating individuals to decrease the disease burden and improve the pregnancy and fetal outcomes. […] Starting treatment after the first trimester may be advisable.
#42 Diagnosis and management of schistosomiasis
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3230106/
Treatment with corticosteroids and anticonvulsants within two months of infection. […] Consult with a neurologist and an infectious disease physician. […] Corticosteroids help to alleviate acute allergic reactions and prevent mass effects caused by excessive granulomatous inflammation in the central nervous system. […] Anticonvulsants are used to treat seizures associated with cerebral schistosomiasis but lifelong use is rarely indicated. […] A biopsy of bladder or rectal mucosa may be considered for diagnosis in patients with a typical clinical presentation of schistosomiasis but with no eggs detectable in urine or faeces.
#43 Schistosomiasis (Bilharzia) Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Corticosteroids, Outpatient Care
https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/228392-treatment
Prehospital care should include treating acute complications, such as acute intestinal bleeding. Stabilize patients who have acute complications. If appropriate, include schistosomiasis as one of the differential diagnoses. […] Patients with severe complications, such as GI bleeding, GI obstruction, renal failure, cardiac failure, bacteremia due to Salmonella, and CNS complications, need inpatient care. […] Patients should receive antischistosomal drugs and corticosteroids, especially if acutely ill. Steroids reduce inflammation and help suppress changes that result from killing of the parasites. […] Treatment of schistosomiasis affecting the CNS consists of praziquantel with glucocorticoids. In CNS disease, corticosteroids are used to reduce inflammation and edema around eggs. […] Surgical care includes removal of tumor masses, ligation of esophageal varices, and porta-caval shunt surgeries.
#44 Schistosomiasis (Bilharzia) Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Corticosteroids, Outpatient Care
https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/228392-treatment
Prehospital care should include treating acute complications, such as acute intestinal bleeding. Stabilize patients who have acute complications. If appropriate, include schistosomiasis as one of the differential diagnoses. […] Patients with severe complications, such as GI bleeding, GI obstruction, renal failure, cardiac failure, bacteremia due to Salmonella, and CNS complications, need inpatient care. […] Patients should receive antischistosomal drugs and corticosteroids, especially if acutely ill. Steroids reduce inflammation and help suppress changes that result from killing of the parasites. […] Treatment of schistosomiasis affecting the CNS consists of praziquantel with glucocorticoids. In CNS disease, corticosteroids are used to reduce inflammation and edema around eggs. […] Surgical care includes removal of tumor masses, ligation of esophageal varices, and porta-caval shunt surgeries.
#45 Diagnosis and management of schistosomiasis
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3230106/
Treatment with corticosteroids and anticonvulsants within two months of infection. […] Consult with a neurologist and an infectious disease physician. […] Corticosteroids help to alleviate acute allergic reactions and prevent mass effects caused by excessive granulomatous inflammation in the central nervous system. […] Anticonvulsants are used to treat seizures associated with cerebral schistosomiasis but lifelong use is rarely indicated. […] A biopsy of bladder or rectal mucosa may be considered for diagnosis in patients with a typical clinical presentation of schistosomiasis but with no eggs detectable in urine or faeces.
#46 Diagnosis and management of schistosomiasis
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3230106/
Treatment with corticosteroids and anticonvulsants within two months of infection. […] Consult with a neurologist and an infectious disease physician. […] Corticosteroids help to alleviate acute allergic reactions and prevent mass effects caused by excessive granulomatous inflammation in the central nervous system. […] Anticonvulsants are used to treat seizures associated with cerebral schistosomiasis but lifelong use is rarely indicated. […] A biopsy of bladder or rectal mucosa may be considered for diagnosis in patients with a typical clinical presentation of schistosomiasis but with no eggs detectable in urine or faeces.
#47 Diagnosis and management of schistosomiasis
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3230106/
Treatment with corticosteroids and anticonvulsants within two months of infection. […] Consult with a neurologist and an infectious disease physician. […] Corticosteroids help to alleviate acute allergic reactions and prevent mass effects caused by excessive granulomatous inflammation in the central nervous system. […] Anticonvulsants are used to treat seizures associated with cerebral schistosomiasis but lifelong use is rarely indicated. […] A biopsy of bladder or rectal mucosa may be considered for diagnosis in patients with a typical clinical presentation of schistosomiasis but with no eggs detectable in urine or faeces.
#48 Schistosomiasis (Bilharzia) Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Corticosteroids, Outpatient Care
https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/228392-treatment
Prehospital care should include treating acute complications, such as acute intestinal bleeding. Stabilize patients who have acute complications. If appropriate, include schistosomiasis as one of the differential diagnoses. […] Patients with severe complications, such as GI bleeding, GI obstruction, renal failure, cardiac failure, bacteremia due to Salmonella, and CNS complications, need inpatient care. […] Patients should receive antischistosomal drugs and corticosteroids, especially if acutely ill. Steroids reduce inflammation and help suppress changes that result from killing of the parasites. […] Treatment of schistosomiasis affecting the CNS consists of praziquantel with glucocorticoids. In CNS disease, corticosteroids are used to reduce inflammation and edema around eggs. […] Surgical care includes removal of tumor masses, ligation of esophageal varices, and porta-caval shunt surgeries.
#49 Schistosomiasis (Bilharzia) Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Corticosteroids, Outpatient Care
https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/228392-treatment
Prehospital care should include treating acute complications, such as acute intestinal bleeding. Stabilize patients who have acute complications. If appropriate, include schistosomiasis as one of the differential diagnoses. […] Patients with severe complications, such as GI bleeding, GI obstruction, renal failure, cardiac failure, bacteremia due to Salmonella, and CNS complications, need inpatient care. […] Patients should receive antischistosomal drugs and corticosteroids, especially if acutely ill. Steroids reduce inflammation and help suppress changes that result from killing of the parasites. […] Treatment of schistosomiasis affecting the CNS consists of praziquantel with glucocorticoids. In CNS disease, corticosteroids are used to reduce inflammation and edema around eggs. […] Surgical care includes removal of tumor masses, ligation of esophageal varices, and porta-caval shunt surgeries.
#50 Is stopping schistosoma haematobium-associated bladder cancer a feasible goal? – Cancer Control
https://www.cancercontrol.info/cc2016/is-stoping-schistosoma-haematobium-associated-bladder-cancer-a-feasible-goal/
Schistosomiasis is endemic in 78 countries affecting more than 260 million people. Schistosomiasis haematobia alone affects more than 112 million people. Bladder cancer is an important sequela of this infection. In low-resource countries, where this disease is endemic, individuals diagnosed with bladder cancer have very limited access to treatment and death is almost a certainty. Mass treatment with praziquantel is an easy, safe and inexpensive treatment that could save the lives of thousands and reduce the morbidity of millions. […] The epidemiological association between SCC of the bladder with schistosomiasis haematobia is based both on case control studies and on the correlation of bladder cancer incidence with prevalence of S. haematobium infection within diverse geographic areas. The incidence of urogenital schistosomiasis-associated SCC is estimated at 34 cases per 100,000 per year.
#51 Is stopping schistosoma haematobium-associated bladder cancer a feasible goal? – Cancer Control
https://www.cancercontrol.info/cc2016/is-stoping-schistosoma-haematobium-associated-bladder-cancer-a-feasible-goal/
Schistosomiasis is endemic in 78 countries affecting more than 260 million people. Schistosomiasis haematobia alone affects more than 112 million people. Bladder cancer is an important sequela of this infection. In low-resource countries, where this disease is endemic, individuals diagnosed with bladder cancer have very limited access to treatment and death is almost a certainty. Mass treatment with praziquantel is an easy, safe and inexpensive treatment that could save the lives of thousands and reduce the morbidity of millions. […] The epidemiological association between SCC of the bladder with schistosomiasis haematobia is based both on case control studies and on the correlation of bladder cancer incidence with prevalence of S. haematobium infection within diverse geographic areas. The incidence of urogenital schistosomiasis-associated SCC is estimated at 34 cases per 100,000 per year.
#52 Is stopping schistosoma haematobium-associated bladder cancer a feasible goal? – Cancer Control
https://www.cancercontrol.info/cc2016/is-stoping-schistosoma-haematobium-associated-bladder-cancer-a-feasible-goal/
Schistosomiasis is endemic in 78 countries affecting more than 260 million people. Schistosomiasis haematobia alone affects more than 112 million people. Bladder cancer is an important sequela of this infection. In low-resource countries, where this disease is endemic, individuals diagnosed with bladder cancer have very limited access to treatment and death is almost a certainty. Mass treatment with praziquantel is an easy, safe and inexpensive treatment that could save the lives of thousands and reduce the morbidity of millions. […] The epidemiological association between SCC of the bladder with schistosomiasis haematobia is based both on case control studies and on the correlation of bladder cancer incidence with prevalence of S. haematobium infection within diverse geographic areas. The incidence of urogenital schistosomiasis-associated SCC is estimated at 34 cases per 100,000 per year.
#53 Is stopping schistosoma haematobium-associated bladder cancer a feasible goal? – Cancer Control
https://www.cancercontrol.info/cc2016/is-stoping-schistosoma-haematobium-associated-bladder-cancer-a-feasible-goal/
We anticipate that the incidence of SCC in endemic areas will decrease to that of non-endemic regions if patients with urinary schistosomiasis are regularly treated from childhood on in spite of constant re-exposure, as it has been demonstrated. […] The literature provides us with several reports in which mass treatment with praziquantel with the purpose of preventive chemotherapy of schistosomiasis is effective. […] Preventing schistosomiasis is the best treatment and least expensive way of fighting bladder cancer in endemic areas.
#54
https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/schistosomiasis
Schistosomiasis control focuses on reducing disease through periodic, large-scale population treatment with praziquantel; a more comprehensive approach including potable water, adequate sanitation, and snail control would also reduce transmission. […] The control of schistosomiasis is based on large-scale treatment of at-risk population groups, access to safe water, improved sanitation, hygiene education and behaviour change, and snail control and environmental management. […] WHO recommends treatment of infected preschool aged children based on diagnostic and clinical judgment and their inclusion in large-scale treatment using the paediatric praziquantel formulation. […] The aim is to reduce disease morbidity and transmission towards the elimination of the disease as public health problem. Periodic treatment of at-risk populations will cure mild symptoms and prevent infected people from developing severe, late-stage chronic disease. […] Praziquantel is the recommended treatment against all forms of schistosomiasis. It is effective, safe and low-cost. Even though re-infection may occur after treatment, the risk of developing severe disease is diminished and even reversed when treatment is initiated and repeated in childhood.
#55
https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/schistosomiasis
Schistosomiasis control focuses on reducing disease through periodic, large-scale population treatment with praziquantel; a more comprehensive approach including potable water, adequate sanitation, and snail control would also reduce transmission. […] The control of schistosomiasis is based on large-scale treatment of at-risk population groups, access to safe water, improved sanitation, hygiene education and behaviour change, and snail control and environmental management. […] WHO recommends treatment of infected preschool aged children based on diagnostic and clinical judgment and their inclusion in large-scale treatment using the paediatric praziquantel formulation. […] The aim is to reduce disease morbidity and transmission towards the elimination of the disease as public health problem. Periodic treatment of at-risk populations will cure mild symptoms and prevent infected people from developing severe, late-stage chronic disease. […] Praziquantel is the recommended treatment against all forms of schistosomiasis. It is effective, safe and low-cost. Even though re-infection may occur after treatment, the risk of developing severe disease is diminished and even reversed when treatment is initiated and repeated in childhood.
#56
https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/schistosomiasis
Schistosomiasis control focuses on reducing disease through periodic, large-scale population treatment with praziquantel; a more comprehensive approach including potable water, adequate sanitation, and snail control would also reduce transmission. […] The control of schistosomiasis is based on large-scale treatment of at-risk population groups, access to safe water, improved sanitation, hygiene education and behaviour change, and snail control and environmental management. […] WHO recommends treatment of infected preschool aged children based on diagnostic and clinical judgment and their inclusion in large-scale treatment using the paediatric praziquantel formulation. […] The aim is to reduce disease morbidity and transmission towards the elimination of the disease as public health problem. Periodic treatment of at-risk populations will cure mild symptoms and prevent infected people from developing severe, late-stage chronic disease. […] Praziquantel is the recommended treatment against all forms of schistosomiasis. It is effective, safe and low-cost. Even though re-infection may occur after treatment, the risk of developing severe disease is diminished and even reversed when treatment is initiated and repeated in childhood.
#57
https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/schistosomiasis
Schistosomiasis control focuses on reducing disease through periodic, large-scale population treatment with praziquantel; a more comprehensive approach including potable water, adequate sanitation, and snail control would also reduce transmission. […] The control of schistosomiasis is based on large-scale treatment of at-risk population groups, access to safe water, improved sanitation, hygiene education and behaviour change, and snail control and environmental management. […] WHO recommends treatment of infected preschool aged children based on diagnostic and clinical judgment and their inclusion in large-scale treatment using the paediatric praziquantel formulation. […] The aim is to reduce disease morbidity and transmission towards the elimination of the disease as public health problem. Periodic treatment of at-risk populations will cure mild symptoms and prevent infected people from developing severe, late-stage chronic disease. […] Praziquantel is the recommended treatment against all forms of schistosomiasis. It is effective, safe and low-cost. Even though re-infection may occur after treatment, the risk of developing severe disease is diminished and even reversed when treatment is initiated and repeated in childhood.
#58
https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/schistosomiasis
Schistosomiasis control focuses on reducing disease through periodic, large-scale population treatment with praziquantel; a more comprehensive approach including potable water, adequate sanitation, and snail control would also reduce transmission. […] The control of schistosomiasis is based on large-scale treatment of at-risk population groups, access to safe water, improved sanitation, hygiene education and behaviour change, and snail control and environmental management. […] WHO recommends treatment of infected preschool aged children based on diagnostic and clinical judgment and their inclusion in large-scale treatment using the paediatric praziquantel formulation. […] The aim is to reduce disease morbidity and transmission towards the elimination of the disease as public health problem. Periodic treatment of at-risk populations will cure mild symptoms and prevent infected people from developing severe, late-stage chronic disease. […] Praziquantel is the recommended treatment against all forms of schistosomiasis. It is effective, safe and low-cost. Even though re-infection may occur after treatment, the risk of developing severe disease is diminished and even reversed when treatment is initiated and repeated in childhood.
#59 Intestinal schistosomiasis in remote areas of Southwest Ethiopia, a target region for large-scale mass drug administration | Scientific Reports
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-84987-9
Intestinal schistosomiasis was identified among 242 school children, with a rate of infection of 73.8% (95% CI: (64.883.4%)). […] The prevalence and intensity of infection of Schistosoma mansoni in the study area are significantly noticeable, raising doubts on the effectiveness of the interventional programs or pin-points possible re-infection. […] Strategies to end the disease as a public health threat, mainly in remote and endemic areas, should consider novel integrated strategies targeting the life cycle of schistosomes besides the large-scale mass drug administration. […] Despite the high MDA participation rate of the school children, the prevalence of intestinal schistosomiasis post-MDA program in the study area was higher as compared to the other studies conducted in different parts of the world after MDA interventions.
#60 Intestinal schistosomiasis in remote areas of Southwest Ethiopia, a target region for large-scale mass drug administration | Scientific Reports
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-84987-9
The high prevalence and intensity of intestinal schistosomiasis infection in the study area either raise doubts about the effectiveness of the interventional programs or highlight the possibility of re-infection. […] Endemic and remote areas should be paid special consideration for the intervention. […] Additionally, the delay between successive drug administration periods should be reduced to minimize the possibility of re-infection. […] Further consideration of the novel preventive interventions in remote areas targeting the life cycle of schistosomes accompanied by environmental sanitation and intermediate host management is to be extended to remote areas in addition to the preventive chemotherapy. […] Moreover, any interventional program should better consider all age groups of the community for complete curative and preventive management of intestinal schistosomiasis.
#61 Intestinal schistosomiasis in remote areas of Southwest Ethiopia, a target region for large-scale mass drug administration | Scientific Reports
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-84987-9
The high prevalence and intensity of intestinal schistosomiasis infection in the study area either raise doubts about the effectiveness of the interventional programs or highlight the possibility of re-infection. […] Endemic and remote areas should be paid special consideration for the intervention. […] Additionally, the delay between successive drug administration periods should be reduced to minimize the possibility of re-infection. […] Further consideration of the novel preventive interventions in remote areas targeting the life cycle of schistosomes accompanied by environmental sanitation and intermediate host management is to be extended to remote areas in addition to the preventive chemotherapy. […] Moreover, any interventional program should better consider all age groups of the community for complete curative and preventive management of intestinal schistosomiasis.
#62 Intestinal schistosomiasis in remote areas of Southwest Ethiopia, a target region for large-scale mass drug administration | Scientific Reports
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-84987-9
The high prevalence and intensity of intestinal schistosomiasis infection in the study area either raise doubts about the effectiveness of the interventional programs or highlight the possibility of re-infection. […] Endemic and remote areas should be paid special consideration for the intervention. […] Additionally, the delay between successive drug administration periods should be reduced to minimize the possibility of re-infection. […] Further consideration of the novel preventive interventions in remote areas targeting the life cycle of schistosomes accompanied by environmental sanitation and intermediate host management is to be extended to remote areas in addition to the preventive chemotherapy. […] Moreover, any interventional program should better consider all age groups of the community for complete curative and preventive management of intestinal schistosomiasis.
#63 Intestinal schistosomiasis in remote areas of Southwest Ethiopia, a target region for large-scale mass drug administration | Scientific Reports
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-84987-9
The high prevalence and intensity of intestinal schistosomiasis infection in the study area either raise doubts about the effectiveness of the interventional programs or highlight the possibility of re-infection. […] Endemic and remote areas should be paid special consideration for the intervention. […] Additionally, the delay between successive drug administration periods should be reduced to minimize the possibility of re-infection. […] Further consideration of the novel preventive interventions in remote areas targeting the life cycle of schistosomes accompanied by environmental sanitation and intermediate host management is to be extended to remote areas in addition to the preventive chemotherapy. […] Moreover, any interventional program should better consider all age groups of the community for complete curative and preventive management of intestinal schistosomiasis.
#64 Bilharzia Prevention Campaign – Johns Hopkins Center for Communication Programs
https://ccp.jhu.edu/projects/bilharzia-prevention-campaign/
One of 10 so-called neglected tropical diseases, schistosomiasis (also known as bilharzia) is an illness that develops when people come into contact with water contaminated with disease-causing worms. […] The Bilharzia Prevention Campaign in Uganda focused on the other half: prevention. Put a stop to bilharzia before bilharzia stops you, read the campaigns tagline. The campaign focused mainly on how people can avoid contact with schistosomiasis-contaminated water. […] The campaign also emphasized that people should take the medication when it is offered and to never urinate or defecate near or in the water. […] The practice of open defecation and urination is a longstanding one that will be a challenge to solve no matter the risks and avoiding contact with surface water requires huge lifestyle changes. […] Produced an illustrated flipchart about bilharzia for use by health workers and volunteers.
#65 Bilharzia Prevention Campaign – Johns Hopkins Center for Communication Programs
https://ccp.jhu.edu/projects/bilharzia-prevention-campaign/
One of 10 so-called neglected tropical diseases, schistosomiasis (also known as bilharzia) is an illness that develops when people come into contact with water contaminated with disease-causing worms. […] The Bilharzia Prevention Campaign in Uganda focused on the other half: prevention. Put a stop to bilharzia before bilharzia stops you, read the campaigns tagline. The campaign focused mainly on how people can avoid contact with schistosomiasis-contaminated water. […] The campaign also emphasized that people should take the medication when it is offered and to never urinate or defecate near or in the water. […] The practice of open defecation and urination is a longstanding one that will be a challenge to solve no matter the risks and avoiding contact with surface water requires huge lifestyle changes. […] Produced an illustrated flipchart about bilharzia for use by health workers and volunteers.
#66 Bilharzia Prevention Campaign – Johns Hopkins Center for Communication Programs
https://ccp.jhu.edu/projects/bilharzia-prevention-campaign/
One of 10 so-called neglected tropical diseases, schistosomiasis (also known as bilharzia) is an illness that develops when people come into contact with water contaminated with disease-causing worms. […] The Bilharzia Prevention Campaign in Uganda focused on the other half: prevention. Put a stop to bilharzia before bilharzia stops you, read the campaigns tagline. The campaign focused mainly on how people can avoid contact with schistosomiasis-contaminated water. […] The campaign also emphasized that people should take the medication when it is offered and to never urinate or defecate near or in the water. […] The practice of open defecation and urination is a longstanding one that will be a challenge to solve no matter the risks and avoiding contact with surface water requires huge lifestyle changes. […] Produced an illustrated flipchart about bilharzia for use by health workers and volunteers.
#67 Clinical Care of Schistosomiasis | Schistosomiasis | CDC
https://www.cdc.gov/schistosomiasis/hcp/treatment/index.html
Praziquantel is effective at treating infections with all major Schistosoma species. […] Host immune response differences may impact individual response to treatment with praziquantel. […] Oral praziquantel is available for human use in the United States. […] The timing of treatment is important since praziquantel is most effective against the adult worm and requires the presence of a mature antibody response to the parasite. […] For travelers, treatment should occur at least 6 to 8 weeks after last exposure to potentially contaminated freshwater. […] Limited evidence of parasite resistance to praziquantel has been reported based on low cure rates in recently exposed or heavily infected populations. […] However, widespread clinical resistance has not occurred. […] Thus, praziquantel remains the drug of choice for treatment of schistosomiasis.
#68 Capacities and needs of health care facilities for schistosomiasis diagnosis and management in elimination settings | Parasites & Vectors | Full Text
https://parasitesandvectors.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13071-024-06311-8
In the new guidelines for the control and elimination of schistosomiasis, published in 2022, WHO recommends that health facilities provide access to treatment with praziquantel to control morbidity due to schistosomiasis in all individuals regardless of age, including infected pregnant excluding the first trimester, lactating women and preschool-aged children. […] The health facility staff expressed their willingness to participate actively in patient management and passive surveillance of urogenital schistosomiasis and to support the elimination activities in Pemba. They indicated that they would be happy to be assigned an active role in monitoring and reporting cases, test-and-treat activities, outbreak identification, and bolstering health education. […] Health facility staff also stated that they would be able to identify and report outbreaks.
#69 Capacities and needs of health care facilities for schistosomiasis diagnosis and management in elimination settings | Parasites & Vectors | Full Text
https://parasitesandvectors.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13071-024-06311-8
Schistosomiasis is a debilitating neglected tropical disease endemic in sub-Saharan Africa. The role of health facilities in the prevention, diagnosis, control, and elimination of schistosomiasis is poorly documented. […] The most reoccurring themes in the FGD were the need for more staff training about schistosomiasis, requests for diagnostic equipment, and the need to improve community response to schistosomiasis services in health facilities. […] The health facility staff had good schistosomiasis-related knowledge and practices. However, to integrate schistosomiasis patient management more durably into routine health facility activities, scalable screening pathways need to be identified and capacities need to be improved by regular staff training, and an unbroken supply of accurate point-of-care diagnostics and praziquantel for the treatment of cases.
#70 Capacities and needs of health care facilities for schistosomiasis diagnosis and management in elimination settings | Parasites & Vectors | Full Text
https://parasitesandvectors.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13071-024-06311-8
In the new guidelines for the control and elimination of schistosomiasis, published in 2022, WHO recommends that health facilities provide access to treatment with praziquantel to control morbidity due to schistosomiasis in all individuals regardless of age, including infected pregnant excluding the first trimester, lactating women and preschool-aged children. […] The health facility staff expressed their willingness to participate actively in patient management and passive surveillance of urogenital schistosomiasis and to support the elimination activities in Pemba. They indicated that they would be happy to be assigned an active role in monitoring and reporting cases, test-and-treat activities, outbreak identification, and bolstering health education. […] Health facility staff also stated that they would be able to identify and report outbreaks.
#71 Schistosomiasis — Taming the SRU
https://www.tamingthesru.com/global-health/schistosomiasis
Schistosomiasis, also known as Bilharzia or Katayama fever, is a parasitic infection caused by the parasite schistosoma. There are five species of schistosoma that can infect humans and these species are endemic in tropical and subtropical areas. Africa bears the largest disease burden and children under 14 years old are most commonly affected. Freshwater snails are the intermediate host of the parasite. Exposure to contaminated fresh water is necessary for infection. Control of the schistosomiasis disease burden is often focused around control and removal of the freshwater snail intermediate species. […] Gold standard is examination of the urine or stool for evidence of eggs. Serology testing can be used however it does not distinguish between a current and past infection. […] Praziquantal, an antihelmithic medication, which acts by killing adult worms, is the treatment of choice. Dosing is 20mg/kg x2 doses given four hours apart. If infection occurs in Southeast Asia, current recommendations are to take 30mg/kg x2 doses given four hours apart. If there is concern that a patient is early in their infection course, you should repeat the dosing several weeks later in order to kill all adult worms.
#72 Diagnosis and management of schistosomiasis
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3230106/
Treatment with corticosteroids and anticonvulsants within two months of infection. […] Consult with a neurologist and an infectious disease physician. […] Corticosteroids help to alleviate acute allergic reactions and prevent mass effects caused by excessive granulomatous inflammation in the central nervous system. […] Anticonvulsants are used to treat seizures associated with cerebral schistosomiasis but lifelong use is rarely indicated. […] A biopsy of bladder or rectal mucosa may be considered for diagnosis in patients with a typical clinical presentation of schistosomiasis but with no eggs detectable in urine or faeces.
#73 Schistosomiasis — Drugs & Diagnostics for Tropical Diseases
https://www.ddtd.org/schistosomiasis
Schistosomiasis, also known as Bilharziasis, is a parasitic disease that affects 240 million people globally, with an estimated further 780 million people living at risk of contracting the disease. […] Today, the main strategy for control of schistosomiasis focuses on mass drug administration (MDA) of praziquantel, in priority to primary school-aged children. […] Schistosomiasis control programs critically depend on field-deployable diagnostic tools to guide decisions on MDA initiation and cessation. […] A portable, commercial RDT exists that detects Schistosoma circulating cathodic antigen (CCA) in urine. […] Another antigen test capable of detecting circulating anodic antigen (CAA) at the point of care is currently in development. […] However, as prevalence approaches 0% in post-MDA settings, antibody tests can support ME activities by selecting children as sentinel groups because there are fewer former infections, especially in younger age groups.
#74 Schistosomiasis — Drugs & Diagnostics for Tropical Diseases
https://www.ddtd.org/schistosomiasis
Schistosomiasis, also known as Bilharziasis, is a parasitic disease that affects 240 million people globally, with an estimated further 780 million people living at risk of contracting the disease. […] Today, the main strategy for control of schistosomiasis focuses on mass drug administration (MDA) of praziquantel, in priority to primary school-aged children. […] Schistosomiasis control programs critically depend on field-deployable diagnostic tools to guide decisions on MDA initiation and cessation. […] A portable, commercial RDT exists that detects Schistosoma circulating cathodic antigen (CCA) in urine. […] Another antigen test capable of detecting circulating anodic antigen (CAA) at the point of care is currently in development. […] However, as prevalence approaches 0% in post-MDA settings, antibody tests can support ME activities by selecting children as sentinel groups because there are fewer former infections, especially in younger age groups.
#75 Schistosomiasis — Drugs & Diagnostics for Tropical Diseases
https://www.ddtd.org/schistosomiasis
Schistosomiasis, also known as Bilharziasis, is a parasitic disease that affects 240 million people globally, with an estimated further 780 million people living at risk of contracting the disease. […] Today, the main strategy for control of schistosomiasis focuses on mass drug administration (MDA) of praziquantel, in priority to primary school-aged children. […] Schistosomiasis control programs critically depend on field-deployable diagnostic tools to guide decisions on MDA initiation and cessation. […] A portable, commercial RDT exists that detects Schistosoma circulating cathodic antigen (CCA) in urine. […] Another antigen test capable of detecting circulating anodic antigen (CAA) at the point of care is currently in development. […] However, as prevalence approaches 0% in post-MDA settings, antibody tests can support ME activities by selecting children as sentinel groups because there are fewer former infections, especially in younger age groups.
#76 Schistosomiasis prevalence and low-cost diagnostics in rural Northwestern Madagascar: a pilot study | Published in Journal of Global Health Reports
https://www.joghr.org/article/22123-schistosomiasis-prevalence-and-low-cost-diagnostics-in-rural-northwestern-madagascar-a-pilot-study
Schistosomiasis is a parasitic disease that affects the health of hundreds of millions of people worldwide. Affordable diagnostic methods are necessary for developing countries to monitor schistosomiasis rates and treat infected individuals, particularly in Madagascar, a country with the world’s fifth highest rate of schistosomiasis. […] Our results indicate that screening tests are a necessary component of schistosomiasis control programs. The clinic continued to use urinalysis strip testing and urine microscopy to detect schistosomiasis after this study and decided to discontinue the use of POC-CCA S. mansoni urine testing because of cost. Increased awareness of schistosomiasis resulting from this screening program led to the installation of multiple infrastructure projects in local communities to improve access to potable water, demonstrating community benefits of schistosomiasis screening that extend beyond the identification of infected individuals.
#77 Schistosomiasis prevalence and low-cost diagnostics in rural Northwestern Madagascar: a pilot study | Published in Journal of Global Health Reports
https://www.joghr.org/article/22123-schistosomiasis-prevalence-and-low-cost-diagnostics-in-rural-northwestern-madagascar-a-pilot-study
In the present study, we implemented a screening and treatment regimen for patients with schistosomiasis in rural northwestern Madagascar, a region endemic to S. mansoni and S. haematobium. […] This study showed the importance of using screening methods and diagnostic tests to detect and treat schistosomiasis in rural Madagascar. […] Our assessment of schistosomiasis screening tools provides a model that could be implemented in low-income countries for the diagnosis and surveillance of schistosomiasis on a national scale. Importantly, all screening methods used in this study can be performed in the field in a noninvasive manner with urine samples and without need for refrigeration.
#78 Nursing Care Plan For Schistosomiasis – Made For Medical
https://www.madeformedical.com/nursing-care-plan-for-schistosomiasis/
Nursing interventions involve providing education, clarifying misconceptions, and promoting adherence to preventive measures. […] Nurses provide support and education to patients, emphasizing the importance of preventive measures, adherence to medication regimens, and proper wound care to prevent reinfection and complications. […] By addressing the physical, emotional, and psychosocial needs of patients, nurses promote overall well-being and contribute to the holistic care of individuals with schistosomiasis. […] Continued collaboration, assessment, and adjustment of the care plan are necessary to meet the changing needs of the patient and achieve optimal outcomes.