Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Epidemiology of Pancreatic Cancer: Global Trends, Etiology and Risk Factors

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6396775/

  Pancreatic cancer is the seventh leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. However, its toll is higher in more developed countries. Reasons for vast differences in mortality rates of pancreatic cancer are not completely clear yet, but it may be due to lack of appropriate diagnosis, treatment and cataloging of cancer cases. Because patients seldom exhibit symptoms until an advanced stage of the disease, pancreatic cancer remains one of the most lethal malignant neoplasms that caused 432,242 new deaths in 2018 (GLOBOCAN 2018 estimates). Globally, 458,918 new cases of pancreatic cancer have been reported in 2018, and 355,317 new cases are estimated to occur until 2040. Despite advancements in the detection and management of pancreatic cancer, the 5-year survival rate still stands at 9% only. To date, the causes of pancreatic carcinoma are still insufficiently known, although certain risk factors have been identified, such as tobacco smoking, diabetes mellitus, obesity, dietary factors, alcohol abuse, age, ethnicity, family history and genetic factors, Helicobacter pylori infection, non-O blood group and chronic pancreatitis. In general population, screening of large groups is not considered useful to detect the disease at its early stage, although newer techniques and the screening of tightly targeted groups (especially of those with family history), are being evaluated. Primary prevention is considered of utmost importance. Up-to-date statistics on pancreatic cancer occurrence and outcome along with a better understanding of the etiology and identifying the causative risk factors are essential for the primary prevention of this disease.

• #2 Pancreatic cancer: A review of epidemiology, trend, and risk factors

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8316912/

  In this paper, the epidemiological characteristics, developmental trends, and risk factors of pancreatic cancer are reviewed and analyzed in detail. […] Assessing the latest epidemiologic trends in pancreatic cancer is necessary because it is of great importance for preventive measures and clinical care. […] Pancreatic cancer ranks consistently last among all cancers in terms of prognostic outcomes for patients and is predicted to become the second leading cause of cancer death in some regions. […] The 5-year relative survival rate of pancreatic cancer was 7.2% in China and the lowest level in all cancers. […] Pancreatic cancer remains the seventh leading cause of cancer death globally, and Global Cancer Statistics 2020 showed that, globally, a total of 495773 new cases and 466003 related deaths were reported for pancreatic cancer in 2020, with almost as many mortality as incidence.

• #3 Epidemiology of Pancreatic Cancer: Global Trends, Etiology and Risk Factors

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6396775/

  In the last decade, a trend towards an increase of pancreatic cancer incidence and mortality rates was observed regardless of the gender. Analysis of statistic data reported by SEER 13 demonstrated that between years 2000 and 2014, there is an age-specific trend towards an increase in pancreatic cancer incidence in two particularly group of ages, 20 – 29 years old and 80 years in the USA. […] Although every pancreatic cancer patients case is unique, and it is not possible to predict each person outcome, population-wide studies reported that a person diagnosed with any cancer, including pancreatic cancer, will survive 5 years. From 2014 to 2018, the 5-years survival rate for pancreatic cancer increased from 6% to 9%, which shows that progress is being made and there is an urgent need to improve the survival even more. Indeed, to date, pancreatic cancer remains one of the most lethal malignancies, with a dismal prognosis and mortality/incidence ratio of 94%.

• #4 Epidemiology of Pancreatic Cancer: Global Trends, Etiology and Risk Factors

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6396775/

  The incidence of pancreatic cancer varies across regions and populations. In 2018, 458,918 new cases of pancreatic cancer were registered worldwide, representing 2.5% of all cancers. The age-standardized rate (ASR) incidence was highest in Europe (7.7 per 100,000 people) and North America (7.6 per 100,000 people), followed by Oceania (6.4 per 100,000 people). The lowest rate was observed in Africa with an estimated incidence of 2.2 per 100,000 people. […] International mortality rates for pancreatic cancer vary considerably in the world. In 2018, the highest mortality rates were recorded in Western Europe (7.6 per 100,000 people), Central and Eastern Europe (7.3), followed by Northern Europe and North America (equally: 6.5). The lowest rate was reported in the countries of Eastern Africa (1.4), South-Eastern Asia and Western Africa (equally: 2.1). The differences in mortality rates were 30-fold between the populations with the highest and lowest rate.

• #5 Facts About Pancreatic Cancer | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/pancreatic-cancer/about/key-statistics.html

  Pancreatic cancer accounts for about 3% of all cancers in the United States and about 8% of all cancer deaths. […] The American Cancer Society’s estimates for pancreatic cancer in the United States for 2025 are: About 67,440 people (34,950 men and 32,490 women) will be diagnosed with pancreatic cancer. […] About 51,980 people (27,050 men and 24,930 women) will die of pancreatic cancer. […] The average lifetime risk of pancreatic cancer is about 1 in 56 in men and about 1 in 60 in women.

• #6 Pancreatic cancer in Australia statistics | Cancer Australia

  https://www.canceraustralia.gov.au/cancer-types/pancreatic-cancer/pancreatic-cancer-australia-statistics

  4,641 Estimated number of new pancreatic cancer cases diagnosed in 2024 […] 3,902 Estimated number of deaths from pancreatic cancer in 2024 […] Pancreatic cancer was the eighth most commonly diagnosed cancer in Australia in 2020. It is estimated that it will remain the eighth most commonly diagnosed cancer in 2024. […] In 2024, it is estimated that a person has a 1 in 70 (or 1.4%) risk of being diagnosed with pancreatic cancer by the age of 85 (1 in 66 or 1.5% for males and 1 in 75 or 1.3% for females). […] In 2022, pancreatic cancer was the fourth most common cause of cancer death in Australia. It is estimated that it will become the third most common cause of death from cancer in 2024. […] In 2024, it is estimated that a person has a 1 in 84 (or 1.2%) risk of dying from pancreatic cancer by the age of 85 (1 in 79 or 1.3% for males and 1 in 90 or 1.1% for females).

• #7 Epidemiology of Pancreatic Cancer: Global Trends, Etiology and Risk Factors

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6396775/

  In the last decade, a trend towards an increase of pancreatic cancer incidence and mortality rates was observed regardless of the gender. Analysis of statistic data reported by SEER 13 demonstrated that between years 2000 and 2014, there is an age-specific trend towards an increase in pancreatic cancer incidence in two particularly group of ages, 20 – 29 years old and 80 years in the USA. […] Although every pancreatic cancer patients case is unique, and it is not possible to predict each person outcome, population-wide studies reported that a person diagnosed with any cancer, including pancreatic cancer, will survive 5 years. From 2014 to 2018, the 5-years survival rate for pancreatic cancer increased from 6% to 9%, which shows that progress is being made and there is an urgent need to improve the survival even more. Indeed, to date, pancreatic cancer remains one of the most lethal malignancies, with a dismal prognosis and mortality/incidence ratio of 94%.

• #8 Pancreatic cancer incidence trends: evidence from the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) population-based data

  https://www.cancer.fr/professionnels-de-sante/veille/nota-bene-cancer/bulletin-n-356/pancreatic-cancer-incidence-trends-evidence-from-the-surveillance-epidemiology-and-end-results-seer-population-based-data

  Pancreatic cancer incidence rates have been increasing. […] We examine pancreatic cancer incidence trends by demographics and histologic type. […] Data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) registries were available to assess temporal trends and pancreatic cancer rates from 1974 to 2013. […] Pancreatic cancer incidence rates declined between the 1970s and 1990s but increased from 1994 to 2013 among White males. […] Among non-Hispanic White and Hispanic males, the annual percent change (APC) in incidence between 1992 and 2013 was 0.84% and 0.73%, respectively. […] Rates also rose among White non-Hispanic, Hispanic and Asian females (APC=0.81%, 0.56% and 1.23%, respectively) and even more rapidly among females aged 2534 years (APCgt;2.5%). […] Rates among Black males and females remained unchanged, but higher compared with the other racial/ethnic groups.

• #9 Pancreatic cancer incidence trends: evidence from the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) population-based data

  https://www.cancer.fr/professionnels-de-sante/veille/nota-bene-cancer/bulletin-n-356/pancreatic-cancer-incidence-trends-evidence-from-the-surveillance-epidemiology-and-end-results-seer-population-based-data

  By histologic type, the increases were greatest for non-secretory endocrine cancers (gt;6%), followed by ductal adenocarcinomas (5%) and adenocarcinoma, NOS (1.4%)the largest histologic subgroup of pancreatic cancer. […] Overall, incidence rates during 200013 were higher among males than females [MF incidence rate ratio (IRR)=1.28]. […] The MF IRRs for most of the histologic types were elevated among males apart from solid pseudopapillary adenocarcinoma and cystic carcinomas (IRR=0.22, confidence interval: 0.140.34 and 0.52, 0.410.65, respectively). […] Pancreatic cancer has been increasing overall, but patterns differ by demographic group and histologic type.

• #10 Pancreatic cancer: A review of epidemiology, trend, and risk factors

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8316912/

  The systematic analysis for the 2017 Global Burden of Disease Study showed that the number of incident cases and deaths from pancreatic cancer in both genders increased 2.3-fold from 195000 incident cases and 196000 deaths in 1990 to 448000 incident cases and 441000 deaths in 2017 globally. […] The higher incidence and mortality rates of pancreatic cancer were reported in countries and regions with higher levels of HDI and Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita, and the coefficients of determination (R2) of HDI and GPD per capita were high for the incidence and mortality. […] The higher incidence and mortality rates of pancreatic cancer in countries with higher HDI indicates the importance that paying more attention and implementing appropriate programme to reduce risk factors acts as an effective measure to control the incidence and mortality of the cancer.

• #11 Pancreatic cancer statistics | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/health-professional/cancer-statistics/statistics-by-cancer-type/pancreatic-cancer

  5 in 100 (5.0%) people diagnosed with pancreatic cancer in England survive their disease for ten years or more, it is predicted (2013-2017). […] Pancreatic cancer survival has not shown much improvement in the last 50 years in the UK. […] In the 1970s, only 1 in 100 (1.3%) of people diagnosed with pancreatic cancer survived their disease beyond ten years, by the 2010s it was still only 1 in 100 (1.1%). […] 31% of pancreatic cancer cases in the UK are preventable.

• #12 Pancreatic cancer in Australia statistics | Cancer Australia

  https://www.canceraustralia.gov.au/cancer-types/pancreatic-cancer/pancreatic-cancer-australia-statistics

  In 2016–2020, individuals diagnosed with pancreatic cancer had a 13% chance (12% for males and 14% for females) of surviving for five years compared to their counterparts in the general Australian population. […] At the end of 2020, there were 2,296 people living who had been diagnosed with pancreatic cancer that year, 5,124 people living who had been diagnosed with pancreatic cancer in the previous 5 years (from 2016 to 2020) and 7,652 people living who had been diagnosed with pancreatic cancer in the previous 39 years (from 1982 to 2020).

• #13 Pancreatic Cancer Surveillance: Who Should Be Screened? | UPMC Physician Resources

  https://www.upmcphysicianresources.com/news/031522-pancreatic-cancer-surveillance

  Pancreatic adenocarcinoma is notoriously difficult to detect and is often diagnosed at a late stage. As a result, the five-year survival from pancreatic adenocarcinoma is only 10.8%. Population screening for pancreatic cancer is not feasible. Therefore, the first step in identifying pancreatic cancer at an early and potentially resectable stage is narrowing the population to be tested so that surveillance is possible. […] Pancreatic cancer is rare, accounting for only 3.2% of new cancer diagnoses but for 7.9% of cancer deaths in the United States. Finding pancreatic adenocarcinoma when it is potentially resectable and aggressively treating systemic disease is currently the best approach to reduce mortality from pancreatic adenocarcinoma, but this is a formidable challenge. One approach used by the UPMC Hereditary GI Tumor Program is offering pancreatic cancer surveillance to patients who have an increased risk for pancreatic cancer based on family history or hereditary syndromes.

• #14

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10689-024-00368-1

  Individuals who meet the criteria for HRIs are enrolled in a pancreatic cancer surveillance program. According to current recommendations, intermittent longitudinal imaging, including magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)/magnetic resonance cholangial pancreatography (MRCP), and/or endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) is suggested. […] Surveillance typically involves annual longitudinal imaging by MRI and/or EUS. If any concerning lesions are found, such as cysts with worrisome features, solid lesions or main pancreatic duct (MPD) stricture and/or dilatation without a mass, further assessment is conducted using either EUS with FNA/FNB or CT to evaluate the suspicion for malignancy. […] Several studies have investigated the outcomes of HRIs undergoing pancreatic cancer surveillance. A meta-analysis by Signoretti et al. examined the diagnostic yield of pancreatic cancer surveillance programs for successful target lesions, defined as PanIN-3, high-grade IPMN and any resectable PDAC with R0 pathology.

• #15

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12029-025-01184-1

  In this review, we summarize the current state of PC surveillance in high-risk individuals, providing an overview of the risk factors associated with PC, selection of high-risk individuals for PC surveillance, and the current, but non-uniform, recommendations for performing PC surveillance. […] The recommendations per guideline summarized in this review focus on those with identifiable genetic risk for PC or FPC with unidentifiable genetic risk. […] The National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN), the International Cancer of the Pancreas Screening (CAPS) consortium, the American Gastroenterological Association (AGA), and the American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ASGE) have all put out recent guidelines and recommendations for who should undergo PC surveillance. […] Surveillance criteria for those who meet FPC criteria differs among the guidelines in both age of initiation and the definition of what criteria defines families with FPC.

• #16 High Risk Pancreatic Cancer Surveillance | Vanderbilt Health Nashville, TN

  https://www.vanderbilthealth.com/service/high-risk-pancreatic-cancer-surveillance

  Vanderbilts High Risk Pancreatic Cancer Surveillance provides screening, risk assessment and education for people at high risk of pancreatic cancer. […] You may be at higher risk of pancreatic cancer if: […] You have 2 or more members on the same side of the family who have had pancreatic cancer. […] You have certain gene markers or genetic syndromes: BRCA2, BRCA1, ATM, PALB2, p16/ CDKN2A (FAMMM Syndrome), Lynch Syndrome (HNPCC), and Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome (STK11). […] You have chronic pancreatitis with genetic risk factors in: PRSS1, PRSS2, CTRC, and SPINK1.

• #17 Pancreatic Cancer Surveillance: Who Should Be Screened? | UPMC Physician Resources

  https://www.upmcphysicianresources.com/news/031522-pancreatic-cancer-surveillance

  All surveillance should be based on expert opinion at a specialty center and should be conducted in the setting of research. We never perform surveillance without first counseling the individual who is concerned about developing pancreatic cancer. Each person needs to understand the risks, benefits, and limitations of surveillance for pancreatic adenocarcinoma. […] We generally begin surveillance when the high-risk individual is 45-55 years of age or 10 years younger than the youngest age of pancreatic cancer diagnosis in the family, depending on the criteria met. […] People who meet pancreatic cancer surveillance criteria are advised to undergo annual imaging of their pancreas by endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). […] Surveillance with imaging promotes detection of pancreatic adenocarcinoma at an earlier stage in a subset of high-risk individuals.

• #18 Tailored Surveillance Strategies for Pancreatic Cancer in Patients with Chronic Pancreatitis

  https://www.jdcr.org/journal/view.html?uid=345&vmd=Full

  Chronic pancreatitis, a significant risk factor for pancreatic cancer, necessitates monitoring for pancreatic cancer development. […] Given the variability in the risk for pancreatic cancer based on the presence and type of genetic mutations, it is crucial to establish and be aware of guidelines for screening and surveillance tailored to each risk level. […] In cases of hereditary chronic pancreatitis with PRSS1 mutations, patients demonstrated a high incidence of pancreatic cancer, justifying the rationale for screening and surveillance. […] However, the incidence of pancreatic cancer is relatively low in hereditary chronic pancreatitis with other genetic mutations and sporadic chronic pancreatitis; thus, precise screening and periodic surveillance are not recommended. […] For individuals with PRSS1 mutation-related hereditary chronic pancreatitis, surveillance may be considered from the age of 40 years.

• #19 Pancreatic Cancer High Risk Surveillance – Southern California Multi-Specialty Center

  https://scmsc.com/general-surgery/general-conditions-treated/pancreatic-cancer-high-risk-surveillance/

  Many people are at high-risk for pancreatic cancer, often it can be familial pancreatic cancer. […] Following these guidelines, we recommend screening patients for pancreatic cancer who are determined to be at high risk. The following risk factors will put you in the high-risk pancreatic cancer surveillance category: First-degree relatives of patients with pancreatic cancer, at least 2 affected genetically related relatives, patients with genetic syndromes associated with an increased risk of pancreatic cancer. These people are all at increased risk of pancreatic cancer. […] People with chronic pancreatitis should get annual pancreas screening as there is an increased risk for pancreatic cancer. Screening can reduce cancer death, even from pancreatic cancers. […] High risk individuals will begin the process generally at the age of 50. If there is family history, then you will begin at 10 years younger than the initial age of the familial onset. So, if your parent had pancreatic cancer at age 45, we would recommend you begin surveillance at age 35. For patients with CKDN2A and PRSS1 mutation carriers with hereditary pancreatitis, we will initiate screening at age 40. Finally, patients with Peutz-Jeghers syndrome will start surveillance at age 35.

• #20

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12029-025-01184-1

  While not summarized in Table 2, the European Society for Medical Oncology (ESMO) also recommends high-risk individuals consider pancreatic cancer surveillance with EUS and/or MRI, typically beginning at age 50 or 10 years prior to the earliest diagnosis in the family. […] Current guidelines recommend that PC surveillance should be performed with regular imaging of the pancreas; however, there has also been increasing research into the use of non-invasive blood-based tests for PC surveillance. […] Overall, these studies reported higher rate of resectable PC than would be expected outside of surveillance, and those that did report 5-year survival rates were higher than the current 12.8% 5-year survival for all PC.

• #21 High Risk Pancreatic Cancer Clinic | Huntsman Cancer Institute | University of Utah Health

  https://healthcare.utah.edu/huntsmancancerinstitute/screening-prevention/pancreatic-cancer-clinic

  National guidelines recommend pancreatic cancer surveillance for people who fall into any of these categories: People with an increased risk due to these genetic conditions: Peutz-Jegher Syndrome (with mutations in STK11 gene), CDKN2A mutations, BRCA2 and ATM gene mutations, regardless of family history; screening should begin at age 50. […] Current national and international guidelines recommend people who undergo pancreatic cancer surveillance get yearly imaging with MRI/magnetic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) and/or endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) and that this surveillance should be performed at experienced, high-volume centers, ideally under research conditions. […] The age to begin pancreatic cancer surveillance depends on which category above the person fits into. […] For anyone with a family member diagnosed with pancreatic cancer at a young age, we offer surveillance starting ten years before the age of their relatives diagnosis. […] This international consortium includes centers that offer pancreatic cancer surveillance focused on data sharing, with the goal of improving early detection, screening, risk modeling, and prevention for those with an increased risk of getting pancreatic cancer.

• #22 Pancreatic Cancer High Risk Surveillance – Southern California Multi-Specialty Center

  https://scmsc.com/general-surgery/general-conditions-treated/pancreatic-cancer-high-risk-surveillance/

  Screening intervals of 12 months will be considered when there are no concerning pancreatic lesions, with shortened intervals as clinically indicated. Patients will undergo an endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) at baseline and as needed clinically for further evaluation of the entire pancreas or concerning lesions. Generally, patients can expect a 6 to 12 months follow up, directed towards lesions determined to be low risk after evaluation by our multidisciplinary tumor board. EUS evaluation within 3 to 6 months will be offered for indeterminate lesions. Patients who are determined to have high risk lesions can expect a short term follow up within 3 months, as well as those who will be considered for surgical resection. Although these are general guidelines, each individual surveillance program will be clinically catered towards each patient, offering a personalized program that will be of highest clinical value. You can expect your case to be discussed at our monthly Regional Pancreatic Cancer Tumor board. This is the only regional pancreatic cancer tumor board offered in the Southern California region, established and moderated by Dr. Bobby Eghbalieh. Patients with new onset diabetes (not type 1 or type 2) and high-risk patients’ group will have to have additional diagnostic studies and surveillance intervals will be directed accordingly.

• #23 Tailored Surveillance Strategies for Pancreatic Cancer in Patients with Chronic Pancreatitis

  https://www.jdcr.org/journal/view.html?uid=345&vmd=Full

  While computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging is suitable for pancreatic cancer screening, endoscopic ultrasonography is not recommended because of parenchymal inflammation, fibrosis, and calcification. […] However, in cases of sporadic chronic pancreatitis where various risk factors for pancreatic cancer coexist, the incidence of pancreatic cancer significantly increases. […] Therefore, in 5 years after the diagnosis of chronic pancreatitis, the pancreatic cancer incidence has been observed to continuously increase. […] In such cases, individualized screening tests and surveillance based on the patients symptoms and specific circumstances must be considered. […] The risk of pancreatic cancer varies significantly depending on the presence and type of genetic mutations in chronic pancreatitis, making it essential to establish guidelines for pancreatic cancer screening tailored to each risk level.

• #24 Surveillance Improves Outcomes for High-Risk Patients – Let’s Win Pancreatic Cancer

  https://letswinpc.org/research/surveillance-screening-improves-outcomes-high-risk-patients/

  Theres good news for those at high risk of pancreatic cancer. The majority of high-risk patients diagnosed with the disease while enrolled in a multidisciplinary surveillance program have stage I disease. Not only are these patients candidates for surgerythe only potential cure for the diseasebut most are long-term survivors. The study found that more than 70 percent of patients were still alive five years later. […] The research, dubbed The Cancer of the Pancreas Screening-5 (CAPS5) Study, which was published in June 2022 in the Journal of Clinical Oncology, found high-risk patients diagnosed with pancreatic cancer while enrolled in the CAPS surveillance program had a median survival of 9.8 years. […] What we showed is that surveillance works. […] Although the pancreatic cancer survival rate now hovers around 11 percent, most patients are unfortunately still diagnosed at a later stage, which contributes to this poor survival rate.

• #25 Surveillance Improves Outcomes for High-Risk Patients – Let’s Win Pancreatic Cancer

  https://letswinpc.org/research/surveillance-screening-improves-outcomes-high-risk-patients/

  We clearly need biomarkers for this disease so we can detect it earlier. […] Weve got a ways to go, but what we can say is that according to our [CAPS] data, the outcomes for those diagnosed at stage I are dramatically different than being diagnosed at later stages. […] The goal of the current study was to describe outcomes of the multicenter CAPS5 study, which opened in 2014. […] For the CAPS5 study, which took place between 2014 and 2021 at eight medical centers, 1,461 high-risk individuals were enrolled and provided with annual pancreatic imaging. […] Seven of the remaining nine patients (77.8%) were diagnosed with stage I disease. […] The CAPS study takes place in large medical centers. […] In this study, five patients underwent surgery after imaging showed abnormalities indicative of potential pancreatic cancer.

• #26 Surveillance for pancreatic cancer in high-risk individuals leads to improved outcomes: A… : Falk Foundation

  https://falkfoundation.org/en/fgr/detail/surveillance-for-pancreatic-cancer-in-high-risk-individuals-leads-to-improved-outcomes-a-propensity-score-matched-analysis/

  Surveillance for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) in carriers of a CDKN2A/p16 pathogenic variant results in earlier detection, increased resectability, and improved survival as compared with non-surveillance patients with PDAC. […] This study assessed to what extent outcomes of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) in patients with a CDKN2A/p16 pathogenic variant diagnosed under surveillance are better as compared with patients with PDAC diagnosed outside surveillance. […] Patients in surveillance had a better prognosis, reflected by a 5-year survival of 32.4% and a median overall survival of 26.8 months versus 4.3% 5-year survival and 5.2 months median overall survival in non-surveillance patients.

• #27

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10689-024-00368-1

  Despite pancreatic cancer surveillance, PDAC cases are often diagnosed at a late stage (stage II or higher). A meta-analysis examining late-stage PDAC detection in HRIs undergoing pancreatic cancer surveillance showed that late-stage PDAC represented a substantial proportion of the overall detection rate of PDAC.

• #28 Updates on Imaging-Based Pancreatic Cancer Surveillance for Individuals With Increased Genetic and Familial Risk

  https://www.onclive.com/view/updates-on-imaging-based-pancreatic-cancer-surveillance-for-individuals-with-increased-genetic-and-familial-risk

  As such, guidelines from the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) recommend imaging-based surveillance for many individuals with familial and/or genetic high risk for PDAC with annual MRCP and/or EUS. […] One critical unknown is whether these promising outcomes can be replicated outside of a clinical trial setting. […] Another unanswered question is whether current criteria are too restrictive as to which high-risk individuals should be considered for imaging-based surveillance. […] To that end, recent clinical practice guidelines from the American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy recently endorsed imaging-based surveillance for all individuals with pathogenic germline variants in BRCA1, BRCA2, and PALB2, regardless of family history. […] Currently, the use of such blood-based assays is not endorsed by NCCN guidelines or other professional societies for PDAC surveillance. […] In sum, recent years have brought tremendous progress in demonstrating that there is hope for improving mortality from PDAC through early detection.

• #29 Surveillance for People at High Risk of Pancreatic Cancer – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/news-events/cancer-currents-blog/2024/pancreatic-cancer-surveillance

  The new findings confirmed the results from the groups earlier work and provided additional information. […] The study was conducted at eight medical centers that have experience treating people with pancreatic cancer. Only people who were found to be at high risk of the disease were eligible to enroll. […] Pancreatic cancer surveillance involves multidisciplinary teams of experts who can capture and assess test results, Dr. Rudloff said. […] Annual screening for pancreatic cancer has potential risks, including false-positive results that can lead to unnecessary additional testing and medical procedures, and false-negative results that can lead to early-stage cancers being missed. […] By and large, people who are enrolling in [these surveillance studies] want to be able to manage their cancer risk, said Dr. Goggins. […] We need to learn how to better estimate the risk of pancreatic cancer and to identify people who most need surveillance, Dr. Goggins said.

• #30 Long-term yield of pancreatic cancer surveillance in high-risk individuals | Gut

  https://gut.bmj.com/content/71/6/1152

  In conclusion, the diagnostic yield of PDAC was substantial in high-risk mutation carriers, in particular in CDKN2A mutation carriers and patients with Peutz-Jeghers syndrome, but non-existent in the mutation-negative FPC kindreds. Whether there is a benefit of surveillance for FPC kindreds at an older age remains to be proven. Timely identification of resectable lesions proved challenging despite the concurrent use of two imaging modalities, with EUS outperforming MRI/MRCP. Although some indicators suggest a diagnosis at an earlier stage and a longer median survival with surveillance, lead-time bias cannot be excluded and a genuine survival benefit cannot be ascertained. Overall, surveillance of individuals at high risk of developing PDAC by imaging yields suboptimal results and in order to improve outcomes, it is pivotal to explore other diagnostic modalities including biomarkers.

• #31 Surveillance Improves Outcomes for High-Risk Patients – Let’s Win Pancreatic Cancer

  https://letswinpc.org/research/surveillance-screening-improves-outcomes-high-risk-patients/

  Significant research is underway in the pancreatic cancer scientific community to try to distinguish between normal biological processes in the pancreas and those that transform healthy cells into malignant ones. […] In pancreatic cancer, CA 19-9 is the most extensively studied biomarker to date. […] The research is still ongoing, but the hope is that researchers can develop a blood test that can be used in high-risk patients as a kind of interval screen before they would be due for their annual imaging screens.

• #32 Pancreatic Cancer Surveillance: Who Should Be Screened? | UPMC Physician Resources

  https://www.upmcphysicianresources.com/news/031522-pancreatic-cancer-surveillance

  The success of current surveillance protocols in detecting pancreatic adenocarcinoma at an earlier stage in highly selected patients is encouraging, but the protocols only capture a fraction of pancreatic cancer cases each year. Additional biomarkers for early diagnosis and risk prediction are needed, and their identification, funded through the National Cancer Institutes Early Detection Research Network, is one of our current research focuses at UPMC.

• #33 Aggressive Surveillance Paves the Way for Early Detection of Pancreatic Cancer

  https://reports.mountsinai.org/article/gi2023-05-pancreatic-cancer-screening

  One of the major reasons pancreatic cancer remains so deadly is because of late detection, Dr. Lucas points out. That’s why we’re so focused on investigating genetic predisposition and biomarkers for early detection, and pairing that information with an aggressive surveillance program that could lead to improved outcomes.

• #34 Pancreatic cancer epidemiology: understanding the role of lifestyle and inherited risk factors | Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41575-021-00457-x

  Knowledge of inherited genetic factors in pancreatic cancer continues to grow and probably explains 22-33% of pancreatic cancer risk. […] The goal of this Review is to provide an up-to-date overview of the established modifiable and inherited risk factors for pancreatic cancer. […] Smoking continues to be a leading cause of pancreatic cancer worldwide. […] Increasing rates of diabetes and obesity will probably result in increased rates of pancreatic cancer. […] Growing evidence indicates that high alcohol intake contributes to pancreatic cancer risk. […] Identification of the genetic changes that underlie pancreatic cancer not only provides insight into the aetiology of this cancer but also provides an opportunity to guide early detection strategies.

• #35 Pancreatic Cancer Risk Factors | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/pancreatic-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html

  Here are some of the risk factors known to increase a persons risk for pancreatic cancer. […] Smoking is one of the most important risk factors for pancreatic cancer. The risk of getting pancreatic cancer is about twice as high among people who smoke compared to those who have never smoked. […] Having excess body weight (overweight or obesity) is a risk factor for pancreatic cancer. People with obesity (body mass index [BMI] of 30 or more) are about 20% more likely to develop pancreatic cancer. […] Pancreatic cancer is more common in people with diabetes. […] Chronic pancreatitis, a long-term inflammation of the pancreas, is linked with an increased risk of pancreatic cancer. […] The risk of developing pancreatic cancer goes up as people age. Almost all patients are older than 45.

• #36 Pancreatic Cancer Test Is Surveillance Tool for High-Risk Patients | Clinical Lab Products

  https://clpmag.com/disease-states/cancer/pancreatic/pancreatic-cancer-test-is-surveillance-tool-for-high-risk-patients/

  Pancreatic Cancer Test Is Surveillance Tool for High-Risk Patients […] ClearNote Health announced the cost-effectiveness of its Avantect Pancreatic Cancer test for managing new-onset diabetes patients risk of developing pancreatic cancer within three years post-diagnosis, with findings to be presented at ISPOR. […] The Avantect test is shown to be cost-effective for early detection of pancreatic cancer in diabetes patients aged 50 and older. […] Over 80% of pancreatic cancer patients have type 2 diabetes or impaired glucose tolerance, often diagnosed less than 24 months before their cancer diagnosis. […] Greater than 80% of pancreatic cancer patients present with either type 2 diabetes or impaired glucose tolerance. The increased incidence of cancer in patients diagnosed with diabetes has been observed repeatedly in clinical studies, in most cases less than 24 months prior to their diagnosis of cancer.

• #37 Incidence and risk of pancreatic cancer in patients with chronic pancreatitis: defining the optimal subgroup for surveillance | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-26411-8

  Although the incidence of pancreatic cancer is high in among patients with CP, surveillance of all patients with CP is not recommended because the incidence of pancreatic cancer itself is not high enough for surveillance. […] Therefore, it is necessary to perform surveillance for CP subgroups that have each risk factor, and in particular, if two or more risk factors are satisfied, a more careful follow-up is needed.

• #38 Pancreatic Cancer Risk Factors | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/pancreatic-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html

  Men are slightly more likely to develop pancreatic cancer than women. […] African Americans are slightly more likely to develop pancreatic cancer than Whites. […] Pancreatic cancer seems to run in some families. […] Inherited gene changes (mutations) can be passed from parent to child. These gene changes may cause as many as 10% of pancreatic cancers. […] Chronic pancreatitis is sometimes due to an inherited gene mutation. People with this inherited form of pancreatitis have a higher lifetime risk of pancreatic cancer. […] Diets with red and processed meats (such as sausage and bacon) and saturated fats may increase the risk of pancreatic cancer. […] Some studies show a link between heavy alcohol use and pancreatic cancer. Heavy alcohol use can lead to conditions such as chronic pancreatitis, which is known to increase pancreatic cancer risk.

• #39 Epidemiology and Risk Factors of Pancreatic Cancer | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/online-first/85784

  The strongest risk factor for PC is age. The incidence of PC increases significantly after the age of 50 and over 80% of PCs are diagnosed in patients older than 60. […] The role of screening for PC is not recommended for asymptomatic average-risk individuals as it is estimated that it would generate more harm than good. With an incidence of only 1.6% of individuals developing PC during their lifetime, it is estimated that even with an ideal screening tool with 99% sensitivity and 99% specificity, 1000 false positive results would be generated when the test is applied to 100,000 individuals. Current guidelines recommend that only healthy individuals with at least a 5% or higher risk of developing PC should be considered for screening programs at age 50, or 10 years younger than the earliest diagnosis of PC in the family. These individuals must have two or more blood relatives diagnosed with PC with at least one affected first-degree relative.

• #40 Epidemiology and Risk Factors of Pancreatic Cancer | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/online-first/85784

  Pancreatic cancer (PC) is among the most common tumors of the gastrointestinal system in the world. In the United States and in other industrialized countries, it represents the fourth leading cause of cancer-related mortality. The incidence of PC increases with age and most patients are diagnosed after the age of 50. The overall prognosis of PC is poor. Most tumors are silent and they often present when metastatic. Only less than 15% of patients can undergo surgery, which represents the only potential cure for PC, and less than 10% of patients are alive after 5 years. In this chapter, we present the epidemiology of PC and its most common risk factors. […] Worldwide, pancreatic cancer (PC) is the 12th most common cancer and the fourth leading cause of cancer-related mortality in the United States with estimated 42,500 new cases and 35,000 deaths each year. The age-standardized incidence of PC is 4.9 per 100,000 individuals. There are significant variations in the incidence of PC among different geographical areas. In high-income countries, the incidence of PC is much higher than in low-income countries (11 vs. 3 per 100,000 individuals). PC ranks fifth after colorectal cancer, gastric cancer, hepatic cancer, and esophageal cancer among all gastrointestinal malignancies. Over time, the mortality rate for males has decreased by 0.4% while the mortality rate for females has increased by 4.4%. More than 80% of PCs are diagnosed in patients older than 60 and almost 50% have distant metastases at the time of their clinical presentation. Men are more frequently affected than women (Relative Risk (RR) = 1.3) and individuals of African American descent are at a higher risk in comparison to Caucasians (RR = 1.5). Despite some improvements in early diagnosis, surgical therapy, neoadjuvant therapy, adjuvant therapy and palliative interventions, the overall survival of patients with PC is still quite poor with only 6-9% of all patients being alive after 5 years.

• #41 Impact of surveillance among patients with resected pancreatic cancer following adjuvant chemotherapy – Wong – Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology

  https://jgo.amegroups.org/article/view/50677/html

  Pancreatic adenocarcinoma carries a high risk of recurrence even after surgery and adjuvant chemotherapy. Current guidelines do not endorse routine surveillance imaging due to lack of evidence supporting a survival benefit. […] Despite the absence of surveillance recommendations, the majority of patients underwent surveillance imaging. We demonstrated a non-significant increase in the likelihood of receiving palliative chemotherapy among patients who underwent surveillance scans. […] In our study, the rate of recurrence among patients with resected pancreatic cancer who received at least one cycle of adjuvant chemotherapy was high at 81%. […] Ultimately, consensus regarding the role of surveillance and development of a structured surveillance strategy is important in the setting of resected pancreatic cancer. […] With the evolution of more efficacious palliative chemotherapy regimens, prospective studies to determine whether receipt of palliative chemotherapy in asymptomatic recurrences detected on imaging translates into improved survival and/or quality of life are warranted.

• #42 Surveillance for Pancreatic Cancer in High-Risk Individuals – The ASCO Post

  https://ascopost.com/news/july-2024/surveillance-for-pancreatic-cancer-in-high-risk-individuals/

  In a study reported in JAMA Oncology, Blackford et al found that surveillance of individuals at high risk for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma allowed for detection of earlier-stage pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma with improved survival compared with matched pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma controls. […] The study involved data from multiple U.S. centers participating in the Cancer of the Pancreas Screening program, which screens high-risk individuals with a familial or genetic predisposition for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma; screening includes annual endoscopic ultrasonography or magnetic resonance imaging. […] The investigators concluded: These findings suggest that surveillance of high-risk individuals may lead to detection of smaller, lower-stage pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas and improved survival.

• #43 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/news/20220713/Surveillance-program-for-high-risk-patients-aids-in-early-detection-of-pancreatic-cancer.aspx

  By contrast, six of the seven pancreatic cancers detected in patients who had stopped their annual surveillance (85.7%) were stage IV. […] The five-year survival to date of patients with a surveillance-detected pancreatic cancer is 73.3%, and median overall survival is 9.8 years, compared with 1.5 years for patients diagnosed with pancreatic cancer outside surveillance. […] „Many of those diagnosed with pancreatic cancer under surveillance can be potentially cured. By contrast, people who dropped off their surveillance had poor survival rates. Our results support the CAPS surveillance recommendation that those who meet the criteria should undergo regular screenings,” says Goggins. […] Pancreatic surveillance is best done at expert centers by multidisciplinary teams, Goggins says, because some abnormalities that show up in pancreatic imaging are of uncertain significance. Researchers are working on blood tests that could be combined with imaging for early detection of cancers, he says.

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