Materiały źródłowe

• #1 What Causes Tongue Tie?: Lawrence Otolaryngology Associates: Otolaryngology

  https://www.lawoto.com/blog/what-causes-tongue-tie

  About 5% of the population is born with tongue tie, the common name for ankyloglossia. […] Its not fully understood why 1 in 20 people is affected, but its known that theres often a genetic connection, as tongue tie runs in some families. […] Some people may technically have ankyloglossia, but they suffer no symptoms or complications.

• #1 What is Tongue Tie (ankyloglossia)?

  https://www.healthlatch.com/what-is-tongue-tie-ankyloglossia

  Research shows that up to 10 percent of babies are born with an oral restriction and up to 25 percent of nursing infants can be affected by shallow latch caused by this condition. […] During the normal development of a fetus in the womb, tissue forms to anchor the tongue to the base of the mouth. In most cases, this tissue naturally dissolves to a small, flexible tether around the 12th week of pregnancy. […] In some fetuses, this tissue does not dissolve, leaving a left-over tie that is especially short, tight or thick, which can restrict normal tongue movement. […] Although more research is needed to better understand the causes of this condition, some evidence points to a genetic mutation known as MTHFR (methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase). Tongue tie is hereditary and is often passed down from one generation to the next. It is often present in babies who are born with birthmarks known as stork bites.

• #1 Tongue-tie | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/tongue-tie

  Tongue-tie occurs when a string of tissue under the tongue limits tongue movement to the point where it affects functions such as feeding and speaking. […] There are two main causes of tongue-tie; either the frenum is too short and tight, or it did not move back down the tongue during development and is still attached to the tongue tip. […] Many adults and children will not have problems despite having a short, tight lingual frenum.

• #1 What Causes Lip and Tongue Ties? | New York, NY

  https://nyctonguetie.com/blog/what-causes-lip-and-tongue-ties/

  Lip and tongue ties can occur in any child, but there are risk factors that can contribute to this congenital condition. In many cases, the exact cause of lip and tongue ties remains unknown. While genetic, developmental, and environmental factors can contribute, there may be additional influences that are not yet fully understood. […] Genetics play a significant role in the development of lip and tongue ties. Research indicates that these conditions often run in families, suggesting a hereditary component. If parents or close relatives had lip or tongue ties, the likelihood of their children having these conditions increases. Specific genetic mutations affecting tissue formation and development during fetal growth can contribute to the occurrence of lip and tongue ties. […] During fetal development, various structures, including the frenulum, form and differentiate. In some cases, the process of frenulum development can vary, leading to the formation of a shorter or tighter frenulum than usual. These developmental variations can result in the restrictions seen in lip and tongue ties. Factors influencing fetal development, such as maternal health, nutrition, and environmental exposures, might also play a role in these variations.

• #1 Causes Of Tongue-Tie: Genetic And Developmental Factors – Klarity Health Library

  https://my.klarity.health/causes-of-tongue-tie-genetic-and-developmental-factors/

  Tongue-Tie (ankyloglossia) is a congenital condition present at birth characterised by the presence of a thin band of tissue (lingual frenulum) connecting the tongue to the floor of the mouth. […] Research has documented that there is a significant hereditary component in the development of Tongue-Tie. […] A study published in Archives of Plastic Surgery suggests the presence of a gene in the X chromosome which may be responsible for the inheritance pattern of the condition. […] Other studies have indicated an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance, with the gene being expressed in a variable manner. […] Despite the observation of hereditary links, the exact genetic causes are still unknown. […] One mechanism has been identified in the WNT signalling pathway; a complex system of communication within cells that control growth, division and movement of cells.

• #1 Ankyloglossia – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankyloglossia

  Ankyloglossia, also known as tongue-tie, is a congenital oral anomaly that may decrease the mobility of the tongue tip and is caused by an unusually short, thick lingual frenulum, a membrane connecting the underside of the tongue to the floor of the mouth. […] The cause for tongue tie is unknown. While research suggests that tongue-tie could be heritable, most people with it have no inborn diseases. […] There are associations between X-linked cleft palate syndrome and rare syndromes, including Kindler syndrome, Opitz syndrome, and Van Der Woude syndrome.

• #1

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40746-016-0052-x

  Ankyloglossia, or tongue tie, classically involves a short or thickened lingual frenulum that may prohibit tongue protrusion. […] The etiology of ankyloglossia is generally unknown. The vast majority of infants with ankyloglossia are healthy infants without evidence of other congenital anomalies. […] Nonetheless, a few case series have found an association between ankyloglossia and rare congenital syndromes such as X-linked cleft palate syndrome, Kindler syndrome, van der Woude syndrome, and Opitz syndrome. […] A genetic basis of ankyloglossia has also been suggested, as several studies investigating factors associated with ankyloglossia have found a positive family history among 10-53% of patients. […] Familial pedigree studies have also found evidence to support genetic transmission of ankyloglossia, though the inheritance pattern has yet to be clearly established.

• #1 What Causes Lip and Tongue Ties? | New York, NY

  https://nyctonguetie.com/blog/what-causes-lip-and-tongue-ties/

  Conditions within the womb can impact the development of the frenulum. Limited space in the womb or abnormal positioning of the fetus can affect how tissues grow and stretch, potentially leading to lip or tongue ties. Additionally, certain medications or substances ingested during pregnancy could influence fetal tissue development, contributing to the formation of these conditions. […] Connective tissue disorders can affect the formation and flexibility of the frenulum. Conditions such as Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, which affects the connective tissues in the body, can lead to abnormalities in the frenulum’s structure and function. These disorders can cause the frenulum to be tighter or less elastic, resulting in restricted movement of the lip or tongue.

• #1 Ankyloglossia (Tongue-Tie) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482295/

  Ankyloglossia, also known as tongue-tie, is a condition that impairs tongue movement due to a restrictive lingual frenulum. […] This activity reviews the available data regarding the etiology, epidemiology, and common clinical findings of ankyloglossia. […] The exact etiology of ankyloglossia remains unknown. An association between X-linked cleft palate syndrome has been reported. […] Despite this, tongue-tie is mainly seen in patients with no congenital pathologies or diseases. […] There is evidence that tongue-tie could be transmitted genetically. […] Furthermore, newborns from mothers who consume cocaine during pregnancy seem more predisposed to ankyloglossia. […] The prevalence of tongue-tie ranges from 0.1% to 10.7%. […] Also, an increase in the incidence of ankyloglossia was noticed in recent years, again mainly because of the several definitions of ankyloglossia being used by clinicians.

• #1 Ankyloglossia and breastfeeding | Canadian Paediatric Society

  https://cps.ca/documents/position/ankyloglossia-breastfeeding

  Ankyloglossia (tongue-tie) is a relatively common congenital anomaly characterized by an abnormally short lingual frenulum, which may restrict tongue tip mobility. […] There may be a genetic predisposition to ankyloglossia. This congenital anomaly typically occurs in isolation. […] The tongue is fused to the floor of the mouth in early development. Cell death and resorption free the tongue, with the frenulum left as the only remnant of initial attachment. The lingual frenulum typically becomes less prominent as a natural process of the child’s growth and development, when the alveolar ridge grows in height and the teeth begin to erupt. Ankyloglossia can be classified based on the degree of fusion remaining between the tongue and the floor of the mouth. […] The role of a short lingual frenulum as a cause of breastfeeding difficulties has been described in multiple anecdotal reports linking ankyloglossia to poor latch, maternal nipple pain and trauma, suboptimal infant weight gain, infant breast refusal and low maternal milk supply due to poor milk removal.

• #1 Ankyloglossia | Effective Health Care (EHC) Program

  https://effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/products/ankyloglossia/research-protocol

  Recognition of potential benefits of breastfeeding in recent years has resulted in a renewed interest in the functional sequelae of ankyloglossia. Of infants with anterior or posterior ankyloglossia, there is a 25 to 80 percent incidence of breastfeeding difficulties including failure to thrive, maternal nipple damage, maternal breast pain, poor milk supply, maternal breast engorgement, and refusing the breast. Ineffective latch is hypothesized to underlie these problems. Mechanistically, infants with restrictive ankyloglossia cannot extend their tongues over the lower gum line to form a proper seal and therefore use their jaws to keep the breast in the mouth. Adequate tongue mobility is required, and infants with ankyloglossia often cannot overcome their deficiency with conservative measures such as positioning and latching techniques, thereby requiring surgical correction.

• #1

  https://www.healthychildren.org/English/ages-stages/baby/breastfeeding/Pages/tongue-tie-in-babies-how-ankyloglossia-affects-breastfeeding.aspx

  Tongue tie (ankyloglossia) has been gaining attention as a possible cause of breastfeeding issues. […] Although the condition has long been thought to cause breastfeeding issues, research hasn’t shown a clear link. […] Less than half of all infants with physical signs of tongue tie have trouble nursing. […] There’s no evidence that a tongue-tie release surgery will improve dental health or prevent sleep apnea later in life. […] The AAP supports new research to develop a simpler and more consistent way to diagnose tongue tie in newborns and infants, and clear guidelines for when tongue-tie surgery is needed.

• #1 Ankyloglossia (Tongue-Tie) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482295/

  Ankyloglossia is linked to the development of malocclusion, particularly Class III malocclusion. […] However, the evidence that tongue-tie contributes to malocclusion is limited, and this belief may be only based on speculation. […] The natural history of ankyloglossia remains unknown. […] The link between speech disorders and ankyloglossia remains unclear. […] Furthermore, the role of tongue-tie in mandibular development, malocclusion, and gingival recession is still unclear.

• #1 20Q: Ankyloglossia – Myths and Evidence Regarding Its Effects on Function – Article 20681

  https://www.speechpathology.com/articles/20q-ankyloglossia-myths-and-evidence-20681

  The association between ankyloglossia and breastfeeding has been debated among medical professionals for decades. […] The controversy regarding the effect of ankyloglossia on infant feeding could be due, at least in part, to the fact that not all affected infants experience breastfeeding difficulty. […] There is no evidence that ankyloglossia causes a speech disorder. This is because simple compensations in placement result in normal acoustics of the sounds. […] Theoretically, ankyloglossia could affect the lingual trill used in some languages; however, further research is needed to confirm this. […] Ankyloglossia does not typically affect speech. […] In 2021, a systematic review reported no strong evidence to support that ankyloglossia caused speech problems. […] Children with severe limitations in tongue tip movement can easily compensate for decreased lingual mobility, which results in normal speech.

• #1 Ankyloglossia | Effective Health Care (EHC) Program

  https://effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/products/ankyloglossia/research-protocol

  Clarity is needed to help guide clinical and family decision-making about whether, when, and how to intervene to address ankyloglossia, in particular in light of controversies about the topic and the limitations of the existing systematic reviews. […] This systematic review will provide a comprehensive review of both potential benefits of treatments (surgical and nonsurgical) as well as harms associated with those therapies in individuals with ankyloglossia and tight labial frenulum (lip-tie) concomitant to ankyloglossia. We will assess outcomes beyond the impact of ankyloglossia on breastfeeding and address those related to tongue tie in later life (e.g., orthodontic and dental issues, speech, self-esteem). These factors should be understood and discussed when counseling parents about ankyloglossia and treatment options.

• #1 Ankyloglossia | Effective Health Care (EHC) Program

  https://effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/products/ankyloglossia/research-protocol

  Despite these studies, consensus on ankyloglossia’s role in breastfeeding difficulties is lacking. A minority of surveyed pediatricians (10%) and otolaryngologists (30%) believe it commonly affects feeding, while 69 percent of lactation consultants feel that it frequently causes breastfeeding problems. Therefore, depending on the audience, enthusiasm for its treatment varies. Currently, the National Health Service (NHS) and the Canadian Paediatric Society (CPS) recommend treatment only if it interferes with breastfeeding. Unfortunately, a standard definition of interference with breastfeeding is not provided, leaving room for interpretation and variation in treatment thresholds. […] Some propose that a short frenulum elongates spontaneously due to progressive stretching and thinning of the frenulum with age and use. However, there are no prospective longitudinal data on the fate of the congenitally short lingual frenulum. Without this information, it is difficult to fully inform parents about the long-term implications of ankyloglossia, thereby complicating the decision-making process.

• #1 Tongue-tie symptoms and treatment – Mayo Clinic Health System

  https://www.mayoclinichealthsystem.org/hometown-health/speaking-of-health/the-truth-about-tongue-tie

  Tongue-tie, or ankyloglossia, is when an unusually short, thick or tight band of tissue tethers the bottom of the tongue’s tip to the floor of the mouth. The band of tissue is called the frenulum. When it is too short or tight, it can restrict the tongue’s range of motion. Up to 10% of all newborns are born with ankyloglossia. […] The most common type of tongue-tie affects the anterior frenulum, which is visible near the front of the tongue. Research studies are exploring posterior tongue-tie, which is when the frenulum is restricted further back underneath the tongue. […] Not all people with tongue-tie require treatment. Some health care professionals recommend treating it right away, while others take a wait-and-see approach. Otorhinolaryngology, or ear, nose and throat, professionals work in concert with lactation consultants and speech therapists to recommend the right treatment option for each patient.

• #1 Tongue Tie: What Is It and How Is It Treated? | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/blog/treating-ankyloglossia.html

  Tongue tie (ankyloglossia) is when the tissue connecting the tongue to the floor of the mouth is too short or thick and keeps the tongue from lifting up from the bottom of the mouth. […] Tongue tie happens when babies are in the womb, so infants are born with it. The medical community doesn’t know exactly what causes it. […] The condition is rareonly occurring in about 4% to 8% of infantsand is more common in boys. It also tends to run in families. […] Tongue tie can only be diagnosed through a physical examination. […] In infants, tongue tie is treated by making a small cut to the tissue connecting the tongue to the floor of the mouth (lingual frenulum). The procedure, called a frenotomy, allows the tongue to move more freely. […] Dr. Rieber notes that there has been a dramatic increase in frenotomy procedures in recent years, and many of the procedures are unnecessary. […] Some tongue-tied children may need a more complex procedure called a frenuloplasty, which uses sutures to help prevent the tie from reforming.

• #1

  https://www.ijcmph.com/index.php/ijcmph/article/view/11728

  The lingual frenulum inhibits tongue mobility in ankyloglossia, sometimes referred to as tongue-tie. […] Ankyloglossia can make it difficult to nurse, speak clearly, maintain good oral hygiene, or engage in other oral activities. […] Tongue-tie can influence a baby’s oral development as well as the way he or she feeds, talks, and swallows. […] It is crucial to diagnose ankyloglossia through a thorough examination. […] Research is ongoing to establish evidence-based recommendations and standardized diagnostic criteria for ankyloglossia.

• #2 Tongue-Tie in Babies (Ankyloglossia) – Symptoms, Causes, Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/children/tongue-tie-babies

  Tongue-tie, also known as ankyloglossia, is a condition some babies are born with that limits their tongue movements. […] During a fetus’ development in the womb, the lingual frenulum is stuck to the tongue. But at some point before your baby is born, the membrane usually thins and separates from the tongue, so there’s free range of motion. Sometimes, the separation doesnt happen. Doctors arent sure why. It may run in families. […] Studies show that male infants are about twice as likely to be tongue-tied as female ones, and it’s more common in first-born babies. The baby’s race or ethnicity doesn’t seem to make any difference.

• #2 Tongue-tie (ankyloglossia) | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/tongue-tie-ankyloglossia?content_id=CON-20378437

  Tongue-tie (ankyloglossia) is a condition present at birth that restricts the tongue’s range of motion. […] Typically, the lingual frenulum separates before birth, allowing the tongue free range of motion. With tongue-tie, the lingual frenulum remains attached to the bottom of the tongue. Why this happens is largely unknown, although some cases of tongue-tie have been associated with certain genetic factors. […] Although tongue-tie can affect anyone, it’s more common in boys than girls. Tongue-tie sometimes runs in families.

• #2 Ankyloglossia (Tongue-tie) – Ear, Nose, and Throat Doctors in Munster, IN

  https://www.arthurhkatzmd.com/ankyloglossia-tongue-tie/

  Ankyloglossia, which is also referred to as tongue-tie, is a condition where the tongue cannot move normally because it is attached to the floor of the mouth by the frenulum, which is too tight. […] A tight lingual frenulum can cause ankyloglossia by limiting the motion of the tongue. In some cases, this band of tissue inserts too far out toward the tip of the tongue or is widened at the back of the tongue, causing problems with tongue motion. While the exact cause of ankyloglossia is still unknown, there tends to be a higher number of males with the diagnosis and is occasionally present in multiple family members. Ankyloglossia has also been associated with other genetic syndromes.

• #2 Tongue-Tie (Ankyloglossia) in Children

  https://healthlibrary.uwmedicine.org/Library/DiseasesConditions/Adult/160,101

  Tongue-tie (ankyloglossia) is a problem with the tongue that is present from birth. It happens when the tongue and lingual frenulum don’t form quite normally. Health care providers aren’t sure exactly what causes this. Tongue-tie runs in some families, so your family health history may play a role. […] It occurs when the lingual frenulum on the bottom of the tongue is too short and tight.

• #2 Causes Of Tongue-Tie: Genetic And Developmental Factors – Klarity Health Library

  https://my.klarity.health/causes-of-tongue-tie-genetic-and-developmental-factors/

  Another set of genes which may be implicated in this condition are the HOX genes. […] However more research is needed in order to link the HOX gene directly to the development of Tongue-Tie. […] While genetic transmission is apparent, it is multifactorial. […] In order to discern how the condition manifests, it is important to understand the formation of the tongue. […] If this process does not occur correctly, the frenulum persists causing a restriction in tongue mobility. […] Studies have shown that individuals with a deficiency in the Sox2 gene, a gene responsible for preventing abnormal oral adhesions, are more susceptible to improper tongue adhesion to the floor of the mouth, which increases the likelihood of tongue-tie. […] While genetic factors are believed to play a role, environmental exposures during pregnancy may also contribute to the manifestation of the condition.

• #2 Ankyloglossia (Tongue-Tie) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482295/

  Ankyloglossia, also known as tongue-tie, is a condition that impairs tongue movement due to a restrictive lingual frenulum. […] This activity reviews the available data regarding the etiology, epidemiology, and common clinical findings of ankyloglossia. […] The exact etiology of ankyloglossia remains unknown. An association between X-linked cleft palate syndrome has been reported. […] Despite this, tongue-tie is mainly seen in patients with no congenital pathologies or diseases. […] There is evidence that tongue-tie could be transmitted genetically. […] Furthermore, newborns from mothers who consume cocaine during pregnancy seem more predisposed to ankyloglossia. […] The prevalence of tongue-tie ranges from 0.1% to 10.7%. […] Also, an increase in the incidence of ankyloglossia was noticed in recent years, again mainly because of the several definitions of ankyloglossia being used by clinicians.

• #2 Ankyloglossia (tongue-tie)

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3563913/

  Ankyloglossia (tongue-tie) is a congenital condition with a prevalence of about 5% […] There are no known causes of ankyloglossia […] Familial patterns have been reported, but the inheritance pattern is unclear. […] Rarely, orofacial clefts (i.e., cleft lip, cleft palate) and other craniofacial syndromes have been reported with ankyloglossia.

• #2 What Causes Lip and Tongue Ties? | New York, NY

  https://nyctonguetie.com/blog/what-causes-lip-and-tongue-ties/

  Lip and tongue ties can occur in any child, but there are risk factors that can contribute to this congenital condition. In many cases, the exact cause of lip and tongue ties remains unknown. While genetic, developmental, and environmental factors can contribute, there may be additional influences that are not yet fully understood. […] Genetics play a significant role in the development of lip and tongue ties. Research indicates that these conditions often run in families, suggesting a hereditary component. If parents or close relatives had lip or tongue ties, the likelihood of their children having these conditions increases. Specific genetic mutations affecting tissue formation and development during fetal growth can contribute to the occurrence of lip and tongue ties. […] During fetal development, various structures, including the frenulum, form and differentiate. In some cases, the process of frenulum development can vary, leading to the formation of a shorter or tighter frenulum than usual. These developmental variations can result in the restrictions seen in lip and tongue ties. Factors influencing fetal development, such as maternal health, nutrition, and environmental exposures, might also play a role in these variations.

• #2 What Causes Tongue and Lip Ties? | Charleston, SC

  https://www.sctonguetie.com/blog/what-causes-tongue-and-lip-ties/

  Some children with connective tissue disorders, such as Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, may be more prone to developing tongue and lip ties. These disorders affect the bodys connective tissues, leading to various symptoms, including overly tight or restrictive frenula. […] Understanding the causes of tongue and lip ties is essential for early identification and treatment. If you suspect that you or your child may have a tongue or lip tie, seeking a professional evaluation at the South Carolina Tongue Tie Center can provide the guidance and treatment needed to address the issue effectively. Early intervention can significantly affect feeding, speech, and oral health, ensuring a healthier and happier future.

• #2 Ankyloglossia | Effective Health Care (EHC) Program

  https://effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/products/ankyloglossia/research-protocol

  Perhaps the best available evidence to date is provided by a recent systematic review that found frenotomy to be a well-tolerated and simple procedure that provides objective and subjective benefits in breastfeeding. Specifically, this review reported that frenotomy facilitated breastfeeding, enhanced milk transfer to the infant, and contributed to protecting maternal nipple and breast health. However, reviews to date have not considered swallowing and psychosocial consequences related to ankyloglossia, particularly as children age. These omissions are critical because it is clear that not all infants with ankyloglossia have breastfeeding difficulties, dysphagia, or cause maternal breast discomfort, and many adapt and respond to conservative therapy. […] Three systematic reviews addressing ankyloglossia have also been published recently. While each contributes to an understanding of ankyloglossia treatments, each has important limitations. In a review focused solely on frenotomy and breastfeeding, Segal and colleagues (2007) assessed diagnostic criteria, prevalence, and effectiveness of the procedure. In the five prevalence studies identified, rates of ankyloglossia ranged from 4.2 to 10.7 percent. Diagnostic criteria for ankyloglossia, addressed in 12 studies, varied considerably, which likely accounts for the range in prevalence estimates.

• #2 Tongue-tie affects 1 in 10 babies. Here’s what to know about it. – The Washington Post

  https://www.washingtonpost.com/wellness/2024/06/10/tongue-tie-breastfeeding-babies-surgery/

  Tongue-tie — or ankyloglossia — occurs in up to 10 percent of newborns, according to the Mayo Clinic. […] When the band, called the frenulum, is too short or too tight, it can limit the tongue’s range of motion, making breastfeeding difficult for the infant and painful for the mother. It can be familial, although the genetics are unknown, according to experts. […] Left untreated, “if it is tight enough, it can cause difficulty pronouncing certain sounds, and later in life such simple pleasures as licking an ice cream cone, kissing and other activities,” said Rebekah Huppert, a registered nurse and lactation consultant at the Mayo Clinic Children’s Center in Rochester, Minn. […] Some health-care providers urge quick treatment, while others suggest a wait-and-see attitude. […] Although the surgery is low-risk, experts point out that it’s not always necessary in mild cases and that, with time, the band can stretch.

• #2 Ankyloglossia | Effective Health Care (EHC) Program

  https://effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/products/ankyloglossia/research-protocol

  Ankyloglossia is a congenital condition characterized by an abnormally short, thickened, or tight lingual frenulum that restricts mobility of the tongue. While it can be associated with other craniofacial abnormalities, it is most often an isolated anomaly. It variably causes reduced tongue mobility and has been associated with functional limitations in breastfeeding, swallowing, articulation, orthodontic problems including malocclusion, open bite, and separation of lower incisors, mechanical problems related to oral clearance, and psychological stress. Reported rates range from 2.1 to 10.7 percent, but definitive incidence and prevalence statistics are elusive due to an absence of a criterion standard or clinically practical diagnostic criteria. The significance of this anomaly and the best method of management have been controversial for more than 50 years.

• #2 Ankyloglossia and breastfeeding | Canadian Paediatric Society

  https://cps.ca/documents/position/ankyloglossia-breastfeeding

  Ankyloglossia (tongue-tie) is a relatively common congenital anomaly characterized by an abnormally short lingual frenulum, which may restrict tongue tip mobility. […] There may be a genetic predisposition to ankyloglossia. This congenital anomaly typically occurs in isolation. […] The tongue is fused to the floor of the mouth in early development. Cell death and resorption free the tongue, with the frenulum left as the only remnant of initial attachment. The lingual frenulum typically becomes less prominent as a natural process of the child’s growth and development, when the alveolar ridge grows in height and the teeth begin to erupt. Ankyloglossia can be classified based on the degree of fusion remaining between the tongue and the floor of the mouth. […] The role of a short lingual frenulum as a cause of breastfeeding difficulties has been described in multiple anecdotal reports linking ankyloglossia to poor latch, maternal nipple pain and trauma, suboptimal infant weight gain, infant breast refusal and low maternal milk supply due to poor milk removal.

• #2 Ankyloglossia and breastfeeding | Canadian Paediatric Society

  https://cps.ca/documents/position/ankyloglossia-breastfeeding

  It is clear that restriction of tongue movement must be extreme to interfere with sucking and swallowing. […] Ultrasound studies suggest that the mechanism of poor feeding in tongue-tied infants is due to restricted tongue movement, such that it may cause pain and/or trauma of the nipple, poor milk removal and unsustainable attachment to the breast. […] In cases of ankyloglossia and significant breastfeeding difficulties, there is some evidence that frenotomy can improve feeding. […] Current evidence appears to show that most newborns with this condition are still able to breastfeed successfully. […] Based on available evidence, frenotomy cannot be recommended for all infants with ankyloglossia. There is no absolute relationship between ankyloglossia and breastfeeding difficulties. If an association between significant tongue-tie and major breastfeeding problems is identified and surgical intervention is deemed to be necessary, frenotomy should be performed by a clinician experienced with the procedure, using appropriate analgesia.

• #2 20Q: Ankyloglossia – Myths and Evidence Regarding Its Effects on Function – Article 20681

  https://www.speechpathology.com/articles/20q-ankyloglossia-myths-and-evidence-20681

  One of the most controversial issues among speech-language pathologists (SLPs), otolaryngologists, and pediatricians is the effect of ankyloglossia (also called tongue-tie) on infant feeding and speech production. Many believe that ankyloglossia can affect speech production, despite the lack of evidence. […] Ankyloglossia is a very common congenital condition that is usually identified at birth. Its characterized by an anterior attachment of the lingual frenulum to the tongue tip. In some cases, the lingual frenulum is also short or thickened. Ankyloglossia can result in partial fusion or, in rare cases, total fusion of the tip of the tongue to the floor of the mouth. As a result, it causes reduced anterior tongue mobility. […] The prevalence of ankyloglossia is unclear, partly because the diagnosis is somewhat subjective. In addition, it is often made by professionals who use different diagnostic criteria and/or cant determine if the frenulum negatively affects function.

• #2 20Q: Ankyloglossia – Myths and Evidence Regarding Its Effects on Function – Article 20681

  https://www.speechpathology.com/articles/20q-ankyloglossia-myths-and-evidence-20681

  The association between ankyloglossia and breastfeeding has been debated among medical professionals for decades. […] The controversy regarding the effect of ankyloglossia on infant feeding could be due, at least in part, to the fact that not all affected infants experience breastfeeding difficulty. […] There is no evidence that ankyloglossia causes a speech disorder. This is because simple compensations in placement result in normal acoustics of the sounds. […] Theoretically, ankyloglossia could affect the lingual trill used in some languages; however, further research is needed to confirm this. […] Ankyloglossia does not typically affect speech. […] In 2021, a systematic review reported no strong evidence to support that ankyloglossia caused speech problems. […] Children with severe limitations in tongue tip movement can easily compensate for decreased lingual mobility, which results in normal speech.

• #2 Ankyloglossia (Tongue-Tie) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482295/

  Ankyloglossia is linked to the development of malocclusion, particularly Class III malocclusion. […] However, the evidence that tongue-tie contributes to malocclusion is limited, and this belief may be only based on speculation. […] The natural history of ankyloglossia remains unknown. […] The link between speech disorders and ankyloglossia remains unclear. […] Furthermore, the role of tongue-tie in mandibular development, malocclusion, and gingival recession is still unclear.

• #2

  https://www.ijcmph.com/index.php/ijcmph/article/view/11728

  The lingual frenulum inhibits tongue mobility in ankyloglossia, sometimes referred to as tongue-tie. […] Ankyloglossia can make it difficult to nurse, speak clearly, maintain good oral hygiene, or engage in other oral activities. […] Tongue-tie can influence a baby’s oral development as well as the way he or she feeds, talks, and swallows. […] It is crucial to diagnose ankyloglossia through a thorough examination. […] Research is ongoing to establish evidence-based recommendations and standardized diagnostic criteria for ankyloglossia.

• #2

  https://www.healthychildren.org/English/ages-stages/baby/breastfeeding/Pages/tongue-tie-in-babies-how-ankyloglossia-affects-breastfeeding.aspx

  Tongue tie (ankyloglossia) has been gaining attention as a possible cause of breastfeeding issues. […] Although the condition has long been thought to cause breastfeeding issues, research hasn’t shown a clear link. […] Less than half of all infants with physical signs of tongue tie have trouble nursing. […] There’s no evidence that a tongue-tie release surgery will improve dental health or prevent sleep apnea later in life. […] The AAP supports new research to develop a simpler and more consistent way to diagnose tongue tie in newborns and infants, and clear guidelines for when tongue-tie surgery is needed.

• #2 Tongue-tie affects 1 in 10 babies. Here’s what to know about it. – The Washington Post

  https://www.washingtonpost.com/wellness/2024/06/10/tongue-tie-breastfeeding-babies-surgery/

  Pediatricians don’t routinely check for it when examining a newborn, but the condition can quickly become apparent once the mother tries to breastfeed. […] Before considering surgery, known as a frenotomy, experts often suggest first consulting a lactation specialist to be sure that tongue-tie is the cause of the breast latch-on problems. […] Maya Bunik, a professor of pediatrics at the University of Colorado School of Medicine and chair of the section on breastfeeding for the American Academy of Pediatrics, worries that parents may be too quick to opt for surgery, and thinks the procedure may be overused — understandable, she adds, because “everybody wants to do whatever they can for their babies, and breastfeeding is a challenging part of babyhood.” […] “There has to be a happy medium,” adds Bunik, who co-authored a soon-to-be-published clinical report on ankyloglossia for the American Academy of Pediatrics. She says it’s important to rule out other causes of breastfeeding problems before considering surgery, and she encourages patience.

• #3 Ankyloglossia (Tongue-Tie) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482295/

  Ankyloglossia, also known as tongue-tie, is a condition that impairs tongue movement due to a restrictive lingual frenulum. […] This activity reviews the available data regarding the etiology, epidemiology, and common clinical findings of ankyloglossia. […] The exact etiology of ankyloglossia remains unknown. An association between X-linked cleft palate syndrome has been reported. […] Despite this, tongue-tie is mainly seen in patients with no congenital pathologies or diseases. […] There is evidence that tongue-tie could be transmitted genetically. […] Furthermore, newborns from mothers who consume cocaine during pregnancy seem more predisposed to ankyloglossia. […] The prevalence of tongue-tie ranges from 0.1% to 10.7%. […] Also, an increase in the incidence of ankyloglossia was noticed in recent years, again mainly because of the several definitions of ankyloglossia being used by clinicians.

• #3 Tongue-Tie in Babies (Ankyloglossia) – Symptoms, Causes, Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/children/tongue-tie-babies

  Tongue-tie, also known as ankyloglossia, is a condition some babies are born with that limits their tongue movements. […] During a fetus’ development in the womb, the lingual frenulum is stuck to the tongue. But at some point before your baby is born, the membrane usually thins and separates from the tongue, so there’s free range of motion. Sometimes, the separation doesnt happen. Doctors arent sure why. It may run in families. […] Studies show that male infants are about twice as likely to be tongue-tied as female ones, and it’s more common in first-born babies. The baby’s race or ethnicity doesn’t seem to make any difference.

• #3 Tongue Tie: What Is It and How Is It Treated? | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/blog/treating-ankyloglossia.html

  Tongue tie (ankyloglossia) is when the tissue connecting the tongue to the floor of the mouth is too short or thick and keeps the tongue from lifting up from the bottom of the mouth. […] Tongue tie happens when babies are in the womb, so infants are born with it. The medical community doesn’t know exactly what causes it. […] The condition is rareonly occurring in about 4% to 8% of infantsand is more common in boys. It also tends to run in families. […] Tongue tie can only be diagnosed through a physical examination. […] In infants, tongue tie is treated by making a small cut to the tissue connecting the tongue to the floor of the mouth (lingual frenulum). The procedure, called a frenotomy, allows the tongue to move more freely. […] Dr. Rieber notes that there has been a dramatic increase in frenotomy procedures in recent years, and many of the procedures are unnecessary. […] Some tongue-tied children may need a more complex procedure called a frenuloplasty, which uses sutures to help prevent the tie from reforming.

• #3

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40746-016-0052-x

  Of particular focus in the literature is the T-box transcription factor gene TBX22, which has also been implicated in X-linked cleft palate. […] Maternal cocaine use during pregnancy has also been associated with ankyloglossia. A case-control series by Harris et al. (1992) found that partial ankyloglossia was 3.2 times higher among children exposed to cocaine in utero.

• #3

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40746-016-0052-x

  Ankyloglossia, or tongue tie, classically involves a short or thickened lingual frenulum that may prohibit tongue protrusion. […] The etiology of ankyloglossia is generally unknown. The vast majority of infants with ankyloglossia are healthy infants without evidence of other congenital anomalies. […] Nonetheless, a few case series have found an association between ankyloglossia and rare congenital syndromes such as X-linked cleft palate syndrome, Kindler syndrome, van der Woude syndrome, and Opitz syndrome. […] A genetic basis of ankyloglossia has also been suggested, as several studies investigating factors associated with ankyloglossia have found a positive family history among 10-53% of patients. […] Familial pedigree studies have also found evidence to support genetic transmission of ankyloglossia, though the inheritance pattern has yet to be clearly established.

• #3 20Q: Ankyloglossia – Myths and Evidence Regarding Its Effects on Function – Article 20681

  https://www.speechpathology.com/articles/20q-ankyloglossia-myths-and-evidence-20681

  One of the most controversial issues among speech-language pathologists (SLPs), otolaryngologists, and pediatricians is the effect of ankyloglossia (also called tongue-tie) on infant feeding and speech production. Many believe that ankyloglossia can affect speech production, despite the lack of evidence. […] Ankyloglossia is a very common congenital condition that is usually identified at birth. Its characterized by an anterior attachment of the lingual frenulum to the tongue tip. In some cases, the lingual frenulum is also short or thickened. Ankyloglossia can result in partial fusion or, in rare cases, total fusion of the tip of the tongue to the floor of the mouth. As a result, it causes reduced anterior tongue mobility. […] The prevalence of ankyloglossia is unclear, partly because the diagnosis is somewhat subjective. In addition, it is often made by professionals who use different diagnostic criteria and/or cant determine if the frenulum negatively affects function.

• #3 Tongue Tie or Ankyloglossia | Health Care Provider’s Guide to Breastfeeding

  https://hcpbreastfeeding.com/resource-center/tongue-tie-or-ankyloglossia

  Tongue tie results in the presence of a sublingual frenulum that restricts mobility and function of the tongue. […] Tongue-tie often causes ineffective milk removal which leads to milk stasis and other issues including nipple pain and trauma. […] If the mothers milk supply is compromised, a supplemental breastfeeding substitute should be considered. […] Frenotomy or frenectomy (procedure to cut the tongue) if indicated.

• #3 Tongue-tie affects 1 in 10 babies. Here’s what to know about it. – The Washington Post

  https://www.washingtonpost.com/wellness/2024/06/10/tongue-tie-breastfeeding-babies-surgery/

  Tongue-tie — or ankyloglossia — occurs in up to 10 percent of newborns, according to the Mayo Clinic. […] When the band, called the frenulum, is too short or too tight, it can limit the tongue’s range of motion, making breastfeeding difficult for the infant and painful for the mother. It can be familial, although the genetics are unknown, according to experts. […] Left untreated, “if it is tight enough, it can cause difficulty pronouncing certain sounds, and later in life such simple pleasures as licking an ice cream cone, kissing and other activities,” said Rebekah Huppert, a registered nurse and lactation consultant at the Mayo Clinic Children’s Center in Rochester, Minn. […] Some health-care providers urge quick treatment, while others suggest a wait-and-see attitude. […] Although the surgery is low-risk, experts point out that it’s not always necessary in mild cases and that, with time, the band can stretch.

• #4 Understanding Tongue-Tie (Ankyloglossia) | Godley Family Orthodontics

  https://godleyfamilyortho.com/tongue-tie/

  Ankyloglossia, also known as tongue-tie, is a condition where the lingual frenulum is too short, thick or tight. It is a congenital condition, meaning it is present at birth, but its exact cause remains unknown. While no single factor has been pinpointed, some cases of tongue-tie seem to run in families, suggesting a potential genetic link. […] Ankyloglossia is more common in males compared to females, and has a prevalence ranging from 4-10%.

• #4

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40746-016-0052-x

  Ankyloglossia, or tongue tie, classically involves a short or thickened lingual frenulum that may prohibit tongue protrusion. […] The etiology of ankyloglossia is generally unknown. The vast majority of infants with ankyloglossia are healthy infants without evidence of other congenital anomalies. […] Nonetheless, a few case series have found an association between ankyloglossia and rare congenital syndromes such as X-linked cleft palate syndrome, Kindler syndrome, van der Woude syndrome, and Opitz syndrome. […] A genetic basis of ankyloglossia has also been suggested, as several studies investigating factors associated with ankyloglossia have found a positive family history among 10-53% of patients. […] Familial pedigree studies have also found evidence to support genetic transmission of ankyloglossia, though the inheritance pattern has yet to be clearly established.

• #4 Ankyloglossia (Tongue-Tie) (Tongue-Tie) – MD Searchlight

  https://mdsearchlight.com/child-health/ankyloglossia-tongue-tie-tongue-tie/

  Ankyloglossia, also known as tongue-tie, is a condition that affects different fields within medicine and dentistry. […] The exact cause of ankyloglossia, also known as tongue-tie, remains a mystery. Some scientists have linked it to a genetic syndrome called X-linked cleft palate. Tongue-tie has also been seen in rare syndromes, such as Kindler, Opitz, and Van Der Woude. […] Studies show evidence that tongue-tie could be passed down in families. Interestingly, it seems that babies born to mothers who took cocaine during pregnancy may have a higher chance of having tongue-tie.

• #4 Ankyloglossia (Tongue-tie) – Ear, Nose, and Throat Doctors in Munster, IN

  https://www.arthurhkatzmd.com/ankyloglossia-tongue-tie/

  Ankyloglossia, which is also referred to as tongue-tie, is a condition where the tongue cannot move normally because it is attached to the floor of the mouth by the frenulum, which is too tight. […] A tight lingual frenulum can cause ankyloglossia by limiting the motion of the tongue. In some cases, this band of tissue inserts too far out toward the tip of the tongue or is widened at the back of the tongue, causing problems with tongue motion. While the exact cause of ankyloglossia is still unknown, there tends to be a higher number of males with the diagnosis and is occasionally present in multiple family members. Ankyloglossia has also been associated with other genetic syndromes.

• #4 Causes Of Tongue-Tie: Genetic And Developmental Factors – Klarity Health Library

  https://my.klarity.health/causes-of-tongue-tie-genetic-and-developmental-factors/

  The lack of folic acid, vitamin A and other essential nutrients are well-established causes of improper craniofacial development, including the presence of a pronounced lingual frenulum. […] Maternal exposure to harmful substances and certain medications can affect the development of normal tongue anatomy. […] Another environmental factor linked to the development of tongue-tie is the presence of gestational diabetes. […] Tongue-tie is often associated with other craniofacial and developmental conditions such as cleft palate, a congenital anomaly that manifests as an incomplete roof of the mouth. […] Both conditions are connected to TBX22 gene mutations, which control the development of the palate and other oral structures. […] However, functional abnormalities due to tongue-tie are not only responsible for speech challenges and difficulties in feeding in infants, but research has also indicated that tongue-tie can affect oral health. […] While research is still ongoing as to the exact causes of tongue-tie, it is evident that there are genetic as well as environmental factors that contribute to the manifestation of the condition.

• #4 Ankyloglossia and breastfeeding | Canadian Paediatric Society

  https://cps.ca/documents/position/ankyloglossia-breastfeeding

  It is clear that restriction of tongue movement must be extreme to interfere with sucking and swallowing. […] Ultrasound studies suggest that the mechanism of poor feeding in tongue-tied infants is due to restricted tongue movement, such that it may cause pain and/or trauma of the nipple, poor milk removal and unsustainable attachment to the breast. […] In cases of ankyloglossia and significant breastfeeding difficulties, there is some evidence that frenotomy can improve feeding. […] Current evidence appears to show that most newborns with this condition are still able to breastfeed successfully. […] Based on available evidence, frenotomy cannot be recommended for all infants with ankyloglossia. There is no absolute relationship between ankyloglossia and breastfeeding difficulties. If an association between significant tongue-tie and major breastfeeding problems is identified and surgical intervention is deemed to be necessary, frenotomy should be performed by a clinician experienced with the procedure, using appropriate analgesia.

• #4 What Is Tongue Tie? Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://tmjsleepandbreathecenter.com/what-is-tongue-tie/

  Tongue tie, also known as ankyloglossia, is a condition that affects the movement of the tongue and is present at birth. It occurs when the frenulum, a small piece of tissue that connects the tongue to the floor of the mouth, is too short, tight, or thick. […] Tongue tie decreases this pressure and is associated with a small mouth, palate and dental arches. […] Tongue tie can cause problems with breastfeeding, speaking, and eating. […] In some cases, tongue tie may be corrected with a simple procedure to release the frenulum, which is called a frenotomy. […] Additionally tongue tie can lead to crowded and crooked teeth and severe orthodontic problems. […] It can cause problems with breastfeeding, speaking, and eating, and may be corrected with a simple procedure called a frenotomy.

• #5 Unraveling Tongue Tie:Causes and Complications Explored | New York, NY

  https://nyctonguetie.com/blog/unraveling-tongue-tiecauses-and-complications-explored/

  Tongue tie, medically known as ankyloglossia, is a condition that affects infants and individuals of all ages. Your child may experience limitations in tongue movement due to an unusually short or tight lingual frenulum. […] While the exact cause of tongue tie is not fully understood, several factors linked to the condition are potential contributors. […] Tongue tie causes are multifactorial, involving genetic and environmental factors. Some infants are born with a shorter or thicker lingual frenulum, which connects the tongue to the floor of the mouth. […] This anatomical abnormality is often inherited from one or both parents. Sometimes, tongue tie is associated with genetic syndromes, such as Ehlers-Danlos syndrome or Down syndrome.

• #5 Tongue-Tie (Ankyloglossia): Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://upperhuntclubdentalcentre.com/blog-tonguetie-ankyloglossia-symptoms-causes–treatment-3794

  Ankyloglossia, commonly known as tongue-tie, is a condition in which the lingual frenulum is shorter than usual. […] There is no clear consensus on the exact causes of tongue-tie. However, contributing factors include genetic predisposition and intrauterine position during fetal development. […] The exact causes of tongue-tie (Ankyloglossia) are not yet fully understood. However, certain factors contribute to its development. Potential causes include genetic predisposition and intrauterine position during fetal development. Scientists believe that genetic factors affect how the lingual frenulum develops in utero. Some experts also believe that pregnancy affects the development of the lingual frenulum. This is due to the quantity of amniotic fluid or certain hormones released during pregnancy. […] Furthermore, environmental factors may also play a role in causing this condition. Growths or scarring in tissue near the lingual frenulum disrupts proper development. This disruption leads to ankyloglossia.

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