Materiały źródłowe

• #1

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/chronic-obstructive-pulmonary-disease-(copd)

  Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is the fourth leading cause of death worldwide, causing 3.5 million deaths in 2021, approximately 5% of all global deaths. […] Tobacco smoking accounts for over 70% of COPD cases in high-income countries. In LMIC tobacco smoking accounts for 30-40% of COPD cases, and household air pollution is a major risk factor. […] Smoking and air pollution are the most common causes of COPD. […] Several processes can cause the airways to become narrow and lead to COPD. There may be destruction of parts of the lung, mucus blocking the airways, and inflammation and swelling of the airway lining. […] COPD develops gradually over time, often resulting from a combination of risk factors: tobacco exposure from active smoking or passive exposure to second-hand smoke; occupational exposure to dusts, fumes or chemicals; indoor air pollution: biomass fuel (wood, animal dung, crop residue) or coal is frequently used for cooking and heating in low- and middle-income countries with high levels of smoke exposure; early life events such as poor growth in utero, prematurity, and frequent or severe respiratory infections in childhood that prevent maximum lung growth; asthma in childhood; and a rare genetic condition called alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency, which can cause COPD at a young age.

• #1 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/297664-overview

  Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is the third leading cause of death worldwide, causing 3.23 million deaths in 2019. Tobacco smoking accounts for over 70% of COPD cases in high-income countries. In low- and middle-income countries, tobacco smoking accounts for only 30-40% of COPD cases, and household air pollution is a major risk factor. […] The primary cause of COPD is exposure to tobacco smoke. Overall, tobacco smoking accounts for as much as 90% of COPD risk. […] Cigarette smoking induces macrophages to release neutrophil chemotactic factors and elastases, which lead to tissue destruction. Clinically significant COPD develops in 15% of cigarette smokers, although this number is believed to be an underestimate. Age of initiation of smoking, total pack-years, and current smoking status predict COPD mortality.

• #1

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/chronic-obstructive-pulmonary-disease-copd/causes/

  Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) happens when the lungs and airways become damaged and inflamed. […] It’s usually associated with long-term exposure to harmful substances such as cigarette smoke. […] Smoking is the main cause of COPD and is thought to be responsible for around 9 in every 10 cases. […] The harmful chemicals in smoke can damage the lining of the lungs and airways. […] Some research also suggests that being exposed to other people’s cigarette smoke (passive smoking) may increase your risk of COPD. […] Exposure to certain types of dust and chemicals at work may damage the lungs and increase your risk of COPD. […] The risk of COPD is even higher if you breathe in dust or fumes in the workplace and you smoke. […] Exposure to air pollution over a long period can affect how well the lungs work and some research suggests it could increase your risk of COPD.

• #1 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronic_obstructive_pulmonary_disease

  Intense and prolonged exposure to workplace dusts, chemicals and fumes increases the risk of COPD in smokers, nonsmokers and never-smokers. […] Genetics play a role in the development of COPD. […] The most well known genetic risk factor is alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency (AATD) and this is the only genotype (genetic subtype) with a specific treatment.

• #1 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronic_obstructive_pulmonary_disease

  The most common cause of COPD is tobacco smoking. […] Other risk factors include indoor and outdoor air pollution including dust, exposure to occupational irritants such as dust from grains, cadmium dust or fumes, and genetics, such as alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency. […] The greatest risk factor for the development of COPD is tobacco smoke. […] However, less than 50 percent of heavy smokers develop COPD, so other factors need to be considered, including exposure to indoor and outdoor pollutants, allergens, occupational exposure, and host factors. […] One of the known causes of COPD is exposure to construction dust. […] Asthma and tuberculosis are also recognized as risk factors, as the comorbidity of COPD is reported to be 12 times higher in patients with asthma after adjusting for smoking history.

• #1 COPD Causes and Risk Factors

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/copd-causes-risk-factors-914865

  If you have asthma, even if you’ve never smoked, research shows that your risk of developing COPD may be up to 12 times higher than those who don’t have asthma. […] Severe viral and bacterial lung infections in early childhood have been associated with reduced lung function and increased respiratory symptoms in adulthood, which contributes to the development of COPD. […] Chronic lung infections, such as tuberculosis, are especially linked to COPD. […] Having a lower socioeconomic status poses an increased risk of developing COPD, especially during childhood. […] Women may have a higher sensitivity to COPD risk factors than men. […] Alpha-1-antitrypsin (AAT) deficiency is a rare genetic disorder responsible for a small number of cases of COPD. […] If you have an AAT deficiency, whether or not you’re exposed to smoke or other lung irritants, you can develop COPD simply because your body doesn’t make enough of the AAT protein, which protects your lungs from damage.

• #1 Pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) induced by cigarette smoke – Hikichi – Journal of Thoracic Disease

  https://jtd.amegroups.org/article/view/32744/html

  Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a common respiratory disease that is characterized by functional and structural alterations primarily caused by long-term inhalation of harmful particles. […] The molecular pathology underlying chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is influenced by genetic background, cellular senescence, and chronic inhalation of harmful particles, such as those present in CS. Toxic particles of inhaled smoke induce airway inflammation that is exacerbated in COPD patients; such chronic inflammation is known to persist even after smoking cessation. […] Significant evidence shows that oxidative stress damages the lungs and contributes to COPD pathogenesis. […] Many studies have found that CS-induced excessive ROS damage the lungs and contribute to COPD pathogenesis.

• #1 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Diagnostic Considerations | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2006/0215/p669.html

  The second most significant documented risk factor for COPD is 1-antitrypsin deficiency. Although 1-antitrypsin deficiency increases the risks associated with smoking, COPD can develop in never-smokers with 1-antitrypsin deficiency. One percent of COPD cases are attributable to severe 1-antitrypsin deficiency. […] Certain occupational exposures are associated with increased risk of COPD. Exposure to solid biomass fuels, commonly used for indoor cooking and heating, is a risk factor for COPD, particularly in the developing world. […] COPD involves a chronic inflammatory process, primarily in the peripheral airways and the lung parenchyma. Airway irritation causes mucous gland enlargement, hypersecretion, ciliary dysfunction, and squamous metaplasia early in the disease course. An ongoing cycle of inflammation and repair ultimately narrows the airway lumen and obstructs airflow. […] Patients with COPD have high neutrophil, macrophage, and CD8+ T-lymphocyte counts in the airways and lung parenchyma. These cells release inflammatory cytokines and proteases that cause an imbalance of the pro-inflammatory and protective mediators found in healthy lungs.

• #1 COPD Pathophysiology: Physical Changes, Effect on the Lungs, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/copd/pathophysiology

  People with COPD experience changes in their bodies. It starts with damage to the airways and tiny sacs in your lungs. […] COPD is an umbrella term for several chronic lung diseases that affect different parts of the lungs and lead to breathing difficulties. […] Depending on the effects of COPD on your lungs, you may develop one of the two main types of COPD: emphysema or chronic bronchitis. […] Emphysema is a disease of the alveoli. It damages the fibers that make up the walls of the alveoli, making them less elastic and unable to recoil when you exhale. […] If the lung airways become inflamed, this results in bronchitis with subsequent mucus production. If the bronchitis persists, you can develop chronic bronchitis. […] You can learn more about what causes COPD and the different types of COPD. […] Once COPD does the damage in your body, those health effects cannot be done. […] Preventing COPD by not smoking is the best preventive step.

• #1 Hypercapnia in COPD: Causes, Consequences, and Therapy

  https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/11/11/3180

  Alveolar ventilation is determined by two main processes: minute ventilation and dead space ventilation. […] Most importantly, hypercapnia occurs when a patient is unable to sustain satisfactory ventilation due to overload of the respiratory system. […] The „overload” that challenges the thoracopulmonary system is due to increased resistance of the airways, pulmonary hyperinflation, and increased ventilatory demand. […] Static pulmonary hyperinflation, i.e., the increase in functional residual capacity and the ratio of residual volume/total lung capacity (RV/TLC) at rest, causes the thoracopulmonary system to breathe at rest at higher volumes during full expiration on a portion of the most unfavorable length–tension curve. […] Due to progressive alveolar tissue loss, the physiological ventilation/perfusion (V/Q) imbalance can be accelerated in patients with COPD.

• #1 The etiologic origins for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | COPD

  https://www.dovepress.com/the-etiologic-origins-for-chronic-obstructive-pulmonary-disease-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-COPD

  Without curative therapies for COPD, palliation of airway obstruction, symptoms and exacerbation are the main clinical managements currently. […] Therefore, addressing the predisposing factors of COPD and prevent its development seem to be an appropriate intervention strategy for control of the disease in public health. […] Understanding the effects of risk factors correlated with the development of this disease on population at their different life stages is necessary so that more preventive strategies may be developed. […] In this review, we will provide a broad overview of etiologic origins for COPD, and try to find some potential preventive strategies and new insights for COPD studies. […] The early abnormal lung development including airway and alveolar development might underlie the susceptibility to COPD and impaired lung function.

• #1 COPD | Chronic Disease Indicators | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/cdi/indicator-definitions/chronic-obstructive-pulmonary-disease.html

  Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) accounts for the majority of deaths from chronic lower respiratory diseases, the sixth leading cause of death in the United States in 2021. COPD is a progressive disease in which the body becomes less able to take in enough oxygen as airflow is obstructed; the obstruction of airflow is associated with increased mortality. Early diagnosis and effective management and treatment can help to reduce the risk of premature mortality. […] Major risk factors include tobacco smoking, occupational and environmental exposures, respiratory infections, and genetics. Although there is no cure for COPD, it can be treated and managed to slow declining lung function, improve exercise tolerance, and prevent and treat exacerbations. […] Elimination of tobacco use or exposure may be the most effective way to reduce COPD because almost 80% of COPD deaths are attributable to smoking. Smoking cessation is key to the prevention and management of COPD. […] Because COPD often coexists with other diseases that may significantly influence patient outcomes, it is important to assess mortality from COPD as a contributing, as well as underlying, cause of death.

• #2 COPD | Chronic Disease Indicators | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/cdi/indicator-definitions/chronic-obstructive-pulmonary-disease.html

  Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) accounts for the majority of deaths from chronic lower respiratory diseases, the sixth leading cause of death in the United States in 2021. COPD is a progressive disease in which the body becomes less able to take in enough oxygen as airflow is obstructed; the obstruction of airflow is associated with increased mortality. Early diagnosis and effective management and treatment can help to reduce the risk of premature mortality. […] Major risk factors include tobacco smoking, occupational and environmental exposures, respiratory infections, and genetics. Although there is no cure for COPD, it can be treated and managed to slow declining lung function, improve exercise tolerance, and prevent and treat exacerbations. […] Elimination of tobacco use or exposure may be the most effective way to reduce COPD because almost 80% of COPD deaths are attributable to smoking. Smoking cessation is key to the prevention and management of COPD. […] Because COPD often coexists with other diseases that may significantly influence patient outcomes, it is important to assess mortality from COPD as a contributing, as well as underlying, cause of death.

• #2

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/chronic-obstructive-pulmonary-disease-(copd)

  Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is the fourth leading cause of death worldwide, causing 3.5 million deaths in 2021, approximately 5% of all global deaths. […] Tobacco smoking accounts for over 70% of COPD cases in high-income countries. In LMIC tobacco smoking accounts for 30-40% of COPD cases, and household air pollution is a major risk factor. […] Smoking and air pollution are the most common causes of COPD. […] Several processes can cause the airways to become narrow and lead to COPD. There may be destruction of parts of the lung, mucus blocking the airways, and inflammation and swelling of the airway lining. […] COPD develops gradually over time, often resulting from a combination of risk factors: tobacco exposure from active smoking or passive exposure to second-hand smoke; occupational exposure to dusts, fumes or chemicals; indoor air pollution: biomass fuel (wood, animal dung, crop residue) or coal is frequently used for cooking and heating in low- and middle-income countries with high levels of smoke exposure; early life events such as poor growth in utero, prematurity, and frequent or severe respiratory infections in childhood that prevent maximum lung growth; asthma in childhood; and a rare genetic condition called alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency, which can cause COPD at a young age.

• #2 About COPD | COPD | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/copd/about/index.html

  Smoking is the main cause of COPD, but nonsmokers can get it. […] Tobacco smoke is the main cause of COPD in the United States. […] Anyone who smokes or used to smoke cigarettes has a higher risk of developing COPD. […] Other risk factors include: Secondhand smoke, Exposure to environmental or workplace breathing hazards, Family history of COPD, Asthma.

• #2 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) – Etiology | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/7/aetiology

  Tobacco smoking is the main risk factor for COPD. […] Tobacco smoking causes over 70% of COPD cases in high-income countries and 30% to 40% of cases in low- and middle-income countries. […] Air pollution, indoor burning of biomass fuels, and occupational exposure to dusts, chemical agents, and fumes are other etiologies. […] Inhalation of high doses of pesticides is linked to increased incidence of COPD, as are high levels of particulate matter. […] Oxidative stress and an imbalance in proteases and antiproteases are also important factors in the pathogenesis of COPD, especially in patients with alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency. […] The risk of developing COPD can be increased by processes that affect optimal lung growth and therefore lung function. […] These processes may go back as far as gestation, birth, childhood, and adolescence. Disadvantageous factors in childhood may be as important as heavy smoking in predicting lung function in adulthood.

• #2 COPD – Causes and Risk Factors | NHLBI, NIH

  https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/copd/causes

  A condition that runs in families, called alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT) deficiency: If you are born with this condition, smoking or long-term exposure to fumes or dust can lead to lung damage and COPD. AAT deficiency can also raise your risk for developing COPD at a younger age. Other potential genetic risk factors include vitamin D deficiency, and mutations in CHRNA genes.

• #2 COPD Causes and Risk Factors

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/copd-causes-risk-factors-914865

  If you have asthma, even if you’ve never smoked, research shows that your risk of developing COPD may be up to 12 times higher than those who don’t have asthma. […] Severe viral and bacterial lung infections in early childhood have been associated with reduced lung function and increased respiratory symptoms in adulthood, which contributes to the development of COPD. […] Chronic lung infections, such as tuberculosis, are especially linked to COPD. […] Having a lower socioeconomic status poses an increased risk of developing COPD, especially during childhood. […] Women may have a higher sensitivity to COPD risk factors than men. […] Alpha-1-antitrypsin (AAT) deficiency is a rare genetic disorder responsible for a small number of cases of COPD. […] If you have an AAT deficiency, whether or not you’re exposed to smoke or other lung irritants, you can develop COPD simply because your body doesn’t make enough of the AAT protein, which protects your lungs from damage.

• #2 COPD Causes: Smoking & 7 Other Things That May Cause COPD

  https://www.webmd.com/lung/copd/what-causes-copd

  Asthma: Poorly controlled asthma can raise the risk for developing COPD. […] Things that can make you more likely to get COPD include: […] Smoking: This is the most common cause of COPD. […] Asthma: Your chances are even higher if you have asthma and you smoke. […] Age: Most people are 40 or older when their symptoms start up. […] Certain jobs: If your job puts you around dust, chemical fumes, or vapors, your lungs can get damaged. Damage can also come from prolonged exposure to air pollution. […] Infections: If you had lots of respiratory infections in childhood, you have a greater chance of COPD in adulthood.

• #2 The etiologic origins for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | COPD

  https://www.dovepress.com/the-etiologic-origins-for-chronic-obstructive-pulmonary-disease-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-COPD

  The interaction of ADAM33 with prenatal smoking exposure could lead to reduced lung function and development of asthma at the age of 8. […] The role of maternal obesity in their children has been reviewed by Duijts et al. […] Maternal cigarette smoking during pregnancy is one of the most serious events for abnormal lung development, it can increase the risk of poor lung function, COPD, asthma, and childhood wheeze. […] Early life air pollution exposure including traffic-derived CO, NO, NO2, PM2.5, PM10, SO2, and black carbon appears to influence the development of airway diseases and increase risk of respiratory diseases, including COPD and asthma in later life. […] COPD is common and preventable. […] Undoubtedly, avoidance of exposure to any adverse environmental factor would be advisable for individuals with/without COPD susceptibility. […] Early childhood lung function screening, banning cigarette smoking in public places, respiratory infection prevention, searching biomarkers for evaluation of environmental exposure could be the effective protective measures against lung function impairment and COPD development.

• #2 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)|Symptoms & Treatment|ELF

  https://europeanlung.org/en/information-hub/lung-conditions/copd/

  Socioeconomic status. Research has shown that the risk of developing COPD is associated with lower educational and income levels. Experts believe this is due to factors such as nutrition, overcrowding and air pollution. […] Early life and environmental factors. Lung infections in early life and mothers who smoke are important risk factors for COPD. […] Genetic factors. The make-up of a persons genes can mean they are more susceptible to developing COPD. The most researched genetic problem linked with COPD is a condition called alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency; an inherited condition where a person lacks a protein known as alpha-1 antitrypsin.

• #2 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronic_obstructive_pulmonary_disease

  In Europe airway hyperresponsiveness is rated as the second most important risk factor after smoking. […] Alcohol abuse can lead to alcoholic lung disease and is seen to be an independent risk factor for COPD. […] The primary risk factor for COPD globally is tobacco smoking with an increased rate of developing COPD shown in smokers and ex-smokers. […] Of those who smoke, about 20% will get COPD, increasing to less than 50% in heavy smokers. […] Several studies indicate that women are more susceptible than men to the harmful effects of tobacco smoke. […] Other types of tobacco smoke, such as from cigar, pipe, water-pipe and hookah use, also confer a risk. […] Exposure to particulates can bring about the development of COPD, or its exacerbations. […] Poorly ventilated fires used for cooking and heating, are often fueled by coal or biomass such as wood and dry dung, leading to indoor air pollution and are one of the most common causes of COPD in developing countries.

• #2 Pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) induced by cigarette smoke – Hikichi – Journal of Thoracic Disease

  https://jtd.amegroups.org/article/view/32744/html

  Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a common respiratory disease that is characterized by functional and structural alterations primarily caused by long-term inhalation of harmful particles. […] The molecular pathology underlying chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is influenced by genetic background, cellular senescence, and chronic inhalation of harmful particles, such as those present in CS. Toxic particles of inhaled smoke induce airway inflammation that is exacerbated in COPD patients; such chronic inflammation is known to persist even after smoking cessation. […] Significant evidence shows that oxidative stress damages the lungs and contributes to COPD pathogenesis. […] Many studies have found that CS-induced excessive ROS damage the lungs and contribute to COPD pathogenesis.

• #2 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Diagnostic Considerations | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2006/0215/p669.html

  The second most significant documented risk factor for COPD is 1-antitrypsin deficiency. Although 1-antitrypsin deficiency increases the risks associated with smoking, COPD can develop in never-smokers with 1-antitrypsin deficiency. One percent of COPD cases are attributable to severe 1-antitrypsin deficiency. […] Certain occupational exposures are associated with increased risk of COPD. Exposure to solid biomass fuels, commonly used for indoor cooking and heating, is a risk factor for COPD, particularly in the developing world. […] COPD involves a chronic inflammatory process, primarily in the peripheral airways and the lung parenchyma. Airway irritation causes mucous gland enlargement, hypersecretion, ciliary dysfunction, and squamous metaplasia early in the disease course. An ongoing cycle of inflammation and repair ultimately narrows the airway lumen and obstructs airflow. […] Patients with COPD have high neutrophil, macrophage, and CD8+ T-lymphocyte counts in the airways and lung parenchyma. These cells release inflammatory cytokines and proteases that cause an imbalance of the pro-inflammatory and protective mediators found in healthy lungs.

• #2 COPD Pathophysiology: Physical Changes, Effect on the Lungs, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/copd/pathophysiology

  People with COPD experience changes in their bodies. It starts with damage to the airways and tiny sacs in your lungs. […] COPD is an umbrella term for several chronic lung diseases that affect different parts of the lungs and lead to breathing difficulties. […] Depending on the effects of COPD on your lungs, you may develop one of the two main types of COPD: emphysema or chronic bronchitis. […] Emphysema is a disease of the alveoli. It damages the fibers that make up the walls of the alveoli, making them less elastic and unable to recoil when you exhale. […] If the lung airways become inflamed, this results in bronchitis with subsequent mucus production. If the bronchitis persists, you can develop chronic bronchitis. […] You can learn more about what causes COPD and the different types of COPD. […] Once COPD does the damage in your body, those health effects cannot be done. […] Preventing COPD by not smoking is the best preventive step.

• #2 Hypercapnia in COPD: Causes, Consequences, and Therapy

  https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/11/11/3180

  The abovementioned factors may lead to the presence of positive static end-expiratory elastic recoil pressure called intrinsic positive end expiratory pressure (PEEP), which represents an additional mechanical load that the respiratory system must overcome in order to guarantee respiratory gas exchanges. […] Hypercapnia has also been linked to increased pulmonary vascular resistance and the development of pulmonary hypertension (PH) in COPD. […] It is estimated that 1–4% of patients with COPD present with severe pulmonary hypertension as defined by mean pulmonary arterial pressure (PAP) ≥ 35 mmHg. […] Importantly, PH in end-stage COPD is not only predicted by hypoxemia but also by hypercapnia. […] Hypercapnia is common in patients with severe and very severe COPD, and it is a risk factor for hospitalization and mortality.

• #3 COPD Causes and Risk Factors | American Lung Association

  https://www.lung.org/lung-health-diseases/lung-disease-lookup/copd/what-causes-copd

  Over time, exposure to lung irritants like tobacco smoke or chemicals can damage your lungs and airways. This long-term exposure can cause chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), which includes chronic bronchitis and emphysema. The leading cause of COPD is smoking, however 1 in 4 people living with COPD never smoked. […] About 75 percent of all COPD cases occur in people with a history of smoking. When a cigarette burns, it creates more than 7,000 chemicals and many are harmful. The chemicals in cigarette smoke weaken your lungs’ defense against infections, narrow air passages, cause swelling in air tubes and destroy air sacs—all contributing factors for COPD. Using other tobacco products like e-cigarettes and cigars also increase your risk of developing COPD. […] Ongoing and long-term exposure to chemicals, dust and fumes are environmental risks for COPD. Occupational exposures account for 10-20% of either respiratory symptoms or lung function impairment consistent with COPD.

• #3 COPD Causes: Smoking & 7 Other Things That May Cause COPD

  https://www.webmd.com/lung/copd/what-causes-copd

  Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or COPD, is an ongoing lung disorder that makes it hard to breathe. […] The main cause of COPD is smoking, but you dont have to be a smoker to get it. Other things can lead to this condition, which leaves you feeling short of breath. […] COPD is most likely to result from: […] Cigarette smoke: This is by far the most common reason people get COPD. You can also get it from tobacco products, such as cigar and pipe smoke, especially if you breathe in the smoke. […] Secondhand smoke: Even if you arent a smoker, you can get COPD from living with one. […] Pollution and fumes: You can get COPD from air pollution. Breathing in chemical fumes, dust, or toxic substances at work can also cause it. […] Your genes: In rare cases, people with COPD have a defect in their DNA, the code that tells your body how to work properly. This defect is called alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency, or AAT deficiency. When you have this, your lungs don’t have enough of a protein needed to protect them from damage. This can lead to severe COPD.

• #3 COPD Causes and Risk Factors | American Lung Association

  https://www.lung.org/lung-health-diseases/lung-disease-lookup/copd/what-causes-copd

  Long-term exposure to particulate matter PM 2.5 and nitrogen dioxides increases your risk of developing COPD. Sources of PM 2.5 are motor vehicles, factories, powerplants, wood burning and wildfires. Exposure to poor air quality worsens symptoms and accelerates lung function decline in adults, especially if you have other risk factors for COPD. […] Alpha-1 antitrypsin (AATD) deficiency is a genetic or inherited condition that affects the body’s ability to produce a protein (Alpha-1) that protects the lungs. Alpha-1 is the most common genetic form of emphysema and can only be diagnosed by using a blood test. […] COPD is often referred to as a „smoker’s disease” however although smoking is one of the main risk factors for developing COPD, people who never smoke may also develop COPD. Other risk factors may include: A history of childhood respiratory infections, Smoke exposure from coal or wood burning stove, Exposure to secondhand smoke, People with a history of asthma, People who have underdeveloped lungs, Those who are age 40 and older as lung function declines as you age. While these causes and risk factors may increase your risk of developing COPD, people living in poverty and people living in rural areas are more likely to develop COPD. Beyond smoking status, some reasons for the increased risk of developing COPD may include exposures to indoor and outdoor pollutants, occupational exposures and lack of access to healthcare.

• #3 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/297664-overview

  Secondhand smoke, or environmental tobacco smoke, increases the risk of respiratory infections, augments asthma symptoms, and causes a measurable reduction in pulmonary function. […] COPD does occur in individuals who have never smoked. […] Although the role of air pollution in the etiology of COPD is unclear, the effect is small when compared with that of cigarette smoking. In developing countries, the use of biomass fuels with indoor cooking and heating is likely to be a major contributor to the worldwide prevalence of COPD. […] Alpha1-antitrypsin (AAT) is a glycoprotein member of the serine protease inhibitor family that is synthesized in the liver and is secreted into the bloodstream. The main purpose of this 394-amino-acid, single-chain protein is to neutralize neutrophil elastase in the lung interstitium and to protect the lung parenchyma from elastolytic breakdown. Severe AAT deficiency predisposes to unopposed elastolysis with the clinical sequela of an early onset of panacinar emphysema. […] AAT deficiency is the only known genetic risk factor for developing COPD and accounts for less than 1% of all cases in the United States. Severe AAT deficiency leads to premature emphysema at an average age of 53 years for nonsmokers and 40 years for smokers.

• #3 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronic_obstructive_pulmonary_disease

  In Europe airway hyperresponsiveness is rated as the second most important risk factor after smoking. […] Alcohol abuse can lead to alcoholic lung disease and is seen to be an independent risk factor for COPD. […] The primary risk factor for COPD globally is tobacco smoking with an increased rate of developing COPD shown in smokers and ex-smokers. […] Of those who smoke, about 20% will get COPD, increasing to less than 50% in heavy smokers. […] Several studies indicate that women are more susceptible than men to the harmful effects of tobacco smoke. […] Other types of tobacco smoke, such as from cigar, pipe, water-pipe and hookah use, also confer a risk. […] Exposure to particulates can bring about the development of COPD, or its exacerbations. […] Poorly ventilated fires used for cooking and heating, are often fueled by coal or biomass such as wood and dry dung, leading to indoor air pollution and are one of the most common causes of COPD in developing countries.

• #3 COPD Causes and Risk Factors

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/copd-causes-risk-factors-914865

  If you have asthma, even if you’ve never smoked, research shows that your risk of developing COPD may be up to 12 times higher than those who don’t have asthma. […] Severe viral and bacterial lung infections in early childhood have been associated with reduced lung function and increased respiratory symptoms in adulthood, which contributes to the development of COPD. […] Chronic lung infections, such as tuberculosis, are especially linked to COPD. […] Having a lower socioeconomic status poses an increased risk of developing COPD, especially during childhood. […] Women may have a higher sensitivity to COPD risk factors than men. […] Alpha-1-antitrypsin (AAT) deficiency is a rare genetic disorder responsible for a small number of cases of COPD. […] If you have an AAT deficiency, whether or not you’re exposed to smoke or other lung irritants, you can develop COPD simply because your body doesn’t make enough of the AAT protein, which protects your lungs from damage.

• #3 COPD – Causes and Risk Factors | NHLBI, NIH

  https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/copd/causes

  Cigarette smoking is the most common cause of COPD in the United States. Long-term smoking or breathing in tobacco smoke or pollutants in the air damages the lungs and airways. […] The following may raise your risk of COPD: […] Smoking: This is the main risk factor for COPD. Three out of four people who have COPD smoke or used to smoke. People who have a family history of COPD are more likely to develop the disease if they smoke. […] Other lung irritants: These may include long-term exposure to air pollution, chemical fumes and dust from the environment or workplace, smoke from home cooking and heating fuels without ventilation, and secondhand smoke, which is smoke in the air from other people smoking. […] Changes to lung growth and development: Conditions affecting the lungs when a baby is still in the uterus or during childhood can increase the risk. Examples include smoking in pregnancy or childhood asthma. Air pollution can also limit the growth of a child’s lungs and increase their risk of developing COPD.

• #3 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)|Symptoms & Treatment|ELF

  https://europeanlung.org/en/information-hub/lung-conditions/copd/

  Socioeconomic status. Research has shown that the risk of developing COPD is associated with lower educational and income levels. Experts believe this is due to factors such as nutrition, overcrowding and air pollution. […] Early life and environmental factors. Lung infections in early life and mothers who smoke are important risk factors for COPD. […] Genetic factors. The make-up of a persons genes can mean they are more susceptible to developing COPD. The most researched genetic problem linked with COPD is a condition called alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency; an inherited condition where a person lacks a protein known as alpha-1 antitrypsin.

• #3 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559281/

  COPD is caused by prolonged exposure to harmful particles or gases. Cigarette smoking is the most common cause of COPD worldwide. Other causes may include second-hand smoke, environmental and occupational exposures, and alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency (AATD). […] Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a common and treatable disease characterized by progressive airflow limitation and tissue destruction. It is associated with structural lung changes due to chronic inflammation from prolonged exposure to noxious particles or gases most commonly cigarette smoke. […] COPD is primarily present in smokers and those greater than age 40. Prevalence increases with age and it is currently the third most common cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide.

• #3 Pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) induced by cigarette smoke – Hikichi – Journal of Thoracic Disease

  https://jtd.amegroups.org/article/view/32744/html

  The relationship between autophagy and programmed necrosis (necroptosis) involved in CS-induced cell death is a novel finding that reveals the mechanism of exaggerated inflammatory response that is not explained by apoptosis-derived cell death. […] COPD is a complex disease with various molecular pathogenic mechanisms. A comprehensive understanding of the heterogeneity in COPD and its etiology is required in the clinical setting.

• #3 Hypercapnia in COPD: Causes, Consequences, and Therapy

  https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/11/11/3180

  Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a preventable and treatable disease that is caused by aberrant airway inflammation due to chronic exposure to noxious gases or particles, such as tobacco or biomass fuel smoke. […] The presence of alveolar hypoventilation, and therefore the development of consequential hypercapnia, is more common in severe forms of COPD, although hypercapnia is present in even moderate disease in a proportion of patients. […] The mechanisms leading to hypercapnia in COPD are well documented, and we aim to summarize them only briefly. Instead, our review will focus on the pulmonary and systemic effects of hypercapnia and evidence on the effects of long-term NIV treatment in COPD. […] The following risk factors are described to be associated with the development of chronic hypercapnia in patients with COPD: breathing pattern, inspiratory muscle weakness, smoking habit, low FEV1, high body mass index, reduced forced vital capacity, and high arterial bicarbonate level.

• #4 COPD: causes, symptoms and treatment | Health & wellness | UnitedHealthcare

  https://www.uhc.com/health-and-wellness/health-topics/copd-causes-symptoms-and-treatment

  COPD develops when your lungs and airways are exposed to irritants (like smoke and chemicals) over time. While smoking is the main cause of COPD, nonsmokers can get it too. […] Cigarette smoking causes about 85 to 90 percent of all COPD cases. The toxins in cigarette smoke weaken your lungs’ defense against infections. They also narrow air passages, cause swelling in air tubes and damage air sacs. Together, all these factors cause COPD to develop. […] You may not even think about it, but the air you breathe can have an impact on your health. Whether at home or at work, long-term exposure to secondhand smoke, air pollution, fumes and chemicals can cause COPD. […] A small number of people have a rare form of COPD called alpha-1 deficiency-related emphysema. Its genetic, which means you inherit it from your family. This type of COPD affects your body’s ability to produce a protein (alpha-1) that protects your lungs.

• #4 COPD Causes and Risk Factors | American Lung Association

  https://www.lung.org/lung-health-diseases/lung-disease-lookup/copd/what-causes-copd

  Over time, exposure to lung irritants like tobacco smoke or chemicals can damage your lungs and airways. This long-term exposure can cause chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), which includes chronic bronchitis and emphysema. The leading cause of COPD is smoking, however 1 in 4 people living with COPD never smoked. […] About 75 percent of all COPD cases occur in people with a history of smoking. When a cigarette burns, it creates more than 7,000 chemicals and many are harmful. The chemicals in cigarette smoke weaken your lungs’ defense against infections, narrow air passages, cause swelling in air tubes and destroy air sacs—all contributing factors for COPD. Using other tobacco products like e-cigarettes and cigars also increase your risk of developing COPD. […] Ongoing and long-term exposure to chemicals, dust and fumes are environmental risks for COPD. Occupational exposures account for 10-20% of either respiratory symptoms or lung function impairment consistent with COPD.

• #4 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/297664-overview

  Secondhand smoke, or environmental tobacco smoke, increases the risk of respiratory infections, augments asthma symptoms, and causes a measurable reduction in pulmonary function. […] COPD does occur in individuals who have never smoked. […] Although the role of air pollution in the etiology of COPD is unclear, the effect is small when compared with that of cigarette smoking. In developing countries, the use of biomass fuels with indoor cooking and heating is likely to be a major contributor to the worldwide prevalence of COPD. […] Alpha1-antitrypsin (AAT) is a glycoprotein member of the serine protease inhibitor family that is synthesized in the liver and is secreted into the bloodstream. The main purpose of this 394-amino-acid, single-chain protein is to neutralize neutrophil elastase in the lung interstitium and to protect the lung parenchyma from elastolytic breakdown. Severe AAT deficiency predisposes to unopposed elastolysis with the clinical sequela of an early onset of panacinar emphysema. […] AAT deficiency is the only known genetic risk factor for developing COPD and accounts for less than 1% of all cases in the United States. Severe AAT deficiency leads to premature emphysema at an average age of 53 years for nonsmokers and 40 years for smokers.

• #4 What Is COPD? Symptoms, 4 Stages, Treatment, Causes, and Prevention

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/chronic_obstructive_pulmonary_disease_copd/article_em.htm

  Risk factors for COPD include tobacco use, (primarily cigarette smoking), asthma, occupational exposure, genetics, and age. As lungs age, some components of COPD, such as emphysema can occur. […] Cigarette smoking or exposure to tobacco smoke is the primary cause of COPD. Tobacco use accounts for as much as 90% of the risk for the development of this disease. […] It is not clear if air pollution causes COPD. However, if it does, the effect is small when compared to cigarette smoking. […] Some people who develop COPD have airway hyper-responsiveness, a condition in which their airways overreact to airborne irritants, such as secondhand smoke and air pollution. […] In people with chronic asthma, inflammation over time can result in permanent remodeling of the airways and result in fixed airway obstruction. It is in this way that chronic asthma becomes COPD.

• #4 Acute exacerbations of COPD: Symptoms, causes, and treatments

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/acute-exacerbations-of-copd

  Acute COPD exacerbations are short-term flare-ups of symptoms. Infections are often responsible for exacerbations, but there is not always a specific cause. […] The most common cause of acute exacerbations of COPD is a lung or upper airway infection. Often, these infections are viral, but they may also be bacterial. […] Other potential causes of exacerbations include allergens, air pollution, dust, chemical fumes or smoke, and weather changes. […] Often, infection or breathing in dust or allergens causes the exacerbations.

• #4 The etiologic origins for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | COPD

  https://www.dovepress.com/the-etiologic-origins-for-chronic-obstructive-pulmonary-disease-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-COPD

  The interaction of ADAM33 with prenatal smoking exposure could lead to reduced lung function and development of asthma at the age of 8. […] The role of maternal obesity in their children has been reviewed by Duijts et al. […] Maternal cigarette smoking during pregnancy is one of the most serious events for abnormal lung development, it can increase the risk of poor lung function, COPD, asthma, and childhood wheeze. […] Early life air pollution exposure including traffic-derived CO, NO, NO2, PM2.5, PM10, SO2, and black carbon appears to influence the development of airway diseases and increase risk of respiratory diseases, including COPD and asthma in later life. […] COPD is common and preventable. […] Undoubtedly, avoidance of exposure to any adverse environmental factor would be advisable for individuals with/without COPD susceptibility. […] Early childhood lung function screening, banning cigarette smoking in public places, respiratory infection prevention, searching biomarkers for evaluation of environmental exposure could be the effective protective measures against lung function impairment and COPD development.

• #4 COPD Causes and Risk Factors | American Lung Association

  https://www.lung.org/lung-health-diseases/lung-disease-lookup/copd/what-causes-copd

  Long-term exposure to particulate matter PM 2.5 and nitrogen dioxides increases your risk of developing COPD. Sources of PM 2.5 are motor vehicles, factories, powerplants, wood burning and wildfires. Exposure to poor air quality worsens symptoms and accelerates lung function decline in adults, especially if you have other risk factors for COPD. […] Alpha-1 antitrypsin (AATD) deficiency is a genetic or inherited condition that affects the body’s ability to produce a protein (Alpha-1) that protects the lungs. Alpha-1 is the most common genetic form of emphysema and can only be diagnosed by using a blood test. […] COPD is often referred to as a „smoker’s disease” however although smoking is one of the main risk factors for developing COPD, people who never smoke may also develop COPD. Other risk factors may include: A history of childhood respiratory infections, Smoke exposure from coal or wood burning stove, Exposure to secondhand smoke, People with a history of asthma, People who have underdeveloped lungs, Those who are age 40 and older as lung function declines as you age. While these causes and risk factors may increase your risk of developing COPD, people living in poverty and people living in rural areas are more likely to develop COPD. Beyond smoking status, some reasons for the increased risk of developing COPD may include exposures to indoor and outdoor pollutants, occupational exposures and lack of access to healthcare.

• #4 COPD Causes: Smoking & 7 Other Things That May Cause COPD

  https://www.webmd.com/lung/copd/what-causes-copd

  Asthma: Poorly controlled asthma can raise the risk for developing COPD. […] Things that can make you more likely to get COPD include: […] Smoking: This is the most common cause of COPD. […] Asthma: Your chances are even higher if you have asthma and you smoke. […] Age: Most people are 40 or older when their symptoms start up. […] Certain jobs: If your job puts you around dust, chemical fumes, or vapors, your lungs can get damaged. Damage can also come from prolonged exposure to air pollution. […] Infections: If you had lots of respiratory infections in childhood, you have a greater chance of COPD in adulthood.

• #5 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/297664-overview

  Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is the third leading cause of death worldwide, causing 3.23 million deaths in 2019. Tobacco smoking accounts for over 70% of COPD cases in high-income countries. In low- and middle-income countries, tobacco smoking accounts for only 30-40% of COPD cases, and household air pollution is a major risk factor. […] The primary cause of COPD is exposure to tobacco smoke. Overall, tobacco smoking accounts for as much as 90% of COPD risk. […] Cigarette smoking induces macrophages to release neutrophil chemotactic factors and elastases, which lead to tissue destruction. Clinically significant COPD develops in 15% of cigarette smokers, although this number is believed to be an underestimate. Age of initiation of smoking, total pack-years, and current smoking status predict COPD mortality.

• #5 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronic_obstructive_pulmonary_disease

  Intense and prolonged exposure to workplace dusts, chemicals and fumes increases the risk of COPD in smokers, nonsmokers and never-smokers. […] Genetics play a role in the development of COPD. […] The most well known genetic risk factor is alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency (AATD) and this is the only genotype (genetic subtype) with a specific treatment.

• #5 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/297664-overview

  Secondhand smoke, or environmental tobacco smoke, increases the risk of respiratory infections, augments asthma symptoms, and causes a measurable reduction in pulmonary function. […] COPD does occur in individuals who have never smoked. […] Although the role of air pollution in the etiology of COPD is unclear, the effect is small when compared with that of cigarette smoking. In developing countries, the use of biomass fuels with indoor cooking and heating is likely to be a major contributor to the worldwide prevalence of COPD. […] Alpha1-antitrypsin (AAT) is a glycoprotein member of the serine protease inhibitor family that is synthesized in the liver and is secreted into the bloodstream. The main purpose of this 394-amino-acid, single-chain protein is to neutralize neutrophil elastase in the lung interstitium and to protect the lung parenchyma from elastolytic breakdown. Severe AAT deficiency predisposes to unopposed elastolysis with the clinical sequela of an early onset of panacinar emphysema. […] AAT deficiency is the only known genetic risk factor for developing COPD and accounts for less than 1% of all cases in the United States. Severe AAT deficiency leads to premature emphysema at an average age of 53 years for nonsmokers and 40 years for smokers.

• #5 COPD Causes: Smoking & 7 Other Things That May Cause COPD

  https://www.webmd.com/lung/copd/what-causes-copd

  Asthma: Poorly controlled asthma can raise the risk for developing COPD. […] Things that can make you more likely to get COPD include: […] Smoking: This is the most common cause of COPD. […] Asthma: Your chances are even higher if you have asthma and you smoke. […] Age: Most people are 40 or older when their symptoms start up. […] Certain jobs: If your job puts you around dust, chemical fumes, or vapors, your lungs can get damaged. Damage can also come from prolonged exposure to air pollution. […] Infections: If you had lots of respiratory infections in childhood, you have a greater chance of COPD in adulthood.

• #6 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronic_obstructive_pulmonary_disease

  In Europe airway hyperresponsiveness is rated as the second most important risk factor after smoking. […] Alcohol abuse can lead to alcoholic lung disease and is seen to be an independent risk factor for COPD. […] The primary risk factor for COPD globally is tobacco smoking with an increased rate of developing COPD shown in smokers and ex-smokers. […] Of those who smoke, about 20% will get COPD, increasing to less than 50% in heavy smokers. […] Several studies indicate that women are more susceptible than men to the harmful effects of tobacco smoke. […] Other types of tobacco smoke, such as from cigar, pipe, water-pipe and hookah use, also confer a risk. […] Exposure to particulates can bring about the development of COPD, or its exacerbations. […] Poorly ventilated fires used for cooking and heating, are often fueled by coal or biomass such as wood and dry dung, leading to indoor air pollution and are one of the most common causes of COPD in developing countries.

• #6 COPD causes – occupations and substances – HSE

  https://www.hse.gov.uk/copd/causes.htm

  By far the main cause of COPD is smoking but research suggests occupational exposures are likely to play a role. […] HSE has looked at research and the following occupations are linked with a possible increased chance of getting COPD: […] A wide variety of dust or fume have the potential to cause COPD if exposure is high and over a long period of time, for example studies suggest the following substances have the potential to cause COPD;

• #6 COPD – Causes and Risk Factors | NHLBI, NIH

  https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/copd/causes

  A condition that runs in families, called alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT) deficiency: If you are born with this condition, smoking or long-term exposure to fumes or dust can lead to lung damage and COPD. AAT deficiency can also raise your risk for developing COPD at a younger age. Other potential genetic risk factors include vitamin D deficiency, and mutations in CHRNA genes.

• #7 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronic_obstructive_pulmonary_disease

  In Europe airway hyperresponsiveness is rated as the second most important risk factor after smoking. […] Alcohol abuse can lead to alcoholic lung disease and is seen to be an independent risk factor for COPD. […] The primary risk factor for COPD globally is tobacco smoking with an increased rate of developing COPD shown in smokers and ex-smokers. […] Of those who smoke, about 20% will get COPD, increasing to less than 50% in heavy smokers. […] Several studies indicate that women are more susceptible than men to the harmful effects of tobacco smoke. […] Other types of tobacco smoke, such as from cigar, pipe, water-pipe and hookah use, also confer a risk. […] Exposure to particulates can bring about the development of COPD, or its exacerbations. […] Poorly ventilated fires used for cooking and heating, are often fueled by coal or biomass such as wood and dry dung, leading to indoor air pollution and are one of the most common causes of COPD in developing countries.

• #7

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/chronic-obstructive-pulmonary-disease-copd/causes/

  Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) happens when the lungs and airways become damaged and inflamed. […] It’s usually associated with long-term exposure to harmful substances such as cigarette smoke. […] Smoking is the main cause of COPD and is thought to be responsible for around 9 in every 10 cases. […] The harmful chemicals in smoke can damage the lining of the lungs and airways. […] Some research also suggests that being exposed to other people’s cigarette smoke (passive smoking) may increase your risk of COPD. […] Exposure to certain types of dust and chemicals at work may damage the lungs and increase your risk of COPD. […] The risk of COPD is even higher if you breathe in dust or fumes in the workplace and you smoke. […] Exposure to air pollution over a long period can affect how well the lungs work and some research suggests it could increase your risk of COPD.

• #7 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) – Pulmonary Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pulmonary-disorders/chronic-obstructive-pulmonary-disease-and-related-disorders/chronic-obstructive-pulmonary-disease-copd

  Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is airflow limitation caused by an inflammatory response to inhaled toxins, often cigarette smoke. […] There are 2 main causes of COPD: Smoking (and less often other inhalational exposures) and Genetic factors. […] Of all inhalational exposures, cigarette smoking is the primary risk factor in most countries, although only approximately 15% of people who smoke develop clinically apparent COPD. […] The best-defined causative genetic disorder is alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency, which is an important cause of emphysema in people who do not smoke and markedly increases susceptibility to disease in people who do. […] More than 30 genetic alleles have been found to be associated with COPD or decline in lung function in selected populations, but none has been shown to be as consequential as alpha-1 antitrypsin.

• #8 COPD Causes and Risk Factors | American Lung Association

  https://www.lung.org/lung-health-diseases/lung-disease-lookup/copd/what-causes-copd

  Over time, exposure to lung irritants like tobacco smoke or chemicals can damage your lungs and airways. This long-term exposure can cause chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), which includes chronic bronchitis and emphysema. The leading cause of COPD is smoking, however 1 in 4 people living with COPD never smoked. […] About 75 percent of all COPD cases occur in people with a history of smoking. When a cigarette burns, it creates more than 7,000 chemicals and many are harmful. The chemicals in cigarette smoke weaken your lungs’ defense against infections, narrow air passages, cause swelling in air tubes and destroy air sacs—all contributing factors for COPD. Using other tobacco products like e-cigarettes and cigars also increase your risk of developing COPD. […] Ongoing and long-term exposure to chemicals, dust and fumes are environmental risks for COPD. Occupational exposures account for 10-20% of either respiratory symptoms or lung function impairment consistent with COPD.

• #8 Causes

  https://www2.hse.ie/conditions/copd/copd-causes/

  Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) happens when the lungs and airways become damaged and inflamed. […] It’s usually associated with long-term exposure to something harmful such as cigarette smoke. […] Smoking is the main cause of COPD and is thought to be responsible for around 9 in every 10 cases. […] The harmful chemicals in smoke can damage the lining of the lungs and airways. […] Breathing in other people’s smoke (passive smoking) may increase your risk of COPD. […] Exposure to certain types of dust and chemicals at work may damage the lungs and increase your risk of COPD. […] The risk of COPD is even higher if you breathe in dust or fumes in the workplace and you also smoke. […] Exposure to air pollution over a long period can affect how well the lungs work. Some research has suggested it could increase your risk of COPD.

• #8 COPD – Causes and Risk Factors | NHLBI, NIH

  https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/copd/causes

  A condition that runs in families, called alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT) deficiency: If you are born with this condition, smoking or long-term exposure to fumes or dust can lead to lung damage and COPD. AAT deficiency can also raise your risk for developing COPD at a younger age. Other potential genetic risk factors include vitamin D deficiency, and mutations in CHRNA genes.

• #9 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronic_obstructive_pulmonary_disease

  In Europe airway hyperresponsiveness is rated as the second most important risk factor after smoking. […] Alcohol abuse can lead to alcoholic lung disease and is seen to be an independent risk factor for COPD. […] The primary risk factor for COPD globally is tobacco smoking with an increased rate of developing COPD shown in smokers and ex-smokers. […] Of those who smoke, about 20% will get COPD, increasing to less than 50% in heavy smokers. […] Several studies indicate that women are more susceptible than men to the harmful effects of tobacco smoke. […] Other types of tobacco smoke, such as from cigar, pipe, water-pipe and hookah use, also confer a risk. […] Exposure to particulates can bring about the development of COPD, or its exacerbations. […] Poorly ventilated fires used for cooking and heating, are often fueled by coal or biomass such as wood and dry dung, leading to indoor air pollution and are one of the most common causes of COPD in developing countries.

• #9

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/chronic-obstructive-pulmonary-disease-(copd)

  Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is the fourth leading cause of death worldwide, causing 3.5 million deaths in 2021, approximately 5% of all global deaths. […] Tobacco smoking accounts for over 70% of COPD cases in high-income countries. In LMIC tobacco smoking accounts for 30-40% of COPD cases, and household air pollution is a major risk factor. […] Smoking and air pollution are the most common causes of COPD. […] Several processes can cause the airways to become narrow and lead to COPD. There may be destruction of parts of the lung, mucus blocking the airways, and inflammation and swelling of the airway lining. […] COPD develops gradually over time, often resulting from a combination of risk factors: tobacco exposure from active smoking or passive exposure to second-hand smoke; occupational exposure to dusts, fumes or chemicals; indoor air pollution: biomass fuel (wood, animal dung, crop residue) or coal is frequently used for cooking and heating in low- and middle-income countries with high levels of smoke exposure; early life events such as poor growth in utero, prematurity, and frequent or severe respiratory infections in childhood that prevent maximum lung growth; asthma in childhood; and a rare genetic condition called alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency, which can cause COPD at a young age.

• #10 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronic_obstructive_pulmonary_disease

  In Europe airway hyperresponsiveness is rated as the second most important risk factor after smoking. […] Alcohol abuse can lead to alcoholic lung disease and is seen to be an independent risk factor for COPD. […] The primary risk factor for COPD globally is tobacco smoking with an increased rate of developing COPD shown in smokers and ex-smokers. […] Of those who smoke, about 20% will get COPD, increasing to less than 50% in heavy smokers. […] Several studies indicate that women are more susceptible than men to the harmful effects of tobacco smoke. […] Other types of tobacco smoke, such as from cigar, pipe, water-pipe and hookah use, also confer a risk. […] Exposure to particulates can bring about the development of COPD, or its exacerbations. […] Poorly ventilated fires used for cooking and heating, are often fueled by coal or biomass such as wood and dry dung, leading to indoor air pollution and are one of the most common causes of COPD in developing countries.

• #10 COPD: Stages, Causes, Treatment, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/copd

  COPD is a disease that damages your lungs over time. […] Most people with COPD in the United States are at least 40 years old and have at least some history of smoking. The longer and more tobacco products you smoke, the greater your risk for COPD. […] In addition to cigarette smoke, cigar smoke, pipe smoke, and secondhand smoke can cause COPD. Your risk of COPD is even greater if you have asthma and smoke. […] You can also develop COPD if you’re exposed to chemicals and fumes in the workplace. Long-term exposure to air pollution and inhaling dust can also cause COPD. […] In some countries, homes may be poorly ventilated. As a result, families may breathe fumes from burning fuel used for cooking and heating. This can also cause COPD. […] A genetic mutation, known as alpha-1 antitrypsin (AATD) deficiency, can also increase a person’s risk of COPD.

• #11 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronic_obstructive_pulmonary_disease

  In Europe airway hyperresponsiveness is rated as the second most important risk factor after smoking. […] Alcohol abuse can lead to alcoholic lung disease and is seen to be an independent risk factor for COPD. […] The primary risk factor for COPD globally is tobacco smoking with an increased rate of developing COPD shown in smokers and ex-smokers. […] Of those who smoke, about 20% will get COPD, increasing to less than 50% in heavy smokers. […] Several studies indicate that women are more susceptible than men to the harmful effects of tobacco smoke. […] Other types of tobacco smoke, such as from cigar, pipe, water-pipe and hookah use, also confer a risk. […] Exposure to particulates can bring about the development of COPD, or its exacerbations. […] Poorly ventilated fires used for cooking and heating, are often fueled by coal or biomass such as wood and dry dung, leading to indoor air pollution and are one of the most common causes of COPD in developing countries.

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