Materiały źródłowe

• #1

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/chronic-obstructive-pulmonary-disease-(copd)

  Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is the fourth leading cause of death worldwide, causing 3.5 million deaths in 2021, approximately 5% of all global deaths. […] Nearly 90% of COPD deaths in those under 70 years of age occur in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC). […] COPD is the eighth leading cause of poor health worldwide (measured by disability-adjusted life years). […] Tobacco smoking accounts for over 70% of COPD cases in high-income countries. In LMIC tobacco smoking accounts for 30-40% of COPD cases, and household air pollution is a major risk factor. […] COPD should be suspected if a person has typical symptoms, and the diagnosis confirmed by a breathing test called spirometry, which measures how the lungs are working. In low- and middle-income countries, spirometry is often not available and so the diagnosis may be missed.

• #1 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronic_obstructive_pulmonary_disease

  COPD is a type of progressive lung disease characterized by chronic respiratory symptoms and airflow limitation. GOLD defines COPD as a heterogeneous lung condition characterized by chronic respiratory symptoms (shortness of breath, cough, sputum production or exacerbations) due to abnormalities of the airways (bronchitis, bronchiolitis) or alveoli (emphysema) that cause persistent, often progressive, airflow obstruction. […] As of 2021, COPD affected about 213 million people (2.7% of the global population). It typically occurs in males and females over the age of 35. In 2021, COPD caused 3.65 million deaths. Almost 90% of COPD deaths in those under 70 years of age occur in low and middle income countries. In 2021, it was the fourth biggest cause of death, responsible for approximately 5% of total deaths. The number of deaths is projected to increase further because of continued exposure to risk factors and an aging population.

• #1 Estimating the global prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): a systematic review and meta-analysis | BMC Public Health | Full Text

  https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-024-17686-9

  Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a major public health problem. The present study aims to provide a global and regional estimate of the prevalence of COPD based on spirometry according to the two most widely used diagnostic criteria of COPD: fixed ratio (FR) and lower limit of normal (LLN). […] The overall prevalence of COPD in people aged 40 years and older was 12.64% (95% CI 10.75%-14.65%) and 7.38% (95% CI 5.47% 9.55%) based on FR and LLN criteria, respectively. […] We reported a high prevalence of COPD among smokers and the elderly by both definitions of airway obstruction. […] The results indicate a huge lack of prevalence data in the African and Eastern Mediterranean region. […] Results show that the prevalence of COPD differs according to the diagnostic criteria used.

• #1 Emphysema: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/298283-overview

  The Burden of Obstructive Lung Disease (BOLD) study showed that the global prevalence of COPD (stage II or higher) was 10.1%. This figure varied by geographic location and by sex with a pooled prevalence among men of 11.8% (8.6-22.2%) and among women of 8.5% (5.1-16.7%). The differences can, in part, be explained by site and sex differences in the prevalence of smoking. These rates are similar to rates observed in the Proyecto Latino Americano de Investigacion en Obstruccion Pulmonar (PLATINO study), which studied five countries in Latin America. […] The 2014 Surgeon General’s report found the risks for COPD were increasing, especially in women. Their risk for COPD is now similar to the risk among men. Women smokers in certain age groups are more than 38 times as likely to develop COPD, compared with women who have never smoked. Moreover, women are dying from COPD more frequently than men, and are more likely to develop severe COPD at younger ages.

• #1 COPD Trends Brief – Prevalence | American Lung Association

  https://www.lung.org/research/trends-in-lung-disease/copd-trends-brief/copd-prevalence

  Historically, the number of people living with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) was based on how many answered yes to having been diagnosed with either chronic bronchitis or emphysema, the two primary components of COPD. […] In 2022, 11.7 million people, or 4.6% of adults, reported a diagnosis of COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, chronic bronchitis, or emphysema. […] During 2007-2010, around 8.5 million adults had been diagnosed with COPD, but this may be an underdiagnosis as more than 18 million had evidence of impaired lung function consistent with COPD.

• #1 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) – Epidemiology | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/7/epidemiology

  COPD prevalence is highest in the World Health Organization region of the Americas and lowest in the South-East Asia and Western Pacific regions. The pooled global prevalence is 15.7% in men and 9.93% in women. […] An international study reported that the prevalence of COPD in never-smokers is 12.2%. […] In the US, the prevalence of COPD in never-smokers is 2.2%. Many of these cases are attributed to workplace exposures such as in the mining industry and in food preparation and serving.

• #1 Estimating the global prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): a systematic review and meta-analysis | BMC Public Health | Full Text

  https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-024-17686-9

  Estimates of the overall prevalence of COPD by sex indicate a high prevalence of irreversible airflow limitation in men compared to women according to the FR definition (prevalence of COPD was 15.47% in men versus a prevalence of 8.79% in women). […] Our meta-analysis found a high prevalence of COPD in the American region, with a prevalence of 22.93% according to the FR definition. […] The contradictory results obtained in this systematic review and meta-analysis lead to a main conclusion, which stipulates that the spirometric criteria used to make the diagnosis affects the estimated prevalence of COPD and therefore makes comparisons difficult. […] We found that the most frequent COPD stage was the moderate COPD stage with a prevalence of 50.46%, followed by the mild COPD stage with a prevalence of 35.21%.

• #1 Emphysema: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/298283-overview

  COPD was the third leading cause of death globally and accounted for more than 3.23 million deaths in 2019. In the United States, it is the sixth overall leading cause of death. In 2021, an estimated 14.2 million Americans (6.5%) reported that they were diagnosed with COPD. The prevalence of COPD varies considerably by state, from 3% in Hawaii to 11.8% in West Virginia. Statistically significant increases in COPD prevalence occurred in Colorado, Utah, and West Virginia in the last decade. The states with the highest COPD prevalence are clustered along the Ohio and lower Mississippi Rivers. […] Because the prevalence is based on the number of adults who have ever been told by any healthcare provider that they have emphysema or chronic bronchitis, the actual number is thought to be much higher. Most patients do not seek medical care until the disease is in its later stages and more than 50% of adults with low pulmonary function were not aware that they had COPD.

• #1 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) – Epidemiology | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/7/epidemiology

  COPD is the third leading cause of death worldwide, causing 3.23 million deaths in 2019, with 90% of deaths in low- and middle-income countries. […] Globally, deaths from COPD increased by 23% from 1990 to 2017 and COPD and related deaths are estimated to increase to 5.4 million by 2060. […] COPD is more common in older people, especially those ages 65 years and older, regardless of urbanization. […] The prevalence of COPD in the US was estimated at 14% postbronchodilator test results based on data from 2007 to 2010. […] The death rate due to COPD in the US increased over 100% between 1969 and 2013. […] A 2019 National Health Interview Survey revealed that the prevalence of COPD in US adults was greater in those living in non-metropolitan areas than in metropolitan areas, at 8.0% and 4.0%, respectively.

• #1 Estimating the global prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): a systematic review and meta-analysis | BMC Public Health | Full Text

  https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-024-17686-9

  COPD is a multifactorial disease, with tobacco smoke being the best-known and most important risk factor for irreversible airflow obstruction. […] Worldwide, COPD remains an underestimated and underdiagnosed disease. […] The main causes of underdiagnosis identified in the literature are lack of knowledge of the disease on the part of patients and physicians, underestimation of symptoms, and underuse of the spirometer to establish the diagnosis. […] Estimating the global prevalence of COPD is crucial to understanding its magnitude and reducing the burden of disease associated with this chronic condition. […] The estimated overall prevalence of COPD in people aged 40 years and older was 12.64% (95% CI, 10.75-14.65%) and 7.38% (95% CI, 5.47-9.55%) according to the FR and LLN definitions, respectively.

• #1 Estimating the global prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): a systematic review and meta-analysis | BMC Public Health | Full Text

  https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-024-17686-9

  The existing literature indicates that COPD increases significantly with aging, this was confirmed by our meta-analysis. […] We found that smoking was associated with a high prevalence of COPD. […] Therefore, the control of COPD must be a major health concern of public authorities in order to reduce the global burden of this chronic respiratory condition.

• #1 Trends in the Prevalence of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Among Adults Aged ≥18 Years — United States, 2011–2021 | MMWR

  https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/72/wr/mm7246a1.htm

  An estimated 14.2 million (6.5%) U.S. adults had physician-diagnosed COPD in 2021. Overall prevalence remained unchanged since 2011. These results are consistent with overall COPD mortality rates, which remained unchanged during 1999-2019. The prevalence of COPD among adults aged 45 years declined from 2011 to 2021, consistent with the trend during 1999-2011. […] Approximately 25% of adults with COPD (3.8 million) reported having never smoked, similar to 1988-1994. In addition to cigarette smoking, secondhand smoke and occupational and environmental exposures are also risk factors for developing COPD among nonsmokers. Therefore, promotion of smoke-free environments and workplace interventions can help reduce or eliminate COPD-related risk factors. […] The COPD National Action Plan provides a comprehensive framework for developing and implementing COPD prevention, treatment, and management strategies. Patient and population-based initiatives focusing on COPD prevention, early-diagnosis, treatment, and management might reduce COPD prevalence, slow the progression of the disease, and lessen symptoms. Strategies can be tailored to address the prevention of COPD-related risk factors and the needs of adults disproportionately affected by COPD, including persons aged 75 years, those who ever smoked, and residents of rural areas.

• #1 Global, regional, and national burden of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and its attributable risk factors from 1990 to 2021: an analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021 | Respiratory Research | Full Text

  https://respiratory-research.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12931-024-03051-2

  The age-standardized prevalence for COPD has significantly increased in several countries since 1990, with Saudi Arabia (36.65%, 95%UI 26.63 to 46.60), Morocco (35.32%, 95%UI 24.84 to 45.54), and Egypt (32.35%, 95%UI 23.55 to 41.79) experiencing the largest increases. […] The age-standardized mortality for COPD was highest among males aged 90 to 94 years and in females over 95 years, at 2357.79 (95%UI 2039.83 to 2610.24) and 1581.27 (95%UI 1153.76 to 1914.99) per 100,000 people, respectively. […] The global burden of COPD, measured in age-standardized DALYs, decreased as the SDI increased. […] At the global level, certain factors had different levels of influence on COPD DALYs. Smoking had the highest influence, accounting for 34.8%, followed by ambient particulate matter pollution (22.2%), household air pollution from solid fuels (19.5%), occupational particulate matter, gases, and fumes (15.8%). […] Our study shows that the global burden of COPD varies across regions and countries. Although the age-standardized prevalence, mortality, and DALYs rates have decreased since 1990, the absolute numbers indicate an increasing overall burden of COPD.

• #1 WHO EMRO | Global prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: systematic review and meta-analysis | Volume 25, issue 1 | EMHJ volume 25, 2019

  https://www.emro.who.int/emhj-volume-25-2019/volume-25-issue-1/global-prevalence-of-chronic-obstructive-pulmonary-disease-systematic-review-and-meta-analysis.html

  Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. […] The prevalence of post-bronchodilator COPD was 12.16% (10.9113.40%). The pooled prevalence of COPD was 15.70% (13.8018.59%) in men and 9.93% (8.7311.13%) in women. […] Global prevalence of COPD among men is about 5% higher than among women. The most prevalent stage of COPD is stage 1. […] According to the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study, COPD rose from the eighth to the fifth leading cause of global burden of disease from 1990 to 2013. In 2013, COPD was the fourth leading cause of death globally, and it is predicted that COPD will become the third leading cause by 2020. […] The highest prevalence of COPD was observed in the Region of the Americas and the lowest in the South-East Asia Region/Western Pacific Region.

• #1 COPD Epidemiology Analysis 2018-2020 and Forecasts

  https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2021/12/02/2344781/28124/en/COPD-Epidemiology-Analysis-2018-2020-and-Forecasts-2021-2030-for-the-US-Germany-France-Italy-Spain-UK-and-Japan.html

  The total diagnosed prevalent population of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) in seven major markets was found to be 31,730,590 in 2020 and is anticipated to increase in 2030. […] The estimates suggest a higher diagnosed prevalence of COPD in the United States with 17,455,605 diagnosed cases in 2020, which might increase in 2030. […] The majority of cases of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) are female as compared to male, in the US. But in EU-5 and Japan the diagnosed cases of males represents majority of the cases. […] In the epidemiology model of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), there are multiple age groups referred ranging from 18-44 years, 45-54 years, 55-64 years, 64-74 years, and 75+ years, for COPD in the US. The highest was 4,601,558 in the age group 55-64 years, in 2020. […] In 2020, the US had 2,967,453, 8,727,802, 4,538,457 and 1,221,892 cases of GOLD 1, GOLD 2, GOLD 3, and GOLD 4.

• #1 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronic_obstructive_pulmonary_disease

  Estimates of prevalence have considerable variation due to differences in analytical and surveying approach and the choice of diagnostic criteria. An estimated 213 million people had COPD in 2021, corresponding to a global prevalence of 2.7%, whereas epidemiological studies indicated an estimation of 384 million having COPD in 2010, corresponding to a global prevalence of 12%. The increase in the developing world between 1970 and the 2000s is believed to be related to increasing rates of smoking in this region, an increasing population and an aging population due to fewer deaths from other causes such as infectious diseases. […] Around three million people die of COPD each year. In some countries, mortality has decreased in men but increased in women. A higher rate of COPD is found in those over 40 years and this increases greatly with advancing age with the highest rate found in those over 60 years. Sex differences in the anatomy of the respiratory system include smaller airway lumens and thicker airway walls in women, which contribute to a greater severity of COPD symptoms like dyspnea and frequency of COPD exacerbation.

• #1 Global, regional, and national burden of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and its attributable risk factors from 1990 to 2021: an analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021 | Respiratory Research | Full Text

  https://respiratory-research.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12931-024-03051-2

  Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) continues to be a significant issue, leading to premature death or reduced quality of life. Its important to assess the current burden of COPD and its risk factors on a geographical basis to guide health policy. […] Data on the prevalence, deaths, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) related to COPD, and risk-attributable burden were obtained from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 database. […] Between 1990 and 2021, the changes were -1.46% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] -3.36% to 0.39%) in age-standardized prevalence, -37.12% (-43.37% to -27.68%) in mortality, and -36.98% (-42.37% to -28.54%) in DALYs rate. In 2021, a total of 213.39 million prevalent cases of COPD were estimated. […] The age-standardized COPD DALYs had a reversed U-shaped relationship with SDI at the regional level, with the highest burden at an SDI of about 0.45. At the global level, smoking had the highest influence on COPD DALYs, accounting for 34.8%, followed by ambient particulate matter pollution (22.2%), household air pollution from solid fuels (19.5%), and occupational particulate matter, gases, and fumes (15.8%).

• #1 Global, regional, and national burden of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and its attributable risk factors from 1990 to 2021: an analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021 | Respiratory Research | Full Text

  https://respiratory-research.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12931-024-03051-2

  The overall burden of COPD has been increasing despite improvements in some rates since 1990. Its crucial to focus on interventions such as smoking cessation and addressing environmental and occupational exposures. […] The World Health Organization (WHO) and the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study predicted that the prevalence of COPD would increase in the future due to continued exposure to COPD-related risk factors and the aging populations worldwide. […] It is also important to regularly update the burden of COPD attributable to different risks. COPD can be caused by factors such as tobacco smoking, biomass exposure, occupational exposures, or other causes, and may present with different clinical features and progressions. […] In order to provide evidence for future COPD policy development, it is necessary to update the burden estimates and its attributable risk factors, stratified by age and sex.

• #1 Trends in the Prevalence of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Among Adults Aged ≥18 Years — United States, 2011–2021 | MMWR

  https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/72/wr/mm7246a1.htm

  From 2011 to 2021, prevalence of COPD among adults remained stable overall (6.1% to 6.0%) and in most subgroups and states; prevalence increased among adults aged 75 years, those living in rural areas, and those who ever smoked. Disparities based on rural residence and smoking status increased. […] Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a leading cause of death in the United States. Overall COPD prevalence declined during 1999-2011. Trends in COPD prevalence during the previous decade have not been reported. CDC analyzed 2011-2021 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System data to assess trends and differences in self-reported physician-diagnosed COPD prevalence among U.S. adults aged 18 years. Age-standardized prevalence of COPD did not change significantly from 2011 (6.1%) to 2021 (6.0%).

• #1 3 Chronic Lung Disease | A Nationwide Framework for Surveillance of Cardiovascular and Chronic Lung Diseases | The National Academies Press

  https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/13145/chapter/5

  Chronic lung disease includes the conditions of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), sleep-disordered breathing, and interstitial lung disease. This report has chosen to focus on COPD because it is the third leading cause of death in the United States (after heart disease and malignant neoplasms) (Kochanek et al., 2011) and is a substantial financial burden for the American economy. Many issues related to surveillance of COPD will apply equally to the other chronic lung conditions. […] COPD is a common chronic disease. Most estimates of COPD place its prevalence in the adult population at 5 to 10 percent, although these estimates vary by the specific criteria used. Data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), the most recent national health survey that included spirometry, showed a prevalence of COPD in adults of 6.8 percent (Mannino and Buist, 2007). Over 50 percent of people with evidence of COPD have never been diagnosed with this disease. This proportion is even higher among people with mild disease, which is most amenable to intervention (Mannino and Braman, 2007).

• #1 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/807143-overview

  A study by Mintz et al estimated the prevalence of unidentified COPD. Using the Lung Function Questionnaire (LFQ) and spirometry results, the study determined that approximately 1 in 5 patients (21%) aged 30 years or older with a history of smoking for 10 years or longer seen in a primary care center is likely to have COPD.

• #1 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, 2022 | Australian Bureau of Statistics

  https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/health/health-conditions-and-risks/chronic-obstructive-pulmonary-disease/latest-release

  Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease prevalence has remained steady over the last decade, from 2.4% in 201112 to 2.5% in 2022. […] One in fourteen (7.0%) people aged 65 years and over had COPD, more than any other age group. […] In 2022, 2.5% (638,100) of people had COPD: […] Prevalence was similar between males and females (2.4% and 2.6%). […] One in fourteen (7.0%) people aged 65 years and over had COPD, higher than any other age group. […] Adults aged 18 years and over who were current daily smokers were more likely to have COPD than either ex-smokers (8.1% compared to 4.4%) or those who have never smoked (8.1% compared to 1.6%). […] Of all people with COPD in 2022, almost nine in ten (86.6%) had two or more chronic conditions. Additionally, almost one in ten (9.3%) adults who experienced severe or very severe bodily pain in the four weeks prior to interview had COPD.

• #1 Asthma and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) in Canada, 2018 – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/publications/diseases-conditions/asthma-chronic-obstructive-pulmonary-disease-canada-2018.html

  The age-standardized prevalence of COPD increased from 7.0% in 2000-2001 to 9.4% in 2011-2012. Increased prevalence will require careful planning and resource allocation to ensure the increased need for services and care will be met. […] The prevalence of COPD also increased across the life span; with proportions ranging from 0.9% among those aged 35-39 to 26.0% among those aged 85 years and older. The disease primarily develops after years of assault on lung tissue by cigarette smoking or other irritants. […] Throughout the observation period (2000-2001 to 2011-2012), all-cause mortality rates were consistently higher among Canadians aged 35 years and older living with COPD compared to those without. […] The burden of COPD is known to be underestimated due to under-diagnosis, attribution of illness and death to other comorbid diseases or conditions such as pneumonia (especially among older adults), and a lack of consistent use of targeted lung function testing among at-risk populations.

• #1 Trends and Estimates of COPD | COPD | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/copd/php/surveillance/index.html

  National, state, and county trends and estimates of COPD. […] Describe national trends on COPD prevalence and mortality May 14, 2024. […] To provide state-level estimates for COPD prevalence and mortality May 14, 2024. […] To provide county-level estimates for COPD May 14, 2024. […] COPD prevents airflow to the lungs, causing breathing problems. The most common types are emphysema and chronic bronchitis. Smoking is the main cause of COPD.

• #1 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) in Canada – Data Blog – Public Health Infobase | Public Health Agency of Canada

  https://health-infobase.canada.ca/datalab/copd-blog.html

  COPD is a chronic disease that is characterised by shortness of breath, cough and sputum production. The disease is progressive (i.e. it tends to get worse over time) and debilitating. It primarily affects the population age 35 years and older. Long-term exposure to lung irritants is the primary cause of COPD. In Canada and other developed nations, the primary irritant that causes COPD is tobacco smoke. […] The Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC) works with the provinces and territories, through the Canadian Chronic Disease Surveillance System (CCDSS), to collect and report national surveillance data on COPD. […] Over 2 million (10%) Canadians aged 35 years and older were living with diagnosed COPD in 20122013. […] The number of Canadians aged 35 years and older living with diagnosed COPD increased by 82% from 1.1 million to a little over 2 million between 20002001 and 20122013.

• #1 5 Existing Surveillance Data Sources and Systems | A Nationwide Framework for Surveillance of Cardiovascular and Chronic Lung Diseases | The National Academies Press

  https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/13145/chapter/7

  The BRFSS has been the primary source of state-level population health estimates from surveys and has been available in all states since 1984. […] As part of the core survey questionnaire developed by the CDC, self-reported information is routinely collected on diagnosed health conditions, including stroke, congestive heart failure (CHF), coronary heart disease (CHD), diabetes, and asthma, but not chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). […] The BRFSS core does not collect national data about chronic lung disease, with the exception of asthma. […] The YRBSS monitors six categories of priority health risk behaviors among youth and young adults, three of which pertain to CVD risk factors. […] The NHIS has monitored the health of the nation since 1957. […] The current NHIS sample design oversamples blacks, Hispanics, and Asians and persons over age 65.

• #1 Epidemiology of Chronic Lung Diseases

  https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/epidemiology-of-chronic-lung-diseases

  According to the American Lung Association, more than 35 million Americans have a preventable chronic lung disease. […] COPD, which has a prevalence of more than 12 million (possibly 24 million, including undiagnosed cases), is typically irreversible. […] The number of deaths worldwide from COPD is expected to rise from 2.2 million in 1990 to 4.7 million in 2020. […] The CDC projects that COPD treatment costs could rise from $59.3 billion in 2010 to $90.6 billion by 2020. […] If all patients were fully compliant with their prescribed medication for COPD, exacerbations could be reduced by 25% to 30% annually, at a savings of $4 billion per year.

• #1 Explore Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease in the United States | AHR

  https://www.americashealthrankings.org/explore/measures/COPD

  Percentage of adults who reported ever being told by a health professional that they had chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, emphysema or chronic bronchitis. […] Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a chronic lung disease that slowly damages air sacs in the lungs, decreasing airflow and making it difficult to breathe. Chronic lower respiratory diseases, mainly COPD, are the sixth-leading cause of death in the United States. […] According to Americas Health Rankings analysis, populations with a higher prevalence of COPD include: Women compared with men. […] The best way to prevent COPD is to never smoke or stop smoking immediately. […] Healthy People 2030 has multiple goals related to respiratory diseases and COPD, including: Reducing COPD deaths among adults age 45 and older. […] Medical costs attributed to COPD among adults age 45 and older were estimated to be $24 billion annually, with $11.9 billion of that going toward prescription drug costs.

• #1 The unmet global burden of COPD | Global Health, Epidemiology and Genomics | Cambridge Core

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/global-health-epidemiology-and-genomics/article/unmet-global-burden-of-copd/042D7DFB56CAD8AA89BAABAD68D3D406

  Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a major public health problem. COPD is the end result of a susceptible lung being exposed to sufficient environmental stimulus. Caused principally by tobacco smoking and household air pollution (HAP), COPD is a silent killer in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs): an estimated 328 million people have COPD worldwide, and in 15 years, COPD is expected to become the leading cause of death. […] More than 90% of COPD-related deaths occur in LMICs. According to the Global Burden of Disease (GBD), COPD is already the third leading cause of death worldwide, something that WHO had not predicted to occur until 2030. The economic impact of COPD among LMICs is expected to increase to 1.7 trillion by 2030. […] There is global under-recognition of COPD. This needs to change and we welcome recent initiatives highlighting unmet needs in NCDs. The United Nations (UN) declaration of NCDs, and the World Health Assembly in 2012, endorsed a new health goal (the 25 by 25 goal), which focuses on the reduction of premature deaths from COPD and other NCDs by 25% by the year 2025. […] The unmet global burden of COPD is a silent killer in LMICs. In conclusion, we suggest that given the high and rising global burden of COPD, a revolution in the diagnosis and management of COPD and exacerbations of COPD in LMICs must be an urgent priority.

• #1 Epidemiology of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32800187/

  Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) affects about 300 million people worldwide, resulting in approximately 64 million disability-adjusted life years. Household air pollution affects almost 3 billion people worldwide and is a major risk factor for COPD. An estimated 25% to 45% of patients with COPD worldwide have never smoked. Fourteen percent of the overall COPD burden is attributable to occupational exposures. Rural populations are at higher risk for COPD than urban residents. African American never-smokers have a disproportionately high prevalence and Hispanic people have a low prevalence of COPD.

• #1 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronic_obstructive_pulmonary_disease

  In the UK, three million people are reported to be affected by COPD two million of these being undiagnosed. On average, the number of COPD-related deaths between 2007 and 2016 was 28,600. The estimated number of deaths due to occupational exposure was estimated to be about 15% at around 4,000. In the United States in 2018, almost 15.7 million people had been diagnosed with COPD and it is estimated that millions more have not been diagnosed. […] In 2011, there were approximately 730,000 hospitalizations in the United States for COPD. Globally, COPD in 2019 was the third-leading cause of death. In low-income countries, COPD does not appear in the Top 10 causes of death; in other income groups, it is in the Top 5.

• #1 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in primary care: an epidemiologic cohort study from the Canadian Primary Care Sentinel Surveillance Network | CMAJ Open

  https://www.cmajopen.ca/content/3/1/E15

  The overall observed prevalence is 4.0%, which represents a prevalence of 3.4% using standard age and sex standardization or 3.2% using the general population denominator of the Canadian Primary Care Sentinel Surveillance Network. […] Of all patients with COPD, 76.7% had 1 or more other chronic condition, and 3.2% had 4 or more other conditions. […] The current Canadian guidelines for management of COPD recommend anticholinergic medications or long-acting -agonists, either alone or in combination, for patients with persistent symptoms. […] We found the prevalence of physician-diagnosed COPD in Canadian primary care practices identified by the algorithms of the Canadian Primary Care Sentinel Surveillance Network to be similar to prevalence reported in other practice-based studies at about 3%4%.

• #1 The epidemiology and risk factors of asthma-COPD overlap in low- and middle-income countries

  https://www.aaaai.org/tools-for-the-public/latest-research-summaries/the-journal-of-allergy-and-clinical-immunology/2018/epidemiology

  Asthma-COPD Overlap (ACO) refers to a chronic respiratory condition which features clinical and biological markers of both asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). […] Currently ACO is not considered to be a standalone condition, but rather a spectrum of phenotypes on a continuum of eosinophilic and neutrophilic inflammatory illness, which manifests in increased airflow variability with incompletely reversible obstruction. […] As residents of LMIC are often exposed to unique risk factors such as unplanned urbanization, biomass fuel smoke exposure, and increasing tobacco use, there exists the potential for a significant population of undiagnosed ACO in these settings. […] The authors found a prevalence of ACO of 3.8% across all sites, which varied from 0% to 7.8% across settings.

• #1

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s44197-023-00183-4

  Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a preventable and treatable chronic condition characterized by progressive, partially reversible airflow obstruction. Osteoporosis represents a significant comorbidity in individuals with COPD. However, the incidence and prevalence of osteoporosis among the COPD population remain unclear in Taiwan. Therefore, our objective is to investigate the incidence and prevalence of osteoporosis in patients with COPD. […] A total of 1,297,579 COPD patients were identified during the period from 2003 to 2016, with 275,233 of them in the osteoporosis group. The average prevalence of osteoporosis among individuals with COPD was 21.21% from 2003 to 2016 in Taiwan. The prevalence of osteoporosis among COPD patients increased from 3.62% in 2003 to 18.72% in 2016. The number of osteoporosis cases among individuals with COPD continued to rise over the years, reaching its highest point in 2016 with 24,184 new cases. Our study highlights an increase in both the prevalence and incidence of osteoporosis in individuals with COPD.

• #1 Cognitive Impairment Prevalence in COPD Population Rising Globally

  https://www.hcplive.com/view/cognitive-impairment-prevalence-in-copd-population-rising-globally

  To our knowledge, only one study has systematically reported on the combined incidence of cognitive impairment in COPD patients. […] Therefore, we conducted a comprehensive review and meta-analysis of the incidence and influencing factors of cognitive impairment in COPD populations in different regions of the world to understand the current trends in the occurrence of cognitive impairment in COPD and its risk factors, in order to provide a reference for the subsequent development of relevant clinical interventions. […] Across the studies, COPD incidence was 20%-24% with significant heterogeneity. […] A collective 8 studies reported the prevalence of mild cognitive impairment, with an overall combined prevalence of 24%. […] Meta-analysis showed that age, education, coughing sputum, forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1), partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2), body-mass index, airflow obstruction, dyspnea, and exercise (BODE) index score, and depression were all significant risk factors for cognitive impairment onset in COPD.

• #1 Asthma and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) in Canada, 2018 – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/publications/diseases-conditions/asthma-chronic-obstructive-pulmonary-disease-canada-2018.html

  Breathing is something many people take for granted. However, in Canada, 3.8 million people over the age of one are living with asthma and 2.0 million are living with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), both of which can impact a person’s ability to breathe. […] COPD is a chronic, progressive lung disease which causes shortness of breath, cough and sputum production. COPD primarily affects the population 35 years and older. The primary cause of COPD is tobacco smoking, including second hand or passive exposure. […] In 2011-2012 about 2.0 million Canadians aged 35 years and older were living with COPD. The number of new COPD cases per year has also declined between 2000-2001 and 2011-2012 while the number of Canadians living with the disease has increased for the same time period. […] COPD remains one of the leading chronic respiratory diseases in Canada, and will likely continue to be a major public health concern due to an aging population and historically high smoking rates. Addressing COPD will require concerted efforts by policy makers, health educators, health care providers and non-governmental organizations to address the risk factors associated with COPD and to ensure proper management of the disease.

• #1 Emphysema: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/298283-overview

  Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency (AATD) is among the most prevalent potentially fatal genetic disorders in the United States and occurs approximately equally in men and women. The incidence of AADT in the White population is estimated between 1/2500 and 1/3000. Among patients with COPD, up to 3% have AATD. The overwhelming majority of individuals with AATD have not been diagnosed; approximately 10% of the individuals in the United States estimated to have AATD have received a diagnosis. AATD has been identified in virtually all populations but is most common in individuals of Scandinavian, British, Spanish, and Portuguese descent.

• #1 Cognitive Impairment Prevalence in COPD Population Rising Globally

  https://www.hcplive.com/view/cognitive-impairment-prevalence-in-copd-population-rising-globally

  Additionally, investigators stratified these data by patient cognitive impairment diagnostic criteria and assessment tools, indicating that cognitive impairment prevalence in COPD was 21% in the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) group, 39% in the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) group, and 22% in groups using other toolsets. […] The team indicated several reasons for cognitive impairment’s higher prevalence in Asia, indicating that lower levels of development and the need for public health policy improvement may be tied to the incidence of disease. […] In the future, screening for cognitive impairment in COPD patients and improving local public health policies should be strengthened to reduce the occurrence and development of cognitive impairment by early intervention in areas not covered by the study.

• #1 Surveillance of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in high-risk ind | COPD

  https://www.dovepress.com/surveillance-of-chronic-obstructive-pulmonary-disease-in-high-risk-ind-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-COPD

  Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are at risk for lung cancer; the diseases have common etiologies, including cigarette smoking. […] The Nippon COPD Epidemiology study reported that the prevalence of airflow limitation, defined as a ratio of forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) to forced vital capacity (FVC) less than 70%, was 10.9%, but only 9.4% of patients with airflow limitation had actually been diagnosed with COPD. […] The overall COPD detection rate was 2.4%. […] Multiple logistic regression analysis identified male sex, age 60 years or greater, and positive smoking history as risk factors for COPD. […] COPD screening using a community-based lung cancer-screening program may be effective for disease detection. Individuals who are 60 years of age or older with a positive smoking history should undergo PFT to detect COPD.

• #1 Surveillance of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in high-risk ind | COPD

  https://www.dovepress.com/surveillance-of-chronic-obstructive-pulmonary-disease-in-high-risk-ind-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-COPD

  The prevalence of COPD in the general population is thought to be about 1%, and the prevalence increases to 8%10% of the population over 40 years of age. […] In this study, approximately 2.4% of all participants aged 40 years or older who underwent routine lung cancer screening may have COPD. […] This means that our screening system can obtain the same detection rate as other trials. […] In conclusion, COPD can be effectively detected using an established community-based lung cancer-screening program. Individuals 60 years of age or older with a positive smoking history should undergo PFT to detect COPD.

• #1 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Diagnosis and staging – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/chronic-obstructive-pulmonary-disease-diagnosis-and-staging

  Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a common respiratory condition characterized by cough, dyspnea, and airflow limitation. Approximately 10 percent of individuals aged 40 years or older have COPD, although the prevalence varies between countries and increases with age. COPD is consistently ranked among the top causes of death in the United States, killing more than 120,000 individuals each year; prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, it was the third leading cause worldwide. As a consequence of its high prevalence and chronicity, COPD causes high resource utilization with frequent clinician office visits, multiple hospitalizations due to acute exacerbations, and the need for chronic therapy. […] Establishing a correct diagnosis of COPD is important because appropriate management can decrease symptoms (especially dyspnea), reduce the frequency and severity of exacerbations, improve health status, improve exercise capacity, and prolong survival. Many health conditions in older adults can result in dyspnea or cough, so respiratory symptoms should not be attributed to COPD without appropriate evaluation and diagnosis.

• #1 3 Chronic Lung Disease | A Nationwide Framework for Surveillance of Cardiovascular and Chronic Lung Diseases | The National Academies Press

  https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/13145/chapter/5

  As noted above, this classification strategy may miss some patients with disease and overestimate the extent of disease in others. In addition, surveillance of disease typically depends on using information from administrative data sets, requiring the use of diagnostic and procedure codes to infer the presence of disease. This can be particularly problematic when looking at mortality related to COPD because most people with severe COPD who die have their death attributed to another cause (Mannino et al., 2006), and most people who die with a diagnosis of COPD listed on their death certificate do not have this attributed as the underlying cause of death. Therefore, the contribution of this chronic lung disease to observed mortality patterns and trends is underestimated. […] Available evidence supports the feasibility of these data sources for surveillance and suggests potential opportunities for their use to guide public health policy and other interventions to improve various components of prevention and healthcare delivery for COPD.

• #2

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/chronic-obstructive-pulmonary-disease-(copd)

  COPD is included in the WHO Global Action Plan for the Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases (NCDs) and the United Nations 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. […] WHO is taking action to extend diagnosis of and treatment for COPD in a number of ways. […] The WHO Package of Essential Noncommunicable Disease Interventions (PEN) was developed to help improve NCD management in primary health care in low-resource settings. PEN includes protocols for the assessment, diagnosis and management of chronic respiratory diseases (asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease), and modules on healthy lifestyle counselling, including tobacco cessation and self-care. […] Reducing tobacco smoke exposure is important for both primary prevention of COPD and disease management.

• #2 Emphysema: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/298283-overview

  The Burden of Obstructive Lung Disease (BOLD) study showed that the global prevalence of COPD (stage II or higher) was 10.1%. This figure varied by geographic location and by sex with a pooled prevalence among men of 11.8% (8.6-22.2%) and among women of 8.5% (5.1-16.7%). The differences can, in part, be explained by site and sex differences in the prevalence of smoking. These rates are similar to rates observed in the Proyecto Latino Americano de Investigacion en Obstruccion Pulmonar (PLATINO study), which studied five countries in Latin America. […] The 2014 Surgeon General’s report found the risks for COPD were increasing, especially in women. Their risk for COPD is now similar to the risk among men. Women smokers in certain age groups are more than 38 times as likely to develop COPD, compared with women who have never smoked. Moreover, women are dying from COPD more frequently than men, and are more likely to develop severe COPD at younger ages.

• #2 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) – Epidemiology | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/7/epidemiology

  COPD is the third leading cause of death worldwide, causing 3.23 million deaths in 2019, with 90% of deaths in low- and middle-income countries. […] Globally, deaths from COPD increased by 23% from 1990 to 2017 and COPD and related deaths are estimated to increase to 5.4 million by 2060. […] COPD is more common in older people, especially those ages 65 years and older, regardless of urbanization. […] The prevalence of COPD in the US was estimated at 14% postbronchodilator test results based on data from 2007 to 2010. […] The death rate due to COPD in the US increased over 100% between 1969 and 2013. […] A 2019 National Health Interview Survey revealed that the prevalence of COPD in US adults was greater in those living in non-metropolitan areas than in metropolitan areas, at 8.0% and 4.0%, respectively.

• #2 5 Existing Surveillance Data Sources and Systems | A Nationwide Framework for Surveillance of Cardiovascular and Chronic Lung Diseases | The National Academies Press

  https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/13145/chapter/7

  The continuous NHANES survey data are released on public-use data files in 2-year increments. […] The COPD Foundation, in conjunction with the National Jewish Medical Research Center in Denver, has established a registry of individuals diagnosed with COPD and their families who have indicated a willingness to participate in COPD research. […] The prevention of CVD and chronic lung disease is a long-term effort that must address risk factors throughout the life course, and the absence of significant information collected about children and adolescents means that the BRFSS does not provide local surveillance of obesity, diet, and physical activity in these age groups.

• #2 COPD Epidemiology Analysis 2018-2020 and Forecasts

  https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2021/12/02/2344781/28124/en/COPD-Epidemiology-Analysis-2018-2020-and-Forecasts-2021-2030-for-the-US-Germany-France-Italy-Spain-UK-and-Japan.html

  The total diagnosed prevalent population of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) in seven major markets was found to be 31,730,590 in 2020 and is anticipated to increase in 2030. […] The estimates suggest a higher diagnosed prevalence of COPD in the United States with 17,455,605 diagnosed cases in 2020, which might increase in 2030. […] The majority of cases of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) are female as compared to male, in the US. But in EU-5 and Japan the diagnosed cases of males represents majority of the cases. […] In the epidemiology model of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), there are multiple age groups referred ranging from 18-44 years, 45-54 years, 55-64 years, 64-74 years, and 75+ years, for COPD in the US. The highest was 4,601,558 in the age group 55-64 years, in 2020. […] In 2020, the US had 2,967,453, 8,727,802, 4,538,457 and 1,221,892 cases of GOLD 1, GOLD 2, GOLD 3, and GOLD 4.

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