Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Prosopagnosia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559324/

  Prosopagnosia is defined as the inability to recognize known and new faces. It is also known as facial/visual agnosia. Bodamer first used the word prosopagnosia in 1947 in a landmark paper that described the cases of two patients with face recognition deficits. The mechanism of inheritance is not totally clear but thought to be autosomal dominant. The pathophysiology is still not completely understood and is a prominent area of research. Damage or developmental anomaly in the right or bilateral fusiform-lingual gyrus, with neuron pathways that control facial perception and memory, are thought to be involved. Development prosopagnosia appears to be a result of either a disconnection between the anterior and posterior face networks or reduced functional activation of regions responsible for facial recognition and identification. The hypothesis is that dysfunctional neural migration during development may be the mechanism behind juvenile prosopagnosia. […] Imaging research shows that deficits in the temporal cortex and amygdala can also be involved. Advanced imaging studies support these concepts.

• #2 Face Blindness (Prosopagnosia): Test, Symptoms, and CausesHealthline

  https://www.healthline.com/health/neurological-health/face-blindness

  Face blindness, or prosopagnosia, is a rare brain disorder characterized by the inability to recognize or differentiate faces. […] Prosopagnosia is thought to be caused by abnormalities, impairment, or damage of a fold in the brain called the right fusiform gyrus. This area in the brain plays an important role in coordinating the neural systems that affect facial memory and perception. […] Prosopagnosia can be caused by stroke, injury to the brain, or some neurodegenerative diseases. […] In some cases, people are born with face blindness as a congenital disorder. In these cases, there seems to be a genetic link, as it runs in families. […] It’s important to note that face blindness is not caused by impaired vision, learning disabilities, or memory loss. It’s a specific problem with recognizing faces as opposed to a memory problem of failing to remember the person. […] Many researchers are working on understanding specific causes of the condition and are looking for treatment.

• #3 (PDF) Face Blindness – Prosopagnosia

  https://www.academia.edu/38554500/Face_Blindness_Prosopagnosia

  Apperceptive prosopagnosia is thought to be a disorder of some of the earliest processes in the face perception system. […] Developmental prosopagnosia (DP) is a face recognition deficit that is lifelong, manifests itself in early childhood and that cannot be attributed to acquired brain damage. […] Hereditary type of prosopagnosia opens a big window of opportunity to improve our knowledge about face processing and its genetic base. […] Face processing plays a decisive role in effective social interactions. […] Current research results show that a complex interplay between different highly face-responsive brain areas are involved in encoding, integration, and interpretation of the huge amount of different information. […] Tissue damage in these regions leads to a lasting face-processing deficit called (acquired) prosopagnosia. […] Hereditary prosopagnosia is highly prevalent (2.5%). […] The condition is characterized by a great homogeneity of clinical symptoms, including deficits in learning and recognition of faces, while other facial information is processed normally.

• #4 What is Prosopagnosia, Also Known as Face Blindness?

  https://www.brainandlife.org/articles/a-quirk-of-the-brain-called-prosopagnosia-makes-it-hard

  Face blindness, officially called prosopagnosia, is a neurologic disorder in which a person’s ability to recognize and identify faces, sometimes even his or her own, is impaired and not because of poor eyesight or absentmindedness, says Brad Duchaine, PhD, professor of psychological and brain sciences at Dartmouth College in Hanover, NH. […] Rather, prosopagnosia involves irregularities in the neural network involved in recognizing and identifying faces, he says. The condition is one of several disorders categorized as visual agnosia, which affects the brain’s processing of incoming visual information. […] It is estimated that 2 percent of the population has prosopagnosia to some degree, according to a study by Dr. Duchaine that was published in Current Opinion in Neurobiology in 2013.

• #5 Prosopagnosia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559324/

  Prosopagnosia is defined as the inability to recognize known and new faces. It is also known as facial/visual agnosia. Bodamer first used the word prosopagnosia in 1947 in a landmark paper that described the cases of two patients with face recognition deficits. The mechanism of inheritance is not totally clear but thought to be autosomal dominant. The pathophysiology is still not completely understood and is a prominent area of research. Damage or developmental anomaly in the right or bilateral fusiform-lingual gyrus, with neuron pathways that control facial perception and memory, are thought to be involved. Development prosopagnosia appears to be a result of either a disconnection between the anterior and posterior face networks or reduced functional activation of regions responsible for facial recognition and identification. The hypothesis is that dysfunctional neural migration during development may be the mechanism behind juvenile prosopagnosia. […] Imaging research shows that deficits in the temporal cortex and amygdala can also be involved. Advanced imaging studies support these concepts.

• #6 Prosopagnosia

  https://www.brainfacts.org/diseases-and-disorders/neurological-disorders-az/diseases-a-to-z-from-ninds/prosopagnosia

  Prosopagnosia is a neurological disorder characterized by the inability to recognize faces. Prosopagnosia is thought to be the result of abnormalities, damage, or impairment in the right fusiform gyrus, a fold in the brain that appears to coordinate the neural systems that control facial perception and memory. Prosopagnosia can result from stroke, traumatic brain injury, or certain neurodegenerative diseases. […] Congenital prosopagnosia appears to run in families, which makes it likely to be the result of a genetic mutation or deletion.

• #7 What Is Prosopagnosia? Here’s What to Know About ‘Face Blindness’ – NBC Los Angeles

  https://www.nbclosangeles.com/news/local/what-is-prosopagnosia-heres-what-to-know-about-face-blindness-and-why-it-happens/2931998/

  According to the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, prosopagnosia is a neurological disorder that causes someone to have trouble recognizing people they know, or distinguishing between different people’s faces. […] According to NINDS, the disorder is caused by differences in a part of the brain called the fusiform gyrus. […] The fusiform gyrus is „a fold in the brain that appears to coordinate the neural systems that control facial perception and memory” — in other words, the part of the brain that allows you to see a face and remember if, when and where you’ve seen it before. […] One way that „atypicalities” in that part of the brain may lead to face blindness, according to Grill-Spector, „is that neurons on this area process parts of the face but do not process the entire face as a whole, leading to problems in face recognition.”

• #8 Prosopagnosia | Definition, Meaning, Disorder, & Treatment | Britannica

  https://www.britannica.com/science/prosopagnosia

  prosopagnosia, neurological disorder in which affected persons are unable to recognize faces, despite having healthy vision and normal memory and intelligence. […] Prosopagnosia may occur as a congenital disorder, being present at birth, or it may be acquired. Congenital prosopagnosia (or developmental prosopagnosia) occurs in the absence of brain injury, such that the individual has typical sensory and intellectual function; the condition usually becomes apparent in early childhood. […] Multiple areas of the brain are involved in face recognition and face processing, including the amygdala, fusiform face area (FFA), occipital face area (OFA), and superior temporal sulcus. The network running from the visual cortex to the OFA, the FFA, and eventually the anterior temporal area serves a fundamental role in the identification and storage of information about individual faces. In particular, injury to the right FFA is known to result in prosopagnosia, and neural connectivity within the right FFA is known to be altered in congenital prosopagnosia.

• #9 Prosopagnosia | Definition, Meaning, Disorder, & Treatment | Britannica

  https://www.britannica.com/science/prosopagnosia

  prosopagnosia, neurological disorder in which affected persons are unable to recognize faces, despite having healthy vision and normal memory and intelligence. […] Prosopagnosia may occur as a congenital disorder, being present at birth, or it may be acquired. Congenital prosopagnosia (or developmental prosopagnosia) occurs in the absence of brain injury, such that the individual has typical sensory and intellectual function; the condition usually becomes apparent in early childhood. […] Multiple areas of the brain are involved in face recognition and face processing, including the amygdala, fusiform face area (FFA), occipital face area (OFA), and superior temporal sulcus. The network running from the visual cortex to the OFA, the FFA, and eventually the anterior temporal area serves a fundamental role in the identification and storage of information about individual faces. In particular, injury to the right FFA is known to result in prosopagnosia, and neural connectivity within the right FFA is known to be altered in congenital prosopagnosia.

• #10 Prosopagnosia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559324/

  Prosopagnosia is defined as the inability to recognize known and new faces. It is also known as facial/visual agnosia. Bodamer first used the word prosopagnosia in 1947 in a landmark paper that described the cases of two patients with face recognition deficits. The mechanism of inheritance is not totally clear but thought to be autosomal dominant. The pathophysiology is still not completely understood and is a prominent area of research. Damage or developmental anomaly in the right or bilateral fusiform-lingual gyrus, with neuron pathways that control facial perception and memory, are thought to be involved. Development prosopagnosia appears to be a result of either a disconnection between the anterior and posterior face networks or reduced functional activation of regions responsible for facial recognition and identification. The hypothesis is that dysfunctional neural migration during development may be the mechanism behind juvenile prosopagnosia. […] Imaging research shows that deficits in the temporal cortex and amygdala can also be involved. Advanced imaging studies support these concepts.

• #11 Prosopagnosia (Facial Blindness): Symptoms, Diagnosis, And Treatment | BetterHelp

  https://www.betterhelp.com/advice/general/prosopagnosia-facial-blindness-symptoms-diagnosis-and-treatment/

  Acquired prosopagnosia is currently believed to impact approximately one in 30,000 people worldwide. This condition can be caused by an illness, injury, or brain malfunction impacting one’s facial recognition abilities. […] Depending on the cause of brain damage, facial processing difficulties may be reversible, and a person may retain the ability to recognize familiar faces. […] Prosopagnosia can be diagnosed by a medical professional, often a neurologist, as it is generally considered a neurological disorder. […] Because prosopagnosia usually impacts the way individuals view those they love, the condition can lead to significant mental distress and may be associated with conditions like depression and anxiety. […] Because facial blindness is a neurological condition often caused by severe brain damage or genetics, it is generally not considered “curable.” […] Prosopagnosia is linked to damage in the “face network” of the brain, including the anterior temporal cortex. There is no cure for prosopagnosia, so treatment focuses on coping strategies one can use to manage the condition.

• #12 Prosopagnosia | Definition, Meaning, Disorder, & Treatment | Britannica

  https://www.britannica.com/science/prosopagnosia

  prosopagnosia, neurological disorder in which affected persons are unable to recognize faces, despite having healthy vision and normal memory and intelligence. […] Prosopagnosia may occur as a congenital disorder, being present at birth, or it may be acquired. Congenital prosopagnosia (or developmental prosopagnosia) occurs in the absence of brain injury, such that the individual has typical sensory and intellectual function; the condition usually becomes apparent in early childhood. […] Multiple areas of the brain are involved in face recognition and face processing, including the amygdala, fusiform face area (FFA), occipital face area (OFA), and superior temporal sulcus. The network running from the visual cortex to the OFA, the FFA, and eventually the anterior temporal area serves a fundamental role in the identification and storage of information about individual faces. In particular, injury to the right FFA is known to result in prosopagnosia, and neural connectivity within the right FFA is known to be altered in congenital prosopagnosia.

• #13 Prosopagnosia | Definition, Meaning, Disorder, & Treatment | Britannica

  https://www.britannica.com/science/prosopagnosia

  prosopagnosia, neurological disorder in which affected persons are unable to recognize faces, despite having healthy vision and normal memory and intelligence. […] Prosopagnosia may occur as a congenital disorder, being present at birth, or it may be acquired. Congenital prosopagnosia (or developmental prosopagnosia) occurs in the absence of brain injury, such that the individual has typical sensory and intellectual function; the condition usually becomes apparent in early childhood. […] Multiple areas of the brain are involved in face recognition and face processing, including the amygdala, fusiform face area (FFA), occipital face area (OFA), and superior temporal sulcus. The network running from the visual cortex to the OFA, the FFA, and eventually the anterior temporal area serves a fundamental role in the identification and storage of information about individual faces. In particular, injury to the right FFA is known to result in prosopagnosia, and neural connectivity within the right FFA is known to be altered in congenital prosopagnosia.

• #14 Face Blindness in Children and Current Interventions

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-328X/13/8/676

  Children with prosopagnosia, also known as face blindness, struggle to recognize the faces of acquaintances, which can have a negative impact on their social interactions and overall functioning. […] Prosopagnosia, also known as face blindness, is a condition in which individuals are unable to easily and accurately recognize others by their faces. […] Prosopagnosia can manifest in two primary forms: acquired prosopagnosia (AP) and developmental prosopagnosia (DP). AP arises as a consequence of identifiable neurological damage, while DP, also known as congenital prosopagnosia, emerges without any accompanying intellectual deficits, emotional disturbances, object recognition difficulties, or acquired brain damage. […] The mechanisms underlying face recognition during development differ from those involved in other forms of visual recognition. Specifically, defects in face-specific mechanisms can lead to prosopagnosia, a condition that arises when specific parts of the brain are damaged or lesions occur.

• #15 Face Blindness in Children and Current Interventions

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-328X/13/8/676

  Children with prosopagnosia, also known as face blindness, struggle to recognize the faces of acquaintances, which can have a negative impact on their social interactions and overall functioning. […] Prosopagnosia, also known as face blindness, is a condition in which individuals are unable to easily and accurately recognize others by their faces. […] Prosopagnosia can manifest in two primary forms: acquired prosopagnosia (AP) and developmental prosopagnosia (DP). AP arises as a consequence of identifiable neurological damage, while DP, also known as congenital prosopagnosia, emerges without any accompanying intellectual deficits, emotional disturbances, object recognition difficulties, or acquired brain damage. […] The mechanisms underlying face recognition during development differ from those involved in other forms of visual recognition. Specifically, defects in face-specific mechanisms can lead to prosopagnosia, a condition that arises when specific parts of the brain are damaged or lesions occur.

• #16 Brad Pitt Details Struggle with Prosopagnosia, or Face Blindness

  https://people.com/health/brad-pitt-details-struggle-with-prosopagnosia-or-face-blindness-nobody-believes-me/

  Prosopagnosia is a neurological disorder, typically referred to as face blindness, which causes difficulty with facial recognition […] The 58-year-old Oscar winner briefly opened up to GQ about the shame he feels dealing with what he believes to be prosopagnosia, a neurological disorder typically referred to as face blindness. […] People with prosopagnosia, or face blindness, typically avoid social interactions and can develop social anxiety disorder. […] There are two types of prosopagnosia, developmental and acquired, according to the U.K’s National Health Service. Developmental refers to those who have the condition without brain injury, which can be genetic. Studies show 1 in 50 people may have developmental prosopagnosia. […] Acquired refers to those who have the condition following brain injury like a stroke or head injury.

• #17 Face Blindness and Autism | Autism Resources

  https://www.songbirdcare.com/articles/face-blindness-and-autism

  Face blindness, also known as prosopagnosia, is a condition that makes it difficult to recognize faces. Face blindness is not caused by problems with memory, vision, or a learning disability. The name prosopagnosia comes from the Greek words meaning “face” and “lack of knowledge.” […] Face blindness is estimated to affect between 2 to 3 percent of the general population. However, recent studies suggest that face blindness might be more common in individuals with autism. […] Scientists are still learning what causes face blindness. Researchers have found several different genetic mutations that may contribute to developmental face blindness. These mutations are typically passed down from parents to their children. However, some people can have new mutations that contribute to face blindness that are not found in either parent.

• #18 Developmental prosopagnosia: What is face-blindness? | The Independent | The Independent

  https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/health-and-families/health-news/developmental-prosopagnosia-what-is-faceblindness-a6753386.html

  There is growing recognition of a condition called developmental prosopagnosia (face-blindness). People with this condition have normal vision, but grow up with severe difficulties recognising faces. […] Unlike cases of acquired prosopagnosia where people have difficulty recognising faces later in life as a result of a stroke or an injury people with developmental prosopagnosia experience lifelong face recognition problems despite having no brain injury. […] While the causes of developmental prosopagnosia are not fully understood, studies using new imaging techniques have revealed subtle brain differences in people with the condition. In particular, several brain regions known to play a role in face recognition appear to be under-connected in developmental prosopagnosia, possibly impairing information exchange within this network.

• #19 Prosopagnosia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559324/

  Prosopagnosia is defined as the inability to recognize known and new faces. It is also known as facial/visual agnosia. Bodamer first used the word prosopagnosia in 1947 in a landmark paper that described the cases of two patients with face recognition deficits. The mechanism of inheritance is not totally clear but thought to be autosomal dominant. The pathophysiology is still not completely understood and is a prominent area of research. Damage or developmental anomaly in the right or bilateral fusiform-lingual gyrus, with neuron pathways that control facial perception and memory, are thought to be involved. Development prosopagnosia appears to be a result of either a disconnection between the anterior and posterior face networks or reduced functional activation of regions responsible for facial recognition and identification. The hypothesis is that dysfunctional neural migration during development may be the mechanism behind juvenile prosopagnosia. […] Imaging research shows that deficits in the temporal cortex and amygdala can also be involved. Advanced imaging studies support these concepts.

• #20 Prosopagnosia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559324/

  Prosopagnosia is defined as the inability to recognize known and new faces. It is also known as facial/visual agnosia. Bodamer first used the word prosopagnosia in 1947 in a landmark paper that described the cases of two patients with face recognition deficits. The mechanism of inheritance is not totally clear but thought to be autosomal dominant. The pathophysiology is still not completely understood and is a prominent area of research. Damage or developmental anomaly in the right or bilateral fusiform-lingual gyrus, with neuron pathways that control facial perception and memory, are thought to be involved. Development prosopagnosia appears to be a result of either a disconnection between the anterior and posterior face networks or reduced functional activation of regions responsible for facial recognition and identification. The hypothesis is that dysfunctional neural migration during development may be the mechanism behind juvenile prosopagnosia. […] Imaging research shows that deficits in the temporal cortex and amygdala can also be involved. Advanced imaging studies support these concepts.

• #21 Prosopagnosia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559324/

  Prosopagnosia is defined as the inability to recognize known and new faces. It is also known as facial/visual agnosia. Bodamer first used the word prosopagnosia in 1947 in a landmark paper that described the cases of two patients with face recognition deficits. The mechanism of inheritance is not totally clear but thought to be autosomal dominant. The pathophysiology is still not completely understood and is a prominent area of research. Damage or developmental anomaly in the right or bilateral fusiform-lingual gyrus, with neuron pathways that control facial perception and memory, are thought to be involved. Development prosopagnosia appears to be a result of either a disconnection between the anterior and posterior face networks or reduced functional activation of regions responsible for facial recognition and identification. The hypothesis is that dysfunctional neural migration during development may be the mechanism behind juvenile prosopagnosia. […] Imaging research shows that deficits in the temporal cortex and amygdala can also be involved. Advanced imaging studies support these concepts.

• #22 Face Blindness in Children and Current Interventions

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-328X/13/8/676

  Children with prosopagnosia, also known as face blindness, struggle to recognize the faces of acquaintances, which can have a negative impact on their social interactions and overall functioning. […] Prosopagnosia, also known as face blindness, is a condition in which individuals are unable to easily and accurately recognize others by their faces. […] Prosopagnosia can manifest in two primary forms: acquired prosopagnosia (AP) and developmental prosopagnosia (DP). AP arises as a consequence of identifiable neurological damage, while DP, also known as congenital prosopagnosia, emerges without any accompanying intellectual deficits, emotional disturbances, object recognition difficulties, or acquired brain damage. […] The mechanisms underlying face recognition during development differ from those involved in other forms of visual recognition. Specifically, defects in face-specific mechanisms can lead to prosopagnosia, a condition that arises when specific parts of the brain are damaged or lesions occur.

• #23 Prosopagnosia (face blindness) – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/face-blindness/

  Prosopagnosia, also called face blindness, is a condition where you have difficulty recognising people’s faces. […] Prosopagnosia is caused by a problem with the part of the brain that processes information about faces. […] It can happen: if you do not develop the ability to recognise faces – this is the most common type and may run in families, from brain damage, such as following a stroke, head injury, inflammation of the brain (encephalitis), or Alzheimer’s disease, if you’re autistic.

• #24 Prosopagnosia – EyeWiki

  https://eyewiki.org/Prosopagnosia

  Prosopagnosia, also known as face blindness, refers to the neuro-ophthalmic disorder in which a patient has difficulty perceiving or recognizing faces. Prosopagnosia can be characterized into two types: associative and apperceptive. Apperceptive prosopagnosia is defined as the inability to even perceive and cognitively process the face. Associative prosopagnosia is defined as inability to recognize or apply any meaning to the face, despite perceiving it. […] Prosopagnosia can have multiple causes; because this is a disorder of visual processing. Lesions can be further localized to inferior occipital region, fusiform gyrus, and temporal cortex. The most common causes include cerebral infarcts and intracranial hemorrhages in the posterior cerebral circulation. Other less common etiologies for cortical damage can include neoplastic, infectious, neurodegenerative disease, and traumatic brain injury.

• #25 Prosopagnosia – EyeWiki

  https://eyewiki.org/Prosopagnosia

  Prosopagnosia, also known as face blindness, refers to the neuro-ophthalmic disorder in which a patient has difficulty perceiving or recognizing faces. Prosopagnosia can be characterized into two types: associative and apperceptive. Apperceptive prosopagnosia is defined as the inability to even perceive and cognitively process the face. Associative prosopagnosia is defined as inability to recognize or apply any meaning to the face, despite perceiving it. […] Prosopagnosia can have multiple causes; because this is a disorder of visual processing. Lesions can be further localized to inferior occipital region, fusiform gyrus, and temporal cortex. The most common causes include cerebral infarcts and intracranial hemorrhages in the posterior cerebral circulation. Other less common etiologies for cortical damage can include neoplastic, infectious, neurodegenerative disease, and traumatic brain injury.

• #26 Face Blindness – Issuu

  https://issuu.com/mmsa/docs/final_minima_medica/s/10219332

  Overview on Face Blindness Facial recognition is a complex task, often done immediately and readily, involving discrimination of subtle differences in facial structures with differences in facial expressions, ageing, perspectives and lighting. […] Damage to any part of the facial recognition mechanism may result in the development of face blindness. Such dysfunction results in the development of selective face-recognition and visual learning deficits, a condition called prosopagnosia. Prosopagnosia can be either acquired or congenital. The acquired form of prosopagnosia is considered to be a rare consequence of occipital or temporal lobe damage, possibly due to stroke or lesions occurring in adulthood. […] Acquired prosopagnosia is usually the result of localized tissue damage usually to the occipito-temporal lobe, whereas congenital prosopagnosia is due to a problem in neural development. In acquired prosopagnosia, together with an occipito-temporal lesion, adjacent areas of the cortex may also be involved in the damage.

• #27 Face Blindness Is Not Always Permanent | MedPage Today

  https://www.medpagetoday.com/neurology/generalneurology/108242

  Prosopagnosia — also known as face blindness, or the inability to recognize familiar faces — occurred across a range of degenerative and non-degenerative neurologic disorders, a large case series showed. […] In a study of more than 300 patients with prosopagnosia, the temporal and occipital lobes and connecting fusiform gyrus were key brain areas involved, reported Keith Josephs Jr., MD, MST, MSc, of Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota, and co-author in Brain Communications. […] „In almost all instances, the right brain hemisphere was affected.” […] The case series also identified disorders not previously linked to prosopagnosia, Josephs said. […] Prosopagnosia can be developmental or acquired, depending on whether onset occurs in early childhood or later. Acquired cases can have degenerative or non-degenerative etiology.

• #28 Prosopagnosia: face blindness and its association with neurological disorders – PMC Lock

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10901275/

  Loss of facial recognition or prosopagnosia has been well-recognized for over a century. […] Prosopagnosia has been linked to involvement of the fusiform gyri, mainly in the right hemisphere. […] The most common degenerative diagnoses were posterior cortical atrophy, primary prosopagnosia syndrome, Alzheimer’s disease dementia and semantic dementia, with each diagnosis accounting for >10% of this group. […] The most common pathological findings in those with degenerative prosopagnosia were frontotemporal lobar degeneration with hippocampal sclerosis and mixed Alzheimer’s and Lewy body disease pathology. […] In this large case series of patients diagnosed with prosopagnosia, we observed that facial recognition loss occurs across a wide range of acquired degenerative and non-degenerative neurological disorders, most commonly in males with developmental prosopagnosia. […] The right temporal and occipital lobes, and connecting fusiform gyrus, are key areas. […] Multiple different pathologies cause degenerative prosopagnosia.

• #29 Prosopagnosia – EyeWiki

  https://eyewiki.org/Prosopagnosia

  Prosopagnosia, also known as face blindness, refers to the neuro-ophthalmic disorder in which a patient has difficulty perceiving or recognizing faces. Prosopagnosia can be characterized into two types: associative and apperceptive. Apperceptive prosopagnosia is defined as the inability to even perceive and cognitively process the face. Associative prosopagnosia is defined as inability to recognize or apply any meaning to the face, despite perceiving it. […] Prosopagnosia can have multiple causes; because this is a disorder of visual processing. Lesions can be further localized to inferior occipital region, fusiform gyrus, and temporal cortex. The most common causes include cerebral infarcts and intracranial hemorrhages in the posterior cerebral circulation. Other less common etiologies for cortical damage can include neoplastic, infectious, neurodegenerative disease, and traumatic brain injury.

• #30 Prosopagnosia (Face Blindness): Tests, Symptoms, Treatment

  https://www.medicinenet.com/what_does_a_person_with_face_blindness_see/article.htm

  Prosopagnosia may also be defined by the form they take: Apperceptive: Inability to distinguish between two faces right in front of you, by looking at their facial features. […] Associative: Inability to remember and recognize faces of known people, that is, inability to connect the face to other information you know about them. There is a component of memory involved with this type.

• #31 Prosopagnosia – EyeWiki

  https://eyewiki.org/Prosopagnosia

  Prosopagnosia, also known as face blindness, refers to the neuro-ophthalmic disorder in which a patient has difficulty perceiving or recognizing faces. Prosopagnosia can be characterized into two types: associative and apperceptive. Apperceptive prosopagnosia is defined as the inability to even perceive and cognitively process the face. Associative prosopagnosia is defined as inability to recognize or apply any meaning to the face, despite perceiving it. […] Prosopagnosia can have multiple causes; because this is a disorder of visual processing. Lesions can be further localized to inferior occipital region, fusiform gyrus, and temporal cortex. The most common causes include cerebral infarcts and intracranial hemorrhages in the posterior cerebral circulation. Other less common etiologies for cortical damage can include neoplastic, infectious, neurodegenerative disease, and traumatic brain injury.

• #32 Prosopagnosia (Face Blindness): Tests, Symptoms, Treatment

  https://www.medicinenet.com/what_does_a_person_with_face_blindness_see/article.htm

  Prosopagnosia may also be defined by the form they take: Apperceptive: Inability to distinguish between two faces right in front of you, by looking at their facial features. […] Associative: Inability to remember and recognize faces of known people, that is, inability to connect the face to other information you know about them. There is a component of memory involved with this type.

• #33 What Is Prosopagnosia? An Odd Condition That Can Steal Your Face

  https://news.cuanschutz.edu/news-stories/what-is-prosopagnosia-an-odd-condition-that-can-steal-your-face

  Different forms of face blindness exist. Some patients cannot process facial features well, so they have difficulty recognizing a person or even distinguishing differences, such as age or gender, which is called apperceptive prosopagnosia. Whereas other patients are able to process facial features, but then cant take those facial features and attach them to a memory, and that is known as associative prosopagnosia. […] While no cure exists for facial blindness, people experiencing problems should seek care, as behavioral and physical therapies can help with adapting to the condition. […] With acquired facial blindness, treating the underlying cause early can potentially change the course for patients, such as clot-busting drugs for strokes or newly approved Alzheimers drugs that can slow brain degeneration.

• #34 Prosopagnosia – EyeWiki

  https://eyewiki.org/Prosopagnosia

  Prosopagnosia, also known as face blindness, refers to the neuro-ophthalmic disorder in which a patient has difficulty perceiving or recognizing faces. Prosopagnosia can be characterized into two types: associative and apperceptive. Apperceptive prosopagnosia is defined as the inability to even perceive and cognitively process the face. Associative prosopagnosia is defined as inability to recognize or apply any meaning to the face, despite perceiving it. […] Prosopagnosia can have multiple causes; because this is a disorder of visual processing. Lesions can be further localized to inferior occipital region, fusiform gyrus, and temporal cortex. The most common causes include cerebral infarcts and intracranial hemorrhages in the posterior cerebral circulation. Other less common etiologies for cortical damage can include neoplastic, infectious, neurodegenerative disease, and traumatic brain injury.

• #35 Prosopagnosia (Face Blindness): Tests, Symptoms, Treatment

  https://www.medicinenet.com/what_does_a_person_with_face_blindness_see/article.htm

  Prosopagnosia may also be defined by the form they take: Apperceptive: Inability to distinguish between two faces right in front of you, by looking at their facial features. […] Associative: Inability to remember and recognize faces of known people, that is, inability to connect the face to other information you know about them. There is a component of memory involved with this type.

• #36 What Is Prosopagnosia? An Odd Condition That Can Steal Your Face

  https://news.cuanschutz.edu/news-stories/what-is-prosopagnosia-an-odd-condition-that-can-steal-your-face

  Different forms of face blindness exist. Some patients cannot process facial features well, so they have difficulty recognizing a person or even distinguishing differences, such as age or gender, which is called apperceptive prosopagnosia. Whereas other patients are able to process facial features, but then cant take those facial features and attach them to a memory, and that is known as associative prosopagnosia. […] While no cure exists for facial blindness, people experiencing problems should seek care, as behavioral and physical therapies can help with adapting to the condition. […] With acquired facial blindness, treating the underlying cause early can potentially change the course for patients, such as clot-busting drugs for strokes or newly approved Alzheimers drugs that can slow brain degeneration.

• #37 Prosopagnosia | SpringerLink

  https://link.springer.com/10.1007%2F978-0-387-79948-3_1393

  Prosopagnosia is a neurological disorder characterized by the inability to visually recognize familiar faces as well as learn to identify new faces; classification of other objects (e.g., man-made tools), however, is typically spared. […] The term prosopagnosia was first introduced by Bodamer in the 1940s (Bodamer, 1947) to define visual deficits in recognizing familiar faces and learning new faces. […] Prosopagnosia has been divided into two subtypes: apperceptive and associative. Apperceptive prosopagnosia refers to an impairment in face recognition that is caused by deficits at the perceptual level. That is, there is a lack of an accurate representation of a face that can be used to effectively process its identity. Associative prosopagnosia refers to a deficit in retrieving the stored representation of a face that is necessary for recognition, despite an accurate perceptual…

• #38 Prosopagnosia – EyeWiki

  https://eyewiki.org/Prosopagnosia

  Visual information is first received in the V1-2 visual cortex. This information then travels to the V3-5 visual association cortex. Both a ventral and dorsal stream are necessary to further interpret “what” is seen and “where” it is seen, respectively. Facial recognition is processed in the inferior occipital lobe at the fusiform gyrus, where communication occurs with the temporal lobe to associate with memory and apply meaning to the face. When there is a lesion that occurs at some level of this processing, the patient complains of prosopagnosia. Usually lesions are in the bilateral inferior occipitotemporal lobes. Unilateral cases are less common, but when they occur, they are most often attributable to right-sided lesions.

• #39 When a face means nothing: What prosopagnosia looks like – The Washington Post

  https://www.washingtonpost.com/health/2022/09/17/what-face-blindness-means/

  He say his lab and others have “focused on improving face perception abilities, for example, by enhancing matching internal facial features or improving holistic processing abilities: the ability to integrate all the parts of the face into a single representation.” […] The lab has developed a training approach focused on memory to improve “face encoding strategies to enhance face recollection,” DeGutis says, because those with prosopagnosia typically lack “the ability to automatically recall semantic and contextual details when they see a face, although they may have a vague feeling of knowing.” […] Experts agree, however, that most prosopagnosics develop strategies to compensate. […] Says Postal: “Whenever we visually process an object or a face, there are two pathways being processed simultaneously. One involves the visual aspect, and the other involves an emotional sense of familiarity.”

• #40

  https://susilolab.org/Prosopagnosia.html

  Prosopagnosia (also known as face blindness or facial agnosia) is a condition characterised by severe deficits in face recognition that are unrelated to broader dysfunctions of vision, learning, memory, or social skills. […] Prosopagnosia can be lifelong or acquired following brain damage (usually due to stroke or head injury). Lifelong prosopagnosia is thought to result from developmental or congenital abnormalities that affect face recognition mechanisms. […] The fusiform gyrus is a brain structure often implicated in prosopagnosia. […] Lifelong prosopagnosia does not have a clear biomarker, although recent studies suggest that the face processing regions in people with the condition appear under-activated, under-connected, or both. […] In contrast, acquired prosopagnosia is caused by damage to brain structures that house face processing regions, typically in the right hemisphere. […] Accumulating evidence suggests that prosopagnosia is related to reduced ability to process faces as a whole (known as holistic face processing).

• #41

  https://neurolaunch.com/prosopagnosia-brain-area/

  Interestingly, the right hemisphere of the brain tends to be the diva when it comes to face recognition. […] Prosopagnosia isnt always the result of a clear-cut brain injury or stroke. […] Acquired prosopagnosia, on the other hand, occurs when previously normal face recognition abilities are lost due to brain damage. […] In individuals with prosopagnosia, the FFA often shows reduced activation when viewing faces. […] Some studies have found that prosopagnosics show atypical patterns of activation across the face processing network. […] Structural brain differences have also been observed in individuals with prosopagnosia. […] Lesion studies have consistently pointed to the importance of the right fusiform gyrus and surrounding regions in the occipitotemporal cortex. […] In prosopagnosia, these neural pathways can be disrupted, leading to a breakdown in communication between different parts of the face recognition network.

• #42

  https://neurolaunch.com/prosopagnosia-brain-area/

  Interestingly, the right hemisphere of the brain tends to be the diva when it comes to face recognition. […] Prosopagnosia isnt always the result of a clear-cut brain injury or stroke. […] Acquired prosopagnosia, on the other hand, occurs when previously normal face recognition abilities are lost due to brain damage. […] In individuals with prosopagnosia, the FFA often shows reduced activation when viewing faces. […] Some studies have found that prosopagnosics show atypical patterns of activation across the face processing network. […] Structural brain differences have also been observed in individuals with prosopagnosia. […] Lesion studies have consistently pointed to the importance of the right fusiform gyrus and surrounding regions in the occipitotemporal cortex. […] In prosopagnosia, these neural pathways can be disrupted, leading to a breakdown in communication between different parts of the face recognition network.

• #43

  https://neurolaunch.com/prosopagnosia-brain-area/

  Interestingly, the right hemisphere of the brain tends to be the diva when it comes to face recognition. […] Prosopagnosia isnt always the result of a clear-cut brain injury or stroke. […] Acquired prosopagnosia, on the other hand, occurs when previously normal face recognition abilities are lost due to brain damage. […] In individuals with prosopagnosia, the FFA often shows reduced activation when viewing faces. […] Some studies have found that prosopagnosics show atypical patterns of activation across the face processing network. […] Structural brain differences have also been observed in individuals with prosopagnosia. […] Lesion studies have consistently pointed to the importance of the right fusiform gyrus and surrounding regions in the occipitotemporal cortex. […] In prosopagnosia, these neural pathways can be disrupted, leading to a breakdown in communication between different parts of the face recognition network.

• #44

  https://neurolaunch.com/prosopagnosia-brain-area/

  White matter abnormalities have been observed in individuals with prosopagnosia, particularly in the tracts connecting key face processing regions. […] One particular white matter tract, the inferior longitudinal fasciculus, has been implicated in prosopagnosia. […] The potential for targeted neuroplasticity interventions is an exciting frontier in prosopagnosia research. […] The importance of continued research in understanding face blindness cannot be overstated. […] The brain areas involved in prosopagnosia from the fusiform face area to the occipitotemporal cortex and beyond form a intricate network dedicated to the crucial task of face recognition. […] Many individuals with prosopagnosia develop ingenious strategies to compensate for their face recognition difficulties, relying on other cues and cognitive skills to navigate social situations. […] As we continue to unravel the mysteries of prosopagnosia and face recognition, we’re not just learning about a specific condition we’re gaining invaluable insights into the very essence of how our brains make sense of the world around us.

• #45

  https://neurolaunch.com/prosopagnosia-brain-area/

  White matter abnormalities have been observed in individuals with prosopagnosia, particularly in the tracts connecting key face processing regions. […] One particular white matter tract, the inferior longitudinal fasciculus, has been implicated in prosopagnosia. […] The potential for targeted neuroplasticity interventions is an exciting frontier in prosopagnosia research. […] The importance of continued research in understanding face blindness cannot be overstated. […] The brain areas involved in prosopagnosia from the fusiform face area to the occipitotemporal cortex and beyond form a intricate network dedicated to the crucial task of face recognition. […] Many individuals with prosopagnosia develop ingenious strategies to compensate for their face recognition difficulties, relying on other cues and cognitive skills to navigate social situations. […] As we continue to unravel the mysteries of prosopagnosia and face recognition, we’re not just learning about a specific condition we’re gaining invaluable insights into the very essence of how our brains make sense of the world around us.

• #46

  https://neurolaunch.com/prosopagnosia-brain-area/

  Interestingly, the right hemisphere of the brain tends to be the diva when it comes to face recognition. […] Prosopagnosia isnt always the result of a clear-cut brain injury or stroke. […] Acquired prosopagnosia, on the other hand, occurs when previously normal face recognition abilities are lost due to brain damage. […] In individuals with prosopagnosia, the FFA often shows reduced activation when viewing faces. […] Some studies have found that prosopagnosics show atypical patterns of activation across the face processing network. […] Structural brain differences have also been observed in individuals with prosopagnosia. […] Lesion studies have consistently pointed to the importance of the right fusiform gyrus and surrounding regions in the occipitotemporal cortex. […] In prosopagnosia, these neural pathways can be disrupted, leading to a breakdown in communication between different parts of the face recognition network.

• #47 Developmental prosopagnosia: What is face-blindness? | The Independent | The Independent

  https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/health-and-families/health-news/developmental-prosopagnosia-what-is-faceblindness-a6753386.html

  The condition probably has a genetic component. Often sufferers have a sibling or parent who also has difficulty recognising faces. Genetic or environmental factors that cause a person to develop face-blindness may increase their chances of developing other neurodevelopmental disorders. For example, developmental prosopagnosia appears to be more common in people with autism, than in the wider population.

• #48 Understanding Face Blindness & Autism

  https://elemy.wpengine.com/mood-disorders/autism-and-face-blindness

  Face blindness, or prosopagnosia, is a condition that can be acquired through a brain injury, but it is also closely associated with developmental disorders like autism. About 40% of people with autism have prosopagnosia symptoms. […] Research into the extent of these symptoms shows that face blindness is more associated with social identification and communication problems when someone with autism has this condition. […] Developmental disorders, including autism, are closely correlated with higher rates of face blindness. Some research suggests that a lack of social interest in faces — focusing on surroundings or on a specific part of the face besides the eyes, for example — may increase the risk of developing prosopagnosia. […] Importantly, face blindness does not seem to contribute to autism. Many people with the condition do not meet the diagnostic criteria for this developmental disorder.

• #49 Prosopagnosia (“Face Blindness”) in Autism – Integrated Treatment Services

  https://www.integratedtreatmentservices.co.uk/blog/autism-olga-bogdashina/prosopagnosia-face-blindness-autism/

  There is another condition that, though not specific to autism, appears to be quite common in autistic population. This neurological disorder is called prosopagnosia, or face blindness. People suffering from this condition have trouble recognizing people’s faces. Prosopagnosia makes them blind to all but the most familiar faces. It may be genetic and runs in families, or may be caused by strokes, head injuries, or severe illnesses. The exact effects and severity may vary between people. […] Some researchers even suggest that prosopagnosia may be an essential symptom in autistic spectrum disorder, perhaps a specific subgroup of Asperger syndrome. […] Another problem prosopagnostic people experience is the difficulty to understand and express emotions. The main ‘tools’ to express emotions are not words but facial expressions, gestures and tone of voice. For people who cannot ‘read’ faces because of face blindness or/and cannot ‘hear’ emotions in voices because of their auditory processing problems, it is extremely difficult not only to understand emotions in others but also to express emotions themselves otherwise than using words. It’s sort of ‘emotion blindness’. […] In addition to their difficulties in ‘reading’ facial expressions, some prosopagnostic people have problems with understanding gestures and sign language, which involves a lot of facial expressions.

• #50 Prosopagnosia – Whose Face is It? – Yale Scientific Magazine

  https://www.yalescientific.org/2010/02/prosopagnosia-whose-face-is-it/

  Prosopagnosia is a selective and often severe deficit in the ability to recognize others faces. […] Acquired prosopagnosia results from damage to the occipital and/or ventral temporal lobe, often including the fusiform face area or occipital face area. […] In contrast, developmental (or congenital) prosopagnosia is typically present from birth. […] Genetic factors likely contribute to developmental prosopagnosia, as cases can run in families. […] Symptoms of prosopagnosia are assessed using face discrimination tasks, in which the subject is shown photographs of faces and must decide if they represent the same person. […] Prosopagnosia is often reported along with other perceptual deficits, including partial blindness, cerebral achromatopsia (inability to perceive color), object agnosia (inability to recognize objects), topographagnosia (navigational deficits), and deficits in interpreting facial expression.

• #51 Prosopagnosia: Causes and managementMedical News Today

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/prosopagnosia

  Prosopagnosia is a neurological condition where a person is unable to recognize faces. It typically arises due to problems or damage in specific areas of the brain that process facial information. […] Also known as face blindness or facial agnosia, this condition results in the inability to recognize faces. […] The cause of prosopagnosia can differ depending on the type of the condition. Generally, it occurs due to a problem with the parts of the brain that specialize in facial recognition. Some experts may refer to these face-selective areas of the brain as the face network. An area known as the fusiform face area is particularly important for facial recognition. […] Research suggests those living with developmental prosopagnosia may have certain anatomical differences in areas of the brain responsible for processing faces. Other research suggests a possible genetic link and associations with other conditions, such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD), Williams syndrome, and Turner syndrome.

• #52 Prosopagnosia: Why Some are Blind to Faces | Mind Read | Learn Science at Scitable

  https://www.nature.com/scitable/blog/mind-read/blind_to_faces_the_neuroscience/

  Prosopagnosia (Greek for „prosopon” = „face” and „agnosia” = „not knowing”) was originally thought to be a result of brain damagea stroke affecting a particular brain region, for example. It is now recognized that around 2% of the general population has congenital prosopagnosia (or, in other words, they’re born with it). […] A brain region shown to activate specifically in response to faces, called the fusiform gyrus, has been implicated in the disorder. The fusiform gyrus is located in both the occipital and temporal lobes, which are responsible for visual processing and retaining visual memories, respectively. […] Deficits within this temporo-occipital junction as well as the neighboring parahippocampal gyrus may explain other disorders that prosopagnosia sufferers also commonly experience, including problems with color perception or environmental disorientation (difficulty using landmarks to track one’s surroundings).

• #53 Prosopagnosia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559324/

  Prosopagnosia is defined as the inability to recognize known and new faces. It is also known as facial/visual agnosia. Bodamer first used the word prosopagnosia in 1947 in a landmark paper that described the cases of two patients with face recognition deficits. The mechanism of inheritance is not totally clear but thought to be autosomal dominant. The pathophysiology is still not completely understood and is a prominent area of research. Damage or developmental anomaly in the right or bilateral fusiform-lingual gyrus, with neuron pathways that control facial perception and memory, are thought to be involved. Development prosopagnosia appears to be a result of either a disconnection between the anterior and posterior face networks or reduced functional activation of regions responsible for facial recognition and identification. The hypothesis is that dysfunctional neural migration during development may be the mechanism behind juvenile prosopagnosia. […] Imaging research shows that deficits in the temporal cortex and amygdala can also be involved. Advanced imaging studies support these concepts.

• #54 Inability to recognize faces linked to broader visual recognition problems | ScienceDaily

  https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/06/180625192851.htm

  A new study finds that developmental prosopagnosia often occurs as a result of a neurobiological problem in the brain, which affects visual recognition broadly. […] The findings showed that DPs had reduced responses to faces but normal responses to objects, scenes, and bodies across all 12 of the face-selective areas. […] Our findings suggest that most cases of developmental prosopagnosia are not caused by a lack of experience with faces during development but instead, by a broader neurobiological cause that affects all three types of areas. […] Our results indicate that the deficits across face areas, scene areas and body areas may be due to a broad region of cortex that did not develop properly. In other words, these areas did not get wired properly during development. […] Duchaine plans to conduct further research to gain insight into these other visual recognition deficits in order to better understand the types of disorders that impact the visual system.

• #55 Inability to recognize faces linked to broader visual recognition problems | ScienceDaily

  https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/06/180625192851.htm

  A new study finds that developmental prosopagnosia often occurs as a result of a neurobiological problem in the brain, which affects visual recognition broadly. […] The findings showed that DPs had reduced responses to faces but normal responses to objects, scenes, and bodies across all 12 of the face-selective areas. […] Our findings suggest that most cases of developmental prosopagnosia are not caused by a lack of experience with faces during development but instead, by a broader neurobiological cause that affects all three types of areas. […] Our results indicate that the deficits across face areas, scene areas and body areas may be due to a broad region of cortex that did not develop properly. In other words, these areas did not get wired properly during development. […] Duchaine plans to conduct further research to gain insight into these other visual recognition deficits in order to better understand the types of disorders that impact the visual system.

• #56 Face blindness: From autism to stroke and back – Boston Children’s Answers

  https://answers.childrenshospital.org/face-blindness/

  People with prosopagnosia, or “face blindness,” have trouble recognizing faces — even those of close friends and family members. […] New research in the journal Brain, studying 44 people who became face-blind after a stroke, provides clues to what goes awry in the brain. It suggests that no one single area is always perturbed in face blindness. Instead, face blindness involves an entire network, where a malfunction in communication among the various components can bring the system down. […] Face blindness has been linked to the brain’s right fusiform face area (FFA), but not everyone with face blindness shows damage there. […] Based on the findings, Cohen speculates that face recognition involves two distinct brain networks. What’s not yet clear is whether face blindness requires disruption of both networks, or whether it results from an imbalance between the two. […] If all roads in that network lead to a specific area in the brain, that area could potentially be treated by methods to increase or decrease its activity. Even addressing face processing in isolation could improve quality of life in children with autism — and others with face blindness.

• #57 Prosopagnosia: face blindness and its association with neurological disorders – PMC Lock

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10901275/

  Loss of facial recognition or prosopagnosia has been well-recognized for over a century. […] Prosopagnosia has been linked to involvement of the fusiform gyri, mainly in the right hemisphere. […] The most common degenerative diagnoses were posterior cortical atrophy, primary prosopagnosia syndrome, Alzheimer’s disease dementia and semantic dementia, with each diagnosis accounting for >10% of this group. […] The most common pathological findings in those with degenerative prosopagnosia were frontotemporal lobar degeneration with hippocampal sclerosis and mixed Alzheimer’s and Lewy body disease pathology. […] In this large case series of patients diagnosed with prosopagnosia, we observed that facial recognition loss occurs across a wide range of acquired degenerative and non-degenerative neurological disorders, most commonly in males with developmental prosopagnosia. […] The right temporal and occipital lobes, and connecting fusiform gyrus, are key areas. […] Multiple different pathologies cause degenerative prosopagnosia.

• #58

  https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/face-blindness

  This is not one disorder its a family of disorders, says Jason Barton, a professor of neurology and neuroscience at the University of British Columbia in Vancouver. With one form, people may struggle with remembering what [familiar] faces look like but they can see differences in faces if they look at pictures. With another form, people cant see differences in faces. Besides the spectrum of severity, there are two primary forms of prosopagnosia. One is caused by developmental (perhaps genetic) factors, the other is acquired. In a 2023 review published in the journal Brain Sciences, researchers examined 63 studies comparing brain structure and activity in people with developmental prosopagnosia and those without the condition: They found that those who have the condition have impaired functional and anatomical connectivity between the fusiform face area part of the human visual system and other face-recognition regions in the brain, compared to those who dont.

• #59 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/news/20200712/Face-blindness-may-arise-from-deficits-beyond-visual-perception.aspx

  The traditional view of face blindness–prosopagnosia in scientific parlance–has held that the disorder arises from deficits in visual perception. […] Now a new study led by researchers at Harvard Medical School and the VA Boston Healthcare System shows that face blindness may arise from deficits beyond visual perception and appears to involve glitches in retrieving various contextual cues from memory. […] Further, they reveal that successful facial recognition requires recollection, or the recall of relevant contextual details about a person, such as their name or profession. […] Our findings suggest that one important deficit beyond perception is face recollection. […] „Our results underscore that prosopagnosia is a far more complex disorder that is driven by more than deficits in visual perception,” said study first author Anna Stumps, a researcher in the Boston Attention Learning Laboratory at VA Boston. […] „Our findings suggest that people with developmental prosopagnosia use a different memory system when trying to learn and remember faces and that system is less optimally suited for the task of recognizing faces,” DeGutis said.

• #60 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/news/20200712/Face-blindness-may-arise-from-deficits-beyond-visual-perception.aspx

  The traditional view of face blindness–prosopagnosia in scientific parlance–has held that the disorder arises from deficits in visual perception. […] Now a new study led by researchers at Harvard Medical School and the VA Boston Healthcare System shows that face blindness may arise from deficits beyond visual perception and appears to involve glitches in retrieving various contextual cues from memory. […] Further, they reveal that successful facial recognition requires recollection, or the recall of relevant contextual details about a person, such as their name or profession. […] Our findings suggest that one important deficit beyond perception is face recollection. […] „Our results underscore that prosopagnosia is a far more complex disorder that is driven by more than deficits in visual perception,” said study first author Anna Stumps, a researcher in the Boston Attention Learning Laboratory at VA Boston. […] „Our findings suggest that people with developmental prosopagnosia use a different memory system when trying to learn and remember faces and that system is less optimally suited for the task of recognizing faces,” DeGutis said.

• #61 Prosopagnosia Research at Bournemouth University – Face Blindness Overview

  https://www.prosopagnosiaresearch.org/face-blindness/overview

  Prosopagnosia (also known as 'face blindness’) refers to a severe deficit in recognizing familiar people from their face. […] However, it has more recently become clear that many more people have prosopagnosia without experiencing neurological damage. This form of the disorder is commonly referred to as „developmental” or „congenital” prosopagnosia, and these people simply fail to develop normal face processing abilities despite normal intellectual and perceptual functions. […] Some evidence suggests there may be a genetic contribution to the condition in some individuals, with many people reporting at least one first-degree relative who also experiences face recognition difficulties. […] There is currently no formal treatment for prosopagnosia. However, our laboratory has recently published some attempts to remedy face recognition difficulties, either through the use of training programmes or temporary pharmaceutical intervention.

• #62 Face Blindness in Children and Current Interventions

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-328X/13/8/676

  Therefore, gaining a comprehensive understanding of the various types and subtypes of prosopagnosia, along with their specific impairments, is essential for the development of effective intervention strategies. […] Prosopagnosia can be improved through training, and the dissociation between face perception and face memory mechanisms is evident in the recovery process. […] Currently, there are two strategies for intervention: compensatory strategies and remedial strategies. […] Compensatory strategies seek to intervene through facial memory and semantic memory, while remedial strategies target interventions through facial perception. […] These strategies can involve focusing on distinctive features, physical defects, specific body movements, voice, hairstyle, glasses, clothing, or ornamentation before encountering individuals.

• #63 Face Blindness in Children and Current Interventions

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-328X/13/8/676

  The Attention of Facial Features strategy focuses on guiding participants to direct their attention to the relevant facial regions they need to focus on. […] Semantic Association involves providing identity-related information, such as occupation and name, while participants are learning a face. […] Remedial strategies, which aim to train more general skills that can be applied to any face, can facilitate more effective “normal” processing strategies and are typically used in patients with prosopagnosia due to impaired non-perceptual mechanisms that would be difficult to achieve otherwise. […] The above studies indicated that remedial strategies targeting face perception can enhance face cognition in children with prosopagnosia, potentially extending these improvements to their everyday lives. […] Future research should continue to investigate and refine these remedial strategies to optimize their effectiveness and applicability.

• #64 Face Blindness in Children and Current Interventions

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-328X/13/8/676

  The Attention of Facial Features strategy focuses on guiding participants to direct their attention to the relevant facial regions they need to focus on. […] Semantic Association involves providing identity-related information, such as occupation and name, while participants are learning a face. […] Remedial strategies, which aim to train more general skills that can be applied to any face, can facilitate more effective “normal” processing strategies and are typically used in patients with prosopagnosia due to impaired non-perceptual mechanisms that would be difficult to achieve otherwise. […] The above studies indicated that remedial strategies targeting face perception can enhance face cognition in children with prosopagnosia, potentially extending these improvements to their everyday lives. […] Future research should continue to investigate and refine these remedial strategies to optimize their effectiveness and applicability.

• #65 Face Blindness in Children and Current Interventions

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-328X/13/8/676

  The Attention of Facial Features strategy focuses on guiding participants to direct their attention to the relevant facial regions they need to focus on. […] Semantic Association involves providing identity-related information, such as occupation and name, while participants are learning a face. […] Remedial strategies, which aim to train more general skills that can be applied to any face, can facilitate more effective “normal” processing strategies and are typically used in patients with prosopagnosia due to impaired non-perceptual mechanisms that would be difficult to achieve otherwise. […] The above studies indicated that remedial strategies targeting face perception can enhance face cognition in children with prosopagnosia, potentially extending these improvements to their everyday lives. […] Future research should continue to investigate and refine these remedial strategies to optimize their effectiveness and applicability.

• #66 Face Blindness in Children and Current Interventions

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-328X/13/8/676

  Therefore, gaining a comprehensive understanding of the various types and subtypes of prosopagnosia, along with their specific impairments, is essential for the development of effective intervention strategies. […] Prosopagnosia can be improved through training, and the dissociation between face perception and face memory mechanisms is evident in the recovery process. […] Currently, there are two strategies for intervention: compensatory strategies and remedial strategies. […] Compensatory strategies seek to intervene through facial memory and semantic memory, while remedial strategies target interventions through facial perception. […] These strategies can involve focusing on distinctive features, physical defects, specific body movements, voice, hairstyle, glasses, clothing, or ornamentation before encountering individuals.

• #67 When a face means nothing: What prosopagnosia looks like – The Washington Post

  https://www.washingtonpost.com/health/2022/09/17/what-face-blindness-means/

  He say his lab and others have “focused on improving face perception abilities, for example, by enhancing matching internal facial features or improving holistic processing abilities: the ability to integrate all the parts of the face into a single representation.” […] The lab has developed a training approach focused on memory to improve “face encoding strategies to enhance face recollection,” DeGutis says, because those with prosopagnosia typically lack “the ability to automatically recall semantic and contextual details when they see a face, although they may have a vague feeling of knowing.” […] Experts agree, however, that most prosopagnosics develop strategies to compensate. […] Says Postal: “Whenever we visually process an object or a face, there are two pathways being processed simultaneously. One involves the visual aspect, and the other involves an emotional sense of familiarity.”

• #68 What Is Face Blindness? – Science Friday

  https://www.sciencefriday.com/articles/what-is-face-blindness/

  Damage to different parts of this neural network can interrupt different aspects of the face-recognition process. […] Its less clear what causes face-blindness in people with developmental prosopagnosia. Neuroimaging studies have suggested that there are structural and functional anomalies in the brains wiring, according to Barton, but theres no consensus on a defining abnormality or genetic marker. […] A more reliable diagnosis comes only after the administration of a battery of tests, which might include one called the Cambridge Face Memory Test. […] The simple answer is no. Researchers have tried various treatment strategies with varying degrees of success and failure, but theres no widely accepted approach. […] In a 2014 study appearing in the journal Brain, a Harvard-based team reported modest results in a group of 24 people with developmental prosopagnosia who completed a three-week online face-training program.

• #69 What Is Face Blindness? – Science Friday

  https://www.sciencefriday.com/articles/what-is-face-blindness/

  The design was based on one theory that people with normal face recognition interpret all the parts of a face at once, in this holistic or gestalt way. […] While his team doesnt know what kind of staying power the treatment will have, DeGutis is optimistic about their approach. […] After inhaling either an oxytocin or placebo nasal spray, 10 participants with developmental prosopagnosia completed two face-processing tasks. […] The authors noted that past research has shown that oxytocin modulates activity in a face-processing region in the occipital lobe called the fusiform face area; they suggested that increased activity in that region might have contributed to the participants improvements. […] Future research involving neuroimaging would be necessary to reveal what oxytocin is actually doing in the brain in people with prosopagnosia.

• #70 Daily Dose: Prosopagnosia, Face Blindness

  https://www.news9.com/story/672d091f6cf3bfe1937ff260/daily-dose:-prosopagnosia-face-blindness

  Dr. Lacy Anderson said that this is a syndrome called Prosopagnosia. It’s also known as face blindness. […] It causes difficulty recognizing faces, especially if they’re wearing a hat or in an unexpected context. It’s caused by a problem with the part of the brain that processes facial information. It can be present at birth in some people or it can develop later in life due to brain damage. […] There is no known cure for this condition, but facial recognition software could eventually offer some solutions for patients.

• #71 Face Blindness in Children and Current Interventions

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-328X/13/8/676

  However, there is promising evidence suggesting that the face processing system exhibits neural reorganization capabilities following injury, indicating a degree of plasticity. […] Moreover, research suggests that the face recognition system in children may possess greater plasticity compared to adults, highlighting the critical role of early intervention. […] The first locus is the patient’s inability to accurately perceive faces. The second locus is the patient’s ability to correctly perceive faces but the inability to access stored face memories. The third locus involves the patient’s ability to perceive faces and make familiarity judgments, but this locus is unable to extract any semantic or identity information related to the person. […] Moreover, studies have suggested that AP can be divided into two subtypes: apperceptive prosopagnosia and associative prosopagnosia.

• #72 Face Blindness in Children and Current Interventions

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-328X/13/8/676

  However, there is promising evidence suggesting that the face processing system exhibits neural reorganization capabilities following injury, indicating a degree of plasticity. […] Moreover, research suggests that the face recognition system in children may possess greater plasticity compared to adults, highlighting the critical role of early intervention. […] The first locus is the patient’s inability to accurately perceive faces. The second locus is the patient’s ability to correctly perceive faces but the inability to access stored face memories. The third locus involves the patient’s ability to perceive faces and make familiarity judgments, but this locus is unable to extract any semantic or identity information related to the person. […] Moreover, studies have suggested that AP can be divided into two subtypes: apperceptive prosopagnosia and associative prosopagnosia.

• #73 Prosopagnosia: face blindness and its association with neurological disorders – PMC Lock

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10901275/

  Loss of facial recognition or prosopagnosia has been well-recognized for over a century. […] Prosopagnosia has been linked to involvement of the fusiform gyri, mainly in the right hemisphere. […] The most common degenerative diagnoses were posterior cortical atrophy, primary prosopagnosia syndrome, Alzheimer’s disease dementia and semantic dementia, with each diagnosis accounting for >10% of this group. […] The most common pathological findings in those with degenerative prosopagnosia were frontotemporal lobar degeneration with hippocampal sclerosis and mixed Alzheimer’s and Lewy body disease pathology. […] In this large case series of patients diagnosed with prosopagnosia, we observed that facial recognition loss occurs across a wide range of acquired degenerative and non-degenerative neurological disorders, most commonly in males with developmental prosopagnosia. […] The right temporal and occipital lobes, and connecting fusiform gyrus, are key areas. […] Multiple different pathologies cause degenerative prosopagnosia.

• #74 Face Blindness in Children and Current Interventions

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-328X/13/8/676

  Therefore, gaining a comprehensive understanding of the various types and subtypes of prosopagnosia, along with their specific impairments, is essential for the development of effective intervention strategies. […] Prosopagnosia can be improved through training, and the dissociation between face perception and face memory mechanisms is evident in the recovery process. […] Currently, there are two strategies for intervention: compensatory strategies and remedial strategies. […] Compensatory strategies seek to intervene through facial memory and semantic memory, while remedial strategies target interventions through facial perception. […] These strategies can involve focusing on distinctive features, physical defects, specific body movements, voice, hairstyle, glasses, clothing, or ornamentation before encountering individuals.

• #75 Prosopagnosia Research at Bournemouth University – Face Blindness Overview

  https://www.prosopagnosiaresearch.org/face-blindness/overview

  Prosopagnosia (also known as 'face blindness’) refers to a severe deficit in recognizing familiar people from their face. […] However, it has more recently become clear that many more people have prosopagnosia without experiencing neurological damage. This form of the disorder is commonly referred to as „developmental” or „congenital” prosopagnosia, and these people simply fail to develop normal face processing abilities despite normal intellectual and perceptual functions. […] Some evidence suggests there may be a genetic contribution to the condition in some individuals, with many people reporting at least one first-degree relative who also experiences face recognition difficulties. […] There is currently no formal treatment for prosopagnosia. However, our laboratory has recently published some attempts to remedy face recognition difficulties, either through the use of training programmes or temporary pharmaceutical intervention.

• #76 Face Blindness in Children and Current Interventions

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-328X/13/8/676

  The Attention of Facial Features strategy focuses on guiding participants to direct their attention to the relevant facial regions they need to focus on. […] Semantic Association involves providing identity-related information, such as occupation and name, while participants are learning a face. […] Remedial strategies, which aim to train more general skills that can be applied to any face, can facilitate more effective “normal” processing strategies and are typically used in patients with prosopagnosia due to impaired non-perceptual mechanisms that would be difficult to achieve otherwise. […] The above studies indicated that remedial strategies targeting face perception can enhance face cognition in children with prosopagnosia, potentially extending these improvements to their everyday lives. […] Future research should continue to investigate and refine these remedial strategies to optimize their effectiveness and applicability.

• #77

  https://neurolaunch.com/prosopagnosia-brain-area/

  White matter abnormalities have been observed in individuals with prosopagnosia, particularly in the tracts connecting key face processing regions. […] One particular white matter tract, the inferior longitudinal fasciculus, has been implicated in prosopagnosia. […] The potential for targeted neuroplasticity interventions is an exciting frontier in prosopagnosia research. […] The importance of continued research in understanding face blindness cannot be overstated. […] The brain areas involved in prosopagnosia from the fusiform face area to the occipitotemporal cortex and beyond form a intricate network dedicated to the crucial task of face recognition. […] Many individuals with prosopagnosia develop ingenious strategies to compensate for their face recognition difficulties, relying on other cues and cognitive skills to navigate social situations. […] As we continue to unravel the mysteries of prosopagnosia and face recognition, we’re not just learning about a specific condition we’re gaining invaluable insights into the very essence of how our brains make sense of the world around us.

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