Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Prosopagnosia – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosopagnosia

  Prosopagnosia, also known as face blindness, is a cognitive disorder of face perception in which the ability to recognize familiar faces, including one’s own face (self-recognition), is impaired, while other aspects of visual processing (e.g., object discrimination) and intellectual functioning (e.g., decision-making) remain intact. The term originally referred to a condition following acute brain damage (acquired prosopagnosia), but a congenital or developmental form of the disorder also exists, with a prevalence of 2.5%. […] Prosopagnosia can be caused by lesions in various parts of the inferior occipital areas (occipital face area), fusiform gyrus (fusiform face area), and the anterior temporal cortex. Acquired prosopagnosia can develop as the result of several neurologically damaging causes. Vascular causes of prosopagnosia include posterior cerebral artery infarcts (PCAIs) and hemorrhages in the infero-medial part of the temporo-occipital area.

• #2 Prosopagnosia: Causes and managementMedical News Today

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/prosopagnosia

  Prosopagnosia is a neurological condition where a person is unable to recognize faces. It typically arises due to problems or damage in specific areas of the brain that process facial information. […] The cause of prosopagnosia can differ depending on the type of the condition. Generally, it occurs due to a problem with the parts of the brain that specialize in facial recognition. Some experts may refer to these face-selective areas of the brain as the face network. An area known as the fusiform face area is particularly important for facial recognition. […] Developmental prosopagnosia is when a person does not develop face recognition skills. This is despite their vision and memory being unimpaired and no obvious signs of brain damage. […] Research suggests those living with developmental prosopagnosia may have certain anatomical differences in areas of the brain responsible for processing faces. Other research suggests a possible genetic link and associations with other conditions, such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD), Williams syndrome, and Turner syndrome. […] Acquired prosopagnosia can result from various factors. Research notes that this can include traumatic brain injuries, stroke, neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease, and neuropsychiatric conditions, such as depression or schizophrenia.

• #3 The Hidden Social Struggles of Face Blindness — Seattle Psychiatrist — Seattle Anxiety Specialists – Psychiatry, Psychology, and Psychotherapy

  https://seattleanxiety.com/psychiatrist/2023/7/20/the-hidden-social-struggles-of-face-blindness

  Being face blind means living in a world full of strangers. For people with prosopagnosia, or face blindness (a rare neurological disorder affecting nearly 3% of the population), social situations are complicated to navigate as the brains facial recognition system is flawed. Prosopagnosia not only affects an individual’s ability to recognize faces but also poses significant mental health challenges, impacting social interactions, self-esteem, and emotional well-being. […] Causes for prosopagnosia can be related to genetic variants, stroke, traumatic brain injury, tumors or some neurodegenerative diseases. Prosopagnosia can often be found in individuals with autism (ASD) and Aspergers Syndrome due to similar cognitive-emotional processes being affected. […] The main purposes of the brains visual facial recognition system revolve around sorting socially-meaningful information based on familiarity, attractiveness, and emotion. Lopatina et al. (2018) note that face recognition impairment has been found to be associated with problems with neurons in the temporal lobe and/or the fusiform face area, particularly in the right middle fusiform gyrus. When this system in the fusiform face area is impaired in individuals with prosopagnosia, so are the subsequent social processes.

• #4 Prosopagnosia

  https://www.brainfacts.org/diseases-and-disorders/neurological-disorders-az/diseases-a-to-z-from-ninds/prosopagnosia

  Prosopagnosia is a neurological disorder characterized by the inability to recognize faces. Prosopagnosia is thought to be the result of abnormalities, damage, or impairment in the right fusiform gyrus, a fold in the brain that appears to coordinate the neural systems that control facial perception and memory. Prosopagnosia can result from stroke, traumatic brain injury, or certain neurodegenerative diseases. […] Congenital prosopagnosia appears to run in families, which makes it likely to be the result of a genetic mutation or deletion.

• #5 Prosopagnosia: face blindness and its association with neurological disorders – PMC Lock

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10901275/

  Loss of facial recognition or prosopagnosia has been well-recognized for over a century. […] Prosopagnosia has been linked to involvement of the fusiform gyri, mainly in the right hemisphere. […] Patients were categorized as developmental versus acquired; those with acquired prosopagnosia were further subdivided into degenerative versus non-degenerative, based on neurological aetiology. […] The most common degenerative diagnoses were posterior cortical atrophy, primary prosopagnosia syndrome, Alzheimer’s disease dementia and semantic dementia, with each diagnosis accounting for >10% of this group. […] The most common non-degenerative diagnoses were infarcts (ischaemic and haemorrhagic), epilepsy-related and primary brain tumours, each accounting for >10%. […] We identified a group of patients with non-degenerative transient prosopagnosia in which facial recognition loss improved or resolved over time.

• #6 What Is Prosopagnosia? Here’s What to Know About ‘Face Blindness’ – NBC Los Angeles

  https://www.nbclosangeles.com/news/local/what-is-prosopagnosia-heres-what-to-know-about-face-blindness-and-why-it-happens/2931998/

  According to the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, prosopagnosia is a neurological disorder that causes someone to have trouble recognizing people they know, or distinguishing between different people’s faces. […] The disorder is caused by differences in a part of the brain called the fusiform gyrus. […] The fusiform gyrus is „a fold in the brain that appears to coordinate the neural systems that control facial perception and memory” — in other words, the part of the brain that allows you to see a face and remember if, when and where you’ve seen it before. […] One way that „atypicalities” in that part of the brain may lead to face blindness, according to Grill-Spector, „is that neurons on this area process parts of the face but do not process the entire face as a whole, leading to problems in face recognition.”

• #7 Face Blindness (Prosopagnosia): Test, Symptoms, and CausesHealthline

  https://www.healthline.com/health/neurological-health/face-blindness

  Face blindness, or prosopagnosia, is a rare brain disorder characterized by the inability to recognize or differentiate faces. […] Prosopagnosia is thought to be caused by abnormalities, impairment, or damage of a fold in the brain called the right fusiform gyrus. This area in the brain plays an important role in coordinating the neural systems that affect facial memory and perception. […] Prosopagnosia can be caused by stroke, injury to the brain, or some neurodegenerative diseases. […] In some cases, people are born with face blindness as a congenital disorder. In these cases, there seems to be a genetic link, as it runs in families. […] It’s important to note that face blindness is not caused by impaired vision, learning disabilities, or memory loss. It’s a specific problem with recognizing faces as opposed to a memory problem of failing to remember the person.

• #8 What Is Prosopagnosia? Here’s What to Know About ‘Face Blindness’ – NBC Los Angeles

  https://www.nbclosangeles.com/news/local/what-is-prosopagnosia-heres-what-to-know-about-face-blindness-and-why-it-happens/2931998/

  According to the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, prosopagnosia is a neurological disorder that causes someone to have trouble recognizing people they know, or distinguishing between different people’s faces. […] The disorder is caused by differences in a part of the brain called the fusiform gyrus. […] The fusiform gyrus is „a fold in the brain that appears to coordinate the neural systems that control facial perception and memory” — in other words, the part of the brain that allows you to see a face and remember if, when and where you’ve seen it before. […] One way that „atypicalities” in that part of the brain may lead to face blindness, according to Grill-Spector, „is that neurons on this area process parts of the face but do not process the entire face as a whole, leading to problems in face recognition.”

• #9

  https://susilolab.org/Prosopagnosia.html

  Prosopagnosia (also known as face blindness or facial agnosia) is a condition characterised by severe deficits in face recognition that are unrelated to broader dysfunctions of vision, learning, memory, or social skills. […] Prosopagnosia can be lifelong or acquired following brain damage (usually due to stroke or head injury). Lifelong prosopagnosia is thought to result from developmental or congenital abnormalities that affect face recognition mechanisms. […] The fusiform gyrus is a brain structure often implicated in prosopagnosia. […] Lifelong prosopagnosia does not have a clear biomarker, although recent studies suggest that the face processing regions in people with the condition appear under-activated, under-connected, or both. […] In contrast, acquired prosopagnosia is caused by damage to brain structures that house face processing regions, typically in the right hemisphere. […] Accumulating evidence suggests that prosopagnosia is related to reduced ability to process faces as a whole (known as holistic face processing).

• #10 Prosopagnosia (face blindness) – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/face-blindness/

  Prosopagnosia is caused by a problem with the part of the brain that processes information about faces. […] It can happen: if you do not develop the ability to recognise faces – this is the most common type and may run in families. […] from brain damage, such as following a stroke, head injury, inflammation of the brain (encephalitis), or Alzheimer’s disease. […] if you’re autistic.

• #11 Prosopagnosia (Face Blindness): Tests, Symptoms, Treatment

  https://www.medicinenet.com/what_does_a_person_with_face_blindness_see/article.htm

  The two types of face blindness are congenital/developmental or acquired: Congenital: This is the more common type. With this type, it is common to have a family history of prosopagnosia, but it is not clear what causes this to develop. […] Acquired: This type is uncommon, but can happen with stroke, traumatic brain injury, or neurodegenerative or psychiatric disorders. […] Children can have face blindness. Congenital prosopagnosia is more common than the acquired type, and there is often a family history.

• #12 Prosopagnosia: Causes and managementMedical News Today

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/prosopagnosia

  Prosopagnosia is a neurological condition where a person is unable to recognize faces. It typically arises due to problems or damage in specific areas of the brain that process facial information. […] The cause of prosopagnosia can differ depending on the type of the condition. Generally, it occurs due to a problem with the parts of the brain that specialize in facial recognition. Some experts may refer to these face-selective areas of the brain as the face network. An area known as the fusiform face area is particularly important for facial recognition. […] Developmental prosopagnosia is when a person does not develop face recognition skills. This is despite their vision and memory being unimpaired and no obvious signs of brain damage. […] Research suggests those living with developmental prosopagnosia may have certain anatomical differences in areas of the brain responsible for processing faces. Other research suggests a possible genetic link and associations with other conditions, such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD), Williams syndrome, and Turner syndrome. […] Acquired prosopagnosia can result from various factors. Research notes that this can include traumatic brain injuries, stroke, neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease, and neuropsychiatric conditions, such as depression or schizophrenia.

• #13 Prosopagnosia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559324/

  Prosopagnosia can be acquired or hereditary. Acquired cases can result from ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke, traumatic brain injury, certain neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric illnesses (Alzheimer disease, depression, and schizophrenia). […] Hereditary or development etiologies are a hot area of research, given that they are more common than acquired etiologies. The mechanism of inheritance is not totally clear but thought to be autosomal dominant. […] The hypothesis is that dysfunctional neural migration during development may be the mechanism behind juvenile prosopagnosia.

• #14 Prosopagnosia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559324/

  Prosopagnosia can be acquired or hereditary. Acquired cases can result from ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke, traumatic brain injury, certain neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric illnesses (Alzheimer disease, depression, and schizophrenia). […] Hereditary or development etiologies are a hot area of research, given that they are more common than acquired etiologies. The mechanism of inheritance is not totally clear but thought to be autosomal dominant. […] The hypothesis is that dysfunctional neural migration during development may be the mechanism behind juvenile prosopagnosia.

• #15 Prosopagnosia Research at Bournemouth University – Face Blindness Overview

  https://www.prosopagnosiaresearch.org/face-blindness/overview

  Prosopagnosia (also known as 'face blindness’) refers to a severe deficit in recognizing familiar people from their face. […] The condition has traditionally been studied in individuals who very rarely acquire the disorder following neurological damage (typically from stroke or head injury). However, it has more recently become clear that many more people have prosopagnosia without experiencing neurological damage. This form of the disorder is commonly referred to as „developmental” or „congenital” prosopagnosia, and these people simply fail to develop normal face processing abilities despite normal intellectual and perceptual functions. […] Some evidence suggests there may be a genetic contribution to the condition in some individuals, with many people reporting at least one first-degree relative who also experiences face recognition difficulties.

• #16 Prosopagnosia and Face Blindness: Why You May Be Face Blind | TIME

  https://time.com/4838661/prosopagnosia-face-blindness/

  If so, you might have face blindnessofficially called prosopagnosia, from the Greek word prosopon, meaning face, and agnosia, meaning ignorance. […] Studies show that face-blindness is not connected to general intelligence or wider memory. It is usually a lifelong problem, and developmental prosopagnosiawhich refers to face blindness without having brain damageis the most common kind. […] One of the studys authors, Dr. Thomas Grter of the Institute of Human Genetics in Germanywho himself is a prosopagnosicspeculated that the condition may be caused by a defect in a single dominant gene. […] Some people also develop prosopagnosia after suffering damage to their brain, such as a head injury or a stroke. This is known as acquired prosopagnosia and is relatively rare.

• #17 Prosopagnosia: Causes and managementMedical News Today

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/prosopagnosia

  Prosopagnosia is a neurological condition where a person is unable to recognize faces. It typically arises due to problems or damage in specific areas of the brain that process facial information. […] The cause of prosopagnosia can differ depending on the type of the condition. Generally, it occurs due to a problem with the parts of the brain that specialize in facial recognition. Some experts may refer to these face-selective areas of the brain as the face network. An area known as the fusiform face area is particularly important for facial recognition. […] Developmental prosopagnosia is when a person does not develop face recognition skills. This is despite their vision and memory being unimpaired and no obvious signs of brain damage. […] Research suggests those living with developmental prosopagnosia may have certain anatomical differences in areas of the brain responsible for processing faces. Other research suggests a possible genetic link and associations with other conditions, such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD), Williams syndrome, and Turner syndrome. […] Acquired prosopagnosia can result from various factors. Research notes that this can include traumatic brain injuries, stroke, neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease, and neuropsychiatric conditions, such as depression or schizophrenia.

• #18 Face Blindness and Autism | Autism Resources

  https://www.songbirdcare.com/articles/face-blindness-and-autism

  Face blindness, also known as prosopagnosia, is a condition that makes it difficult to recognize faces. Face blindness is not caused by problems with memory, vision, or a learning disability. The name prosopagnosia comes from the Greek words meaning “face” and “lack of knowledge.” […] Face blindness is estimated to affect between 2 to 3 percent of the general population. However, recent studies suggest that face blindness might be more common in individuals with autism. […] The type of face blindness is defined by how an individual develops face blindness. People can be born with face blindness or develop it after brain damage. […] Developmental prosopagnosia (also known as congenital prosopagnosia) is a condition that runs in families. People with this condition are born without the ability to recognize faces.

• #19 An Overview of Face Recognition Disorders – Face Blind UK

  https://faceblind.org.uk/information/overview/

  Prosopagnosia, or face blindness, is a neurological condition that affects an individuals ability to recognise familiar faces. […] For some people it is the result of a specific brain injury or trauma acquired prosopagnosia, but more commonly (and usually going unrecognised) it is a lifelong condition known as developmental prosopagnosia. […] Acquired Prosopagnosia (AP) describes the face recognition difficulties that are the result of an injury to the brain (such as after encephalitis, a stroke or a head injury). […] Though there is some evidence that developmental prosopagnosia runs in families, the cause is not yet known. […] It could have a genetic base or be a skill that the infant doesnt develop, or perhaps a combination of both. […] It is sometimes referred to as congenital prosopagnosia. […] There seem to be associations with certain other conditions (e.g. Turners Syndrome) and a higher incidence of prosopagnosia has been reported amongst individuals with autism.

• #20 Face Blindness and Autism | Autism Resources

  https://www.songbirdcare.com/articles/face-blindness-and-autism

  Face blindness, also known as prosopagnosia, is a condition that makes it difficult to recognize faces. Face blindness is not caused by problems with memory, vision, or a learning disability. The name prosopagnosia comes from the Greek words meaning “face” and “lack of knowledge.” […] Face blindness is estimated to affect between 2 to 3 percent of the general population. However, recent studies suggest that face blindness might be more common in individuals with autism. […] The type of face blindness is defined by how an individual develops face blindness. People can be born with face blindness or develop it after brain damage. […] Developmental prosopagnosia (also known as congenital prosopagnosia) is a condition that runs in families. People with this condition are born without the ability to recognize faces.

• #21 Prosopagnosia (Facial Blindness): Symptoms, Diagnosis, And Treatment | BetterHelp

  https://www.betterhelp.com/advice/general/prosopagnosia-facial-blindness-symptoms-diagnosis-and-treatment/

  Although updated evidence may be needed, approximately 2.5% of all people are thought to be born with facial blindness and have difficulty with facial recognition. In these people, the fusiform gyrus area of the brain generally does not function properly and thus does not allow them to respond to faces in the way most people do. […] Acquired prosopagnosia is currently believed to impact approximately one in 30,000 people worldwide. This condition can be caused by an illness, injury, or brain malfunction impacting one’s facial recognition abilities. […] Developmental prosopagnosia, also known as congenital or hereditary prosopagnosia, is a result of genetic contributions. Acquired prosopagnosia may occur as a result of brain lesions caused by a number of medical or environmental factors such as: Brain tumors, Dementia, Carbon monoxide poisoning, Developmental disorders, Seizures, Cerebral hypoxia. […] Prosopagnosia is linked to damage in the “face network” of the brain, including the anterior temporal cortex. There is no cure for prosopagnosia, so treatment focuses on coping strategies one can use to manage the condition.

• #22

  https://www.bbc.com/news/health-24385650

  People with prosopagnosia see a face – but don’t recognise it. […] David has prosopagnosia. People with this condition can see the eyes, the nose, and the mouth, what is known as the context – but they cannot see them as a whole. They do not recognise gestures or emotions. […] David, who lives in Essex, had unknowingly been living with eye damage since birth – the arteries and veins were mixed up. This eventually caused a partial loss of sight and damage in the brain which caused the prosopagnosia. […] There are two main forms of prosopagnosia; developmental – where people fail to develop face processing abilities which is thought to affect around 2% of the population, and acquired, which develops after some form of brain injury and is much rarer. […] Acquired prosopagnosia is extremely rare because the type of brain damage is very specific.

• #23 Prosopagnosia: face blindness and its association with neurological disorders – PMC Lock

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10901275/

  Loss of facial recognition or prosopagnosia has been well-recognized for over a century. […] Prosopagnosia has been linked to involvement of the fusiform gyri, mainly in the right hemisphere. […] Patients were categorized as developmental versus acquired; those with acquired prosopagnosia were further subdivided into degenerative versus non-degenerative, based on neurological aetiology. […] The most common degenerative diagnoses were posterior cortical atrophy, primary prosopagnosia syndrome, Alzheimer’s disease dementia and semantic dementia, with each diagnosis accounting for >10% of this group. […] The most common non-degenerative diagnoses were infarcts (ischaemic and haemorrhagic), epilepsy-related and primary brain tumours, each accounting for >10%. […] We identified a group of patients with non-degenerative transient prosopagnosia in which facial recognition loss improved or resolved over time.

• #24 Prosopagnosia – EyeWiki

  https://eyewiki.org/Prosopagnosia

  Prosopagnosia can have multiple causes; because this is a disorder of visual processing. Lesions can be further localized to inferior occipital region, fusiform gyrus, and temporal cortex. The most common causes include cerebral infarcts and intracranial hemorrhages in the posterior cerebral circulation. Other less common etiologies for cortical damage can include neoplastic, infectious, neurodegenerative disease, and traumatic brain injury. […] Additional history can assist with understanding the etiology of the prosopagnosia. Questions to ask the patient include history of head trauma, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, coronary artery disease, prior strokes, Alzheimer disease, Parkinson disease, and current medications.

• #25 Prosopagnosia – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosopagnosia

  Prosopagnosia, also known as face blindness, is a cognitive disorder of face perception in which the ability to recognize familiar faces, including one’s own face (self-recognition), is impaired, while other aspects of visual processing (e.g., object discrimination) and intellectual functioning (e.g., decision-making) remain intact. The term originally referred to a condition following acute brain damage (acquired prosopagnosia), but a congenital or developmental form of the disorder also exists, with a prevalence of 2.5%. […] Prosopagnosia can be caused by lesions in various parts of the inferior occipital areas (occipital face area), fusiform gyrus (fusiform face area), and the anterior temporal cortex. Acquired prosopagnosia can develop as the result of several neurologically damaging causes. Vascular causes of prosopagnosia include posterior cerebral artery infarcts (PCAIs) and hemorrhages in the infero-medial part of the temporo-occipital area.

• #26 Prosopagnosia – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosopagnosia

  Recent studies have confirmed that right hemisphere damage to the specific temporo-occipital areas mentioned above is sufficient to induce prosopagnosia. Other less common etiologies include carbon monoxide poisoning, temporal lobectomy, encephalitis, neoplasm, right temporal lobe atrophy, injury, Parkinson’s disease, and Alzheimer’s disease.

• #27 Prosopagnosia: face blindness and its association with neurological disorders – PMC Lock

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10901275/

  The most common pathological findings in those with degenerative prosopagnosia were frontotemporal lobar degeneration with hippocampal sclerosis and mixed Alzheimer’s and Lewy body disease pathology. […] We observed that facial recognition loss occurs across a wide range of acquired degenerative and non-degenerative neurological disorders, most commonly in males with developmental prosopagnosia. […] Multiple different pathologies cause degenerative prosopagnosia. […] Patients with developmental prosopagnosia may not be cognizant of their deficit or have limited insight. […] Some researchers propose that developmental prosopagnosia has a genetic basis. […] Haemorrhagic and ischaemic strokes involving the right or bilateral posterior occipito-temporal region have been associated with prosopagnosia.

• #28 Prosopagnosia: face blindness and its association with neurological disorders – PMC Lock

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10901275/

  Increasing recognition of neurodegenerative diseases also includes some diseases that target the anterior temporal region linked to the associative type of prosopagnosia. […] We hypothesize that those with neurodegenerative diseases will show more of a bilateral pattern of involvement compared with those with non-degenerative prosopagnosia. […] The three most common degenerative diagnoses were posterior cortical atrophy, PPS and Alzheimer’s disease dementia, with each diagnosis accounting for >10% of the neurodegenerative aetiologies. […] Ninety-one patients had a non-degenerative diagnosis. […] The most common non-degenerative diagnoses were infarcts (ischaemic and haemorrhagic infarcts) followed by epilepsy/seizure-related diseases and primary brain tumours. […] We also encountered novel associations such as patients with attention deficit disorder and patients with non-organic neurological diagnoses. […] We were surprised to encounter as many patients as we did with transient prosopagnosia or prosopagnosia that improved over time. […] Involvement of the right anterior medial temporal and occipital lobes is the key regions accounting for this symptom.

• #29 Prosopagnosia: face blindness and its association with neurological disorders – PMC Lock

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10901275/

  The most common pathological findings in those with degenerative prosopagnosia were frontotemporal lobar degeneration with hippocampal sclerosis and mixed Alzheimer’s and Lewy body disease pathology. […] We observed that facial recognition loss occurs across a wide range of acquired degenerative and non-degenerative neurological disorders, most commonly in males with developmental prosopagnosia. […] Multiple different pathologies cause degenerative prosopagnosia. […] Patients with developmental prosopagnosia may not be cognizant of their deficit or have limited insight. […] Some researchers propose that developmental prosopagnosia has a genetic basis. […] Haemorrhagic and ischaemic strokes involving the right or bilateral posterior occipito-temporal region have been associated with prosopagnosia.

• #30 Prosopagnosia: face blindness and its association with neurological disorders – PMC Lock

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10901275/

  Loss of facial recognition or prosopagnosia has been well-recognized for over a century. […] Prosopagnosia has been linked to involvement of the fusiform gyri, mainly in the right hemisphere. […] Patients were categorized as developmental versus acquired; those with acquired prosopagnosia were further subdivided into degenerative versus non-degenerative, based on neurological aetiology. […] The most common degenerative diagnoses were posterior cortical atrophy, primary prosopagnosia syndrome, Alzheimer’s disease dementia and semantic dementia, with each diagnosis accounting for >10% of this group. […] The most common non-degenerative diagnoses were infarcts (ischaemic and haemorrhagic), epilepsy-related and primary brain tumours, each accounting for >10%. […] We identified a group of patients with non-degenerative transient prosopagnosia in which facial recognition loss improved or resolved over time.

• #31 Prosopagnosia: face blindness and its association with neurological disorders – PMC Lock

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10901275/

  Increasing recognition of neurodegenerative diseases also includes some diseases that target the anterior temporal region linked to the associative type of prosopagnosia. […] We hypothesize that those with neurodegenerative diseases will show more of a bilateral pattern of involvement compared with those with non-degenerative prosopagnosia. […] The three most common degenerative diagnoses were posterior cortical atrophy, PPS and Alzheimer’s disease dementia, with each diagnosis accounting for >10% of the neurodegenerative aetiologies. […] Ninety-one patients had a non-degenerative diagnosis. […] The most common non-degenerative diagnoses were infarcts (ischaemic and haemorrhagic infarcts) followed by epilepsy/seizure-related diseases and primary brain tumours. […] We also encountered novel associations such as patients with attention deficit disorder and patients with non-organic neurological diagnoses. […] We were surprised to encounter as many patients as we did with transient prosopagnosia or prosopagnosia that improved over time. […] Involvement of the right anterior medial temporal and occipital lobes is the key regions accounting for this symptom.

• #32 Face Blindness Is Not Always Permanent | MedPage Today

  https://www.medpagetoday.com/neurology/generalneurology/108242

  Prosopagnosia — also known as face blindness, or the inability to recognize familiar faces — occurred across a range of degenerative and non-degenerative neurologic disorders, a large case series showed. […] In a study of more than 300 patients with prosopagnosia, the temporal and occipital lobes and connecting fusiform gyrus were key brain areas involved, reported Keith Josephs Jr., MD, MST, MSc, of Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota, and co-author in Brain Communications. […] Prosopagnosia can be developmental or acquired, depending on whether onset occurs in early childhood or later. Acquired cases can have degenerative or non-degenerative etiology. […] Of 326 cases of acquired prosopagnosia, 235 (72.1%) were categorized as degenerative and 91 (27.9%) as non-degenerative. […] Non-degenerative diagnoses often were primary brain tumors (40%), ischemic or hemorrhagic infarcts (12%), or seizure-related diseases (12%). […] The researchers identified a group of patients with non-degenerative prosopagnosia whose face blindness improved or resolved.

• #33 Prosopagnosia – Definition, Types, Symptoms, and Treatment – PSRI Hospital

  https://psrihospital.com/prosopagnosia-definition-types-symptoms-and-treatment/

  Acquired Prosopagnosia results from trauma or neurodegenerative diseases and is acquired by the individual after birth. […] People with certain neurodegenerative diseases and those with a history of stroke or traumatic brain injury are at the highest risk. […] Furthermore, individuals with a family history of congenital Prosopagnosia and children with autism and Aspergers syndrome are at high risk. […] There is no cure for Prosopagnosia. However, adopting compensatory strategies for identifying the people they deal with can be a treatment option. […] Adults with mild facial blindness disease due to stroke or brain injury can be retrained to identify clues like their physical attributes, voice, features, or color to recognize individuals. […] Since there is no accurate prosopagnosia treatment line, the prognosis is not excellent.

• #34 Prosopagnosia – EyeWiki

  https://eyewiki.org/Prosopagnosia

  Prosopagnosia can have multiple causes; because this is a disorder of visual processing. Lesions can be further localized to inferior occipital region, fusiform gyrus, and temporal cortex. The most common causes include cerebral infarcts and intracranial hemorrhages in the posterior cerebral circulation. Other less common etiologies for cortical damage can include neoplastic, infectious, neurodegenerative disease, and traumatic brain injury. […] Additional history can assist with understanding the etiology of the prosopagnosia. Questions to ask the patient include history of head trauma, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, coronary artery disease, prior strokes, Alzheimer disease, Parkinson disease, and current medications.

• #35 Prosopagnosia – Definition, Types, Symptoms, and Treatment – PSRI Hospital

  https://psrihospital.com/prosopagnosia-definition-types-symptoms-and-treatment/

  Acquired Prosopagnosia results from trauma or neurodegenerative diseases and is acquired by the individual after birth. […] People with certain neurodegenerative diseases and those with a history of stroke or traumatic brain injury are at the highest risk. […] Furthermore, individuals with a family history of congenital Prosopagnosia and children with autism and Aspergers syndrome are at high risk. […] There is no cure for Prosopagnosia. However, adopting compensatory strategies for identifying the people they deal with can be a treatment option. […] Adults with mild facial blindness disease due to stroke or brain injury can be retrained to identify clues like their physical attributes, voice, features, or color to recognize individuals. […] Since there is no accurate prosopagnosia treatment line, the prognosis is not excellent.

• #36 Face Blindness and Autism | Autism Resources

  https://www.songbirdcare.com/articles/face-blindness-and-autism

  On the other hand, acquired prosopagnosia can develop after a brain injury caused by: Stroke, Seizure, Alzheimer’s disease, Traumatic brain injuries, Infections, Brain tumors. […] Scientists are still learning what causes face blindness. Researchers have found several different genetic mutations that may contribute to developmental face blindness. […] Researchers believe that a brain injury in a region of the brain known as the right fusiform gyrus may cause acquired face blindness. […] The hormone oxytocin is also thought to play a role in both facial and emotional recognition. […] While there seems to be a connection between face blindness and autism, researchers have only recently started to look into the two conditions together. […] A recent study found that face blindness affects 36 percent of adults with autism.

• #37 What Is Face Blindness? – Science Friday

  https://www.sciencefriday.com/articles/what-is-face-blindness/

  The end result is that both types of people—those with more trouble perceiving, and those with more trouble remembering—end up in the same place: unable to recognize familiar faces. […] A more reliable diagnosis comes only after the administration of a battery of tests, which might include one called the Cambridge Face Memory Test. […] In a 2014 study appearing in the journal Brain, a Harvard-based team reported modest results in a group of 24 people with developmental prosopagnosia who completed a three-week online face-training program. […] A few years ago, another team (which included Duchaine) also reported somewhat encouraging results from a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study investigating how the hormone oxytocin affects face processing in participants with developmental prosopagnosia.

• #38 What Is Face Blindness? – Science Friday

  https://www.sciencefriday.com/articles/what-is-face-blindness/

  The authors noted that past research has shown that oxytocin modulates activity in a face-processing region in the occipital lobe called the fusiform face area; they suggested that increased activity in that region might have contributed to the participants’ improvements. […] Future research involving neuroimaging would be necessary to reveal what oxytocin is actually doing in the brain in people with prosopagnosia.

• #39 What is prosopagnosia? Long COVID may cause face blindness: study

  https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/health/2023/03/13/long-covid-may-cause-prosopagnosia-face-blindness/11387483002/

  Prosopagnosia, or face blindness, affects people on a spectrum from having trouble keeping TV characters straight to apologizing after bumping into someone in a mirror. […] Some people are born with face blindness, called prosopagnosia, while others lose the ability to identify faces from brain damage, typically caused by a stroke or brain injury. […] Six areas on each side of the brain participate in facial recognition. Damage to any one of these areas, particularly on the brain’s right side, is likely to impair facial recognition. […] About 1 in 200 people are so severely impaired they won’t recognize someone close to them, like a spouse, when they’re out of context. […] People with autism have a two- or three-fold higher chance of also having prosopagnosia compared to the general population.

• #40 The mystery of face blindness: Decoding prosopagnosia

  https://www.newsbytesapp.com/news/lifestyle/prosopagnosia-symptoms-causes-and-treatment/story

  Recent research found that prolonged COVID-19 symptoms may be linked to issues with facial recognition, a rare condition known as prosopagnosia (or, face blindness), and navigational problems. […] Prosopagnosia can result from a traumatic brain injury or damage to the brain caused by a stroke. […] Certain neurological disorders, such as Alzheimer’s disease or Parkinson’s disease, may also cause prosopagnosia. […] Some studies have suggested that prosopagnosia may have a genetic component, meaning it may run in families. […] It can also result from other factors such as brain tumors, infections, or exposure to toxins. […] Prosopagnosia can be congenital, meaning it is present from birth, or acquired, meaning it develops later in life. […] While the underlying causes of the two types of prosopagnosia may differ, they share similar symptoms, including difficulty recognizing faces.

• #41 Prosopagnosia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559324/

  Prosopagnosia can be acquired or hereditary. Acquired cases can result from ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke, traumatic brain injury, certain neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric illnesses (Alzheimer disease, depression, and schizophrenia). […] Hereditary or development etiologies are a hot area of research, given that they are more common than acquired etiologies. The mechanism of inheritance is not totally clear but thought to be autosomal dominant. […] The hypothesis is that dysfunctional neural migration during development may be the mechanism behind juvenile prosopagnosia.

• #42 Prosopagnosia: face blindness and its association with neurological disorders – PMC Lock

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10901275/

  The most common pathological findings in those with degenerative prosopagnosia were frontotemporal lobar degeneration with hippocampal sclerosis and mixed Alzheimer’s and Lewy body disease pathology. […] We observed that facial recognition loss occurs across a wide range of acquired degenerative and non-degenerative neurological disorders, most commonly in males with developmental prosopagnosia. […] Multiple different pathologies cause degenerative prosopagnosia. […] Patients with developmental prosopagnosia may not be cognizant of their deficit or have limited insight. […] Some researchers propose that developmental prosopagnosia has a genetic basis. […] Haemorrhagic and ischaemic strokes involving the right or bilateral posterior occipito-temporal region have been associated with prosopagnosia.

• #43 Prosopagnosia: Causes and managementMedical News Today

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/prosopagnosia

  Prosopagnosia is a neurological condition where a person is unable to recognize faces. It typically arises due to problems or damage in specific areas of the brain that process facial information. […] The cause of prosopagnosia can differ depending on the type of the condition. Generally, it occurs due to a problem with the parts of the brain that specialize in facial recognition. Some experts may refer to these face-selective areas of the brain as the face network. An area known as the fusiform face area is particularly important for facial recognition. […] Developmental prosopagnosia is when a person does not develop face recognition skills. This is despite their vision and memory being unimpaired and no obvious signs of brain damage. […] Research suggests those living with developmental prosopagnosia may have certain anatomical differences in areas of the brain responsible for processing faces. Other research suggests a possible genetic link and associations with other conditions, such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD), Williams syndrome, and Turner syndrome. […] Acquired prosopagnosia can result from various factors. Research notes that this can include traumatic brain injuries, stroke, neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease, and neuropsychiatric conditions, such as depression or schizophrenia.

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