Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Poliomyelitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK558944/

  Poliovirus, enterovirus subtype C, is a small, single positive-stranded ribonucleic acid virus that is acid-resistant, non-enveloped, and encapsulated. This causative agent of acute polio and postpolio syndrome belongs to the family Picornaviridae and reproduces only in humans and some great apes. Poliovirus is extremely contagious, with seroconversion occurring in more than 90% of household contacts. Wild poliovirus (WPV) has 3 distinct serotypes (1, 2, and 3), each with a slightly different capsid protein (WPV1, WPV2, and WPV3). Surviving an infection confers complete and lifelong immunity, but only to the specific infecting serotype. […] Vaccine-associated paralytic polio (VAPP) and circulating vaccine-derived polioviruses (cVDPVs) cause illness that is clinically indistinguishable from poliomyelitis caused by WPV. VAPP results from the proliferation and mutation of polioviruses in OPV recipients or their contacts. Replicating viruses in the intestine revert to neurovirulent variants demonstrating close genetic similarity to the vaccine strain. VAPP is an adverse event triggered by immunization and is reportable under the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System.

• #2 Polio – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polio

  Poliomyelitis does not affect any species other than humans. The disease is caused by infection with a member of the genus Enterovirus known as poliovirus (PV). This group of RNA viruses colonize the gastrointestinal tract specifically the oropharynx and the intestine. Its structure is quite simple, composed of a single (+) sense RNA genome enclosed in a protein shell called a capsid. In addition to protecting the virus’ genetic material, the capsid proteins enable poliovirus to infect certain types of cells. Three serotypes of poliovirus have been identified wild poliovirus type 1 (WPV1), type 2 (WPV2), and type 3 (WPV3) each with a slightly different capsid protein. All three are extremely virulent and produce the same disease symptoms. WPV1 is the most commonly encountered form, and the one most closely associated with paralysis. WPV2 was certified as eradicated in 2015 and WPV3 certified as eradicated in 2019.

• #3 Polio – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/polio/symptoms-causes/syc-20376512

  Polio is caused by the poliovirus. It mainly targets nerve cells in the spinal cord and brain stem that control muscle movement. Nerve cells controlling sensation are generally not affected. […] The naturally-occurring poliovirus, called the wild-type poliovirus, has been eliminated in most countries and causes few cases of polio. Another version of the virus, called the vaccine-derived poliovirus (VDPV), is more widespread and now causes most infections worldwide. VDPV exists mainly in a few countries that use an oral vaccine with a weakened poliovirus. […] The weakened virus in the oral vaccine doesn’t itself cause polio, and vaccinated people rarely contract VDPV. Instead, VDPV is a new version of the virus that develops within a community or region where not enough people are vaccinated.

• #4 Polio – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polio

  Poliomyelitis does not affect any species other than humans. The disease is caused by infection with a member of the genus Enterovirus known as poliovirus (PV). This group of RNA viruses colonize the gastrointestinal tract specifically the oropharynx and the intestine. Its structure is quite simple, composed of a single (+) sense RNA genome enclosed in a protein shell called a capsid. In addition to protecting the virus’ genetic material, the capsid proteins enable poliovirus to infect certain types of cells. Three serotypes of poliovirus have been identified wild poliovirus type 1 (WPV1), type 2 (WPV2), and type 3 (WPV3) each with a slightly different capsid protein. All three are extremely virulent and produce the same disease symptoms. WPV1 is the most commonly encountered form, and the one most closely associated with paralysis. WPV2 was certified as eradicated in 2015 and WPV3 certified as eradicated in 2019.

• #5 Disease factsheet about poliomyelitis

  https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/poliomyelitis/facts

  Poliomyelitis, also known as polio or infantile paralysis, is a vaccine-preventable systemic viral infection affecting the motor neurons of the central nervous system (CNS). […] Polioviruses are small single-stranded RNA viruses that belong to the Enterovirus subgroup of the family Picornaviridae. Humans are the only reservoir for polio virus. […] There are three distinct serotypes of wild polio virus (WPV), types 1, 2 and 3, and infection or immunisation with one serotype does not induce immunity against the other two serotypes. […] Poliovirus type 1 has historically been the predominant cause of poliomyelitis worldwide and continues to be transmitted in endemic areas. […] In the pre-vaccine era, virtually all children were infected with polio virus early in life. […] Immunisation with oral polio vaccines (OPV) and inactivated polio vaccines (IPV) started towards the end of the 1950s and has significantly reduced the incidence of poliomyelitis.

• #6 Poliomyelitis: types, symptoms and causes

  https://specialeducationnotes.co.in/Poliomyelitis.htm

  Polio (also known as poliomyelitis) is a highly contagious disease caused by a virus that attacks the nervous system. […] According to the World Health Organization (WHO), 1 in 200 polio infections will result in permanent paralysis. […] Poliovirus is a member of the enterovirus subgroup, family Picornaviridae. […] There are three poliovirus serotypes (type1, type 2, and type 3); immunity to one serotype does not produce significant immunity to the other serotypes. […] Poliovirus can be transmitted through direct contact with someone infected with the virus or, less commonly, through contaminated food and water. People carrying the poliovirus can spread the virus for weeks in their feces. People who have the virus but don’t have symptoms can pass the virus to others.

• #7 Polio – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polio

  Poliomyelitis does not affect any species other than humans. The disease is caused by infection with a member of the genus Enterovirus known as poliovirus (PV). This group of RNA viruses colonize the gastrointestinal tract specifically the oropharynx and the intestine. Its structure is quite simple, composed of a single (+) sense RNA genome enclosed in a protein shell called a capsid. In addition to protecting the virus’ genetic material, the capsid proteins enable poliovirus to infect certain types of cells. Three serotypes of poliovirus have been identified wild poliovirus type 1 (WPV1), type 2 (WPV2), and type 3 (WPV3) each with a slightly different capsid protein. All three are extremely virulent and produce the same disease symptoms. WPV1 is the most commonly encountered form, and the one most closely associated with paralysis. WPV2 was certified as eradicated in 2015 and WPV3 certified as eradicated in 2019.

• #8 Polio – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polio

  Poliomyelitis does not affect any species other than humans. The disease is caused by infection with a member of the genus Enterovirus known as poliovirus (PV). This group of RNA viruses colonize the gastrointestinal tract specifically the oropharynx and the intestine. Its structure is quite simple, composed of a single (+) sense RNA genome enclosed in a protein shell called a capsid. In addition to protecting the virus’ genetic material, the capsid proteins enable poliovirus to infect certain types of cells. Three serotypes of poliovirus have been identified wild poliovirus type 1 (WPV1), type 2 (WPV2), and type 3 (WPV3) each with a slightly different capsid protein. All three are extremely virulent and produce the same disease symptoms. WPV1 is the most commonly encountered form, and the one most closely associated with paralysis. WPV2 was certified as eradicated in 2015 and WPV3 certified as eradicated in 2019.

• #9

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/poliomyelitis

  Polio is a highly infectious disease caused by a virus. It invades the nervous system and can cause total paralysis in a matter of hours. […] One in 200 infections leads to irreversible paralysis (usually in the legs). Among those paralysed, 510% die when their breathing muscles become immobilized. […] There is no cure for polio, it can only be prevented. Polio vaccine, given multiple times, can protect a child for life. […] Endemic transmission of wild poliovirus is continuing in areas of Afghanistan and Pakistan. Failure to stop polio in these last remaining areas could result in global resurgence of the disease. […] Failure to implement strategic approaches, however, leads to ongoing transmission of the virus.

• #10 Polio: Virus, Causes, Symptoms, Transmission & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15655-polio

  The best way to reduce your risk of polio is to get vaccinated against it. […] Childhood vaccination has eliminated polio in most parts of the world that means it no longer spreads in most areas. […] Of the three types of wild poliovirus, types 2 and 3 are globally eradicated. That means there arent any naturally occurring cases anymore. Poliovirus type 1 has been eliminated in most countries but not eradicated worldwide.

• #11 Polio – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/polio/symptoms-causes/syc-20376512

  Polio is caused by the poliovirus. It mainly targets nerve cells in the spinal cord and brain stem that control muscle movement. Nerve cells controlling sensation are generally not affected. […] The naturally-occurring poliovirus, called the wild-type poliovirus, has been eliminated in most countries and causes few cases of polio. Another version of the virus, called the vaccine-derived poliovirus (VDPV), is more widespread and now causes most infections worldwide. VDPV exists mainly in a few countries that use an oral vaccine with a weakened poliovirus. […] The weakened virus in the oral vaccine doesn’t itself cause polio, and vaccinated people rarely contract VDPV. Instead, VDPV is a new version of the virus that develops within a community or region where not enough people are vaccinated.

• #12 Polio – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/polio/symptoms-causes/syc-20376512

  Polio is caused by the poliovirus. It mainly targets nerve cells in the spinal cord and brain stem that control muscle movement. Nerve cells controlling sensation are generally not affected. […] The naturally-occurring poliovirus, called the wild-type poliovirus, has been eliminated in most countries and causes few cases of polio. Another version of the virus, called the vaccine-derived poliovirus (VDPV), is more widespread and now causes most infections worldwide. VDPV exists mainly in a few countries that use an oral vaccine with a weakened poliovirus. […] The weakened virus in the oral vaccine doesn’t itself cause polio, and vaccinated people rarely contract VDPV. Instead, VDPV is a new version of the virus that develops within a community or region where not enough people are vaccinated.

• #13 Polio – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/polio/symptoms-causes/syc-20376512

  Polio is caused by the poliovirus. It mainly targets nerve cells in the spinal cord and brain stem that control muscle movement. Nerve cells controlling sensation are generally not affected. […] The naturally-occurring poliovirus, called the wild-type poliovirus, has been eliminated in most countries and causes few cases of polio. Another version of the virus, called the vaccine-derived poliovirus (VDPV), is more widespread and now causes most infections worldwide. VDPV exists mainly in a few countries that use an oral vaccine with a weakened poliovirus. […] The weakened virus in the oral vaccine doesn’t itself cause polio, and vaccinated people rarely contract VDPV. Instead, VDPV is a new version of the virus that develops within a community or region where not enough people are vaccinated.

• #14 Polio – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/polio/symptoms-causes/syc-20376512

  Even though the weakened virus in the oral vaccine doesn’t cause illness, it can spread. If most people in a community are vaccinated, the spread of the weakened virus is controlled. If many people aren’t vaccinated, the weakened virus can move through a community for a long time. This gives the virus the chance to change, or mutate, and behave like the wild-type virus that causes illness. […] Infections from VDPV have been reported in the United States. In each case, the person was either not vaccinated or had a significantly weakened immune system. One case in New York in 2022 was in a county with a lower-than-average polio vaccination rate. Samples from wastewater showed that VDPV was spreading in some communities.

• #15 Poliomyelitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK558944/

  VDPVs result from the naturally selective proliferation of OPV viruses in populations with low herd immunity (cVDPVs) or prolonged carriage in immunocompromised individuals (iVDVPs). Recombination with other enteroviruses or reversion of OPV strains allows the resulting cVDPVs to regain the neurovirulence and transmissibility of WPV. Genetic divergence of cVDPVs from the attenuated OPV virus indicates prolonged replication and circulation. cVDPVs derived from OPV type 2 (cVDPV2) are the most common, although cVDVP types 1 and 3 also occur.

• #16 Poliomyelitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK558944/

  VDPVs result from the naturally selective proliferation of OPV viruses in populations with low herd immunity (cVDPVs) or prolonged carriage in immunocompromised individuals (iVDVPs). Recombination with other enteroviruses or reversion of OPV strains allows the resulting cVDPVs to regain the neurovirulence and transmissibility of WPV. Genetic divergence of cVDPVs from the attenuated OPV virus indicates prolonged replication and circulation. cVDPVs derived from OPV type 2 (cVDPV2) are the most common, although cVDVP types 1 and 3 also occur.

• #17 Polio: Virus, Causes, Symptoms, Transmission & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15655-polio

  Polio (poliomyelitis) is a disease that can cause flu-like symptoms, brain inflammation and paralysis. Its caused by poliovirus. […] Polio is an illness that can cause flu-like symptoms and paralysis. Its caused by poliovirus, a germ that spreads easily from person to person. […] A virus (poliovirus) causes polio. Its a type of enterovirus. Poliovirus infects your throat and intestines, causing flu-like symptoms. It sometimes spreads to your brain and spinal cord. This can paralyze the muscles that you use to breathe, speak, swallow and move your limbs. […] Polio is highly contagious. It spreads easily from person to person through contact with poop or respiratory droplets (coughing and sneezing). It also spreads through contaminated food or water. […] If you arent fully vaccinated and you havent had polio in the past, you could get polio.

• #18 Disease factsheet about poliomyelitis

  https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/poliomyelitis/facts

  Poliomyelitis, also known as polio or infantile paralysis, is a vaccine-preventable systemic viral infection affecting the motor neurons of the central nervous system (CNS). […] Polioviruses are small single-stranded RNA viruses that belong to the Enterovirus subgroup of the family Picornaviridae. Humans are the only reservoir for polio virus. […] There are three distinct serotypes of wild polio virus (WPV), types 1, 2 and 3, and infection or immunisation with one serotype does not induce immunity against the other two serotypes. […] Poliovirus type 1 has historically been the predominant cause of poliomyelitis worldwide and continues to be transmitted in endemic areas. […] In the pre-vaccine era, virtually all children were infected with polio virus early in life. […] Immunisation with oral polio vaccines (OPV) and inactivated polio vaccines (IPV) started towards the end of the 1950s and has significantly reduced the incidence of poliomyelitis.

• #19 Polio: Virus, Causes, Symptoms, Transmission & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15655-polio

  Polio (poliomyelitis) is a disease that can cause flu-like symptoms, brain inflammation and paralysis. Its caused by poliovirus. […] Polio is an illness that can cause flu-like symptoms and paralysis. Its caused by poliovirus, a germ that spreads easily from person to person. […] A virus (poliovirus) causes polio. Its a type of enterovirus. Poliovirus infects your throat and intestines, causing flu-like symptoms. It sometimes spreads to your brain and spinal cord. This can paralyze the muscles that you use to breathe, speak, swallow and move your limbs. […] Polio is highly contagious. It spreads easily from person to person through contact with poop or respiratory droplets (coughing and sneezing). It also spreads through contaminated food or water. […] If you arent fully vaccinated and you havent had polio in the past, you could get polio.

• #20 Content – Health Encyclopedia – University of Rochester Medical Center

  https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content?contenttypeid=85&contentid=P00643

  Poliomyelitis is commonly called polio. It’s an infectious disease. It is caused by 1 of 3 types of poliovirus. […] Polio is caused by 1 of 3 types of the poliovirus. It often spreads due to contact with infected feces. This often happens from poor handwashing. It can also happen from eating or drinking contaminated food or water. It can also be spread when an infected person coughs or sneezes infected droplets into the air. […] Polio is an infectious disease caused by any 1 of 3 types of poliovirus. It is easily spread from person to person. […] While there is a vaccine to prevent polio, there is no specific treatment for infected people.

• #21 Polio: Symptoms, Prevention, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/children/what-is-polio

  Polio is short for „poliomyelitis.” It’s a virus that spreads easily between people who aren’t vaccinated. […] You get polio from a virus. You have to come in direct contact with the virus to get it. This can be person-to-person contact or through contact with an object that has the virus on it. When you have the virus, it lives in your throat and intestines. […] The virus gets inside you through your mouth. You might get it by: Contact with poop from a person with polio. This can include putting an object that has poop on it in your mouth or getting it on your hand and putting your hand in your mouth. Water or food that is contaminated with infected poop can also spread polio. […] Even if you dont have symptoms, you can pass on polio to others if its in your body.

• #22 The deadly virus that causes paralysis in children | UNICEF Europe and Central Asia

  https://www.unicef.org/eca/stories/deadly-virus-causes-paralysis-children

  Poliomyelitis, or polio, is caused by a highly infectious virus. It is most often spread by the faecal-oral route, or through contaminated water or food. This is why polio cases are most often seen in areas that lack access to safe water and reliable sanitation, as well as those that have lower rates of immunization. […] Anyone who has not been vaccinated can contract – and pass on – the polio virus. However, polio is most common in children under five years of age. There is no cure – only prevention in the form of the polio vaccine. […] For around one person out of every 200 infected, polio causes paralysis. This paralysis is irreversible and life-long. For up to one in 10 of those who are paralysed, this paralysis causes death. This is due to the paralysis of the breathing muscles. […] Despite this extraordinary success, polio still exists. It is a particular risk in communities with low rates of immunization, such as those where healthcare services have been disrupted, and in areas that lack functioning water and sanitation systems.

• #23 Poliomyelitis (Polio) in Children | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/conditions-diseases/poliomyelitis-polio-children

  Poliomyelitis, also called polio, is a highly contagious infectious disease caused by three types of poliovirus. […] The poliovirus is a virus most recognized for its destruction to the nervous system causing paralysis. […] In countries that are poor, underdeveloped, and do not have access to the vaccine, polio is still a concern especially for infants and children. […] Transmission of the poliovirus most often occurs from fecal-oral contact. […] Those infected with the virus can excrete the virus in their stool for several weeks. […] Poliovirus infections can exhibit symptoms in varying degrees of severity. […] The majority of individuals (90 to 95 percent) have no symptoms at all. […] Specific treatment for poliomyelitis will be determined by your child’s doctor based on: […] While there is prevention of the poliovirus, there is no treatment to cure children who become infected.

• #24 Content – Health Encyclopedia – University of Rochester Medical Center

  https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content?contenttypeid=85&contentid=P00643

  Poliomyelitis is commonly called polio. It’s an infectious disease. It is caused by 1 of 3 types of poliovirus. […] Polio is caused by 1 of 3 types of the poliovirus. It often spreads due to contact with infected feces. This often happens from poor handwashing. It can also happen from eating or drinking contaminated food or water. It can also be spread when an infected person coughs or sneezes infected droplets into the air. […] Polio is an infectious disease caused by any 1 of 3 types of poliovirus. It is easily spread from person to person. […] While there is a vaccine to prevent polio, there is no specific treatment for infected people.

• #25 Poliomyelitis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4212416/

  Poliomyelitis is a highly infectious disease caused by a virus belonging to the Picornaviridae family. […] It is an infectious disease caused by the poliovirus, a member of the genus Enterovirus, belonging to the Picornaviridae family. […] Poliomyelitis has been present endemically through infection among susceptible infants. […] Improper sanitation facilities and lack of personal hygiene were found to be the most important contributory factors, which led to infants getting exposed to the virus at an age beyond the protection of maternal antibodies. […] The spread of the disease is through the fecal-oral route. […] The dissemination of the virus in the feces is the reason of it being a highly communicable disease. […] The propagation of the virus is mainly seen in summer months in temperate regions.

• #26 Polio: History, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment and More

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/important-facts-about-polio-4588579

  Poliomyelitis, commonly known as polio, is a contagious disease that primarily affects children under age five (but it can impact a person at any age who has not been vaccinated). The disease is caused by a virus called the poliovirus. […] Polio is a highly contagious disease that is spread from person to person by several methods or modes of transmission. The poliovirus only occurs in humans. Once contracted, the contagious virus resides in the infected persons intestines and throat. A few days after exposure, it can then spread through person-to-person contact, right before symptoms appear. […] When the feces of an infected person is introduced (via the mouth) to another person, the disease is transmitted. This commonly occurs when there is contamination of drinking water or food, called fecal-oral transmission. […] The most dangerous time for polio to be transmitted is before symptoms have occurred because others are unaware that the disease is present.

• #27 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Causes-of-Polio.aspx

  Poliomyelitis is a disease caused by infection with the poliovirus. This virus spreads via person to person contact, via contact with infected mucus from the nose or mouth of the infected child and on contact with infected faeces usually through contaminated water. […] The infection occurs through the gastro-intestinal route. On contact the virus enters through the mouth or nose and goes on to multiply in the throat and intestines. […] In about 95% cases the infection is mild and harmless. However in 1% or less number of individuals there may be paralysis of limbs or other muscles, brain affliction or meningitis and encephalitis. […] This happens when the virus invades the nerves of the spinal cord (especially a part of the spinal cord called the anterior horn) and lower part of the brain called the brain stem.

• #28

  https://www.who.int/health-topics/poliomyelitis

  Poliomyelitis (polio) is a highly infectious viral disease that largely affects children under 5 years of age. The virus is transmitted by person-to-person spread mainly through the faecal-oral route or, less frequently, by a common vehicle (e.g. contaminated water or food) and multiplies in the intestine, from where it can invade the nervous system and cause paralysis. […] The virus enters the body through the mouth and multiplies in the intestine. It then invades the nervous system. […] The virus is shed by infected people (usually children) through faeces, where it can spread quickly, especially in areas with poor hygiene and sanitation systems. […] There is no cure for polio; it can only be prevented by immunization. […] Vaccination is crucial in the fight against polio. Failure to implement strategic approaches leads to ongoing transmission of the virus. Endemic transmission of wild poliovirus is continuing to cause cases in border areas of Afghanistan and Pakistan. Failure to stop polio in these last remaining areas could result in as many as 200 000 new cases every year within 10 years, all over the world. That is why it is critical to ensure polio is eradicated completely, once and for all.

• #29 Chapter 18: Poliomyelitis | Pink Book | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/pinkbook/hcp/table-of-contents/chapter-18-poliomyelitis.html

  Poliomyelitis is a disease caused by the poliovirus, which is a member of the enterovirus subgroup, family Picornaviridae. […] The virus enters through the mouth and multiplies in the oropharynx and gastrointestinal tract. […] Poliovirus-induced destruction of motor neurons of the anterior horn of the spinal cord and brain stem cells results in distinctive paralysis. […] Paralytic disease may be caused by wild-type polioviruses, attenuated polioviruses in oral vaccine, or by vaccine-derived polioviruses. […] Paralytic disease with similar clinical manifestations may be caused by naturally occurring wild-type polioviruses, by the attenuated polioviruses contained in the oral poliovirus vaccine (Sabin strains) in extremely rare occasions, or by vaccine-derived polioviruses (VDPVs), which are Sabin vaccine strains that have reverted and re-acquired the virulence and transmissibility of wild polioviruses. […] VDPVs develop through prolonged replication of vaccine strains contained in OPV in an immunodeficient individual or in a community with poor vaccination coverage and have re-acquired the neurovirulence and transmissibility of wild poliovirus.

• #30 Why Polio Is Back? Here Are Its Causes, Symptoms and Treatment – EMC Healthcare – SAME

  https://www.emc.id/en/care-plus/why-polio-is-back-here-are-its-causes-symptoms-and-treatment

  Poliovirus is the source of poliovirus, which belongs to the enterovirus group. The spread of this virus can spread through the fecal-oral route, where fluid or feces enter the body through the mouth, nose, or directly into the bloodstream. […] After entering the body, the virus begins to replicate in the digestive tract, especially in the pharynx and intestines. From there, the virus will multiply and attack the nervous system. […] Although polio is not a curable disease, polio sufferers can still undergo treatment to relieve symptoms and prevent complications. […] Although physiotherapy can help improve motor function and quality of life, polio remains dangerous because there is no cure for the disease. As a result, polio remains a serious threat that continues to haunt society. […] The return of polio cases, especially from viruses that originated from vaccines, is a reminder of the importance of vaccination to protect future generations.

• #31 Polio – Our World in Data

  https://ourworldindata.org/polio

  Polio, short for poliomyelitis, is an infectious disease that is caused and transmitted by a virus called the poliovirus. […] The exact origins of the disease are unknown, but based on the characteristics of the disease, epidemiologists can hypothesize how the disease has evolved and spread. […] Because the disease requires a human host and does not survive outside the human body for longer than one to two weeks, the disease could only have developed when humans started to settle in larger groups. […] The virus therefore spreads especially well in conditions of poor sanitation for example, when people defecate in the open or do not filter their water before drinking it. […] The poliovirus is found only among humans and is transmitted via the so-called fecal-oral route. […] The majority of infections (72%) do not lead to any symptoms.

• #32 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Causes-of-Polio.aspx

  Poliomyelitis is a disease caused by infection with the poliovirus. This virus spreads via person to person contact, via contact with infected mucus from the nose or mouth of the infected child and on contact with infected faeces usually through contaminated water. […] The infection occurs through the gastro-intestinal route. On contact the virus enters through the mouth or nose and goes on to multiply in the throat and intestines. […] In about 95% cases the infection is mild and harmless. However in 1% or less number of individuals there may be paralysis of limbs or other muscles, brain affliction or meningitis and encephalitis. […] This happens when the virus invades the nerves of the spinal cord (especially a part of the spinal cord called the anterior horn) and lower part of the brain called the brain stem.

• #33 Polio: Virus, Causes, Symptoms, Transmission & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15655-polio

  Polio (poliomyelitis) is a disease that can cause flu-like symptoms, brain inflammation and paralysis. Its caused by poliovirus. […] Polio is an illness that can cause flu-like symptoms and paralysis. Its caused by poliovirus, a germ that spreads easily from person to person. […] A virus (poliovirus) causes polio. Its a type of enterovirus. Poliovirus infects your throat and intestines, causing flu-like symptoms. It sometimes spreads to your brain and spinal cord. This can paralyze the muscles that you use to breathe, speak, swallow and move your limbs. […] Polio is highly contagious. It spreads easily from person to person through contact with poop or respiratory droplets (coughing and sneezing). It also spreads through contaminated food or water. […] If you arent fully vaccinated and you havent had polio in the past, you could get polio.

• #34 Poliomyelitis: symptoms, treatment, prevention – Institut Pasteur

  https://www.pasteur.fr/en/medical-center/disease-sheets/poliomyelitis?language=fr

  Poliovirus, the agent of poliomyelitis, of which humans are the only natural host. […] Poliomyelitis is a highly contagious disease caused by a virus (the poliovirus), which invades the nervous system and can lead to irreversible paralysis in just a few hours. […] The poliomyelitis virus is part of the Picornaviridae family and belongs to the Enterovirus genus. There are three poliovirus serotypes (1, 2 and 3), all of which are capable of causing the disease. […] In 1 to 2% of infected subjects, the virus attacks motor neurons in the central nervous system. The virus replicates in these neurons, permanently destroying them. […] The poliomyelitis virus multiplies in the pharyngeal mucosa and small intestine and can be found in the throat and stools. […] As polioviruses are mainly spread by the fecal-oral route, key preventive measures focus on improved hygiene.

• #35 Acute Poliomyelitis: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/306440-overview

  Acute poliomyelitis is a disease of the anterior horn motor neurons of the spinal cord and brain stem caused by poliovirus. […] Acute poliomyelitis is caused by small ribonucleic acid (RNA) viruses of the enterovirus group of the picornavirus family. The enteroviruses of poliomyelitis infect the human intestinal tract mainly through the fecal-oral route (hand to mouth). […] The poliovirus enters the nervous system by either crossing the blood-brain barrier or by axonal transportation from a peripheral nerve.

• #36 Acute Poliomyelitis: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/306440-overview

  Acute poliomyelitis is a disease of the anterior horn motor neurons of the spinal cord and brain stem caused by poliovirus. […] Acute poliomyelitis is caused by small ribonucleic acid (RNA) viruses of the enterovirus group of the picornavirus family. The enteroviruses of poliomyelitis infect the human intestinal tract mainly through the fecal-oral route (hand to mouth). […] The poliovirus enters the nervous system by either crossing the blood-brain barrier or by axonal transportation from a peripheral nerve.

• #37 Poliomyelitis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4212416/

  The virus primarily causes destruction owing to its cytopathic nature. […] There is extensive damage to the anterior horn cells of the spinal cord. […] The virus may spread to the posterior horn cells, motor neuron of the thalamus, and hypothalamus. […] In bulbar form of poliomyelitis, there is involvement of brain stem, which may be fatal. […] The last case of paralytic polio through endemic transmission was recorded in 1979 in the midwest United States. […] Vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis will continue to be a serious issue as long as OPV is being used. […] Scientific data prove beyond doubt that polio eradication will also require the eventual disuse of OPV, otherwise there will be resurgence in a polio-free world due to vaccine-associated paralytic polio and polio outbreaks due to circulating vaccine-derived polioviruses. […] The greatest challenge is to stop the transmission of the wild strain circulation.

• #38 Chapter 18: Poliomyelitis | Pink Book | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/pinkbook/hcp/table-of-contents/chapter-18-poliomyelitis.html

  Poliomyelitis is a disease caused by the poliovirus, which is a member of the enterovirus subgroup, family Picornaviridae. […] The virus enters through the mouth and multiplies in the oropharynx and gastrointestinal tract. […] Poliovirus-induced destruction of motor neurons of the anterior horn of the spinal cord and brain stem cells results in distinctive paralysis. […] Paralytic disease may be caused by wild-type polioviruses, attenuated polioviruses in oral vaccine, or by vaccine-derived polioviruses. […] Paralytic disease with similar clinical manifestations may be caused by naturally occurring wild-type polioviruses, by the attenuated polioviruses contained in the oral poliovirus vaccine (Sabin strains) in extremely rare occasions, or by vaccine-derived polioviruses (VDPVs), which are Sabin vaccine strains that have reverted and re-acquired the virulence and transmissibility of wild polioviruses. […] VDPVs develop through prolonged replication of vaccine strains contained in OPV in an immunodeficient individual or in a community with poor vaccination coverage and have re-acquired the neurovirulence and transmissibility of wild poliovirus.

• #39 Polio – Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, New vaccines | MedPark Hospital

  https://www.medparkhospital.com/en-US/disease-and-treatment/polio

  Polio is a severe acute infectious disease caused by the poliovirus, which can spread from person to person, damaging the central nervous system and motor neurons, resulting in flaccid paralysis. […] Polio, or poliomyelitis, is due to one of the three strains of poliovirus in the same family of enteroviruses that cause hand, foot, and mouth disease and meningitis, which enters the mouth through eating contaminated food or water. […] Only 1-2% of the virus will spread to the bloodstream, spinal cord neurons, and brainstem, damaging the central nervous system (CNS) and motor neurons that control muscle function, resulting in muscular atrophy, muscle weakness, and paralysis.

• #40 The deadly virus that causes paralysis in children | UNICEF Europe and Central Asia

  https://www.unicef.org/eca/stories/deadly-virus-causes-paralysis-children

  Poliomyelitis, or polio, is caused by a highly infectious virus. It is most often spread by the faecal-oral route, or through contaminated water or food. This is why polio cases are most often seen in areas that lack access to safe water and reliable sanitation, as well as those that have lower rates of immunization. […] Anyone who has not been vaccinated can contract – and pass on – the polio virus. However, polio is most common in children under five years of age. There is no cure – only prevention in the form of the polio vaccine. […] For around one person out of every 200 infected, polio causes paralysis. This paralysis is irreversible and life-long. For up to one in 10 of those who are paralysed, this paralysis causes death. This is due to the paralysis of the breathing muscles. […] Despite this extraordinary success, polio still exists. It is a particular risk in communities with low rates of immunization, such as those where healthcare services have been disrupted, and in areas that lack functioning water and sanitation systems.

• #41 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Causes-of-Polio.aspx

  Damage to the spinal cord may lead to permanent muscle weakness and disability. […] Children who have never been vaccinated are at a higher risk of getting polio. […] Additionally, children, pregnant women and elderly who have never been exposed to the infection and never been vaccinated are at a higher risk of getting the infection if they visit an area where there is a polio outbreak. […] Rarely the vaccine virus in the oral polio vaccine (OPV) can cause paralysis – either in the vaccinated child, or in a close contact. […] Very rarely a strain of virus in the OPV may genetically change to become a more virulent form and cause paralysis. This is called vaccine-derived polioviruses (VDPVs). […] The polio virus belongs to the enterovirus subgroup within family Picornaviridae.

• #42 Poliomyelitis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4212416/

  The virus primarily causes destruction owing to its cytopathic nature. […] There is extensive damage to the anterior horn cells of the spinal cord. […] The virus may spread to the posterior horn cells, motor neuron of the thalamus, and hypothalamus. […] In bulbar form of poliomyelitis, there is involvement of brain stem, which may be fatal. […] The last case of paralytic polio through endemic transmission was recorded in 1979 in the midwest United States. […] Vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis will continue to be a serious issue as long as OPV is being used. […] Scientific data prove beyond doubt that polio eradication will also require the eventual disuse of OPV, otherwise there will be resurgence in a polio-free world due to vaccine-associated paralytic polio and polio outbreaks due to circulating vaccine-derived polioviruses. […] The greatest challenge is to stop the transmission of the wild strain circulation.

• #43

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/poliomyelitis

  Polio is a highly infectious disease caused by a virus. It invades the nervous system and can cause total paralysis in a matter of hours. […] One in 200 infections leads to irreversible paralysis (usually in the legs). Among those paralysed, 510% die when their breathing muscles become immobilized. […] There is no cure for polio, it can only be prevented. Polio vaccine, given multiple times, can protect a child for life. […] Endemic transmission of wild poliovirus is continuing in areas of Afghanistan and Pakistan. Failure to stop polio in these last remaining areas could result in global resurgence of the disease. […] Failure to implement strategic approaches, however, leads to ongoing transmission of the virus.

• #44 Understanding Poliomyelitis: Causes, Symptoms & Management

  https://www.physiotattva.com/blog/poliomyelitis-causes-symptoms-management

  Poliomyelitis is caused by the poliovirus, an enterovirus spread through contaminated food or water. It affects the nervous system, and awareness helps in prevention and symptom management. […] The poliovirus is transmitted through contaminated food or water, infecting the throat and intestines. Most infected people are asymptomatic, but a small percentage of them develop complications, such as paralysis. Unimmunized people are at a higher risk, so vaccination is important to avoid infection and reduce severe outcomes. […] Poliovirus transmission does occur through respiratory droplets or close contact with the infected cases, mainly through contaminated water or food, in the feco-oral route. Good hygiene and vaccination are essential and form a preventive measure against spreading. […] The major risk factor for poliomyelitis is non-immunization, especially in low vaccination areas. It is more susceptible in children due to their underdeveloped immune system. The risk factors include people who live in unsanitary conditions, congested areas, and have an immunocompromised condition.

• #45 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Causes-of-Polio.aspx

  Damage to the spinal cord may lead to permanent muscle weakness and disability. […] Children who have never been vaccinated are at a higher risk of getting polio. […] Additionally, children, pregnant women and elderly who have never been exposed to the infection and never been vaccinated are at a higher risk of getting the infection if they visit an area where there is a polio outbreak. […] Rarely the vaccine virus in the oral polio vaccine (OPV) can cause paralysis – either in the vaccinated child, or in a close contact. […] Very rarely a strain of virus in the OPV may genetically change to become a more virulent form and cause paralysis. This is called vaccine-derived polioviruses (VDPVs). […] The polio virus belongs to the enterovirus subgroup within family Picornaviridae.

• #46 Polio: Vaccine, Symptoms, Causes, Types & Treatment

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/polio/article_em.htm

  Polio is an infectious disease caused by polioviruses that can result in symptoms ranging from none to lifelong disability or death. […] Polio (also termed poliomyelitis or infantile paralysis) is an infectious disease caused by an enterovirus. The disease is characterized by infection of the central nervous system that produces a wide range of symptoms from a mild nonparalytic infection to total paralysis that can happen over a few hours. There are three types or strains of poliovirus; type 1 causes about 85% of all paralytic illnesses due to polio. […] The greatest risk for polio infection is not being vaccinated against the disease. […] Polio prevention is possible with vaccination; an appropriate vaccination series in young children can establish lifelong immunity to polio.

• #47 Polio: Virus, Causes, Symptoms, Transmission & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15655-polio

  Polio (poliomyelitis) is a disease that can cause flu-like symptoms, brain inflammation and paralysis. Its caused by poliovirus. […] Polio is an illness that can cause flu-like symptoms and paralysis. Its caused by poliovirus, a germ that spreads easily from person to person. […] A virus (poliovirus) causes polio. Its a type of enterovirus. Poliovirus infects your throat and intestines, causing flu-like symptoms. It sometimes spreads to your brain and spinal cord. This can paralyze the muscles that you use to breathe, speak, swallow and move your limbs. […] Polio is highly contagious. It spreads easily from person to person through contact with poop or respiratory droplets (coughing and sneezing). It also spreads through contaminated food or water. […] If you arent fully vaccinated and you havent had polio in the past, you could get polio.

• #48 Disease factsheet about poliomyelitis

  https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/poliomyelitis/facts

  The following factors have been identified as contributing to continued polio transmission: high population density; poor health service infrastructure; poor sanitation; high incidence of diarrhoeal diseases; and low oral polio vaccine coverage. […] All unimmunised persons are susceptible to the infection. Infants in the first six months may have some protection from passively transferred maternal immunity. Children under five years are at highest risk of contracting the infection. […] Immunisation is the cornerstone of polio eradication. Two types of vaccine are available: an inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) and a live attenuated oral polio vaccine (OPV). […] In recent decades, European countries have gradually shifted from OPV to IPV and today all EU/EEA Member States use IPV in their childhood immunisation programmes. […] There is no specific treatment available for acute poliomyelitis and cases are managed supportively and symptomatically.

• #49 Understanding Poliomyelitis: Causes, Symptoms & Management

  https://www.physiotattva.com/blog/poliomyelitis-causes-symptoms-management

  Poliomyelitis is caused by the poliovirus, an enterovirus spread through contaminated food or water. It affects the nervous system, and awareness helps in prevention and symptom management. […] The poliovirus is transmitted through contaminated food or water, infecting the throat and intestines. Most infected people are asymptomatic, but a small percentage of them develop complications, such as paralysis. Unimmunized people are at a higher risk, so vaccination is important to avoid infection and reduce severe outcomes. […] Poliovirus transmission does occur through respiratory droplets or close contact with the infected cases, mainly through contaminated water or food, in the feco-oral route. Good hygiene and vaccination are essential and form a preventive measure against spreading. […] The major risk factor for poliomyelitis is non-immunization, especially in low vaccination areas. It is more susceptible in children due to their underdeveloped immune system. The risk factors include people who live in unsanitary conditions, congested areas, and have an immunocompromised condition.

• #50 Polio: Types, Causes, & Symptoms

  https://www.healthline.com/health/poliomyelitis

  Polio (also known as poliomyelitis) is a highly contagious disease caused by a virus that attacks the nervous system. […] But polio is still persistent in Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Nigeria. […] According to the Mayo Clinic, the virus is so contagious that anyone living with someone who has the virus can catch it too. […] Pregnant women, people with weakened immune systems such as those who are HIV-positive and young children are the most susceptible to the poliovirus. […] Polio is a highly contagious virus that can result in spinal cord and brainstem paralysis. […] While many other countries are also certified polio-free, the virus is still active in countries that haven’t started immunization campaigns.

• #51 Disease factsheet about poliomyelitis

  https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/poliomyelitis/facts

  The following factors have been identified as contributing to continued polio transmission: high population density; poor health service infrastructure; poor sanitation; high incidence of diarrhoeal diseases; and low oral polio vaccine coverage. […] All unimmunised persons are susceptible to the infection. Infants in the first six months may have some protection from passively transferred maternal immunity. Children under five years are at highest risk of contracting the infection. […] Immunisation is the cornerstone of polio eradication. Two types of vaccine are available: an inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) and a live attenuated oral polio vaccine (OPV). […] In recent decades, European countries have gradually shifted from OPV to IPV and today all EU/EEA Member States use IPV in their childhood immunisation programmes. […] There is no specific treatment available for acute poliomyelitis and cases are managed supportively and symptomatically.

• #52 Poliomyelitis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4212416/

  Poliomyelitis is a highly infectious disease caused by a virus belonging to the Picornaviridae family. […] It is an infectious disease caused by the poliovirus, a member of the genus Enterovirus, belonging to the Picornaviridae family. […] Poliomyelitis has been present endemically through infection among susceptible infants. […] Improper sanitation facilities and lack of personal hygiene were found to be the most important contributory factors, which led to infants getting exposed to the virus at an age beyond the protection of maternal antibodies. […] The spread of the disease is through the fecal-oral route. […] The dissemination of the virus in the feces is the reason of it being a highly communicable disease. […] The propagation of the virus is mainly seen in summer months in temperate regions.

• #53 Disease factsheet about poliomyelitis

  https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/poliomyelitis/facts

  The following factors have been identified as contributing to continued polio transmission: high population density; poor health service infrastructure; poor sanitation; high incidence of diarrhoeal diseases; and low oral polio vaccine coverage. […] All unimmunised persons are susceptible to the infection. Infants in the first six months may have some protection from passively transferred maternal immunity. Children under five years are at highest risk of contracting the infection. […] Immunisation is the cornerstone of polio eradication. Two types of vaccine are available: an inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) and a live attenuated oral polio vaccine (OPV). […] In recent decades, European countries have gradually shifted from OPV to IPV and today all EU/EEA Member States use IPV in their childhood immunisation programmes. […] There is no specific treatment available for acute poliomyelitis and cases are managed supportively and symptomatically.

• #54 Disease factsheet about poliomyelitis

  https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/poliomyelitis/facts

  The following factors have been identified as contributing to continued polio transmission: high population density; poor health service infrastructure; poor sanitation; high incidence of diarrhoeal diseases; and low oral polio vaccine coverage. […] All unimmunised persons are susceptible to the infection. Infants in the first six months may have some protection from passively transferred maternal immunity. Children under five years are at highest risk of contracting the infection. […] Immunisation is the cornerstone of polio eradication. Two types of vaccine are available: an inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) and a live attenuated oral polio vaccine (OPV). […] In recent decades, European countries have gradually shifted from OPV to IPV and today all EU/EEA Member States use IPV in their childhood immunisation programmes. […] There is no specific treatment available for acute poliomyelitis and cases are managed supportively and symptomatically.

• #55 Polio – Symptoms, Causes, Vaccine and Treatment | Apollo Hospitals

  https://www.apollohospitals.com/diseases-and-conditions/polio-symptoms-causes-vaccine-and-treatment/

  Polio is a crippling disease that is caused by a virus known as the poliovirus. […] The primary cause of polio is the poliovirus. The main causes of the transmission of this virus are as follows: […] Traveling to an area of a polio outbreak […] Coming into contact with a polio patients feces […] Coming into contact with the sneeze and cough droplets of an infected individual […] Improper handling of a poliovirus laboratory specimen.

• #56 Poliomyelitis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4212416/

  Poliomyelitis is a highly infectious disease caused by a virus belonging to the Picornaviridae family. […] It is an infectious disease caused by the poliovirus, a member of the genus Enterovirus, belonging to the Picornaviridae family. […] Poliomyelitis has been present endemically through infection among susceptible infants. […] Improper sanitation facilities and lack of personal hygiene were found to be the most important contributory factors, which led to infants getting exposed to the virus at an age beyond the protection of maternal antibodies. […] The spread of the disease is through the fecal-oral route. […] The dissemination of the virus in the feces is the reason of it being a highly communicable disease. […] The propagation of the virus is mainly seen in summer months in temperate regions.

• #57 Clinical Overview of Poliomyelitis | Polio | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/polio/hcp/clinical-overview/index.html

  Poliovirus is highly contagious and causes polio, also called poliomyelitis, a serious and debilitating disease. […] Poliovirus is a member of the Enterovirus genus, family Picornaviridae. […] Poliovirus is highly contagious and causes polio, or poliomyelitis, a serious and debilitating disease. […] Infection is more common in infants and young children. […] In temperate climates, poliovirus infections are most common during summer and autumn. […] Acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) is a manifestation of a wide spectrum of clinical diseases. […] Known viral causes of AFP include enterovirus, adenovirus, and West Nile virus. […] Adults who had paralytic polio during childhood may develop noninfectious post-polio syndrome (PPS) 15 to 40 years later. […] PPS is characterized by slow, irreversible worsening of muscle weakness, often in the muscle groups involved during the original infection.

• #58 Clinical Overview of Poliomyelitis | Polio | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/polio/hcp/clinical-overview/index.html

  Poliovirus is highly contagious and causes polio, also called poliomyelitis, a serious and debilitating disease. […] Poliovirus is a member of the Enterovirus genus, family Picornaviridae. […] Poliovirus is highly contagious and causes polio, or poliomyelitis, a serious and debilitating disease. […] Infection is more common in infants and young children. […] In temperate climates, poliovirus infections are most common during summer and autumn. […] Acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) is a manifestation of a wide spectrum of clinical diseases. […] Known viral causes of AFP include enterovirus, adenovirus, and West Nile virus. […] Adults who had paralytic polio during childhood may develop noninfectious post-polio syndrome (PPS) 15 to 40 years later. […] PPS is characterized by slow, irreversible worsening of muscle weakness, often in the muscle groups involved during the original infection.

• #59 Post-polio syndrome – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/post-polio-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20355669

  Post-polio syndrome is a group of potentially disabling signs and symptoms that appear decades after the initial polio illness. […] There are several theories as to what causes post-polio syndrome, but no one knows for sure. […] When poliovirus infects your body, it affects nerve cells called motor neurons that carry messages (electrical impulses) between your brain and your muscles. […] A polio infection often damages or destroys many of these motor neurons. […] Because there are fewer motor neurons, the remaining neurons sprout new fibers and grow bigger. […] This promotes recovery of the use of your muscles, but it also may stress the nerve cell body to nourish the additional fibers. […] Over the years, this stress may be too much. This may cause the gradual breakdown of the sprouted fibers and, eventually, of the neuron itself.

• #60 Polio and the late effects of polio | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/polio-and-post-polio-syndrome

  Polio (referred to medically as poliomyelitis) is a serious disease caused by infection with any of the 3 strains of poliovirus. […] The late effects of polio are not caused by re-infection with the poliovirus, but by a range of factors related to the original polio infection. For example: […] It is thought that PPS is caused by the breakdown of sprouts (extra nerve branches that formed to compensate for nerves that were destroyed or damaged by the poliovirus).

• #61

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/post-polio-syndrome/

  Polio is a viral infection that used to be common in the UK but is now rare. […] The exact cause of post-polio syndrome is unclear. It’s not known whether anything can be done to prevent it. […] The leading theory is that it’s the result of the gradual deterioration of nerve cells in the spinal cord (motor neurones) that were damaged by the polio virus. This would explain why the condition can take years to appear. […] Post-polio syndrome isn’t contagious. The theory that the polio virus may lie dormant in your body, causing post-polio syndrome when it becomes reactivated at a later stage, has not been proven. […] It’s not clear why only some people who have had polio develop post-polio syndrome. However, those who had severe polio when they were younger may be more likely to develop the condition.

• #62

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/post-polio-syndrome/

  Polio is a viral infection that used to be common in the UK but is now rare. […] The exact cause of post-polio syndrome is unclear. It’s not known whether anything can be done to prevent it. […] The leading theory is that it’s the result of the gradual deterioration of nerve cells in the spinal cord (motor neurones) that were damaged by the polio virus. This would explain why the condition can take years to appear. […] Post-polio syndrome isn’t contagious. The theory that the polio virus may lie dormant in your body, causing post-polio syndrome when it becomes reactivated at a later stage, has not been proven. […] It’s not clear why only some people who have had polio develop post-polio syndrome. However, those who had severe polio when they were younger may be more likely to develop the condition.

• #63 Post-Polio Syndrome: What It Is, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24584-post-polio-syndrome

  Polio (poliomyelitis) is a disease caused by the poliovirus. It causes mild or no symptoms in most people. But it can sometimes cause paralysis or death. […] There are three variations of poliovirus, called wild poliovirus types 1, 2 and 3. Wild polio types 2 and 3 have been eradicated (no longer exist), and wild polio type 1 only exists in a few parts of the world. […] Scientists dont yet know the cause of post-polio syndrome. One theory is that it could be due to the recovery from the initial polio infection. During recovery from polio, nerve cells (neurons) in the affected muscles may regrow many smaller branches (dendrites) from the large branches (axons) of nerve cells. These dendrites take over the function of neurons that the polio virus killed. […] Scientists think that, after years of functioning beyond their capacity, the nerve cells weaken and lose their ability to maintain the dendrites. The dendrites then shrink, and the whole muscle becomes weaker.

• #64 Post-polio syndrome | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/brain-nerves-and-spinal-cord/post-polio-syndrome/

  Over time, these new nerve ends put the motor neurone cell under stress. The cells slowly break down, resulting in the loss of muscle strength. […] People who have had severe polio at a young age or during adolescence (teenage years) might be more likely to experience post-polio syndrome. People who had a more serious infection in early adulthood are also more likely to develop post-polio syndrome.

• #65

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/poliomyelitis

  Polio is a highly infectious disease caused by a virus. It invades the nervous system and can cause total paralysis in a matter of hours. […] One in 200 infections leads to irreversible paralysis (usually in the legs). Among those paralysed, 510% die when their breathing muscles become immobilized. […] There is no cure for polio, it can only be prevented. Polio vaccine, given multiple times, can protect a child for life. […] Endemic transmission of wild poliovirus is continuing in areas of Afghanistan and Pakistan. Failure to stop polio in these last remaining areas could result in global resurgence of the disease. […] Failure to implement strategic approaches, however, leads to ongoing transmission of the virus.

• #66 Content – Health Encyclopedia – University of Rochester Medical Center

  https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content?contenttypeid=85&contentid=P00643

  Poliomyelitis is commonly called polio. It’s an infectious disease. It is caused by 1 of 3 types of poliovirus. […] Polio is caused by 1 of 3 types of the poliovirus. It often spreads due to contact with infected feces. This often happens from poor handwashing. It can also happen from eating or drinking contaminated food or water. It can also be spread when an infected person coughs or sneezes infected droplets into the air. […] Polio is an infectious disease caused by any 1 of 3 types of poliovirus. It is easily spread from person to person. […] While there is a vaccine to prevent polio, there is no specific treatment for infected people.

• #67 Disease factsheet about poliomyelitis

  https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/poliomyelitis/facts

  The following factors have been identified as contributing to continued polio transmission: high population density; poor health service infrastructure; poor sanitation; high incidence of diarrhoeal diseases; and low oral polio vaccine coverage. […] All unimmunised persons are susceptible to the infection. Infants in the first six months may have some protection from passively transferred maternal immunity. Children under five years are at highest risk of contracting the infection. […] Immunisation is the cornerstone of polio eradication. Two types of vaccine are available: an inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) and a live attenuated oral polio vaccine (OPV). […] In recent decades, European countries have gradually shifted from OPV to IPV and today all EU/EEA Member States use IPV in their childhood immunisation programmes. […] There is no specific treatment available for acute poliomyelitis and cases are managed supportively and symptomatically.

• #68 Disease factsheet about poliomyelitis

  https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/poliomyelitis/facts

  The following factors have been identified as contributing to continued polio transmission: high population density; poor health service infrastructure; poor sanitation; high incidence of diarrhoeal diseases; and low oral polio vaccine coverage. […] All unimmunised persons are susceptible to the infection. Infants in the first six months may have some protection from passively transferred maternal immunity. Children under five years are at highest risk of contracting the infection. […] Immunisation is the cornerstone of polio eradication. Two types of vaccine are available: an inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) and a live attenuated oral polio vaccine (OPV). […] In recent decades, European countries have gradually shifted from OPV to IPV and today all EU/EEA Member States use IPV in their childhood immunisation programmes. […] There is no specific treatment available for acute poliomyelitis and cases are managed supportively and symptomatically.

• #69 Polio – Our World in Data

  https://ourworldindata.org/polio

  The vast majority of cases of cVDPVs come from the oral poliovirus vaccine against poliovirus serotype 2, rather than vaccines against other serotypes. […] The risk of vaccine-derived polioviruses circulating in the population is generally very low, and the world now has new effective vaccines to contain them, called novel Oral Poliovirus Vaccines (nOPV).

• #70 Disease factsheet about poliomyelitis

  https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/poliomyelitis/facts

  The following factors have been identified as contributing to continued polio transmission: high population density; poor health service infrastructure; poor sanitation; high incidence of diarrhoeal diseases; and low oral polio vaccine coverage. […] All unimmunised persons are susceptible to the infection. Infants in the first six months may have some protection from passively transferred maternal immunity. Children under five years are at highest risk of contracting the infection. […] Immunisation is the cornerstone of polio eradication. Two types of vaccine are available: an inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) and a live attenuated oral polio vaccine (OPV). […] In recent decades, European countries have gradually shifted from OPV to IPV and today all EU/EEA Member States use IPV in their childhood immunisation programmes. […] There is no specific treatment available for acute poliomyelitis and cases are managed supportively and symptomatically.

• #71 Polio (Poliomyelitis, Infantile Paralysis)

  https://www.health.ny.gov/diseases/communicable/polio/

  Poliovirus spreads rapidly and easily- it often does not cause symptoms or causes milder symptoms without paralysis, so even one case of paralysis generally means that there is wider spread of the virus in the community and others are at risk. […] Polio spreads from person-to-person through contact with the poop (often tiny, invisible amounts) of an infected person. It can also spread through the sneeze or cough droplets from an infected person. […] Polio is very contagious, and not everyone who is infected with polio will show symptoms. Some have mild or flu-like symptoms that can be easily mistaken for another type of virus. […] New Yorkers should know that paralysis is the most severe symptom associated with polio, because it can lead to permanent disability and death. Even children who seem to fully recover can develop new muscle pain, weakness, or paralysis as adults 15 to 40 years later. This is called post-polio syndrome. […] The inactivated polio vaccine, the only vaccine available in the U.S., protects 99 to 100 percent of people against disease who receive all recommended doses.

• #72 Polio (Poliomyelitis, Infantile Paralysis)

  https://www.health.ny.gov/diseases/communicable/polio/

  Polio is a debilitating and life-threatening disease. A virus that can affect the brain and spinal cord, polio can cause paralysis or even death. This makes polio very dangerous, especially for New Yorkers who are unvaccinated or not up to date with their polio immunizations. […] There is no cure for polio, but disease, including paralysis, is preventable through safe and effective vaccination. IPV the only vaccine available in the U.S. is safe and contains no live virus. It protects 99 100 percent of people who receive all recommended doses. […] Polio had been considered eliminated from the United States since 1979, meaning there was no longer routine spread of the virus. Then on July 21, 2022, the New York State Department of Health (NYSDOH) and the Rockland County Department of Health (RCDOH) alerted the public to a case of paralytic polio in an unvaccinated young adult in Rockland County.

• #73 Polio: Prevention and risks – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/diseases/poliomyelitis-polio/prevention.html

  Polio is highly contagious and can spread easily from person to person. […] The poliovirus causes polio, short for poliomyelitis. […] A person infected with polio is most contagious during the days immediately before and after symptoms appear. […] Canada has been certified polio free since 1994. […] Vaccination is the best way to protect ourselves and prevent the spread of polio. […] However, higher polio vaccination rates will help protect people from imported cases of polio from countries where the virus is still circulating. […] Polio infections are more common in children under the age of 5. […] The risk of getting polio is higher among unvaccinated and under vaccinated individuals who are: travelling to a country where polio is still present, in contact with someone who travelled to an affected country. […] Polio infections continue to occur worldwide.

• #74 Understanding Poliomyelitis: Causes, Symptoms & Management

  https://www.physiotattva.com/blog/poliomyelitis-causes-symptoms-management

  With vaccines like IPV and OPV, polio transmission can be controlled and nearly eliminated. With mass vaccination, the incidence of polio cases could be brought rapidly down in most developing countries. Children should be immunised, therefore, in order to make their communities have freedom from polio as well as from its severe complications. Vaccination has played a very important role in preventing the poliovirus infection; it reduces transmission, it protects the individual, and its key has been nearly eradicating poliomyelitis globally, preventing disability, and promoting public health around the world.

• #75

  https://www.who.int/health-topics/poliomyelitis

  Poliomyelitis (polio) is a highly infectious viral disease that largely affects children under 5 years of age. The virus is transmitted by person-to-person spread mainly through the faecal-oral route or, less frequently, by a common vehicle (e.g. contaminated water or food) and multiplies in the intestine, from where it can invade the nervous system and cause paralysis. […] The virus enters the body through the mouth and multiplies in the intestine. It then invades the nervous system. […] The virus is shed by infected people (usually children) through faeces, where it can spread quickly, especially in areas with poor hygiene and sanitation systems. […] There is no cure for polio; it can only be prevented by immunization. […] Vaccination is crucial in the fight against polio. Failure to implement strategic approaches leads to ongoing transmission of the virus. Endemic transmission of wild poliovirus is continuing to cause cases in border areas of Afghanistan and Pakistan. Failure to stop polio in these last remaining areas could result in as many as 200 000 new cases every year within 10 years, all over the world. That is why it is critical to ensure polio is eradicated completely, once and for all.

• #76 Polio and Polio Vaccine: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/childrens-health/immunisation/polio-immunisation

  Polio (poliomyelitis) is a serious illness caused by a virus called poliovirus. Polio mainly affects children under 5 years of age. It is a very infectious disease. […] Polio is very rare in places with polio vaccination, because the vaccine is so effective. […] There is currently no cure for polio so it is mainly treated based on symptoms. […] The vaccine stimulates your body to make antibodies. These antibodies protect you from illness should you become infected with the polio virus. […] Since 1988, the World Health Organization (WHO) has organised an immunisation programme to remove polio virus from every country in the world. This programme has been very successful and poliovirus is now only a problem in a few countries, such as Pakistan and Afghanistan. Polio has been virtually eradicated in the UK because of the success of the polio vaccination. […] If the immunisation programme doesn’t continue to be successful then polio could return to many countries, including the UK.

• #77 The history of Polio – from eradication to re-emergence – PAHO/WHO | Pan American Health Organization

  https://www.paho.org/en/stories/history-polio-eradication-re-emergence

  Polio is the short name for poliomyelitis, a highly infectious disease caused by the poliovirus. […] According to Dr. Gloria Rey, a polio expert and Regional Advisor at PAHO, if the weakened live poliovirus can circulate in populations with low vaccination coverage, it can mutate and revert to a form that causes illness and paralysis. […] Among the unvaccinated, the virus attacks the nervous system and can cause total paralysis in a matter of hours. […] One in 200 infections lead to irreversible paralysis (usually in the legs). […] When vaccination levels are low, the unvaccinated in a community are more susceptible to the disease, increasing the likelihood that the weakened poliovirus mutates and reverts to a strain that is able to infect and cause paralysis, Dr. Rey added. […] Low vaccination rates, limited surveillance of acute flaccid paralysis, coupled with stretched human resources can contribute to a high risk of polio reintroduction not just in Peru, but across the region, she explained.

• #78 Polio – Our World in Data

  https://ourworldindata.org/polio

  Most infections do not lead to any symptoms, but others suffer terribly and for some, it leads to death. […] Between 1 in 50 and 1 in 500 infections result in paralysis, among people who have not been vaccinated. […] Polio can lead to the death of infected patients if the paralysis immobilizes their breathing muscles, leading to suffocation. […] The hope is that the world will see a fourth and final phase, in which polio is entirely eradicated from the world. […] The GPEI was set up as a public-private-partnership and today brings together several organizations, among which are the WHO, UNICEF, the US Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Rotary International and the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. […] The GPEI has received funding towards polio eradication from different sectors, including domestic resources, G7 countries and the European Commission, the private sector and non-governmental donors.

• #79 Polio – Our World in Data

  https://ourworldindata.org/polio

  Most infections do not lead to any symptoms, but others suffer terribly and for some, it leads to death. […] Between 1 in 50 and 1 in 500 infections result in paralysis, among people who have not been vaccinated. […] Polio can lead to the death of infected patients if the paralysis immobilizes their breathing muscles, leading to suffocation. […] The hope is that the world will see a fourth and final phase, in which polio is entirely eradicated from the world. […] The GPEI was set up as a public-private-partnership and today brings together several organizations, among which are the WHO, UNICEF, the US Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Rotary International and the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. […] The GPEI has received funding towards polio eradication from different sectors, including domestic resources, G7 countries and the European Commission, the private sector and non-governmental donors.

• #80

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/poliomyelitis

  Polio is a highly infectious disease caused by a virus. It invades the nervous system and can cause total paralysis in a matter of hours. […] One in 200 infections leads to irreversible paralysis (usually in the legs). Among those paralysed, 510% die when their breathing muscles become immobilized. […] There is no cure for polio, it can only be prevented. Polio vaccine, given multiple times, can protect a child for life. […] Endemic transmission of wild poliovirus is continuing in areas of Afghanistan and Pakistan. Failure to stop polio in these last remaining areas could result in global resurgence of the disease. […] Failure to implement strategic approaches, however, leads to ongoing transmission of the virus.

• #81

  https://www.who.int/health-topics/poliomyelitis

  Poliomyelitis (polio) is a highly infectious viral disease that largely affects children under 5 years of age. The virus is transmitted by person-to-person spread mainly through the faecal-oral route or, less frequently, by a common vehicle (e.g. contaminated water or food) and multiplies in the intestine, from where it can invade the nervous system and cause paralysis. […] The virus enters the body through the mouth and multiplies in the intestine. It then invades the nervous system. […] The virus is shed by infected people (usually children) through faeces, where it can spread quickly, especially in areas with poor hygiene and sanitation systems. […] There is no cure for polio; it can only be prevented by immunization. […] Vaccination is crucial in the fight against polio. Failure to implement strategic approaches leads to ongoing transmission of the virus. Endemic transmission of wild poliovirus is continuing to cause cases in border areas of Afghanistan and Pakistan. Failure to stop polio in these last remaining areas could result in as many as 200 000 new cases every year within 10 years, all over the world. That is why it is critical to ensure polio is eradicated completely, once and for all.

• #82 Polio Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/polio

  Polio is a disease caused by infection with the poliovirus. The virus spreads by: […] The virus enters through the mouth and nose, multiplies in the throat and intestinal tract, and then is absorbed and spread through the blood and lymph system. […] Risks factors include: […] As a result of a global vaccination campaign over the past 25 years, polio has largely been eliminated. The disease still exists in some countries (such as Pakistan and Afghanistan), with outbreaks occurring in groups of people who have not been vaccinated. […] Polio immunization (vaccine) prevents poliomyelitis in most people (over 90% effective).

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