Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Arteriovenous Fistulas: Etiology and Treatment – Endovascular Today

  https://evtoday.com/articles/2012-apr/arteriovenous-fistulas-etiology-and-treatment

  An arteriovenous fistula (AVF) is an anomalous direct communication between an artery and a vein that results in shunting of blood between the two. This bypasses the high-resistance capillary vasculature, producing a low-resistance, high-flow situation with pulsatile blood flow in the veins that denies local tissue perfusion. […] AVFs may be congenital or acquired. Many AVFs are traumatic and often iatrogenic due to the increasing number of invasive procedures. Attempted percutaneous femoral artery cannulation accounts for most iatrogenic AVFs. Inexpert central venous cannulation can also injure adjacent arteries, resulting in an AVF. This is true even when ultrasound is used if training in ultrasound-guided procedures is inadequate or nonexistent. Surgery, such as total knee replacement or lumbar disc surgery, may rarely produce an AVF. Arterial injury from percutaneous biopsies, most frequently of the kidneys, nearly always results in AVF development, but these are often self-healing and only a few cause problems. Noniatrogenic trauma due to penetrating injuries or long bone fractures causing direct arterial trauma can lead to AVF formation.

• #1 Mayo Clinic Health Library – Arteriovenous fistula | Swiss Medical Network

  https://www.swissmedical.net/en/healtcare-library/con-20369554

  Arteriovenous fistulas may be present at birth (congenital) or they may occur later in life (acquired). Causes of arteriovenous fistulas include: […] Injuries that pierce the skin. An arteriovenous fistula may result from a gunshot or stab wound that occurs on a part of the body where a vein and artery are side by side. […] Congenital arteriovenous fistulas. In some babies, the arteries and veins don’t develop properly in the womb. It’s unclear exactly why this happens. […] Genetic conditions. Arteriovenous fistulas in the lungs (pulmonary arteriovenous fistulas) can be caused by a genetic disease that causes irregular blood vessels throughout the body, but especially in the lungs. One such disease is Osler-Weber-Rendu disease, also known as hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia. […] Dialysis-related surgery. People who have late-stage kidney failure may have a surgery to create an arteriovenous fistula in the forearm to make it easier to perform dialysis.

• #1 Arteriovenous Fistulas: Etiology and Treatment – Endovascular Today

  https://evtoday.com/articles/2012-apr/arteriovenous-fistulas-etiology-and-treatment

  Congenital AVFs include (1) central nervous system lesions, such as carotid-cavernous fistulas and dural AVFs; (2) pulmonary vascular malformations (these have a simple architecture that resemble AVFs more than true malformations); and (3) coronary artery, intrarenal, and hepatic AVFs, which rarely occur.

• #1 Arteriovenous Fistula: Symptoms and Causes | Tampa General

  https://www.tgh.org/institutes-and-services/conditions/arteriovenous-fistula

  An arteriovenous fistula can be congenital (present at birth) or acquired: […] Congenital arteriovenous fistulas are rare, and researchers are still trying to discover why some babies develop this condition. However, they have found a link between genetic conditions such as Osler-Weber-Rendu disease and AVFs. […] Acquired arteriovenous fistulas often occur when there is trauma to the body’s tissue, such as a stabbing wound or gunshot injury. Some patients with late-stage kidney disease may have a fistula surgically created to help with dialysis.

• #1 Arteriovenous Fistula – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559213/

  Arteriovenous fistulas can be surgically created for hemodialysis access, can occur as a result of a congenital anomaly, or be secondary to iatrogenic injury or trauma. Penetration of any mixed-type vasculature can ultimately heal arteries and veins together, bypassing downstream arteriole and capillary systems. […] These are most commonly reported due to percutaneous access of the femoral vein and femoral artery during cardiac catheterization. However, subclavian and carotid fistulas have been reported to be associated with the placement of central lines. […] These are often associated with direct arterial trauma and long bone fractures, especially where an artery and vein are in close communication. Ninety percent of traumatic AVFs are due to penetrating trauma, the majority of which are gunshot wounds.

• #1 Arteriovenous (AV) Fistula: Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/23450-arteriovenous-fistula

  An arteriovenous fistula is when an artery and vein connect directly, allowing blood to flow incorrectly. […] They can also happen because of injuries or form in the womb before a person is born. […] The three main causes of arteriovenous fistula are: […] Injuries: Trauma is the most common unintentional cause of arteriovenous fistulas. […] Congenital: A congenital condition is a condition you have at birth, meaning these fistulas form while you’re developing in the womb. […] Dialysis: Arteriovenous fistulas for dialysis is the most common reason people have this condition. […] In rarer cases, arteriovenous fistulas can happen because of conditions like cancer, certain types of infections or when an artery develops an aneurysm (a weakness in your artery wall that bulges out and presses against a nearby vein).

• #1 Arteriovenous Fistulae | Cooper University Health Care

  https://www.cooperhealth.org/services/arteriovenous-fistulae

  An arteriovenous fistula may develop as a complication of a procedure called cardiac catheterization. During cardiac catheterization, a long thin tube called a catheter is inserted in an artery or vein in your groin, neck or arm and threaded through your blood vessels to your heart. If the needle used in the catheterization crosses an artery and vein during your procedure, and the artery is widened (dilated), this can create an arteriovenous fistula. Although this is a common way an arteriovenous fistula may develop, it’s still rare. […] It’s also possible to develop an arteriovenous fistula after a piercing injury, such as a gunshot or stab wound. This may happen if your wound is on a part of your body where a vein and artery are side by side. […] Some people are born with an arteriovenous fistula (congenital). Although the exact reason why isn’t clear, in congenital arteriovenous fistulas the arteries and veins don’t develop properly in the womb.

• #1 SciELO Brazil – Traumatic arteriovenous fistula of the superficial temporal artery Traumatic arteriovenous fistula of the superficial temporal artery

  https://www.scielo.br/j/jvb/a/kjf7KWWcwgthnQQ7grnsWyt/?lang=en

  Arteriovenous fistulae of the superficial temporal artery are rare, and their principal cause is traumas. […] In 75% of patients, etiology is traumatic and these fistulae can be caused by blunt or penetrating traumas or by iatrogenic injuries during diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. […] The superficial temporal artery is vulnerable to trauma because of its superficial path over the temporal bone and because of its proximity to cranial sutures. In addition to traumatic etiologies, arteriovenous fistulae of the superficial temporal artery can also be spontaneous or caused by surgical procedures, such as, capillary implants, external ventricular drainage and craniotomies. […] Two mechanisms have been suggested to explain the formation of traumatic arteriovenous fistulae in the scalp. By the first mechanism, a simultaneous laceration of the artery and the adjacent vein leads to formation of the fistula.

• #1 Arteriovenous fistula – USZ

  https://www.usz.ch/en/disease/arteriovenous-fistula/

  An arteriovenous fistula can be congenital or acquired, for example as a result of a thrombosis or injury. […] The causes in the latter case are often damage to the vessel wall due to an injury (trauma), for example with a knife, or venous thrombosis (brain). […] The causes of arteriovenous fistulas vary. Doctors usually divide them up like this: […] Injuries that damage the skin: Examples include trauma caused by a bullet or a knife thrust in an area of the body where arteries and veins run close together. […] Thrombosis: Dural arteriovenous fistulas of the hard meninges usually develop as a result of thrombosis. […] Congenital AV fistulas: Babies are born with an arteriovenous fistula. […] Genes: The cause of arteriovenous fistulas in the lungs can be a genetic disease, for example Osler-Weber-Rendu disease (also known as hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia, abbreviated to HHT).

• #1 Dural Arteriovenous Fistula Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments

  https://www.upmc.com/services/neurosurgery/brain/conditions/neurovascular-conditions/conditions/dural-arteriovenous-fistula

  Dural arteriovenous fistulas (dAVFs) are rare, abnormal connections between arteries and veins in the dura, the protective lining of your brain. […] A dAVF may occur spontaneously or as a result of: Blood clot in a venous sinus, which drains blood from your brain. […] Head trauma. […] Infection. […] Surgery. […] In most cases, dAVFs happen spontaneously. However, you may be at increased risk of developing dAVF if you have: A blood clot in the veins that drain blood from your brain (venous sinus). […] A head injury. […] An infection. […] Brain surgery.

• #1 Arteriovenous fistula | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/arteriovenous-fistula?lang=us

  An arteriovenous fistula (AVF) is a fistulous connection between an adjacent artery and vein. Unlike an arteriovenous malformation (AVM), these are frequently acquired lesions, rather than developmental abnormalities. […] Arteriovenous fistulas have a number of etiologies. They can be iatrogenic in origin, particularly with percutaneous procedures, when a needle passes through both an artery and vein. They may also occur when an aneurysmal artery ruptures into an adjacent vein (as can happen with coronary artery aneurysms).

• #1 Pulmonary arteriovenous fistula Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/pulmonary-arteriovenous-fistula

  Pulmonary arteriovenous fistulas are usually the result of abnormal development of the blood vessels of the lung. Most occur in people with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT). These people often have abnormal blood vessels in many other parts of the body. […] Fistulas also can be a complication of liver disease or lung injury, although these causes are much less common. […] When arteriovenous fistulas are caused by liver disease, the treatment is a liver transplant.

• #1 Dural arteriovenous fistula | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/dural-arteriovenous-fistula?lang=us

  Dural arteriovenous fistulas are usually acquired and in most instances are idiopathic. […] In patients with a documented antecedent cause, most occur as a result of neovascularization induced by a previously thrombosed dural venous sinus (typically the transverse sinus). Other causes include trauma and previous craniotomy. […] It is likely that at least some patients with apparently idiopathic fistulae had prior asymptomatic thrombosis, particularly as inherited prothrombotic conditions (e.g. antithrombin, protein C, and protein S deficiencies) have been associated with the development of dural arteriovenous fistulas.

• #1 Arteriovenous (AV) Fistula Causes, Symptoms and Treatments

  https://www.upmc.com/services/heart-vascular/conditions/av-fistula

  An AV fistula can be caused by: […] Cardiac catheterization complications. […] Congenital defects. […] Genetic conditions. […] Injuries that pierce the skin. […] You may be at higher risk for AV fistula if you: […] Are on dialysis. […] Had an injury that pierced your skin. […] Have a family history of AV fistula. […] Recent had a cardiac catheterization procedure. […] Serious complications can develop if a large AV fistula is not treated, including heart failure, blood clots, leg pain, stroke, or bleeding.

• #1 Arteriovenous fistula – USZ

  https://www.usz.ch/en/disease/arteriovenous-fistula/

  Blood washing (dialysis): People with end-stage chronic kidney disease are often dependent on dialysis. […] There are also some risk factors that may favor arteriovenous fistulas. […] Certain medications, for example blood thinners (anticoagulants) or antifibrinolytics, which inhibit the dissolution of fibrin and counteract blood loss. […] High blood pressure (hypertension) […] High body mass index (BMI) in the case of severe overweight and obesity […] Older age.

• #1 Arteriovenous fistula: what is it, symptoms and treatment | Top Doctors

  https://www.topdoctors.co.uk/medical-dictionary/arteriovenous-fistula

  Injuries penetrating wounds, such as stab or gunshot wounds, can cause arteriovenous fistulas if the injury occurs where an artery and vein are side-by-side. […] Cardiac catheterisation this procedure involves passing a catheter (a long thin tube) through the blood vessels to the heart. In rare cases, an arteriovenous fistula can occur during this procedure. […] Arteriovenous fistulas occur more frequently in women than in men, and the likelihood of developing one increases with age. Other risk factors include: Hypertension, High BMI (body mass index), Certain medications.

• #1 Acquired arteriovenous fistula of the lower extremity – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/acquired-arteriovenous-fistula-of-the-lower-extremity

  Acquired arteriovenous fistulas (AVFs) are anomalous connections between the arterial and venous system that divert blood from the normal anatomic capillary beds. […] Fistulas may occur anywhere in the body, be single or multiple, and be congenital or acquired (eg, trauma). […] Acquired AVF of the lower extremity is by far the most common AVF secondary to the use of the groin (femoral vessels historically and preferentially) as a site for percutaneous arterial and venous access. […] Any instrument that traverses an artery and vein may result in an AVF. […] However, in the face of certain risk factors, the communication between the artery and vein may not seal and AVF will result. […] Large common femoral AVFs can result in hemodynamic shifts due to the diversion of blood from the high-resistance arterial circulation to the low-resistance venous circuit.

• #1 Spinal dural arteriovenous fistula: a comprehensive review of the history, classification systems, management, and prognosis | Chinese Neurosurgical Journal | Full Text

  https://cnjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s41016-023-00355-y

  Spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas have been postulated to be acquired, their exact development remains uncertain. […] Multiple factors have been suggested to play a role in their development. […] Re-opening of the thrombosed/occluded spinal radicular veins may contribute to spinal dural arteriovenous fistula. […] Understanding the pathophysiology of spinal dural arteriovenous fistula facilitates identifying risk factors and etiologies of spinal dural arteriovenous fistula. […] The onset of spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas in the middle-aged population suggests an acquired disease process. […] The elevation in pressure causes arterialization of the venous system, i.e., thickening of the intramedullary veins. […] As the radicular and intramedullary veins share a common venous outflow, the shunt consequently becomes congested, causing venous hypertension in the spinal cord. […] In turn, it leads to decreased tissue perfusion and venous infarction.

• #1 Dural Arteriovenous Fistulae | Conditions | UCSF Health

  https://www.ucsfhealth.org/conditions/dural-arteriovenous-fistulae

  Dural arteriovenous fistulas (DAVFs) are rare, abnormal connections between arteries and veins in the dura, the protective membrane covering the brain and spinal cord. […] DAVFs can be caused by head trauma, infection, surgery or blood clots in the brain (thrombosis). Some people are born with DAVFs.

• #1 Dural Arteriovenous Fistula | Barrow Neurological InstituteSecond Opinion IconGroup 49Group 49

  https://www.barrowneuro.org/condition/dural-arteriovenous-fistula-davf/

  A dural arteriovenous fistula (DAVF) is a vascular anomaly formed by an abnormal connection between an artery within the tough covering of the brain (dura mater) and a vein that carries blood from the brain back to the heart. […] These vascular anomalies are usually acquired, meaning they are not present from birth. In most cases, the cause is not obvious. However, DAVFs can be associated with trauma, surgery, tumors, or infection. […] The majority of DAVF have no known cause. However, certain conditions such as infection, cranial trauma, tumors, and prior surgery may make it more likely that you will develop a DAVF. Some hereditary vascular diseases are also associated with a higher rate of DAVF.

• #1 Intracranial Dural Arteriovenous Fistulas: Classification, Imaging Findings, and Treatment | American Journal of Neuroradiology

  http://www.ajnr.org/content/33/6/1007

  Intracranial DAVFs are pathologic dural-based shunts and account for 10%15% of all intracranial arteriovenous malformations. […] DAVFs have a reported association with dural sinus thrombosis, venous hypertension, previous craniotomy, and trauma, though many lesions are idiopathic. […] DAVFs are predominantly idiopathic, though a small percentage of patients have a history of previous craniotomy, trauma, or dural sinus thrombosis. […] Two etiologic hypotheses based around sinus thrombosis have been put forward. The first is that physiologic arteriovenous shunts between meningeal arteries and dural venous sinuses enlarge in response to elevated local venous pressure, resulting in a pathologic shunt. […] The second is that venous hypertension due to outflow obstruction causes decreased cerebral perfusion and promotes neoangiogenesis.

• #1 Spinal Dural Arteriovenous Fistula: The Missing-Piece Sign | Ochsner Journal

  https://www.ochsnerjournal.org/content/22/1/10

  sDAVFs, although a rare pathology, are the most common vascular shunts of the spine, characterized by an abnormal communication between arteries and veins within the dura. These connections are classically located within the dura mater near spinal nerve roots. Branches of the radiculomeningeal artery make up the majority of the arterial components of the shunt, while the venous component usually consists of a radicular vein. Although their exact etiology is not fully understood, sDAVFs are presumed to be acquired lesions with several potential predisposing factors, including thrombosis of the extradural spinal veins and traumatic injury, although some lesions may be idiopathic. Communicating arteries cause decreased arteriovenous pressure gradients, leading to decreased venous drainage and subsequent venous congestion with intramedullary edema. This congestion can cause chronic hypoxia which, if left untreated, results in ischemia and necrosis.

• #1 Content – Health Encyclopedia – University of Rochester Medical Center

  https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content?contenttypeid=22&contentid=pulmonaryarteriovenousfistula

  Pulmonary arteriovenous fistulas are congenital malformations that is, theyre present at birth. […] Causes of Pulmonary Arteriovenous Fistulas […] Doctors do not know what causes them, and there is no known way to prevent them.

• #1 Renal Arteriovenous Fistula and AV Malformations

  https://www.urology-textbook.com/renal-av-fistula.html

  An arteriovenous fistula is a single pathological communication between the renal artery and vein, most often due to trauma or degeneration. […] Congenital (25%): varicose-like multiple connections between artery and vein, most common at the upper pole of the kidney, female : male = 3:1. […] Renal trauma. […] Iatrogenic causes: renal biopsy, kidney surgery. […] Inflammation. […] Venous erosion of a renal artery aneurysm.

• #1 Causes of Stenosis in an AV Fistula and How to Recognize It azura-logo-white

  https://www.azuravascularcare.com/infodialysisaccess/what-causes-stenosis-in-an-av-fistula/

  Stenosis is the number one cause of dysfunction in an arteriovenous (AV) fistula. Evidence suggests that stenosis causes 78 percent of all cases of early AV fistula failure and is also the most common cause of late AV fistula failure after three months. […] When a vein and an artery are connected to form an AV fistula, the vein is at risk for damage caused by the change in blood flow rate and pressure from the high pressure, high flow rate in the arterial system. Your body responds to this damage by sending extra cells to repair the problem. Those extra cells build up over time resulting in stenosis. […] The cause of stenosis soon after access creation is most likely related to an inadequate or insufficient vein, and/or artery selection. […] Intimal hyperplasia is one of the primary causes of stenosis. […] Another cause of stenosis in an AV fistula is repeated punctures on your skin at the same location on the dialysis access.

• #1 Journal articles: 'Arteriovenous fistula/etiology’ – Grafiati

  https://www.grafiati.com/en/literature-selections/arteriovenous-fistula-etiology/journal/

  Cervical vertebral AV fistulae are uncommon vascular lesions involving abnormal communication between the extradural vertebral artery and surrounding venous structures. […] A discussion on the etiology, pathophysiology, and management of vertebral AV fistulae follows. […] Dural arteriovenous fistulas represent pathological acquired bonds between the meningeal blood vessels (arteries) and drainage veins associated to them. […] Despite the rarity of non-traumatic acute subdural hematoma being caused by dural arteriovenous fistulas, one should not immediately overlook the possible pathogenesis and etiology. […] Atherosclerosis and increased coagulation in the old people on hemodialysis represent an important cause of complications of arteriovenous fistulae. […] Although the etiology is unknown, this maldevelopment results in pathologic connections between arteries and veins upstream of the capillary bed.

• #1 Arteriovenous Fistula for Dialysis: Purpose and Procedure

  https://www.healthline.com/health/kidney-disease/arteriovenous-fistula-for-dialysis

  An AV fistula may not be possible if your vein is damaged and has scar tissue due to repeated needle insertions for blood work, medications, or other reasons. […] Possible complications of AV fistula surgery include: […] The most common complication is the formation of a blood clot caused by the narrowing of your vein. […] A 2017 research review found that infections were the second most common complication. […] A bulge in your artery may develop due to repeated needle insertions. […] This complication, which occurs in up to 8% of people with AV fistulas, causes reduced or reversed blood flow to your hand. […] The fistula may become unusable due to factors such as a narrowing of the blood vessels leading to low blood flow or the formation of blood clots. […] A 2018 study suggests that AV fistulas last longer and have a lower risk of infections than either grafts or catheters. […] The researchers noted certain factors that may lower the survival rate: age of 65 years or older, diabetes, and prior catheter placement.

• #2 Arteriovenous (AV) Fistula: Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/23450-arteriovenous-fistula

  An arteriovenous fistula is when an artery and vein connect directly, allowing blood to flow incorrectly. […] They can also happen because of injuries or form in the womb before a person is born. […] The three main causes of arteriovenous fistula are: […] Injuries: Trauma is the most common unintentional cause of arteriovenous fistulas. […] Congenital: A congenital condition is a condition you have at birth, meaning these fistulas form while you’re developing in the womb. […] Dialysis: Arteriovenous fistulas for dialysis is the most common reason people have this condition. […] In rarer cases, arteriovenous fistulas can happen because of conditions like cancer, certain types of infections or when an artery develops an aneurysm (a weakness in your artery wall that bulges out and presses against a nearby vein).

• #2 Arteriovenous Fistula: Symptoms and Causes | Tampa General

  https://www.tgh.org/institutes-and-services/conditions/arteriovenous-fistula

  An arteriovenous fistula can be congenital (present at birth) or acquired: […] Congenital arteriovenous fistulas are rare, and researchers are still trying to discover why some babies develop this condition. However, they have found a link between genetic conditions such as Osler-Weber-Rendu disease and AVFs. […] Acquired arteriovenous fistulas often occur when there is trauma to the body’s tissue, such as a stabbing wound or gunshot injury. Some patients with late-stage kidney disease may have a fistula surgically created to help with dialysis.

• #2 Arteriovenous Fistulas: Etiology and Treatment – Endovascular Today

  https://evtoday.com/articles/2012-apr/arteriovenous-fistulas-etiology-and-treatment

  Congenital AVFs include (1) central nervous system lesions, such as carotid-cavernous fistulas and dural AVFs; (2) pulmonary vascular malformations (these have a simple architecture that resemble AVFs more than true malformations); and (3) coronary artery, intrarenal, and hepatic AVFs, which rarely occur.

• #2 Mayo Clinic Health Library – Arteriovenous fistula | Swiss Medical Network

  https://www.swissmedical.net/en/healtcare-library/con-20369554

  Arteriovenous fistulas may be present at birth (congenital) or they may occur later in life (acquired). Causes of arteriovenous fistulas include: […] Injuries that pierce the skin. An arteriovenous fistula may result from a gunshot or stab wound that occurs on a part of the body where a vein and artery are side by side. […] Congenital arteriovenous fistulas. In some babies, the arteries and veins don’t develop properly in the womb. It’s unclear exactly why this happens. […] Genetic conditions. Arteriovenous fistulas in the lungs (pulmonary arteriovenous fistulas) can be caused by a genetic disease that causes irregular blood vessels throughout the body, but especially in the lungs. One such disease is Osler-Weber-Rendu disease, also known as hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia. […] Dialysis-related surgery. People who have late-stage kidney failure may have a surgery to create an arteriovenous fistula in the forearm to make it easier to perform dialysis.

• #2 Arteriovenous Fistulae | Cooper University Health Care

  https://www.cooperhealth.org/services/arteriovenous-fistulae

  An arteriovenous fistula may develop as a complication of a procedure called cardiac catheterization. During cardiac catheterization, a long thin tube called a catheter is inserted in an artery or vein in your groin, neck or arm and threaded through your blood vessels to your heart. If the needle used in the catheterization crosses an artery and vein during your procedure, and the artery is widened (dilated), this can create an arteriovenous fistula. Although this is a common way an arteriovenous fistula may develop, it’s still rare. […] It’s also possible to develop an arteriovenous fistula after a piercing injury, such as a gunshot or stab wound. This may happen if your wound is on a part of your body where a vein and artery are side by side. […] Some people are born with an arteriovenous fistula (congenital). Although the exact reason why isn’t clear, in congenital arteriovenous fistulas the arteries and veins don’t develop properly in the womb.

• #2 Arteriovenous Fistulas: Etiology and Treatment – Endovascular Today

  https://evtoday.com/articles/2012-apr/arteriovenous-fistulas-etiology-and-treatment

  An arteriovenous fistula (AVF) is an anomalous direct communication between an artery and a vein that results in shunting of blood between the two. This bypasses the high-resistance capillary vasculature, producing a low-resistance, high-flow situation with pulsatile blood flow in the veins that denies local tissue perfusion. […] AVFs may be congenital or acquired. Many AVFs are traumatic and often iatrogenic due to the increasing number of invasive procedures. Attempted percutaneous femoral artery cannulation accounts for most iatrogenic AVFs. Inexpert central venous cannulation can also injure adjacent arteries, resulting in an AVF. This is true even when ultrasound is used if training in ultrasound-guided procedures is inadequate or nonexistent. Surgery, such as total knee replacement or lumbar disc surgery, may rarely produce an AVF. Arterial injury from percutaneous biopsies, most frequently of the kidneys, nearly always results in AVF development, but these are often self-healing and only a few cause problems. Noniatrogenic trauma due to penetrating injuries or long bone fractures causing direct arterial trauma can lead to AVF formation.

• #2 Arteriovenous Fistulae | Cooper University Health Care

  https://www.cooperhealth.org/services/arteriovenous-fistulae

  Arteriovenous fistulas in the lungs (pulmonary arteriovenous fistulas) can be caused by a genetic disease (Rendu-Osler-Weber disease) that causes blood vessels to develop abnormally throughout your body, but especially in the lungs. […] People who have late-stage kidney failure may also have an arteriovenous fistula surgically created to make it easier to perform dialysis. If a dialysis needle is inserted into a vein too many times, the vein may scar and be destroyed. Creating an arteriovenous fistula widens the vein by connecting it to a nearby artery, making it easier to insert a needle for dialysis and causing blood to flow faster. This AV fistula is usually created in the forearm.

• #2 Arteriovenous Fistula – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559213/

  Arteriovenous fistulas can be surgically created for hemodialysis access, can occur as a result of a congenital anomaly, or be secondary to iatrogenic injury or trauma. Penetration of any mixed-type vasculature can ultimately heal arteries and veins together, bypassing downstream arteriole and capillary systems. […] These are most commonly reported due to percutaneous access of the femoral vein and femoral artery during cardiac catheterization. However, subclavian and carotid fistulas have been reported to be associated with the placement of central lines. […] These are often associated with direct arterial trauma and long bone fractures, especially where an artery and vein are in close communication. Ninety percent of traumatic AVFs are due to penetrating trauma, the majority of which are gunshot wounds.

• #2 SciELO Brazil – Traumatic arteriovenous fistula of the superficial temporal artery Traumatic arteriovenous fistula of the superficial temporal artery

  https://www.scielo.br/j/jvb/a/kjf7KWWcwgthnQQ7grnsWyt/?lang=en

  The second mechanism begins with rupture of vasa vasorum in the artery wall, proliferation of endothelial cells from the damaged vasa vasorum then forms numerous small vessels, creating vascular communication channels between artery and vein. […] In the case of the patient described here, the small scar in the right preauricular region suggests a direct connection from the artery to the superficial temporal vein caused by a traumatic laceration.

• #2 Dural arteriovenous fistula | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/dural-arteriovenous-fistula?lang=us

  Dural arteriovenous fistulas are usually acquired and in most instances are idiopathic. […] In patients with a documented antecedent cause, most occur as a result of neovascularization induced by a previously thrombosed dural venous sinus (typically the transverse sinus). Other causes include trauma and previous craniotomy. […] It is likely that at least some patients with apparently idiopathic fistulae had prior asymptomatic thrombosis, particularly as inherited prothrombotic conditions (e.g. antithrombin, protein C, and protein S deficiencies) have been associated with the development of dural arteriovenous fistulas.

• #2 Arteriovenous fistula – USZ

  https://www.usz.ch/en/disease/arteriovenous-fistula/

  Blood washing (dialysis): People with end-stage chronic kidney disease are often dependent on dialysis. […] There are also some risk factors that may favor arteriovenous fistulas. […] Certain medications, for example blood thinners (anticoagulants) or antifibrinolytics, which inhibit the dissolution of fibrin and counteract blood loss. […] High blood pressure (hypertension) […] High body mass index (BMI) in the case of severe overweight and obesity […] Older age.

• #2 Arteriovenous (AV) Fistula Causes, Symptoms and Treatments

  https://www.upmc.com/services/heart-vascular/conditions/av-fistula

  An AV fistula can be caused by: […] Cardiac catheterization complications. […] Congenital defects. […] Genetic conditions. […] Injuries that pierce the skin. […] You may be at higher risk for AV fistula if you: […] Are on dialysis. […] Had an injury that pierced your skin. […] Have a family history of AV fistula. […] Recent had a cardiac catheterization procedure. […] Serious complications can develop if a large AV fistula is not treated, including heart failure, blood clots, leg pain, stroke, or bleeding.

• #2 Acquired arteriovenous fistula of the lower extremity – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/acquired-arteriovenous-fistula-of-the-lower-extremity

• #2 Spinal dural arteriovenous fistula: a comprehensive review of the history, classification systems, management, and prognosis | Chinese Neurosurgical Journal | Full Text

  https://cnjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s41016-023-00355-y

  Spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas have been postulated to be acquired, their exact development remains uncertain. […] Multiple factors have been suggested to play a role in their development. […] Re-opening of the thrombosed/occluded spinal radicular veins may contribute to spinal dural arteriovenous fistula. […] Understanding the pathophysiology of spinal dural arteriovenous fistula facilitates identifying risk factors and etiologies of spinal dural arteriovenous fistula. […] The onset of spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas in the middle-aged population suggests an acquired disease process. […] The elevation in pressure causes arterialization of the venous system, i.e., thickening of the intramedullary veins. […] As the radicular and intramedullary veins share a common venous outflow, the shunt consequently becomes congested, causing venous hypertension in the spinal cord. […] In turn, it leads to decreased tissue perfusion and venous infarction.

• #2 Dural Arteriovenous Fistula Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments

  https://www.upmc.com/services/neurosurgery/brain/conditions/neurovascular-conditions/conditions/dural-arteriovenous-fistula

  Dural arteriovenous fistulas (dAVFs) are rare, abnormal connections between arteries and veins in the dura, the protective lining of your brain. […] A dAVF may occur spontaneously or as a result of: Blood clot in a venous sinus, which drains blood from your brain. […] Head trauma. […] Infection. […] Surgery. […] In most cases, dAVFs happen spontaneously. However, you may be at increased risk of developing dAVF if you have: A blood clot in the veins that drain blood from your brain (venous sinus). […] A head injury. […] An infection. […] Brain surgery.

• #2 Dural arteriovenous fistulas – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/dural-arteriovenous-fistulas/symptoms-causes/syc-20364280

  Dural arteriovenous fistulas (dAVFs) are irregular connections between arteries and veins. […] Most dural arteriovenous fistulas (dAVFs) have no clear origin. But some result from a traumatic head injury, infection, previous brain surgery, blood clots in deep veins or tumors. […] Most experts think that dAVFs involving larger brain veins occur from the narrowing or blockage of one of the brain’s venous sinuses. The venous sinuses are channels in the brain that route circulated blood from the brain back to the heart.

• #2 Spinal Dural Arteriovenous Fistula: The Missing-Piece Sign | Ochsner Journal

  https://www.ochsnerjournal.org/content/22/1/10

  sDAVFs, although a rare pathology, are the most common vascular shunts of the spine, characterized by an abnormal communication between arteries and veins within the dura. These connections are classically located within the dura mater near spinal nerve roots. Branches of the radiculomeningeal artery make up the majority of the arterial components of the shunt, while the venous component usually consists of a radicular vein. Although their exact etiology is not fully understood, sDAVFs are presumed to be acquired lesions with several potential predisposing factors, including thrombosis of the extradural spinal veins and traumatic injury, although some lesions may be idiopathic. Communicating arteries cause decreased arteriovenous pressure gradients, leading to decreased venous drainage and subsequent venous congestion with intramedullary edema. This congestion can cause chronic hypoxia which, if left untreated, results in ischemia and necrosis.

• #2 Pulmonary arteriovenous fistula Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/pulmonary-arteriovenous-fistula

  Pulmonary arteriovenous fistulas are usually the result of abnormal development of the blood vessels of the lung. Most occur in people with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT). These people often have abnormal blood vessels in many other parts of the body. […] Fistulas also can be a complication of liver disease or lung injury, although these causes are much less common. […] When arteriovenous fistulas are caused by liver disease, the treatment is a liver transplant.

• #2 Renal Arteriovenous Fistula and AV Malformations

  https://www.urology-textbook.com/renal-av-fistula.html

  An arteriovenous fistula is a single pathological communication between the renal artery and vein, most often due to trauma or degeneration. […] Congenital (25%): varicose-like multiple connections between artery and vein, most common at the upper pole of the kidney, female : male = 3:1. […] Renal trauma. […] Iatrogenic causes: renal biopsy, kidney surgery. […] Inflammation. […] Venous erosion of a renal artery aneurysm.

• #2 Causes of Stenosis in an AV Fistula and How to Recognize It azura-logo-white

  https://www.azuravascularcare.com/infodialysisaccess/what-causes-stenosis-in-an-av-fistula/

  Stenosis is the number one cause of dysfunction in an arteriovenous (AV) fistula. Evidence suggests that stenosis causes 78 percent of all cases of early AV fistula failure and is also the most common cause of late AV fistula failure after three months. […] When a vein and an artery are connected to form an AV fistula, the vein is at risk for damage caused by the change in blood flow rate and pressure from the high pressure, high flow rate in the arterial system. Your body responds to this damage by sending extra cells to repair the problem. Those extra cells build up over time resulting in stenosis. […] The cause of stenosis soon after access creation is most likely related to an inadequate or insufficient vein, and/or artery selection. […] Intimal hyperplasia is one of the primary causes of stenosis. […] Another cause of stenosis in an AV fistula is repeated punctures on your skin at the same location on the dialysis access.

• #2 Arteriovenous Fistula for Dialysis: Purpose and Procedure

  https://www.healthline.com/health/kidney-disease/arteriovenous-fistula-for-dialysis

  An AV fistula may not be possible if your vein is damaged and has scar tissue due to repeated needle insertions for blood work, medications, or other reasons. […] Possible complications of AV fistula surgery include: […] The most common complication is the formation of a blood clot caused by the narrowing of your vein. […] A 2017 research review found that infections were the second most common complication. […] A bulge in your artery may develop due to repeated needle insertions. […] This complication, which occurs in up to 8% of people with AV fistulas, causes reduced or reversed blood flow to your hand. […] The fistula may become unusable due to factors such as a narrowing of the blood vessels leading to low blood flow or the formation of blood clots. […] A 2018 study suggests that AV fistulas last longer and have a lower risk of infections than either grafts or catheters. […] The researchers noted certain factors that may lower the survival rate: age of 65 years or older, diabetes, and prior catheter placement.

• #3 Arteriovenous Fistulas: Etiology and Treatment – Endovascular Today

  https://evtoday.com/articles/2012-apr/arteriovenous-fistulas-etiology-and-treatment

  Congenital AVFs include (1) central nervous system lesions, such as carotid-cavernous fistulas and dural AVFs; (2) pulmonary vascular malformations (these have a simple architecture that resemble AVFs more than true malformations); and (3) coronary artery, intrarenal, and hepatic AVFs, which rarely occur.

• #3 Pulmonary arteriovenous fistula Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/pulmonary-arteriovenous-fistula

  Pulmonary arteriovenous fistulas are usually the result of abnormal development of the blood vessels of the lung. Most occur in people with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT). These people often have abnormal blood vessels in many other parts of the body. […] Fistulas also can be a complication of liver disease or lung injury, although these causes are much less common. […] When arteriovenous fistulas are caused by liver disease, the treatment is a liver transplant.

• #3 Arteriovenous Fistulas: Etiology and Treatment – Endovascular Today

  https://evtoday.com/articles/2012-apr/arteriovenous-fistulas-etiology-and-treatment

  An arteriovenous fistula (AVF) is an anomalous direct communication between an artery and a vein that results in shunting of blood between the two. This bypasses the high-resistance capillary vasculature, producing a low-resistance, high-flow situation with pulsatile blood flow in the veins that denies local tissue perfusion. […] AVFs may be congenital or acquired. Many AVFs are traumatic and often iatrogenic due to the increasing number of invasive procedures. Attempted percutaneous femoral artery cannulation accounts for most iatrogenic AVFs. Inexpert central venous cannulation can also injure adjacent arteries, resulting in an AVF. This is true even when ultrasound is used if training in ultrasound-guided procedures is inadequate or nonexistent. Surgery, such as total knee replacement or lumbar disc surgery, may rarely produce an AVF. Arterial injury from percutaneous biopsies, most frequently of the kidneys, nearly always results in AVF development, but these are often self-healing and only a few cause problems. Noniatrogenic trauma due to penetrating injuries or long bone fractures causing direct arterial trauma can lead to AVF formation.

• #3 Intracranial Dural Arteriovenous Fistulas: Classification, Imaging Findings, and Treatment | American Journal of Neuroradiology

  http://www.ajnr.org/content/33/6/1007

  Heritable risk factors for venous thrombosis, such as antithrombin, protein C, and protein S deficiencies, have furthermore been associated with DAVF occurrence. […] These findings implicate the role of an underlying hypercoagulability in the development of DAVFs. […] The etiology of pediatric DAVFs is thought to be congenital or a result of birth trauma, infection, in utero venous thrombosis, or maternal hormones.

• #3 Arteriovenous (AV) Fistula Causes, Symptoms and Treatments

  https://www.upmc.com/services/heart-vascular/conditions/av-fistula

  An AV fistula can be caused by: […] Cardiac catheterization complications. […] Congenital defects. […] Genetic conditions. […] Injuries that pierce the skin. […] You may be at higher risk for AV fistula if you: […] Are on dialysis. […] Had an injury that pierced your skin. […] Have a family history of AV fistula. […] Recent had a cardiac catheterization procedure. […] Serious complications can develop if a large AV fistula is not treated, including heart failure, blood clots, leg pain, stroke, or bleeding.

• #3 Arteriovenous fistula – USZ

  https://www.usz.ch/en/disease/arteriovenous-fistula/

  Blood washing (dialysis): People with end-stage chronic kidney disease are often dependent on dialysis. […] There are also some risk factors that may favor arteriovenous fistulas. […] Certain medications, for example blood thinners (anticoagulants) or antifibrinolytics, which inhibit the dissolution of fibrin and counteract blood loss. […] High blood pressure (hypertension) […] High body mass index (BMI) in the case of severe overweight and obesity […] Older age.

• #3 Dural Arteriovenous Fistula Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments

  https://www.upmc.com/services/neurosurgery/brain/conditions/neurovascular-conditions/conditions/dural-arteriovenous-fistula

  Dural arteriovenous fistulas (dAVFs) are rare, abnormal connections between arteries and veins in the dura, the protective lining of your brain. […] A dAVF may occur spontaneously or as a result of: Blood clot in a venous sinus, which drains blood from your brain. […] Head trauma. […] Infection. […] Surgery. […] In most cases, dAVFs happen spontaneously. However, you may be at increased risk of developing dAVF if you have: A blood clot in the veins that drain blood from your brain (venous sinus). […] A head injury. […] An infection. […] Brain surgery.

• #3 Renal Arteriovenous Fistula and AV Malformations

  https://www.urology-textbook.com/renal-av-fistula.html

  An arteriovenous fistula is a single pathological communication between the renal artery and vein, most often due to trauma or degeneration. […] Congenital (25%): varicose-like multiple connections between artery and vein, most common at the upper pole of the kidney, female : male = 3:1. […] Renal trauma. […] Iatrogenic causes: renal biopsy, kidney surgery. […] Inflammation. […] Venous erosion of a renal artery aneurysm.

• #3 Causes of Stenosis in an AV Fistula and How to Recognize It azura-logo-white

  https://www.azuravascularcare.com/infodialysisaccess/what-causes-stenosis-in-an-av-fistula/

  Stenosis is the number one cause of dysfunction in an arteriovenous (AV) fistula. Evidence suggests that stenosis causes 78 percent of all cases of early AV fistula failure and is also the most common cause of late AV fistula failure after three months. […] When a vein and an artery are connected to form an AV fistula, the vein is at risk for damage caused by the change in blood flow rate and pressure from the high pressure, high flow rate in the arterial system. Your body responds to this damage by sending extra cells to repair the problem. Those extra cells build up over time resulting in stenosis. […] The cause of stenosis soon after access creation is most likely related to an inadequate or insufficient vein, and/or artery selection. […] Intimal hyperplasia is one of the primary causes of stenosis. […] Another cause of stenosis in an AV fistula is repeated punctures on your skin at the same location on the dialysis access.

• #3 Arteriovenous Fistula – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559213/

  Arteriovenous fistulas can be surgically created for hemodialysis access, can occur as a result of a congenital anomaly, or be secondary to iatrogenic injury or trauma. Penetration of any mixed-type vasculature can ultimately heal arteries and veins together, bypassing downstream arteriole and capillary systems. […] These are most commonly reported due to percutaneous access of the femoral vein and femoral artery during cardiac catheterization. However, subclavian and carotid fistulas have been reported to be associated with the placement of central lines. […] These are often associated with direct arterial trauma and long bone fractures, especially where an artery and vein are in close communication. Ninety percent of traumatic AVFs are due to penetrating trauma, the majority of which are gunshot wounds.

• #4 Arteriovenous Fistulas: Etiology and Treatment – Endovascular Today

  https://evtoday.com/articles/2012-apr/arteriovenous-fistulas-etiology-and-treatment

  Congenital AVFs include (1) central nervous system lesions, such as carotid-cavernous fistulas and dural AVFs; (2) pulmonary vascular malformations (these have a simple architecture that resemble AVFs more than true malformations); and (3) coronary artery, intrarenal, and hepatic AVFs, which rarely occur.

• #4 Pulmonary arteriovenous fistula Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/pulmonary-arteriovenous-fistula

  Pulmonary arteriovenous fistulas are usually the result of abnormal development of the blood vessels of the lung. Most occur in people with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT). These people often have abnormal blood vessels in many other parts of the body. […] Fistulas also can be a complication of liver disease or lung injury, although these causes are much less common. […] When arteriovenous fistulas are caused by liver disease, the treatment is a liver transplant.

• #4 Arteriovenous (AV) Fistula Causes, Symptoms and Treatments

  https://www.upmc.com/services/heart-vascular/conditions/av-fistula

  An AV fistula can be caused by: […] Cardiac catheterization complications. […] Congenital defects. […] Genetic conditions. […] Injuries that pierce the skin. […] You may be at higher risk for AV fistula if you: […] Are on dialysis. […] Had an injury that pierced your skin. […] Have a family history of AV fistula. […] Recent had a cardiac catheterization procedure. […] Serious complications can develop if a large AV fistula is not treated, including heart failure, blood clots, leg pain, stroke, or bleeding.

• #4 Arteriovenous fistula – USZ

  https://www.usz.ch/en/disease/arteriovenous-fistula/

  Blood washing (dialysis): People with end-stage chronic kidney disease are often dependent on dialysis. […] There are also some risk factors that may favor arteriovenous fistulas. […] Certain medications, for example blood thinners (anticoagulants) or antifibrinolytics, which inhibit the dissolution of fibrin and counteract blood loss. […] High blood pressure (hypertension) […] High body mass index (BMI) in the case of severe overweight and obesity […] Older age.

• #4 Dural Arteriovenous Fistula Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments

  https://www.upmc.com/services/neurosurgery/brain/conditions/neurovascular-conditions/conditions/dural-arteriovenous-fistula

  Dural arteriovenous fistulas (dAVFs) are rare, abnormal connections between arteries and veins in the dura, the protective lining of your brain. […] A dAVF may occur spontaneously or as a result of: Blood clot in a venous sinus, which drains blood from your brain. […] Head trauma. […] Infection. […] Surgery. […] In most cases, dAVFs happen spontaneously. However, you may be at increased risk of developing dAVF if you have: A blood clot in the veins that drain blood from your brain (venous sinus). […] A head injury. […] An infection. […] Brain surgery.

• #4 Renal Arteriovenous Fistula and AV Malformations

  https://www.urology-textbook.com/renal-av-fistula.html

  An arteriovenous fistula is a single pathological communication between the renal artery and vein, most often due to trauma or degeneration. […] Congenital (25%): varicose-like multiple connections between artery and vein, most common at the upper pole of the kidney, female : male = 3:1. […] Renal trauma. […] Iatrogenic causes: renal biopsy, kidney surgery. […] Inflammation. […] Venous erosion of a renal artery aneurysm.

• #4 Causes of Stenosis in an AV Fistula and How to Recognize It azura-logo-white

  https://www.azuravascularcare.com/infodialysisaccess/what-causes-stenosis-in-an-av-fistula/

  Stenosis is the number one cause of dysfunction in an arteriovenous (AV) fistula. Evidence suggests that stenosis causes 78 percent of all cases of early AV fistula failure and is also the most common cause of late AV fistula failure after three months. […] When a vein and an artery are connected to form an AV fistula, the vein is at risk for damage caused by the change in blood flow rate and pressure from the high pressure, high flow rate in the arterial system. Your body responds to this damage by sending extra cells to repair the problem. Those extra cells build up over time resulting in stenosis. […] The cause of stenosis soon after access creation is most likely related to an inadequate or insufficient vein, and/or artery selection. […] Intimal hyperplasia is one of the primary causes of stenosis. […] Another cause of stenosis in an AV fistula is repeated punctures on your skin at the same location on the dialysis access.

• #5 Dural Arteriovenous Fistula Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments

  https://www.upmc.com/services/neurosurgery/brain/conditions/neurovascular-conditions/conditions/dural-arteriovenous-fistula

  Dural arteriovenous fistulas (dAVFs) are rare, abnormal connections between arteries and veins in the dura, the protective lining of your brain. […] A dAVF may occur spontaneously or as a result of: Blood clot in a venous sinus, which drains blood from your brain. […] Head trauma. […] Infection. […] Surgery. […] In most cases, dAVFs happen spontaneously. However, you may be at increased risk of developing dAVF if you have: A blood clot in the veins that drain blood from your brain (venous sinus). […] A head injury. […] An infection. […] Brain surgery.

• #5 Renal Arteriovenous Fistula and AV Malformations

  https://www.urology-textbook.com/renal-av-fistula.html

  An arteriovenous fistula is a single pathological communication between the renal artery and vein, most often due to trauma or degeneration. […] Congenital (25%): varicose-like multiple connections between artery and vein, most common at the upper pole of the kidney, female : male = 3:1. […] Renal trauma. […] Iatrogenic causes: renal biopsy, kidney surgery. […] Inflammation. […] Venous erosion of a renal artery aneurysm.

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