Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Acute lymphocytic leukemia – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/acute-lymphocytic-leukemia/symptoms-causes/syc-20369077

  Acute lymphocytic leukemia occurs when a bone marrow cell develops changes (mutations) in its genetic material or DNA. A cell’s DNA contains the instructions that tell a cell what to do. Normally, the DNA tells the cell to grow at a set rate and to die at a set time. In acute lymphocytic leukemia, the mutations tell the bone marrow cell to continue growing and dividing. […] It’s not clear what causes the DNA mutations that can lead to acute lymphocytic leukemia. […] Factors that may increase the risk of acute lymphocytic leukemia include: […] Previous cancer treatment. Children and adults who’ve had certain types of chemotherapy and radiation therapy for other kinds of cancer may have an increased risk of developing acute lymphocytic leukemia. […] Exposure to radiation. People exposed to very high levels of radiation, such as survivors of a nuclear reactor accident, have an increased risk of developing acute lymphocytic leukemia. […] Genetic disorders. Certain genetic disorders, such as Down syndrome, are associated with an increased risk of acute lymphocytic leukemia.

• #2 Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459149/

  The etiology of acute lymphocytic leukemia is unknown. However, certain environmental factors have been implicated in the etiology of Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia, such as exposure to benzene, ionizing radiation, or previous exposure to chemotherapy or radiotherapy. […] Genomic studies have noted that somatic, polymorphic variants of ARD5B, IKZF1 (the gene encoding Ikaros), and CDKN2A are associated with an increased risk of ALL (odds ratio 1.3 to 1.9). Other rare germline mutations in PAX5, ETV6, and particularly p53 can also strongly predispose to the development of leukemia. […] Acute lymphoblastic leukemia is not considered a familial disease, and no screening programs have been developed to test for it in childhood.

• #3 Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/cancer/cancer-types-in-adults/acute-lymphoblastic-leukaemia/

  Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia is caused by a DNA mutation in the stem cells causing too many white blood cells to be produced. […] The white blood cells are also released from the bone marrow before they are mature and able to fight infection like fully developed white blood cells. […] It is not known exactly what causes this DNA mutation to occur, but there are a few factors which may increase the risk of developing acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. […] A small number of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia cases are thought to be caused by related genetic disorders. […] Exposure to very high levels of radiation, either before birth or afterwards, is a known risk factor. […] Exposure to the chemical benzene is a known risk factor for adult acute leukaemia. […] There is some evidence to show an increased risk of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in people who are obese or have a weakened immune system due to HIV or AIDS or taking immunosuppressants after an organ transplant.

• #4 Acute lymphoblastic leukemia – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acute_lymphoblastic_leukemia

  In most cases, the cause is unknown. […] Genetic risk factors may include Down syndrome, Li-Fraumeni syndrome, or neurofibromatosis type 1. […] Environmental risk factors may include significant radiation exposure or prior chemotherapy. […] Evidence regarding electromagnetic fields or pesticides is unclear. […] Some hypothesize that an abnormal immune response to a common infection may be a trigger. […] The underlying mechanism involves multiple genetic mutations that results in rapid cell division. […] Acute lymphoblastic leukemia emerges when a single lymphoblast gains many mutations to genes that affect blood cell development and proliferation. […] Environmental risk factors are also needed to help create enough genetic mutations to cause disease. […] High levels of radiation exposure from nuclear fallout is a known risk factor for developing leukemia.

• #5 Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia | Info About This Cancer | LLS

  https://www.lls.org/leukemia/acute-lymphoblastic-leukemia

  Is a cancer of the bone marrow and blood. […] Does not have a clear cause. […] Doctors don’t know why some cells become leukemic cells and others don’t. Usually DNA mutations associated with ALL occur during a person’s lifetime rather than being inherited from a parent. For most people who have acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), there are no obvious reasons why they developed the disease. […] Risk factors associated with the disease include: Previous exposure to chemotherapy and radiation therapy. […] Genetic disorders including: Down syndrome, neurofibromatosis, Klinefelter syndrome, Fanconi anemia, Schwachman-Diamond syndrome, Bloom syndrome, Li-Fraumeni syndrome, and ataxia telangiectasia have been associated with an increased risk of developing ALL. […] Age. The highest incidence rates for ALL are seen in children and adolescents younger than 15 years. […] Sex. Males are more likely to develop ALL than females. […] Race/ethnicity. In the United States, ALL is more common in Hispanics and whites. […] Currently, there’s no way to prevent the disease. You can’t catch ALL from someone else.

• #6 Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia

  https://www.cancernetwork.com/view/acute-lymphocytic-leukemia

  Several genetic syndromes have also been associated with leukemia, with the best characterized being Down’s syndrome, which accounts for nearly 2% of all ALL cases in children. Other syndromes, such as Bloom syndrome, ataxia telangiectasia, Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome, and Fanconi’s anemia, are also associated with an increased risk of leukemia. […] Maternal reproductive history is also important. Children of mothers older than 35 years of age may have an increased risk of leukemia, only partially explained by the increased risk of having Down’s syndrome. A history of prior fetal loss, especially if there have been multiple miscarriages, has been identified as a risk factor for the offspring. The association of increased weight at birth and childhood ALL has been reported consistently. Parental occupational exposure to such agents as pesticides and benzene may increase the risk of leukemia in offspring, but most of these cases have been acute myelogenous leukemia (AML). There may also be a higher risk for children with a better socioeconomic status, but this is not universally accepted.

• #7 Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia – Causes/Risk Factors

  https://www.medindia.net/health/conditions/acute-lymphoblastic-leukemia-causes.htm

  The causes of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia are not very clear. Researchers have indicated that ALL is caused by a combination of genetic, biologic, and environmental factors. […] Few of the risk factors / causes indicated for ALL are- […] Children with Down syndrome harbor a several-fold increased risk for developing acute leukemia (both ALL and AML). ALL is more common among the Down Syndrome patients. Outcome for Down syndrome children affected by ALL has generally been reported as poorer than that of nonDown syndrome children. […] Certain other genetic conditions that have been implicated are: […] A number of mutations have been associated with ALL. Translocations, or the rearrangement of genes between two chromosomes, have been associated with upto 65% of all leukemias. […] The most common mutation in ALL is t (12:21). Occurs in 20% of ALL patients

• #8 Risks and causes for acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL)

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/acute-lymphoblastic-leukaemia-all/risks-causes

  We dont know what causes most cases of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL). But there are some factors that may increase your risk of developing it. These include certain genetic conditions, previous chemotherapy treatment and ionising radiation. […] Some rare, inherited conditions can increase the risk of acute leukaemia, including: Downs syndrome, Fanconi anaemia, ataxia telangiectasia, Bloom syndrome. […] People who have had certain chemotherapy in the past have a slightly increased risk of developing leukaemia some years later. […] High energy (ionising) radiation can cause cancer because it can affect your cells and damage the DNA. Research suggests that children who have had radiotherapy have a slightly increased risk of developing leukaemia later in life.

• #9 Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/leukemia/patient/child-all-treatment-pdq

  Childhood ALL is caused by changes to how the blood stem cells function, especially how they grow and divide into new cells. The exact cause of these cell changes is often unknown. […] Possible genetic risk factors for ALL include: Down syndrome, neurofibromatosis type 1, Bloom syndrome, Fanconi anemia, ataxia-telangiectasia, Li-Fraumeni syndrome (TP53 gene), constitutional mismatch repair deficiency (mutations in certain genes that stop DNA from repairing itself, which leads to the growth of cancers at an early age), having certain changes in chromosomes or genes. […] Other possible risk factors for ALL include: being exposed to x-rays before birth, being exposed to radiation, past treatment with chemotherapy.

• #10 Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) | Macmillan Cancer Support

  https://www.macmillan.org.uk/cancer-information-and-support/leukaemia/acute-lymphoblastic-leukaemia-all

  Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (also called ALL or ALL leukemia) is a cancer of the blood cells. It is sometimes called acute lymphocytic leukaemia. […] Doctors do not know the cause of ALL. But research is going on to find out more about it. Different things called risk factors that may increase the risk of developing ALL. […] Some people may have a change in a gene that makes them more likely to develop ALL. More research is needed to understand this. […] People with certain genetic conditions have a higher risk of developing ALL. These include: Downs syndrome, Fanconis anaemia, Blooms syndrome and ataxia-telangiectasia. […] ALL does not run in families (it is not inherited) so other people in your family are not at increased risk of getting it. […] Being exposed to very high radiation levels, for example after a nuclear accident, increases the risk of developing ALL.

• #11 Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/all.html

  Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) happens when the body makes too many of a white blood cell called a lymphocyte. This is the most common type of leukemia in children. […] Doctors don’t know exactly what causes leukemia. But some things can make kids more likely to get it, such as: having a sibling with a history of leukemia, earlier radiation therapy or chemotherapy for other types of cancer, taking medicines to suppress the immune system after an organ transplant, genetic conditions such as: Li-Fraumeni syndrome, Down syndrome, neurofibromatosis, ataxia telangectasia, Fanconi anemia, having a non-inherited condition like myelodysplasia syndrome (a kind of pre-leukemia that stops blood cells from growing normally).

• #12 Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL): Symptoms, Treatment & Prognosis

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21564-acute-lymphocytic-leukemia

  Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is a rare blood cancer that affects a type of white blood cell called lymphocytes. ALL may affect anyone at any age, but children younger than 15 and adults older than 50 are more likely to develop the condition. […] Researchers continue to find genetic mutations (changes) that cause ALL. Young children with ALL may have had genetic changes that happened before they were born. Some people have ALL because they inherited conditions that increase their chance of developing the disease. ALL in adults is linked to some carcinogens, including tobacco. […] Risk factors include: Girls age 1 and younger have a higher risk than boys of the same age. After age 1, the risk is higher for males. People who are white are somewhat more likely to develop ALL than people who are Black. Children exposed to radiation in utero have an increased risk of ALL. Likewise, children and adults who had radiation therapy for other cancers have increased ALL risk. Some viral infections, including Epstein-Barr virus or human T-cell leukemia virus, increase your risk of developing ALL. […] People with the following inherited conditions have a higher risk of ALL than people who dont have the conditions: Ataxia telangiectasia, Bloom syndrome, Down syndrome, Fanconi anemia, Klinefelter syndrome, Li-Fraumeni syndrome, Neurofibromatosis type-1 (NF1), Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome.

• #13 Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL): Symptoms, Treatment & Prognosis

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21564-acute-lymphocytic-leukemia

  Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is a rare blood cancer that affects a type of white blood cell called lymphocytes. ALL may affect anyone at any age, but children younger than 15 and adults older than 50 are more likely to develop the condition. […] Researchers continue to find genetic mutations (changes) that cause ALL. Young children with ALL may have had genetic changes that happened before they were born. Some people have ALL because they inherited conditions that increase their chance of developing the disease. ALL in adults is linked to some carcinogens, including tobacco. […] Risk factors include: Girls age 1 and younger have a higher risk than boys of the same age. After age 1, the risk is higher for males. People who are white are somewhat more likely to develop ALL than people who are Black. Children exposed to radiation in utero have an increased risk of ALL. Likewise, children and adults who had radiation therapy for other cancers have increased ALL risk. Some viral infections, including Epstein-Barr virus or human T-cell leukemia virus, increase your risk of developing ALL. […] People with the following inherited conditions have a higher risk of ALL than people who dont have the conditions: Ataxia telangiectasia, Bloom syndrome, Down syndrome, Fanconi anemia, Klinefelter syndrome, Li-Fraumeni syndrome, Neurofibromatosis type-1 (NF1), Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome.

• #14 Leukemia: Symptoms, Signs, Causes, Types & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/4365-leukemia

  Smoking. If you have a history of smoking or exposure to second-hand smoke, youre at increased risk of developing acute myelogenous leukemia. […] Exposure to industrial chemicals. Benzene and formaldehyde are known cancer-causing chemicals found in building materials and household chemicals. […] Certain genetic disorders. Genetic disorders, such as neurofibromatosis, Klinefelter syndrome, Schwachman-Diamond syndrome and Down syndrome, may increase your risk. […] Family history of leukemia. Research suggests that some types of leukemia may run in families. In most cases, however, having a relative with leukemia doesnt mean that you or another family member will also develop leukemia.

• #15 Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/leukemia/patient/child-all-treatment-pdq

  Childhood ALL is caused by changes to how the blood stem cells function, especially how they grow and divide into new cells. The exact cause of these cell changes is often unknown. […] Possible genetic risk factors for ALL include: Down syndrome, neurofibromatosis type 1, Bloom syndrome, Fanconi anemia, ataxia-telangiectasia, Li-Fraumeni syndrome (TP53 gene), constitutional mismatch repair deficiency (mutations in certain genes that stop DNA from repairing itself, which leads to the growth of cancers at an early age), having certain changes in chromosomes or genes. […] Other possible risk factors for ALL include: being exposed to x-rays before birth, being exposed to radiation, past treatment with chemotherapy.

• #16 What Causes Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia (ALL)? | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/acute-lymphocytic-leukemia/causes-risks-prevention/what-causes.html

  Some people with acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) have one or more of the known risk factors, but many do not. Even when a person has one or more risk factors, it can be very hard to know if it actually caused the leukemia. […] Great progress has been made in understanding how certain changes in the DNA in normal bone marrow cells can cause them to become leukemia cells. […] Cancers (including ALL) can be caused by mutations (changes) that turn on oncogenes or turn off tumor suppressor genes. […] Several types of chromosome changes may be found in ALL cells: […] Translocations are the most common type of chromosome change that can lead to leukemia. […] The most common translocation in ALL in adults is known as the Philadelphia chromosome, which is a swap of DNA between chromosomes 9 and 22, abbreviated as t(9;22).

• #17 Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia – Causes/Risk Factors

  https://www.medindia.net/health/conditions/acute-lymphoblastic-leukemia-causes.htm

  Philadelphia (Ph) chromosome [t(9;22)] is observed in 5% children and in 20% adults with ALL. […] In children who are exposed to various hazardous substances and chemicals, the insult might have taken place early in life either as a fetus when they are in utero, or post-natally. […] It is important to study the role of these chemicals, including pesticides and herbicides, in causing leukemia. […] In utero or postnatal exposure to high-dose ionizing radiation, such as X-rays or gamma rays […] Radiotherapy for cancer treatment may lead to the development of leukemia in the future. […] Viral infections, such as those of Human Thymic Leukemia Virus (HTLV-1,) has been suspected to trigger T-cell leukemia in humans. […] Studies have reported a link between leukemia and increased exposure to electromagnetic radiation (EMR). […] High voltage power lines have also been linked with leukemia. This theory is refuted by many.

• #18 Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia (ALL): Symptoms, Causes, Stages & Treatment

  https://resources.healthgrades.com/right-care/leukemia/acute-lymphocytic-leukemia

  Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) is a type of blood and bone marrow cancer. […] The exact cause of ALL is unclear. […] Cancer, including ALL, occurs as the result of DNA mutations—or changes—in genes controlling cell growth. […] In adults with ALL, up to 30% of people have a specific chromosome change called the Philadelphia chromosome, which is a BCR-ABL gene fusion. […] In childhood cancers, the changes in DNA usually happen randomly. […] Several factors increase the risk of developing ALL. High levels of radiation exposure, including previous radiation therapy for another cancer, is a main one. […] Certain inherited genetic disorders are also known to increase the risk of ALL including: Ataxia-telangiectasia, Bloom syndrome, Down syndrome, Fanconi anemia, Klinefelter syndrome, Li-Fraumeni syndrome, Neurofibromatosis. […] Cancer prevention and risk reduction strategies rely on changing risk factors you can control. Unfortunately, most people seem to develop ALL for random reasons.

• #19 Acute lymphocytic leukemia Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/report/acute-lymphocytic-leukemia

  It is likely that ALL develops from a combination of genetic, biological, and environmental factors. […] Many leukemias involve genetic rearrangements, called translocations, in which some of the genetic material (genes) on a chromosome may be shuffled or swapped between a pair of chromosomes. […] Translocations commonly associated with acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) include: Philadelphia (Ph) chromosome is the most common genetic translocation, where DNA is swapped between chromosomes 9 and 22 [t(9:22)]. It occurs more often in adults than in children with ALL. ALL that is Philadelphia chromosome-positive is generally more difficult to treat. […] TEL-AML1 fusion, also referred to as t(12;21) is another common translocation. It generally indicates a favorable prognosis. […] Other translocations may occur in ALL, including t(17;19) and t(9;12).

• #20 Acute lymphocytic leukemia Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/report/acute-lymphocytic-leukemia

  It is likely that ALL develops from a combination of genetic, biological, and environmental factors. […] Many leukemias involve genetic rearrangements, called translocations, in which some of the genetic material (genes) on a chromosome may be shuffled or swapped between a pair of chromosomes. […] Translocations commonly associated with acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) include: Philadelphia (Ph) chromosome is the most common genetic translocation, where DNA is swapped between chromosomes 9 and 22 [t(9:22)]. It occurs more often in adults than in children with ALL. ALL that is Philadelphia chromosome-positive is generally more difficult to treat. […] TEL-AML1 fusion, also referred to as t(12;21) is another common translocation. It generally indicates a favorable prognosis. […] Other translocations may occur in ALL, including t(17;19) and t(9;12).

• #21 Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia – Causes/Risk Factors

  https://www.medindia.net/health/conditions/acute-lymphoblastic-leukemia-causes.htm

  The causes of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia are not very clear. Researchers have indicated that ALL is caused by a combination of genetic, biologic, and environmental factors. […] Few of the risk factors / causes indicated for ALL are- […] Children with Down syndrome harbor a several-fold increased risk for developing acute leukemia (both ALL and AML). ALL is more common among the Down Syndrome patients. Outcome for Down syndrome children affected by ALL has generally been reported as poorer than that of nonDown syndrome children. […] Certain other genetic conditions that have been implicated are: […] A number of mutations have been associated with ALL. Translocations, or the rearrangement of genes between two chromosomes, have been associated with upto 65% of all leukemias. […] The most common mutation in ALL is t (12:21). Occurs in 20% of ALL patients

• #22 Acute lymphocytic leukemia Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/report/acute-lymphocytic-leukemia

  It is likely that ALL develops from a combination of genetic, biological, and environmental factors. […] Many leukemias involve genetic rearrangements, called translocations, in which some of the genetic material (genes) on a chromosome may be shuffled or swapped between a pair of chromosomes. […] Translocations commonly associated with acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) include: Philadelphia (Ph) chromosome is the most common genetic translocation, where DNA is swapped between chromosomes 9 and 22 [t(9:22)]. It occurs more often in adults than in children with ALL. ALL that is Philadelphia chromosome-positive is generally more difficult to treat. […] TEL-AML1 fusion, also referred to as t(12;21) is another common translocation. It generally indicates a favorable prognosis. […] Other translocations may occur in ALL, including t(17;19) and t(9;12).

• #23 Infant Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia – Together by St. Jude™

  https://together.stjude.org/en-us/conditions/cancers/infant-acute-lymphoblastic-leukemia-all.html

  Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is a cancer of the blood and bone marrow. ALL is the most common form of childhood cancer. […] Infant ALL is different from ALL in older children. […] Most infants have a change in a gene (rearrangement) called MLL (mixed lineage leukemia). Another name for MLL is KMT2A. […] Infants with the MLL (KMT2A) rearrangement have a high risk of relapse.

• #24 Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459149/

  The etiology of acute lymphocytic leukemia is unknown. However, certain environmental factors have been implicated in the etiology of Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia, such as exposure to benzene, ionizing radiation, or previous exposure to chemotherapy or radiotherapy. […] Genomic studies have noted that somatic, polymorphic variants of ARD5B, IKZF1 (the gene encoding Ikaros), and CDKN2A are associated with an increased risk of ALL (odds ratio 1.3 to 1.9). Other rare germline mutations in PAX5, ETV6, and particularly p53 can also strongly predispose to the development of leukemia. […] Acute lymphoblastic leukemia is not considered a familial disease, and no screening programs have been developed to test for it in childhood.

• #25 Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459149/

  The etiology of acute lymphocytic leukemia is unknown. However, certain environmental factors have been implicated in the etiology of Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia, such as exposure to benzene, ionizing radiation, or previous exposure to chemotherapy or radiotherapy. […] Genomic studies have noted that somatic, polymorphic variants of ARD5B, IKZF1 (the gene encoding Ikaros), and CDKN2A are associated with an increased risk of ALL (odds ratio 1.3 to 1.9). Other rare germline mutations in PAX5, ETV6, and particularly p53 can also strongly predispose to the development of leukemia. […] Acute lymphoblastic leukemia is not considered a familial disease, and no screening programs have been developed to test for it in childhood.

• #26 Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459149/

  The etiology of acute lymphocytic leukemia is unknown. However, certain environmental factors have been implicated in the etiology of Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia, such as exposure to benzene, ionizing radiation, or previous exposure to chemotherapy or radiotherapy. […] Genomic studies have noted that somatic, polymorphic variants of ARD5B, IKZF1 (the gene encoding Ikaros), and CDKN2A are associated with an increased risk of ALL (odds ratio 1.3 to 1.9). Other rare germline mutations in PAX5, ETV6, and particularly p53 can also strongly predispose to the development of leukemia. […] Acute lymphoblastic leukemia is not considered a familial disease, and no screening programs have been developed to test for it in childhood.

• #27 Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459149/

  The etiology of acute lymphocytic leukemia is unknown. However, certain environmental factors have been implicated in the etiology of Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia, such as exposure to benzene, ionizing radiation, or previous exposure to chemotherapy or radiotherapy. […] Genomic studies have noted that somatic, polymorphic variants of ARD5B, IKZF1 (the gene encoding Ikaros), and CDKN2A are associated with an increased risk of ALL (odds ratio 1.3 to 1.9). Other rare germline mutations in PAX5, ETV6, and particularly p53 can also strongly predispose to the development of leukemia. […] Acute lymphoblastic leukemia is not considered a familial disease, and no screening programs have been developed to test for it in childhood.

• #28 Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL): Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/207631-overview

  Cases of ALL with abnormalities of chromosome band 11q23 following treatment with topoisomerase II inhibitors for another malignancy have been described. However, most patients who develop secondary acute leukemia after chemotherapy for another cancer develop AML rather than ALL. […] A genome-wide association study of susceptibility to ALL in adolescents and young adults identified a significant susceptibility locus in GATA3: rs3824662 (odds ratio 1.77) and rs3781093 (OR 1.73). […] Other studies have shown increased risk of ALL in association with polymorphisms of the following: Arylamine N-acetyltransferases 1 and 2, MMP-8 promoter genotypes, HLA alleles, ARID5B, IKZF1, CEBPE, CDKN2A, PIP4K2A, LHPP, ELK3.

• #29 Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL): Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/207631-overview

  Cases of ALL with abnormalities of chromosome band 11q23 following treatment with topoisomerase II inhibitors for another malignancy have been described. However, most patients who develop secondary acute leukemia after chemotherapy for another cancer develop AML rather than ALL. […] A genome-wide association study of susceptibility to ALL in adolescents and young adults identified a significant susceptibility locus in GATA3: rs3824662 (odds ratio 1.77) and rs3781093 (OR 1.73). […] Other studies have shown increased risk of ALL in association with polymorphisms of the following: Arylamine N-acetyltransferases 1 and 2, MMP-8 promoter genotypes, HLA alleles, ARID5B, IKZF1, CEBPE, CDKN2A, PIP4K2A, LHPP, ELK3.

• #30 Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL): Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/207631-overview

  Cases of ALL with abnormalities of chromosome band 11q23 following treatment with topoisomerase II inhibitors for another malignancy have been described. However, most patients who develop secondary acute leukemia after chemotherapy for another cancer develop AML rather than ALL. […] A genome-wide association study of susceptibility to ALL in adolescents and young adults identified a significant susceptibility locus in GATA3: rs3824662 (odds ratio 1.77) and rs3781093 (OR 1.73). […] Other studies have shown increased risk of ALL in association with polymorphisms of the following: Arylamine N-acetyltransferases 1 and 2, MMP-8 promoter genotypes, HLA alleles, ARID5B, IKZF1, CEBPE, CDKN2A, PIP4K2A, LHPP, ELK3.

• #31 Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL): Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/207631-overview

  Cases of ALL with abnormalities of chromosome band 11q23 following treatment with topoisomerase II inhibitors for another malignancy have been described. However, most patients who develop secondary acute leukemia after chemotherapy for another cancer develop AML rather than ALL. […] A genome-wide association study of susceptibility to ALL in adolescents and young adults identified a significant susceptibility locus in GATA3: rs3824662 (odds ratio 1.77) and rs3781093 (OR 1.73). […] Other studies have shown increased risk of ALL in association with polymorphisms of the following: Arylamine N-acetyltransferases 1 and 2, MMP-8 promoter genotypes, HLA alleles, ARID5B, IKZF1, CEBPE, CDKN2A, PIP4K2A, LHPP, ELK3.

• #32 Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL): Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/207631-overview

  Cases of ALL with abnormalities of chromosome band 11q23 following treatment with topoisomerase II inhibitors for another malignancy have been described. However, most patients who develop secondary acute leukemia after chemotherapy for another cancer develop AML rather than ALL. […] A genome-wide association study of susceptibility to ALL in adolescents and young adults identified a significant susceptibility locus in GATA3: rs3824662 (odds ratio 1.77) and rs3781093 (OR 1.73). […] Other studies have shown increased risk of ALL in association with polymorphisms of the following: Arylamine N-acetyltransferases 1 and 2, MMP-8 promoter genotypes, HLA alleles, ARID5B, IKZF1, CEBPE, CDKN2A, PIP4K2A, LHPP, ELK3.

• #33 Risk Factors for Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia (ALL) | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/acute-lymphocytic-leukemia/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html

  Radiation exposure is a risk factor for both ALL and acute myeloid leukemia (AML). For example, Japanese atomic bomb survivors had a greatly increased risk of developing acute leukemia. […] The risk of ALL may be increased by exposure to certain chemotherapy drugs and certain other chemicals, including benzene. […] Infection with the human T-cell lymphoma/leukemia virus-1 (HTLV-1) can cause a rare type of T-cell ALL. […] In Africa, the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) has been linked to Burkitt lymphoma, as well as to a form of ALL. […] There are some genetic syndromes (some of which can be inherited from a parent) that seem to raise the risk of ALL. […] ALL is more likely to occur in children and in adults over the age of 50. […] ALL is more common in White individuals than in African Americans, but the reasons for this are not clear.

• #34 Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia (ALL): Symptoms, Risks, and Survival Rates

  https://www.healthline.com/health/acute-lymphocytic-leukemia-all

  The causes of ALL arent yet known. […] Although doctors dont yet know the specific causes of ALL, they have identified a few risk factors of the condition. […] People whove been exposed to high levels of radiation, such as those whove survived a nuclear reactor accident, have shown an increased risk for ALL. […] According to a study from 1994, Japanese survivors of the atomic bomb in World War II had an increased risk of acute leukemia six to eight years after exposure. A 2013 follow-up study reinforced the connection between atomic bomb exposure and the risk of developing leukemia. […] Prolonged exposure to certain chemicals, such as benzene or chemotherapy drugs, is strongly correlated to the development of ALL. […] A 2010 study reports that various viral infections have been linked to an increased risk for ALL.

• #35 Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia (ALL): Symptoms, Risks, and Survival Rates

  https://www.healthline.com/health/acute-lymphocytic-leukemia-all

  The causes of ALL arent yet known. […] Although doctors dont yet know the specific causes of ALL, they have identified a few risk factors of the condition. […] People whove been exposed to high levels of radiation, such as those whove survived a nuclear reactor accident, have shown an increased risk for ALL. […] According to a study from 1994, Japanese survivors of the atomic bomb in World War II had an increased risk of acute leukemia six to eight years after exposure. A 2013 follow-up study reinforced the connection between atomic bomb exposure and the risk of developing leukemia. […] Prolonged exposure to certain chemicals, such as benzene or chemotherapy drugs, is strongly correlated to the development of ALL. […] A 2010 study reports that various viral infections have been linked to an increased risk for ALL.

• #36 Etiology of Acute Leukemia: A Review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8125807/

  The major inherited and genetic disorders resulting in a predisposition to acute leukemia are summarized in Table 1. […] DNA damage and impaired DNA damage repair capacity during proliferative DNA replication can result in mutations leading to the initiation of malignant transformation. […] A large number of environmental causes for the development of leukemia have been suggested. These mostly involve exposure to cancer-causing agents, including chemicals, infections and radiation during various stages of life. […] The effects of ionizing radiation in the development of leukemia at various phases of life, including preconception, in utero, and post-natal exposures, have been proposed, and various examples have been published. […] Individuals who have received chemotherapy for the treatment of cancer, with or without radiation, have an increased risk of leukemia.

• #37 Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL): Symptoms, Treatment & Prognosis

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21564-acute-lymphocytic-leukemia

  Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is a rare blood cancer that affects a type of white blood cell called lymphocytes. ALL may affect anyone at any age, but children younger than 15 and adults older than 50 are more likely to develop the condition. […] Researchers continue to find genetic mutations (changes) that cause ALL. Young children with ALL may have had genetic changes that happened before they were born. Some people have ALL because they inherited conditions that increase their chance of developing the disease. ALL in adults is linked to some carcinogens, including tobacco. […] Risk factors include: Girls age 1 and younger have a higher risk than boys of the same age. After age 1, the risk is higher for males. People who are white are somewhat more likely to develop ALL than people who are Black. Children exposed to radiation in utero have an increased risk of ALL. Likewise, children and adults who had radiation therapy for other cancers have increased ALL risk. Some viral infections, including Epstein-Barr virus or human T-cell leukemia virus, increase your risk of developing ALL. […] People with the following inherited conditions have a higher risk of ALL than people who dont have the conditions: Ataxia telangiectasia, Bloom syndrome, Down syndrome, Fanconi anemia, Klinefelter syndrome, Li-Fraumeni syndrome, Neurofibromatosis type-1 (NF1), Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome.

• #38 Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia

  https://www.cancernetwork.com/view/acute-lymphocytic-leukemia

  Exposure to radiation is associated with a definite risk of ALL. In utero exposure increases the risk of ALL over that of control populations. Exposure to low-dose radiation, such as that used in diagnostic radiology, has not been proven to be leukemogenic, but exposure to high doses (like those used in radiotherapy) may be. People exposed to radiation during the atomic disasters at Hiroshima and Nagasaki, as well as people involved in other nuclear exposures, may have as much as a 10- to 20-fold higher risk of developing leukemia. […] Exposure to different chemicals has also been associated with an increased risk of leukemia. The best characterized association involves benzene, although more than two thirds of these cases are AML. The exposure to electromagnetic fields has been repeatedly linked to an increased risk of ALL, but the evidence is inconclusive.

• #39 Etiology of Acute Leukemia: A Review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8125807/

  The major inherited and genetic disorders resulting in a predisposition to acute leukemia are summarized in Table 1. […] DNA damage and impaired DNA damage repair capacity during proliferative DNA replication can result in mutations leading to the initiation of malignant transformation. […] A large number of environmental causes for the development of leukemia have been suggested. These mostly involve exposure to cancer-causing agents, including chemicals, infections and radiation during various stages of life. […] The effects of ionizing radiation in the development of leukemia at various phases of life, including preconception, in utero, and post-natal exposures, have been proposed, and various examples have been published. […] Individuals who have received chemotherapy for the treatment of cancer, with or without radiation, have an increased risk of leukemia.

• #40 Acute lymphoblastic leukemia – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acute_lymphoblastic_leukemia

  Evidence whether lesser radiation, as from x-ray imaging during pregnancy, increases the risk of disease remains inconclusive. […] High birth weight (greater than 4000 g or 8.8 lbs) is also associated with a small increased risk. […] Evidence suggests that secondary leukemia can develop in individuals treated with certain types of chemotherapy, such as epipodophyllotoxins and cyclophosphamide. […] There is some evidence that a common infection, such as influenza, may indirectly promote the emergence of ALL. […] The delayed-infection hypothesis states that ALL results from an abnormal immune response to infection in a person with genetic risk factors.

• #41 Leukemia: Symptoms, Signs, Causes, Types, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/leukemia

  Researchers do not know what exactly causes leukemia. However, there are some risk factors for developing this cancer. Some of these risk factors include: […] a family history of leukemia […] smoking, which increases your risk of developing AML […] genetic disorders such as Down syndrome […] blood disorders such as myelodysplastic syndrome, which is sometimes called preleukemia […] previous treatment for cancer with chemotherapy or radiation […] exposure to high levels of radiation […] exposure to chemicals such as benzene.

• #42 Risk Factors for Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia (ALL) | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/acute-lymphocytic-leukemia/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html

  Radiation exposure is a risk factor for both ALL and acute myeloid leukemia (AML). For example, Japanese atomic bomb survivors had a greatly increased risk of developing acute leukemia. […] The risk of ALL may be increased by exposure to certain chemotherapy drugs and certain other chemicals, including benzene. […] Infection with the human T-cell lymphoma/leukemia virus-1 (HTLV-1) can cause a rare type of T-cell ALL. […] In Africa, the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) has been linked to Burkitt lymphoma, as well as to a form of ALL. […] There are some genetic syndromes (some of which can be inherited from a parent) that seem to raise the risk of ALL. […] ALL is more likely to occur in children and in adults over the age of 50. […] ALL is more common in White individuals than in African Americans, but the reasons for this are not clear.

• #43 Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL): MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000541.htm

  Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is a fast-growing cancer of a type of white blood cells called lymphocytes. […] Most of the time, no clear cause can be found for ALL. […] The following factors may play a role in the development of all types of leukemia: Certain chromosome problems, Exposure to radiation, Past treatment with chemotherapy medicines, Receiving a bone marrow transplant, Toxins, such as benzene. […] The following factors are known to increase the risk for ALL: Down syndrome or some other genetic conditions, A brother or sister with leukemia. […] The risk for developing ALL may be reduced by avoiding contact with certain toxins, radiation, and chemicals.

• #44 Leukemia: Symptoms, Signs, Causes, Types & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/4365-leukemia

  Smoking. If you have a history of smoking or exposure to second-hand smoke, youre at increased risk of developing acute myelogenous leukemia. […] Exposure to industrial chemicals. Benzene and formaldehyde are known cancer-causing chemicals found in building materials and household chemicals. […] Certain genetic disorders. Genetic disorders, such as neurofibromatosis, Klinefelter syndrome, Schwachman-Diamond syndrome and Down syndrome, may increase your risk. […] Family history of leukemia. Research suggests that some types of leukemia may run in families. In most cases, however, having a relative with leukemia doesnt mean that you or another family member will also develop leukemia.

• #45 Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia – Causes/Risk Factors

  https://www.medindia.net/health/conditions/acute-lymphoblastic-leukemia-causes.htm

  Philadelphia (Ph) chromosome [t(9;22)] is observed in 5% children and in 20% adults with ALL. […] In children who are exposed to various hazardous substances and chemicals, the insult might have taken place early in life either as a fetus when they are in utero, or post-natally. […] It is important to study the role of these chemicals, including pesticides and herbicides, in causing leukemia. […] In utero or postnatal exposure to high-dose ionizing radiation, such as X-rays or gamma rays […] Radiotherapy for cancer treatment may lead to the development of leukemia in the future. […] Viral infections, such as those of Human Thymic Leukemia Virus (HTLV-1,) has been suspected to trigger T-cell leukemia in humans. […] Studies have reported a link between leukemia and increased exposure to electromagnetic radiation (EMR). […] High voltage power lines have also been linked with leukemia. This theory is refuted by many.

• #46 Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL): Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment, Prognosis, and Survival Rate

  https://www.webmd.com/cancer/lymphoma/acute-lymphoblastic-leukemia

  Acute lymphoblastic leukemia causes and risk factors. Doctors dont know what causes most cases of ALL. But research has found that certain things might raise your risk, including: […] Contact with high levels of radiation to treat other types of cancer […] Contact with chemicals such as benzene, a solvent used in oil refineries and other industries and found in cigarette smoke; and some cleaning products, detergents, and paint strippers […] Infection with the human T-cell lymphoma/leukemia virus-1 (HTLV-1) or the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), mostly outside the U.S. […] Having a medical condition thats tied to your genes, such as Down syndrome […] Being white […] Being male.

• #47 Acute Lymphocytic Leukaemia: Causes, Symptoms And Treatment

  https://www.netmeds.com/health-library/post/acute-lymphocytic-leukaemia-causes-symptoms-and-treatment?srsltid=AfmBOoowjP0jEW8CLhfKHDEy0bEr1dgYlYINERg6rx-tYInhfuyHI0zq

  While the absolute cause of this type of blood cancer is still unknown, some studies entail that Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia may arise when there is a certain change or mutation in the DNA of the bone marrow cells. […] Certain causative factors that make a person predisposed to Acute Lymphocytic Leukaemia include: […] Age: Acute lymphocytic leukaemia is more commonly noticed in people belonging to the age group of 65 years or older […] Gender: This type of blood cancer is more commonly detected in the male counterpart than in female […] Chemicals: Getting exposed to certain harmful chemicals, like detergents, pesticides, benzene, or paint strippers, may make a person more prone to acute lymphocytic leukaemia […] Radiation: Being in close proximity to high levels of radiation can increase the risk of ALL

• #48 Acute lymphocytic leukemia – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/acute-lymphocytic-leukemia/symptoms-causes/syc-20369077

  Acute lymphocytic leukemia occurs when a bone marrow cell develops changes (mutations) in its genetic material or DNA. A cell’s DNA contains the instructions that tell a cell what to do. Normally, the DNA tells the cell to grow at a set rate and to die at a set time. In acute lymphocytic leukemia, the mutations tell the bone marrow cell to continue growing and dividing. […] It’s not clear what causes the DNA mutations that can lead to acute lymphocytic leukemia. […] Factors that may increase the risk of acute lymphocytic leukemia include: […] Previous cancer treatment. Children and adults who’ve had certain types of chemotherapy and radiation therapy for other kinds of cancer may have an increased risk of developing acute lymphocytic leukemia. […] Exposure to radiation. People exposed to very high levels of radiation, such as survivors of a nuclear reactor accident, have an increased risk of developing acute lymphocytic leukemia. […] Genetic disorders. Certain genetic disorders, such as Down syndrome, are associated with an increased risk of acute lymphocytic leukemia.

• #49 Risks and causes for acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL)

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/acute-lymphoblastic-leukaemia-all/risks-causes

  We dont know what causes most cases of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL). But there are some factors that may increase your risk of developing it. These include certain genetic conditions, previous chemotherapy treatment and ionising radiation. […] Some rare, inherited conditions can increase the risk of acute leukaemia, including: Downs syndrome, Fanconi anaemia, ataxia telangiectasia, Bloom syndrome. […] People who have had certain chemotherapy in the past have a slightly increased risk of developing leukaemia some years later. […] High energy (ionising) radiation can cause cancer because it can affect your cells and damage the DNA. Research suggests that children who have had radiotherapy have a slightly increased risk of developing leukaemia later in life.

• #50 Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL): Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/207631-overview

  Cases of ALL with abnormalities of chromosome band 11q23 following treatment with topoisomerase II inhibitors for another malignancy have been described. However, most patients who develop secondary acute leukemia after chemotherapy for another cancer develop AML rather than ALL. […] A genome-wide association study of susceptibility to ALL in adolescents and young adults identified a significant susceptibility locus in GATA3: rs3824662 (odds ratio 1.77) and rs3781093 (OR 1.73). […] Other studies have shown increased risk of ALL in association with polymorphisms of the following: Arylamine N-acetyltransferases 1 and 2, MMP-8 promoter genotypes, HLA alleles, ARID5B, IKZF1, CEBPE, CDKN2A, PIP4K2A, LHPP, ELK3.

• #51 Acute lymphoblastic leukemia – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acute_lymphoblastic_leukemia

  Evidence whether lesser radiation, as from x-ray imaging during pregnancy, increases the risk of disease remains inconclusive. […] High birth weight (greater than 4000 g or 8.8 lbs) is also associated with a small increased risk. […] Evidence suggests that secondary leukemia can develop in individuals treated with certain types of chemotherapy, such as epipodophyllotoxins and cyclophosphamide. […] There is some evidence that a common infection, such as influenza, may indirectly promote the emergence of ALL. […] The delayed-infection hypothesis states that ALL results from an abnormal immune response to infection in a person with genetic risk factors.

• #52 Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL): Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/207631-overview

  A review of the genetics, cell biology, immunology, and epidemiology of childhood leukemia by Greaves concluded that B-cell precursor ALL has a multifactorial etiology, with a two-step process of genetic mutation and exposure to infection playing a prominent role. […] Analysis of the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) database showed that the incidence of ALL was higher than expected in patients with a prior history of Hodgkin lymphoma, small cell lung cancer, and ovarian cancer. […] Rare patients have an antecedent hematologic disorder (AHD) such as myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) that evolves to ALL. However, most patients with MDS that evolves to acute leukemia develop AML rather than ALL. Some patients receiving lenalidomide as maintenance therapy for multiple myeloma have developed secondary ALL.

• #53 Etiology of Acute Leukemia: A Review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8125807/

  Infections, including bacterial, viral and fungal agents alone, and in conjunction with genetic mutations, have been implicated in leukemogenesis. […] A recent two-hit theory combines genetic mutation and exposure to one or more infections for the genesis of ALL. The revised two-hit hypothesis for the development of precursor B-cell ALL hypothesizes that this disease arises through a two-step process. The first step is a predisposing genetic mutation. The second step suggests exposure to one or more infections. […] This study may indicate that mycovirus containing Aspergillus Flavus can directly affect cells of ALL patients in remission and alter and transform the genetic and cell surface makers of their presumably genetically susceptible cells, and not controls. The report also indicates that in limited studies, when cultures with and without EBV were irradiated, this had significantly increased the co-expression of CD10/CD19, which is considered as one of the characteristic cell surface phenotypes in the ALL. […] Considering the two-hit theory for the development of acute lymphoblastic leukemia, it is postulated that the mycovirus containing Aspergillus Flavus may provide a consistent organism in the mechanism of leukemogenesis in acute lymphoblastic leukemia.

• #54 Risk Factors for Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia (ALL) | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/acute-lymphocytic-leukemia/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html

  Radiation exposure is a risk factor for both ALL and acute myeloid leukemia (AML). For example, Japanese atomic bomb survivors had a greatly increased risk of developing acute leukemia. […] The risk of ALL may be increased by exposure to certain chemotherapy drugs and certain other chemicals, including benzene. […] Infection with the human T-cell lymphoma/leukemia virus-1 (HTLV-1) can cause a rare type of T-cell ALL. […] In Africa, the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) has been linked to Burkitt lymphoma, as well as to a form of ALL. […] There are some genetic syndromes (some of which can be inherited from a parent) that seem to raise the risk of ALL. […] ALL is more likely to occur in children and in adults over the age of 50. […] ALL is more common in White individuals than in African Americans, but the reasons for this are not clear.

• #55 Risk Factors for Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia (ALL) | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/acute-lymphocytic-leukemia/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html

  Radiation exposure is a risk factor for both ALL and acute myeloid leukemia (AML). For example, Japanese atomic bomb survivors had a greatly increased risk of developing acute leukemia. […] The risk of ALL may be increased by exposure to certain chemotherapy drugs and certain other chemicals, including benzene. […] Infection with the human T-cell lymphoma/leukemia virus-1 (HTLV-1) can cause a rare type of T-cell ALL. […] In Africa, the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) has been linked to Burkitt lymphoma, as well as to a form of ALL. […] There are some genetic syndromes (some of which can be inherited from a parent) that seem to raise the risk of ALL. […] ALL is more likely to occur in children and in adults over the age of 50. […] ALL is more common in White individuals than in African Americans, but the reasons for this are not clear.

• #56 Etiology of Acute Leukemia: A Review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8125807/

  Infections, including bacterial, viral and fungal agents alone, and in conjunction with genetic mutations, have been implicated in leukemogenesis. […] A recent two-hit theory combines genetic mutation and exposure to one or more infections for the genesis of ALL. The revised two-hit hypothesis for the development of precursor B-cell ALL hypothesizes that this disease arises through a two-step process. The first step is a predisposing genetic mutation. The second step suggests exposure to one or more infections. […] This study may indicate that mycovirus containing Aspergillus Flavus can directly affect cells of ALL patients in remission and alter and transform the genetic and cell surface makers of their presumably genetically susceptible cells, and not controls. The report also indicates that in limited studies, when cultures with and without EBV were irradiated, this had significantly increased the co-expression of CD10/CD19, which is considered as one of the characteristic cell surface phenotypes in the ALL. […] Considering the two-hit theory for the development of acute lymphoblastic leukemia, it is postulated that the mycovirus containing Aspergillus Flavus may provide a consistent organism in the mechanism of leukemogenesis in acute lymphoblastic leukemia.

• #57 Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL): Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/207631-overview

  A proposed mechanism for some cases of childhood ALL is a two-step process of genetic mutation and exposure to infection. […] The second step is triggered by infection. Triggering is more likely to occur in children whose immune response is abnormally regulated because they were not exposed to infections in the first few weeks and months of life. Lack of exposure to these early infections, which prime the immune system, is more likely to occur in societies that are zealous about hygiene; this would help explain why at present, pediatric ALL is seen primarily in industrialized societies. […] Less is known about the etiology of ALL in adults, compared with acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Most adults with ALL have no identifiable risk factors. […] Although most leukemias occurring after exposure to radiation are AML rather than ALL, an increased prevalence of ALL was noted in survivors of the Hiroshima atomic bomb but not in those who survived the Nagasaki atomic bomb.

• #58 Etiology of Acute Leukemia: A Review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8125807/

  Infections, including bacterial, viral and fungal agents alone, and in conjunction with genetic mutations, have been implicated in leukemogenesis. […] A recent two-hit theory combines genetic mutation and exposure to one or more infections for the genesis of ALL. The revised two-hit hypothesis for the development of precursor B-cell ALL hypothesizes that this disease arises through a two-step process. The first step is a predisposing genetic mutation. The second step suggests exposure to one or more infections. […] This study may indicate that mycovirus containing Aspergillus Flavus can directly affect cells of ALL patients in remission and alter and transform the genetic and cell surface makers of their presumably genetically susceptible cells, and not controls. The report also indicates that in limited studies, when cultures with and without EBV were irradiated, this had significantly increased the co-expression of CD10/CD19, which is considered as one of the characteristic cell surface phenotypes in the ALL. […] Considering the two-hit theory for the development of acute lymphoblastic leukemia, it is postulated that the mycovirus containing Aspergillus Flavus may provide a consistent organism in the mechanism of leukemogenesis in acute lymphoblastic leukemia.

• #59 Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL): Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/207631-overview

  A proposed mechanism for some cases of childhood ALL is a two-step process of genetic mutation and exposure to infection. […] The second step is triggered by infection. Triggering is more likely to occur in children whose immune response is abnormally regulated because they were not exposed to infections in the first few weeks and months of life. Lack of exposure to these early infections, which prime the immune system, is more likely to occur in societies that are zealous about hygiene; this would help explain why at present, pediatric ALL is seen primarily in industrialized societies. […] Less is known about the etiology of ALL in adults, compared with acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Most adults with ALL have no identifiable risk factors. […] Although most leukemias occurring after exposure to radiation are AML rather than ALL, an increased prevalence of ALL was noted in survivors of the Hiroshima atomic bomb but not in those who survived the Nagasaki atomic bomb.

• #60 Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL): Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/207631-overview

  A proposed mechanism for some cases of childhood ALL is a two-step process of genetic mutation and exposure to infection. […] The second step is triggered by infection. Triggering is more likely to occur in children whose immune response is abnormally regulated because they were not exposed to infections in the first few weeks and months of life. Lack of exposure to these early infections, which prime the immune system, is more likely to occur in societies that are zealous about hygiene; this would help explain why at present, pediatric ALL is seen primarily in industrialized societies. […] Less is known about the etiology of ALL in adults, compared with acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Most adults with ALL have no identifiable risk factors. […] Although most leukemias occurring after exposure to radiation are AML rather than ALL, an increased prevalence of ALL was noted in survivors of the Hiroshima atomic bomb but not in those who survived the Nagasaki atomic bomb.

• #61 Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL): Symptoms, Treatment & Prognosis

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21564-acute-lymphocytic-leukemia

  Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is a rare blood cancer that affects a type of white blood cell called lymphocytes. ALL may affect anyone at any age, but children younger than 15 and adults older than 50 are more likely to develop the condition. […] Researchers continue to find genetic mutations (changes) that cause ALL. Young children with ALL may have had genetic changes that happened before they were born. Some people have ALL because they inherited conditions that increase their chance of developing the disease. ALL in adults is linked to some carcinogens, including tobacco. […] Risk factors include: Girls age 1 and younger have a higher risk than boys of the same age. After age 1, the risk is higher for males. People who are white are somewhat more likely to develop ALL than people who are Black. Children exposed to radiation in utero have an increased risk of ALL. Likewise, children and adults who had radiation therapy for other cancers have increased ALL risk. Some viral infections, including Epstein-Barr virus or human T-cell leukemia virus, increase your risk of developing ALL. […] People with the following inherited conditions have a higher risk of ALL than people who dont have the conditions: Ataxia telangiectasia, Bloom syndrome, Down syndrome, Fanconi anemia, Klinefelter syndrome, Li-Fraumeni syndrome, Neurofibromatosis type-1 (NF1), Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome.

• #62 Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia | Info About This Cancer | LLS

  https://www.lls.org/leukemia/acute-lymphoblastic-leukemia

  Is a cancer of the bone marrow and blood. […] Does not have a clear cause. […] Doctors don’t know why some cells become leukemic cells and others don’t. Usually DNA mutations associated with ALL occur during a person’s lifetime rather than being inherited from a parent. For most people who have acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), there are no obvious reasons why they developed the disease. […] Risk factors associated with the disease include: Previous exposure to chemotherapy and radiation therapy. […] Genetic disorders including: Down syndrome, neurofibromatosis, Klinefelter syndrome, Fanconi anemia, Schwachman-Diamond syndrome, Bloom syndrome, Li-Fraumeni syndrome, and ataxia telangiectasia have been associated with an increased risk of developing ALL. […] Age. The highest incidence rates for ALL are seen in children and adolescents younger than 15 years. […] Sex. Males are more likely to develop ALL than females. […] Race/ethnicity. In the United States, ALL is more common in Hispanics and whites. […] Currently, there’s no way to prevent the disease. You can’t catch ALL from someone else.

• #63 Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia | Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia | MedlinePlus

  https://medlineplus.gov/acutelymphocyticleukemia.html

  Acute lymphocytic leukemia happens when there are changes in the genetic material (DNA) in bone marrow cells. The cause of these genetic changes is unknown. However, there are certain factors that raise your risk of ALL. […] The factors that raise your risk of ALL include: Being male, Being white, Being over age 70, Having had chemotherapy or radiation therapy, Having been exposed to high levels of radiation, Having certain genetic disorders, such as Down syndrome.

• #64 Risk Factors for Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia (ALL) | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/acute-lymphocytic-leukemia/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html

  In general, leukemia is more common in men than women. This includes ALL that is more common in males than in females. […] Someone who has an identical twin who develops ALL in the first year of life has an increased risk of getting ALL. […] Other factors that have been studied for a possible link to ALL include exposure to electromagnetic fields, workplace exposure to diesel, gasoline, pesticides, and certain other chemicals, smoking, and exposure to hair dyes.

• #65 Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL): Symptoms, Treatment & Prognosis

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21564-acute-lymphocytic-leukemia

  Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is a rare blood cancer that affects a type of white blood cell called lymphocytes. ALL may affect anyone at any age, but children younger than 15 and adults older than 50 are more likely to develop the condition. […] Researchers continue to find genetic mutations (changes) that cause ALL. Young children with ALL may have had genetic changes that happened before they were born. Some people have ALL because they inherited conditions that increase their chance of developing the disease. ALL in adults is linked to some carcinogens, including tobacco. […] Risk factors include: Girls age 1 and younger have a higher risk than boys of the same age. After age 1, the risk is higher for males. People who are white are somewhat more likely to develop ALL than people who are Black. Children exposed to radiation in utero have an increased risk of ALL. Likewise, children and adults who had radiation therapy for other cancers have increased ALL risk. Some viral infections, including Epstein-Barr virus or human T-cell leukemia virus, increase your risk of developing ALL. […] People with the following inherited conditions have a higher risk of ALL than people who dont have the conditions: Ataxia telangiectasia, Bloom syndrome, Down syndrome, Fanconi anemia, Klinefelter syndrome, Li-Fraumeni syndrome, Neurofibromatosis type-1 (NF1), Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome.

• #66 Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia | Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia | MedlinePlus

  https://medlineplus.gov/acutelymphocyticleukemia.html

  Acute lymphocytic leukemia happens when there are changes in the genetic material (DNA) in bone marrow cells. The cause of these genetic changes is unknown. However, there are certain factors that raise your risk of ALL. […] The factors that raise your risk of ALL include: Being male, Being white, Being over age 70, Having had chemotherapy or radiation therapy, Having been exposed to high levels of radiation, Having certain genetic disorders, such as Down syndrome.

• #67 Risk Factors for Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia (ALL) | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/acute-lymphocytic-leukemia/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html

  Radiation exposure is a risk factor for both ALL and acute myeloid leukemia (AML). For example, Japanese atomic bomb survivors had a greatly increased risk of developing acute leukemia. […] The risk of ALL may be increased by exposure to certain chemotherapy drugs and certain other chemicals, including benzene. […] Infection with the human T-cell lymphoma/leukemia virus-1 (HTLV-1) can cause a rare type of T-cell ALL. […] In Africa, the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) has been linked to Burkitt lymphoma, as well as to a form of ALL. […] There are some genetic syndromes (some of which can be inherited from a parent) that seem to raise the risk of ALL. […] ALL is more likely to occur in children and in adults over the age of 50. […] ALL is more common in White individuals than in African Americans, but the reasons for this are not clear.

• #68 Children with Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia, Causes and Treatments | Children’s Hospital Los Angeles

  https://www.chla.org/acute-lymphoblastic-leukemia

  Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (also known as acute lymphocytic leukemia, or ALL) is a cancer of the bone marrow and blood, primarily targeting white blood cells. […] The exact cause of the genetic changes that cause ALL is unknown but known risk factors include: […] Males are more likely than females to be diagnosed with ALL […] Hispanic children show a higher incidence compared to white and Black children […] Radiation exposure or chemotherapy treatment increases risk […] Conditions such as down syndrome, Li-Fraumeni syndrome, ataxia-telangiectasia and neurofibromatosis are associated with higher risk […] The risk of a sibling developing ALL is slightly higher than other children, but is overall low.

• #69 Etiology of Acute Leukemia: A Review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8125807/

  Acute leukemias are some of the most common cancers affecting all age groups. Despite a significant improvement made in the treatment of acute leukemias, their cause remains unknown. A number of genetic and environmental factors for the development of acute leukemias have been proposed, but none have been proven. Undoubtedly, genetics have a major role in the development of these diseases. […] A recent two-hit theory for the development of acute lymphoblastic leukemia has been proposed. This combines genetic factors and exposure to infections for the development of this disease. Several genetic factors are suggested. Most recently, for the infection portion, exposure to a virus containing Aspergillus Flavus has been proposed. […] Despite reported differences in race and ethnicity in the incidence and outcome, the underlying causes for this disparities remain poorly understood.

• #70 Risk Factors for Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia (ALL) | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/acute-lymphocytic-leukemia/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html

  In general, leukemia is more common in men than women. This includes ALL that is more common in males than in females. […] Someone who has an identical twin who develops ALL in the first year of life has an increased risk of getting ALL. […] Other factors that have been studied for a possible link to ALL include exposure to electromagnetic fields, workplace exposure to diesel, gasoline, pesticides, and certain other chemicals, smoking, and exposure to hair dyes.

• #71 Acute lymphoblastic leukemia – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acute_lymphoblastic_leukemia

  Evidence whether lesser radiation, as from x-ray imaging during pregnancy, increases the risk of disease remains inconclusive. […] High birth weight (greater than 4000 g or 8.8 lbs) is also associated with a small increased risk. […] Evidence suggests that secondary leukemia can develop in individuals treated with certain types of chemotherapy, such as epipodophyllotoxins and cyclophosphamide. […] There is some evidence that a common infection, such as influenza, may indirectly promote the emergence of ALL. […] The delayed-infection hypothesis states that ALL results from an abnormal immune response to infection in a person with genetic risk factors.

• #72 Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia

  https://www.cancernetwork.com/view/acute-lymphocytic-leukemia

  Several genetic syndromes have also been associated with leukemia, with the best characterized being Down’s syndrome, which accounts for nearly 2% of all ALL cases in children. Other syndromes, such as Bloom syndrome, ataxia telangiectasia, Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome, and Fanconi’s anemia, are also associated with an increased risk of leukemia. […] Maternal reproductive history is also important. Children of mothers older than 35 years of age may have an increased risk of leukemia, only partially explained by the increased risk of having Down’s syndrome. A history of prior fetal loss, especially if there have been multiple miscarriages, has been identified as a risk factor for the offspring. The association of increased weight at birth and childhood ALL has been reported consistently. Parental occupational exposure to such agents as pesticides and benzene may increase the risk of leukemia in offspring, but most of these cases have been acute myelogenous leukemia (AML). There may also be a higher risk for children with a better socioeconomic status, but this is not universally accepted.

• #73 Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia

  https://www.cancernetwork.com/view/acute-lymphocytic-leukemia

  Several genetic syndromes have also been associated with leukemia, with the best characterized being Down’s syndrome, which accounts for nearly 2% of all ALL cases in children. Other syndromes, such as Bloom syndrome, ataxia telangiectasia, Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome, and Fanconi’s anemia, are also associated with an increased risk of leukemia. […] Maternal reproductive history is also important. Children of mothers older than 35 years of age may have an increased risk of leukemia, only partially explained by the increased risk of having Down’s syndrome. A history of prior fetal loss, especially if there have been multiple miscarriages, has been identified as a risk factor for the offspring. The association of increased weight at birth and childhood ALL has been reported consistently. Parental occupational exposure to such agents as pesticides and benzene may increase the risk of leukemia in offspring, but most of these cases have been acute myelogenous leukemia (AML). There may also be a higher risk for children with a better socioeconomic status, but this is not universally accepted.

• #74 Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia

  https://www.cancernetwork.com/view/acute-lymphocytic-leukemia

  Several genetic syndromes have also been associated with leukemia, with the best characterized being Down’s syndrome, which accounts for nearly 2% of all ALL cases in children. Other syndromes, such as Bloom syndrome, ataxia telangiectasia, Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome, and Fanconi’s anemia, are also associated with an increased risk of leukemia. […] Maternal reproductive history is also important. Children of mothers older than 35 years of age may have an increased risk of leukemia, only partially explained by the increased risk of having Down’s syndrome. A history of prior fetal loss, especially if there have been multiple miscarriages, has been identified as a risk factor for the offspring. The association of increased weight at birth and childhood ALL has been reported consistently. Parental occupational exposure to such agents as pesticides and benzene may increase the risk of leukemia in offspring, but most of these cases have been acute myelogenous leukemia (AML). There may also be a higher risk for children with a better socioeconomic status, but this is not universally accepted.

• #75 Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia

  https://www.cancernetwork.com/view/acute-lymphocytic-leukemia

  Exposure to radiation is associated with a definite risk of ALL. In utero exposure increases the risk of ALL over that of control populations. Exposure to low-dose radiation, such as that used in diagnostic radiology, has not been proven to be leukemogenic, but exposure to high doses (like those used in radiotherapy) may be. People exposed to radiation during the atomic disasters at Hiroshima and Nagasaki, as well as people involved in other nuclear exposures, may have as much as a 10- to 20-fold higher risk of developing leukemia. […] Exposure to different chemicals has also been associated with an increased risk of leukemia. The best characterized association involves benzene, although more than two thirds of these cases are AML. The exposure to electromagnetic fields has been repeatedly linked to an increased risk of ALL, but the evidence is inconclusive.

• #76 Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/cancer/cancer-types-in-adults/acute-lymphoblastic-leukaemia/

  Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia is caused by a DNA mutation in the stem cells causing too many white blood cells to be produced. […] The white blood cells are also released from the bone marrow before they are mature and able to fight infection like fully developed white blood cells. […] It is not known exactly what causes this DNA mutation to occur, but there are a few factors which may increase the risk of developing acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. […] A small number of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia cases are thought to be caused by related genetic disorders. […] Exposure to very high levels of radiation, either before birth or afterwards, is a known risk factor. […] Exposure to the chemical benzene is a known risk factor for adult acute leukaemia. […] There is some evidence to show an increased risk of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in people who are obese or have a weakened immune system due to HIV or AIDS or taking immunosuppressants after an organ transplant.

• #77 Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/cancer/cancer-types-in-adults/acute-lymphoblastic-leukaemia/

  Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia is caused by a DNA mutation in the stem cells causing too many white blood cells to be produced. […] The white blood cells are also released from the bone marrow before they are mature and able to fight infection like fully developed white blood cells. […] It is not known exactly what causes this DNA mutation to occur, but there are a few factors which may increase the risk of developing acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. […] A small number of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia cases are thought to be caused by related genetic disorders. […] Exposure to very high levels of radiation, either before birth or afterwards, is a known risk factor. […] Exposure to the chemical benzene is a known risk factor for adult acute leukaemia. […] There is some evidence to show an increased risk of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in people who are obese or have a weakened immune system due to HIV or AIDS or taking immunosuppressants after an organ transplant.

• #78 What Causes Leukemia, Risk Factors and Prevention

  https://www.cancercenter.com/cancer-types/leukemia/risk-factors

  Although smoking may not be a direct cause of leukemia, smoking cigarettes does increase the risk of developing AML. […] Exposure to high-energy radiation (e.g., atomic bomb explosions) and intense exposure to low-energy radiation from electromagnetic fields (e.g., power lines) may increase the risk for developing leukemia. […] Long-term exposure to certain pesticides or industrial chemicals like benzene is considered a risk for leukemia. […] Prolonged exposure, such as living near power lines, may increase a persons risk for developing ALL. […] Certain types of chemotherapy and radiation therapy for other cancers are considered leukemia risk factors.

• #79 Acute Lymphocytic Leukaemia: Causes, Symptoms And Treatment

  https://www.netmeds.com/health-library/post/acute-lymphocytic-leukaemia-causes-symptoms-and-treatment?srsltid=AfmBOoowjP0jEW8CLhfKHDEy0bEr1dgYlYINERg6rx-tYInhfuyHI0zq

  Smoking: Addiction to tobacco in any form or continuous smoking can aggravate the chances of getting detected with Acute lymphocytic Leukemia […] Blood Disorders: The risk of Acute lymphocytic leukaemia is more common in people suffering from other blood disorders in the past like polycythemia vera myelodysplasia, myelofibrosis, or thrombocythemia […] Genetic Factors: Some genetic disorders, like Trisomy 8, Neurofibromatosis type 1, Downs syndrome, or Li-Fraumeni syndrome increases the incidence of Acute lymphocytic leukaemia […] Previous Cancer Therapy: People who’ve had a previous history of any cancerous condition or were subjected to certain types of cancer therapy like chemotherapy or radiation therapy are at an aggravated risk of developing Acute lymphocytic leukaemia.

• #80 Risks for acute leukemia | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/acute-lymphoblastic-leukemia-all/risks

  There is convincing evidence that certain chemotherapy drugs or drug combinations increase the risk of developing AML, but the risk is very low. The benefits of having chemotherapy to treat cancer far outweigh this risk. […] People with a history of the following blood disorders have a higher risk of developing AML: myelodysplastic neoplasms( formerly called myelodysplastic syndromes), myeloproliferative disorders including polycythemia vera, essential thrombocythemia and myelofibrosis, chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). […] A genetic condition is a disease caused by a change (mutation) in one or more genes. Having certain genetic conditions increases the risk of developing acute leukemia, especially in childhood. […] There is convincing evidence that benzene causes AML. […] There is convincing evidence that smoking increases the risk of AML.

• #81

  https://ijpbms.com/index.php/ijpbms/article/view/373

  Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) is a malignancy of the blood and bone marrow affecting both adults and children. Despite significant advancements in the treatment of ALL, its etiology remains multifactorial and complex. […] The etiology of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia remains a complex puzzle, tightly intertwined with a combination of genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors. While significant progress has been made in identifying key genetic alterations and environmental exposures associated with ALL, further research is essential to understand the intricate interplay between genetic predispositions and environmental triggers. Improved understanding of the causes of ALL will aid in developing effective preventive strategies, targeted therapies, and personalized treatment approaches, ultimately reducing the burden of this devastating disease.

• #82 Acute lymphocytic leukemia – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/acute-lymphocytic-leukemia/symptoms-causes/syc-20369077

  Acute lymphocytic leukemia occurs when a bone marrow cell develops changes (mutations) in its genetic material or DNA. A cell’s DNA contains the instructions that tell a cell what to do. Normally, the DNA tells the cell to grow at a set rate and to die at a set time. In acute lymphocytic leukemia, the mutations tell the bone marrow cell to continue growing and dividing. […] It’s not clear what causes the DNA mutations that can lead to acute lymphocytic leukemia. […] Factors that may increase the risk of acute lymphocytic leukemia include: […] Previous cancer treatment. Children and adults who’ve had certain types of chemotherapy and radiation therapy for other kinds of cancer may have an increased risk of developing acute lymphocytic leukemia. […] Exposure to radiation. People exposed to very high levels of radiation, such as survivors of a nuclear reactor accident, have an increased risk of developing acute lymphocytic leukemia. […] Genetic disorders. Certain genetic disorders, such as Down syndrome, are associated with an increased risk of acute lymphocytic leukemia.

• #83 Etiology of Acute Leukemia: A Review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8125807/

  Acute leukemias are some of the most common cancers affecting all age groups. Despite a significant improvement made in the treatment of acute leukemias, their cause remains unknown. A number of genetic and environmental factors for the development of acute leukemias have been proposed, but none have been proven. Undoubtedly, genetics have a major role in the development of these diseases. […] A recent two-hit theory for the development of acute lymphoblastic leukemia has been proposed. This combines genetic factors and exposure to infections for the development of this disease. Several genetic factors are suggested. Most recently, for the infection portion, exposure to a virus containing Aspergillus Flavus has been proposed. […] Despite reported differences in race and ethnicity in the incidence and outcome, the underlying causes for this disparities remain poorly understood.

• #84 Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia (ALL): Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/leukemia/acute-lymphocytic-leukemia/guide/

  Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), also called acute lymphoblastic leukemia, is a relatively rare cancer of the blood and bone marrow. About 6,500 people are diagnosed with ALL each year, according to the American Cancer Society. […] Doctors dont know why some people get ALL and others dont. They do know that this cancer starts when cells that normally divide in an orderly way multiply too quickly. The gene mutations that cause lymphocytes to multiply out of control usually arent inherited. […] Possible risk factors for ALL include: Age ALL is most common in children under age 5, and in adults older than 50. Family history When one identical twin gets ALL during their first year of life, the other twin is more likely to get this cancer, too. Genetic disorders People with inherited conditions like Down syndrome, Klinefelter syndrome, Fanconi anemia, Bloom syndrome, and neurofibromatosis are at higher risk for this cancer. Race and ethnicity ALL is more common in white people than in Black people, but experts don’t know why. Sex ALL is slightly more common in men than in women. Toxic substances Exposure to high levels of radiation, chemotherapy, and toxic substances like benzene might increase ALL risk. […] If you have any of these risk factors, that doesnt mean you will get ALL. Some people have these risk factors and never get ALL, while others have no risk factors and develop this cancer.

• #85

  https://ijpbms.com/index.php/ijpbms/article/view/373

  Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) is a malignancy of the blood and bone marrow affecting both adults and children. Despite significant advancements in the treatment of ALL, its etiology remains multifactorial and complex. […] The etiology of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia remains a complex puzzle, tightly intertwined with a combination of genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors. While significant progress has been made in identifying key genetic alterations and environmental exposures associated with ALL, further research is essential to understand the intricate interplay between genetic predispositions and environmental triggers. Improved understanding of the causes of ALL will aid in developing effective preventive strategies, targeted therapies, and personalized treatment approaches, ultimately reducing the burden of this devastating disease.

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