Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia

  https://www.cancernetwork.com/view/acute-lymphocytic-leukemia

  Every year, 3,000 to 5,000 new cases of ALL are diagnosed in the United States. The median age at diagnosis is 12 years, and nearly two thirds of cases are diagnosed in children, in whom it represents the most common malignancy, accounting for approximately one fourth of all childhood cancers. In adults, ALL represents 20% of all leukemias and 1% to 2% of all cancers. ALL has a bimodal distribution with an initial peak incidence at age 3 to 5 years, affecting 4.4 of 100,000 children. The incidence gradually decreases and remains low until about age 50, when the incidence increases steadily with age and reaches nearly 2 cases per 100,000 persons older than 65 years. […] Interestingly, the early age-specific peak is absent in some developing countries. In all ages, the incidence is higher in males than in females and higher in white than in African-American populations. Although the overall incidence has remained stable over the past 10 to 15 years, it may be increasing in some subgroups, such as white males and children.

• #2 Acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a comprehensive review and 2017 update | Blood Cancer Journal

  https://www.nature.com/articles/bcj201753

  Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the second most common acute leukemia in adults, with an incidence of over 6500 cases per year in the United States alone. […] Within the United States, the incidence of ALL is estimated at 1.6 per 100000 population.1 In 2016 alone, an estimated 6590 new cases were diagnosed, with over 1400 deaths due to ALL (American Cancer Society). The incidence of ALL follows a bimodal distribution, with the first peak occurring in childhood and a second peak occurring around the age of 50.2 […] Accurate assessment of prognosis is central to the management of ALL. Risk stratification allows the physician to determine the most appropriate initial treatment regimen as well as when to consider allogeneic stem cell transplantation (Allo-SCT). Historically, age and white blood cell count at the time of diagnosis have been used to risk stratify patients.

• #3 Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: Epidemiology | SpringerLink

  https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-60761-707-5_6

  Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is a malignant neoplasm of the lymphocyte precursor cells (lymphoblasts) that occurs annually in 1.04.75 per 100,000 people worldwide. This includes nearly 5,400 new cases per year in the USA. […] There is a greater incidence among white Caucasian descent rather than black African descent, among males rather than females, and in Western, affluent countries rather than in developing countries. […] In this chapter, epidemiology using incidence and survival data is presented, principally from the US National Cancer Institutes Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) program (http://seer.cancer.gov). We also report patterns for race-specific and gender-specific subgroups.

• #4 Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia — Cancer Stat Facts

  https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/alyl.html

  Estimated New Cases in 2025 6,100. […] Estimated Deaths in 2025 1,400. […] Acute lymphocytic leukemia represents 0.3% of all new cancer cases in the U.S. […] In 2025, it is estimated that there will be 6,100 new cases of acute lymphocytic leukemia and an estimated 1,400 people will die of this disease. […] The rate of new cases of acute lymphocytic leukemia was 1.9 per 100,000 men and women per year based on 20182022 cases, age-adjusted. […] The death rate was 0.4 per 100,000 men and women per year based on 20192023 deaths, age-adjusted. […] The percent of acute lymphocytic leukemia deaths is highest among people aged 6574. […] Keeping track of new cases, deaths, and survival over time (trends) can help scientists understand whether progress is being made and where additional research is needed to address challenges, such as improving screening or finding better treatments. […] Using statistical models for analysis, age-adjusted rates for new acute lymphocytic leukemia cases have not changed significantly over 20132022. Age-adjusted death rates have been falling on average 1.0% each year over 20142023.

• #5 Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL): Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/207631-overview

  Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most common type of cancer and leukemia in children in the United States. ALL accounts for 76% of pediatric leukemia cases. The American Cancer Society estimates that 6550 cases of ALL (adult and pediatric) will occur in the United States in 2024, resulting in 1330 deaths. The estimated 5-year survival is 72.0%. The favorable survival rate is due to the high cure rate of ALL in children. Prognosis declines with increasing age, and the median age at death is 60 years. […] Worldwide, the highest incidence of ALL occurs in Italy, the United States, Switzerland, and Costa Rica. In Europe overall, B-cell precursor ALL has been increasing by around 1% each year.

• #6 Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia — Cancer Stat Facts

  https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/alyl.html

  Estimated New Cases in 2025 6,100. […] Estimated Deaths in 2025 1,400. […] Acute lymphocytic leukemia represents 0.3% of all new cancer cases in the U.S. […] In 2025, it is estimated that there will be 6,100 new cases of acute lymphocytic leukemia and an estimated 1,400 people will die of this disease. […] The rate of new cases of acute lymphocytic leukemia was 1.9 per 100,000 men and women per year based on 20182022 cases, age-adjusted. […] The death rate was 0.4 per 100,000 men and women per year based on 20192023 deaths, age-adjusted. […] The percent of acute lymphocytic leukemia deaths is highest among people aged 6574. […] Keeping track of new cases, deaths, and survival over time (trends) can help scientists understand whether progress is being made and where additional research is needed to address challenges, such as improving screening or finding better treatments. […] Using statistical models for analysis, age-adjusted rates for new acute lymphocytic leukemia cases have not changed significantly over 20132022. Age-adjusted death rates have been falling on average 1.0% each year over 20142023.

• #7 Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia — Cancer Stat Facts

  https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/alyl.html

  Estimated New Cases in 2025 6,100. […] Estimated Deaths in 2025 1,400. […] Acute lymphocytic leukemia represents 0.3% of all new cancer cases in the U.S. […] In 2025, it is estimated that there will be 6,100 new cases of acute lymphocytic leukemia and an estimated 1,400 people will die of this disease. […] The rate of new cases of acute lymphocytic leukemia was 1.9 per 100,000 men and women per year based on 20182022 cases, age-adjusted. […] The death rate was 0.4 per 100,000 men and women per year based on 20192023 deaths, age-adjusted. […] The percent of acute lymphocytic leukemia deaths is highest among people aged 6574. […] Keeping track of new cases, deaths, and survival over time (trends) can help scientists understand whether progress is being made and where additional research is needed to address challenges, such as improving screening or finding better treatments. […] Using statistical models for analysis, age-adjusted rates for new acute lymphocytic leukemia cases have not changed significantly over 20132022. Age-adjusted death rates have been falling on average 1.0% each year over 20142023.

• #8 Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia — Cancer Stat Facts

  https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/alyl.html

  Estimated New Cases in 2025 6,100. […] Estimated Deaths in 2025 1,400. […] Acute lymphocytic leukemia represents 0.3% of all new cancer cases in the U.S. […] In 2025, it is estimated that there will be 6,100 new cases of acute lymphocytic leukemia and an estimated 1,400 people will die of this disease. […] The rate of new cases of acute lymphocytic leukemia was 1.9 per 100,000 men and women per year based on 20182022 cases, age-adjusted. […] The death rate was 0.4 per 100,000 men and women per year based on 20192023 deaths, age-adjusted. […] The percent of acute lymphocytic leukemia deaths is highest among people aged 6574. […] Keeping track of new cases, deaths, and survival over time (trends) can help scientists understand whether progress is being made and where additional research is needed to address challenges, such as improving screening or finding better treatments. […] Using statistical models for analysis, age-adjusted rates for new acute lymphocytic leukemia cases have not changed significantly over 20132022. Age-adjusted death rates have been falling on average 1.0% each year over 20142023.

• #9 Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) statistics | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/health-professional/cancer-statistics/statistics-by-cancer-type/leukaemia-all

  There are around 760 new acute lymphoblastic leukaemia cases in the UK every year, that’s around 2 every day (2017-2019). […] Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia accounted for less than 1% of all new cancer cases in the UK in 2017-2019. […] In females in the UK, acute lymphoblastic leukaemia accounted for around 310 new cancer cases every year (2017-2019). […] In males in the UK, acute lymphoblastic leukaemia accounted for around 450 new cancer cases every year (2017-2019). […] Incidence rates for acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in the UK are highest in people aged 0 to 04 (2017-2019). […] Each year around 5 in 100 (6%) of all new acute lymphoblastic leukaemia cases in the UK are diagnosed in people aged 75 and over (2017-2019). […] Since the early 1990s, acute lymphoblastic leukaemia incidence rates have remained stable in the UK. Rates in females have remained stable, and rates in males have remained stable (2017-2019).

• #10 Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) statistics | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/health-professional/cancer-statistics/statistics-by-cancer-type/leukaemia-all

  In females in the UK, acute lymphoblastic leukaemia accounts for around 100 deaths every year (2017-2019). […] In males in the UK, acute lymphoblastic leukaemia accounts for around 150 deaths every year (2017-2019). […] Mortality rates for acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in the UK are highest in people aged 75 to 79 (2017-2019). […] Each year a fifth of all acute lymphoblastic leukaemia deaths (20%) in the UK are in people aged 75 and over (2017-2019). […] Since the early 1970s, acute lymphoblastic leukaemia mortality rates have decreased by half (50%) in the UK. Rates in females have decreased by almost half (48%), and rates in males have decreased by more than half (52%) (2017-2019). […] Over the last decade, acute lymphoblastic leukaemia mortality rates have remained stable in the UK. Rates in females have remained stable, and rates in males have remained stable (2017-2019).

• #11 Acute lymphoblastic leukemia statistics | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/acute-lymphoblastic-leukemia-all/statistics

  It can take several years to collect and confirm cancer data, so the number of new cancer cases (incidence) and deaths (mortality) from recent years may not be available for some time. The most recent incidence statistics for acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) are from 2019: 440 Canadians were diagnosed with ALL. 245 men were diagnosed with ALL. 195 women were diagnosed with ALL. The most recent mortality statistics for ALL are from 2022: 134 Canadians died from ALL. 76 men died from ALL. 58 women died from ALL. […] For more information about cancer statistics, go to Canadian Cancer Statistics.

• #12 Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) | Leukemia and Lymphoma Society

  https://www.lls.org/research/acute-lymphoblastic-leukemia-all

  Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is a malignant transformation and proliferation of white blood cells called lymphocytes. In 2019, it is estimated that approximately 6,000 new cases of ALL occurred in the US, which is less than 4% of all blood cancers. Roughly 50% of these ALL cases occur in children and represents greater than 30% of all pediatric cancers. The incidence of ALL follows a bimodal distribution, with the first peak occurring in childhood and a second peak occurring around the age of 50. […] In adults, despite advances in management, the backbone of frontline therapy remains multi-agent cytotoxic chemotherapy and for patients who can tolerate it, allogeneic (donor) stem cell transplantation. Elderly patients are often unable to tolerate such regimens and often face a particularly poor prognosis. Only approximately 30-40% of adult ALL patients achieve long-term remission.

• #13 Acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a comprehensive review and 2017 update | Blood Cancer Journal

  https://www.nature.com/articles/bcj201753

  Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the second most common acute leukemia in adults, with an incidence of over 6500 cases per year in the United States alone. […] Within the United States, the incidence of ALL is estimated at 1.6 per 100000 population.1 In 2016 alone, an estimated 6590 new cases were diagnosed, with over 1400 deaths due to ALL (American Cancer Society). The incidence of ALL follows a bimodal distribution, with the first peak occurring in childhood and a second peak occurring around the age of 50.2 […] Accurate assessment of prognosis is central to the management of ALL. Risk stratification allows the physician to determine the most appropriate initial treatment regimen as well as when to consider allogeneic stem cell transplantation (Allo-SCT). Historically, age and white blood cell count at the time of diagnosis have been used to risk stratify patients.

• #14 Leukemia Statistics — Leukemia Research Foundation

  https://leukemiarf.org/leukemia/statistics/

  About 54% of acute lymphoblastic leukemia occurs in children and teens under age 20. […] It is most common before age 15 and after 50. […] In 2022, it is estimated that there will be 6,660 new cases of acute lymphoblastic leukemia. […] As of 2018 (most recent available), the five-year relative survival rate for acute lymphoblastic leukemia is 71%. […] Source: All statistics are extracted from the National Cancer Institute (NCI) Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program.

• #15 Acute lymphoblastic leukemia | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/acute-lymphoblastic-leukaemia?lang=us

  Acute lymphoblastic leukemia is the most common form of childhood leukemia, accounting for ~80% of pediatric leukemia cases. In adults, ALL corresponds to ~20% of leukemia cases. Peak age is between 3 and 7 years, with a second peak over 40 years. […] Pediatric patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia have an overall five-year survival rate of 80% depending on their risk profile. However, only 30-40% of adults with ALL achieve long-term remission with the treatment regimens.

• #16 Acute lymphoblastic leukemia | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/acute-lymphoblastic-leukaemia?lang=us

  Acute lymphoblastic leukemia is the most common form of childhood leukemia, accounting for ~80% of pediatric leukemia cases. In adults, ALL corresponds to ~20% of leukemia cases. Peak age is between 3 and 7 years, with a second peak over 40 years. […] Pediatric patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia have an overall five-year survival rate of 80% depending on their risk profile. However, only 30-40% of adults with ALL achieve long-term remission with the treatment regimens.

• #17 Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) statistics | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/health-professional/cancer-statistics/statistics-by-cancer-type/leukaemia-all

  There are around 760 new acute lymphoblastic leukaemia cases in the UK every year, that’s around 2 every day (2017-2019). […] Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia accounted for less than 1% of all new cancer cases in the UK in 2017-2019. […] In females in the UK, acute lymphoblastic leukaemia accounted for around 310 new cancer cases every year (2017-2019). […] In males in the UK, acute lymphoblastic leukaemia accounted for around 450 new cancer cases every year (2017-2019). […] Incidence rates for acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in the UK are highest in people aged 0 to 04 (2017-2019). […] Each year around 5 in 100 (6%) of all new acute lymphoblastic leukaemia cases in the UK are diagnosed in people aged 75 and over (2017-2019). […] Since the early 1990s, acute lymphoblastic leukaemia incidence rates have remained stable in the UK. Rates in females have remained stable, and rates in males have remained stable (2017-2019).

• #18 Pediatric Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/990113-overview

  Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most common malignancy diagnosed in children, representing more than a quarter of all pediatric cancers. […] Annually, around 3000 children in the United States are diagnosed with ALL. The annual incidence of ALL within the United States is 3.7-4.9 cases per 100,000 children 0-14 years of age with a similar estimated worldwide incidence, although it has been questioned whether the incidence may be less in low-income countries. […] White children are more frequently affected than Black children, and there is a slight male preponderance, which is most pronounced for T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. The incidence of acute lymphoblastic leukemia peaks in children aged 2-5 years and subsequently decreases with age. […] Although a few cases are associated with inherited genetic syndromes (eg, Down syndrome) or congenital immunodeficiencies (eg, Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome, ataxia-telangiectasia), the cause remains largely unknown.

• #19 Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/NBK459149/

  Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) accounts for approximately 2 percent of lymphoid neoplasms in the United States and occurs slightly more frequently in males than females and three times as frequently in Caucasians as in African Americans. […] ALL accounts for approximately 2 percent of the lymphoid neoplasms diagnosed in the United States. Acute lymphocytic leukemia occurs slightly more frequently in males than females and three times as frequently in Whites as in Blacks. […] It is diagnosed in about 4000 people in the United States each year, with the majority being under the age of 18. It is the most common malignancy of childhood. The peak age of diagnosis is between two and ten years of age. Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia is more common in children with Trisomy 21 (Down syndrome), neurofibromatosis type 1, Bloom syndrome, and ataxia telangiectasia. […] The incidence of acute lymphocytic leukemia is about 3.3 cases per 100,000 children. Survival rates for ALL have improved dramatically since the 1980s, with a current five-year overall survival rate estimated at greater than 85 percent.

• #20 Overview of the clinical presentation and diagnosis of acute lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma in children – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/overview-of-the-clinical-presentation-and-diagnosis-of-acute-lymphoblastic-leukemia-lymphoma-in-children

  Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL)/lymphoblastic lymphoma (LBL) is the most common childhood malignancy. […] ALL/LBL accounts for approximately one-third of all childhood malignancies and is the most common form of cancer in children; ALL/LBL is five times more common in children than acute myeloid leukemia (AML). […] Approximately 2500 to 3500 new cases of ALL/LBL are diagnosed in children each year in the United States, with an incidence of approximately 3.4 cases per 100,000. […] The incidence of ALL/LBL is higher in Latino and White individuals than in Black and Asian individuals. […] The peak incidence of ALL/LBL occurs between ages two to five years, and it is more common among boys than girls.

• #21 Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/NBK459149/

  Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) accounts for approximately 2 percent of lymphoid neoplasms in the United States and occurs slightly more frequently in males than females and three times as frequently in Caucasians as in African Americans. […] ALL accounts for approximately 2 percent of the lymphoid neoplasms diagnosed in the United States. Acute lymphocytic leukemia occurs slightly more frequently in males than females and three times as frequently in Whites as in Blacks. […] It is diagnosed in about 4000 people in the United States each year, with the majority being under the age of 18. It is the most common malignancy of childhood. The peak age of diagnosis is between two and ten years of age. Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia is more common in children with Trisomy 21 (Down syndrome), neurofibromatosis type 1, Bloom syndrome, and ataxia telangiectasia. […] The incidence of acute lymphocytic leukemia is about 3.3 cases per 100,000 children. Survival rates for ALL have improved dramatically since the 1980s, with a current five-year overall survival rate estimated at greater than 85 percent.

• #22 Rates and Trends of Pediatric Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia — United States, 2001–2014 | MMWR

  https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/66/wr/mm6636a3.htm

  Overall incidence of pediatric ALL during 2001-2014 was 34.0 cases per 1 million persons and among all racial/ethnic groups was highest among Hispanics (42.9 per 1 million). Both overall and among Hispanics, pediatric ALL incidence increased during 2001-2008 and remained stable during 2008-2014. […] Pediatric ALL incidence rates in the 25% of U.S. counties with the highest economic status were higher than rates in the 25% of counties with the lowest economic status and were higher in metropolitan areas with 1 million persons than in nonmetropolitan areas. […] Overall pediatric ALL incidence increased 1.9% per year during 2001-2008, and then remained stable during 2008-2014. Incidence increased among males during 2001-2008 and among children aged 5-9 years and 10-14 years during 2001-2010 and 2001-2014, respectively, as well as in metropolitan areas with populations 1 million during 2001-2008.

• #23 Rates and Trends of Pediatric Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia — United States, 2001–2014 | MMWR

  https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/66/wr/mm6636a3.htm

  Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most common cancer in children and adolescents in the United States. Past studies using 28% population coverage have described increasing incidence of pediatric ALL, especially in Hispanic populations. […] Analysis of data covering 98% of the U.S. population indicated that the incidence of pediatric ALL increased during 2001-2008 overall and for Hispanics, but then was stable during 2008-2014. The cause for the higher rates of ALL in Hispanic populations and the increase during 2001-2008 is unknown. Incidence of pediatric leukemia during 2001-2014 was highest in the West U.S. Census Region, possibly reflecting the high proportion of Hispanics in many of the regions constituent states. […] Increasing incidence of pediatric ALL in certain demographic groups might necessitate changes to cancer control planning, affecting treatment and survivorship care. Continued cancer surveillance will be important in guiding future research, including etiologic studies.

• #24 Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL): Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/207631-overview

  Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most common type of cancer and leukemia in children in the United States. ALL accounts for 76% of pediatric leukemia cases. The American Cancer Society estimates that 6550 cases of ALL (adult and pediatric) will occur in the United States in 2024, resulting in 1330 deaths. The estimated 5-year survival is 72.0%. The favorable survival rate is due to the high cure rate of ALL in children. Prognosis declines with increasing age, and the median age at death is 60 years. […] Worldwide, the highest incidence of ALL occurs in Italy, the United States, Switzerland, and Costa Rica. In Europe overall, B-cell precursor ALL has been increasing by around 1% each year.

• #25 Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL): Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/207631-overview

  Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most common type of cancer and leukemia in children in the United States. ALL accounts for 76% of pediatric leukemia cases. The American Cancer Society estimates that 6550 cases of ALL (adult and pediatric) will occur in the United States in 2024, resulting in 1330 deaths. The estimated 5-year survival is 72.0%. The favorable survival rate is due to the high cure rate of ALL in children. Prognosis declines with increasing age, and the median age at death is 60 years. […] Worldwide, the highest incidence of ALL occurs in Italy, the United States, Switzerland, and Costa Rica. In Europe overall, B-cell precursor ALL has been increasing by around 1% each year.

• #26 Rates and Trends of Pediatric Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia — United States, 2001–2014 | MMWR

  https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/66/wr/mm6636a3.htm

  Overall incidence of pediatric ALL during 2001-2014 was 34.0 cases per 1 million persons and among all racial/ethnic groups was highest among Hispanics (42.9 per 1 million). Both overall and among Hispanics, pediatric ALL incidence increased during 2001-2008 and remained stable during 2008-2014. […] Pediatric ALL incidence rates in the 25% of U.S. counties with the highest economic status were higher than rates in the 25% of counties with the lowest economic status and were higher in metropolitan areas with 1 million persons than in nonmetropolitan areas. […] Overall pediatric ALL incidence increased 1.9% per year during 2001-2008, and then remained stable during 2008-2014. Incidence increased among males during 2001-2008 and among children aged 5-9 years and 10-14 years during 2001-2010 and 2001-2014, respectively, as well as in metropolitan areas with populations 1 million during 2001-2008.

• #27 Rates and Trends of Pediatric Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia — United States, 2001–2014 | MMWR

  https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/66/wr/mm6636a3.htm

  Overall incidence of pediatric ALL during 2001-2014 was 34.0 cases per 1 million persons and among all racial/ethnic groups was highest among Hispanics (42.9 per 1 million). Both overall and among Hispanics, pediatric ALL incidence increased during 2001-2008 and remained stable during 2008-2014. […] Pediatric ALL incidence rates in the 25% of U.S. counties with the highest economic status were higher than rates in the 25% of counties with the lowest economic status and were higher in metropolitan areas with 1 million persons than in nonmetropolitan areas. […] Overall pediatric ALL incidence increased 1.9% per year during 2001-2008, and then remained stable during 2008-2014. Incidence increased among males during 2001-2008 and among children aged 5-9 years and 10-14 years during 2001-2010 and 2001-2014, respectively, as well as in metropolitan areas with populations 1 million during 2001-2008.

• #28 Leukemia incidence trends at the global, regional, and national level between 1990 and 2017 | Experimental Hematology & Oncology | Full Text

  https://ehoonline.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40164-020-00170-6

  Globally, while the number of newly diagnosed leukemia cases increased from 354.5 thousand in 1990 to 518.5 thousand in 2017, the ASIR decreased by 0.43% per year. The number of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) cases worldwide increased from 49.1 thousand in 1990 to 64.2 thousand in 2017, whereas the ASIR experienced a decrease (EAPC=0.08, 95% CI 0.15, 0.02). […] Between 1990 and 2017, there were 55, 29, and 111 countries or territories that experienced a significant increase, remained stable, and experienced a significant decrease in ASIR of ALL, respectively. […] The global number of ALL cases increased from 49.1 thousand in 1990 to 64.2 thousand in 2017, whereas the ASIR experienced a mild decrease during this period (EAPC=0.08, 95% CI 0.15, 0.02; Fig. 1; Table 1). […] Between 1990 and 2017, there were 55, 29, and 111 countries or territories that experienced a significant increase, remained stable, and experienced a significant decrease in ASIR of ALL, respectively.

• #29 Leukemia incidence trends at the global, regional, and national level between 1990 and 2017 | Experimental Hematology & Oncology | Full Text

  https://ehoonline.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40164-020-00170-6

  Globally, while the number of newly diagnosed leukemia cases increased from 354.5 thousand in 1990 to 518.5 thousand in 2017, the ASIR decreased by 0.43% per year. The number of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) cases worldwide increased from 49.1 thousand in 1990 to 64.2 thousand in 2017, whereas the ASIR experienced a decrease (EAPC=0.08, 95% CI 0.15, 0.02). […] Between 1990 and 2017, there were 55, 29, and 111 countries or territories that experienced a significant increase, remained stable, and experienced a significant decrease in ASIR of ALL, respectively. […] The global number of ALL cases increased from 49.1 thousand in 1990 to 64.2 thousand in 2017, whereas the ASIR experienced a mild decrease during this period (EAPC=0.08, 95% CI 0.15, 0.02; Fig. 1; Table 1). […] Between 1990 and 2017, there were 55, 29, and 111 countries or territories that experienced a significant increase, remained stable, and experienced a significant decrease in ASIR of ALL, respectively.

• #30 Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) statistics | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/health-professional/cancer-statistics/statistics-by-cancer-type/leukaemia-all

  There are around 760 new acute lymphoblastic leukaemia cases in the UK every year, that’s around 2 every day (2017-2019). […] Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia accounted for less than 1% of all new cancer cases in the UK in 2017-2019. […] In females in the UK, acute lymphoblastic leukaemia accounted for around 310 new cancer cases every year (2017-2019). […] In males in the UK, acute lymphoblastic leukaemia accounted for around 450 new cancer cases every year (2017-2019). […] Incidence rates for acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in the UK are highest in people aged 0 to 04 (2017-2019). […] Each year around 5 in 100 (6%) of all new acute lymphoblastic leukaemia cases in the UK are diagnosed in people aged 75 and over (2017-2019). […] Since the early 1990s, acute lymphoblastic leukaemia incidence rates have remained stable in the UK. Rates in females have remained stable, and rates in males have remained stable (2017-2019).

• #31 Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/NBK459149/

  Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) accounts for approximately 2 percent of lymphoid neoplasms in the United States and occurs slightly more frequently in males than females and three times as frequently in Caucasians as in African Americans. […] ALL accounts for approximately 2 percent of the lymphoid neoplasms diagnosed in the United States. Acute lymphocytic leukemia occurs slightly more frequently in males than females and three times as frequently in Whites as in Blacks. […] It is diagnosed in about 4000 people in the United States each year, with the majority being under the age of 18. It is the most common malignancy of childhood. The peak age of diagnosis is between two and ten years of age. Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia is more common in children with Trisomy 21 (Down syndrome), neurofibromatosis type 1, Bloom syndrome, and ataxia telangiectasia. […] The incidence of acute lymphocytic leukemia is about 3.3 cases per 100,000 children. Survival rates for ALL have improved dramatically since the 1980s, with a current five-year overall survival rate estimated at greater than 85 percent.

• #32 AML vs. ALL: What’s the Difference?

  https://www.cancercenter.com/community/blog/2024/03/aml-vs-all

  ALL has a much higher survival rate of 71.3 percent, according to figures from the National Cancer Institutes SEER database (Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program). […] SEER data indicate that last year in the United States, there were 20,380 new cases of AML […] The SEER numbers for ALL, also known as acute lymphoblastic leukemia, are lower, with 6,540 new cases and 1,390 deaths estimated in the United States last year. […] AML is most likely to affect adults over the age of 65, while ALL is most common in children under the age of 15 and adults over 50. […] There is more risk for patients with ALL to have involvement of the brain and/or cerebrospinal fluid, which can be difficult to treat, Dr. Popplewell says. Therefore, we are very proactive to give CNS-directed therapy to either treat CNS involvement or to prevent CNS involvement from the beginning.

• #33 AML vs. ALL: What’s the Difference?

  https://www.cancercenter.com/community/blog/2024/03/aml-vs-all

  AML has a much lower five-year survivability rate than ALL. […] ALL’s 71.3 percent relative five-year survival rate drops to 43 percent for people age 20 or older; it rises to 90 percent for those under age 20, according to information from the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO). […] AML’s 31.7 percent relative five-year survival rate drops to 28 percent for those age 20 and older, but it increases to 69 percent for those under 20.

• #34 Acute lymphoblastic leukemia – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acute_lymphoblastic_leukemia

  Acute lymphoblastic leukemia affected about 876,000 people and resulted in 111,000 deaths globally in 2015. It occurs in both children and adults with the highest rates seen between the ages three and seven years. Around 75% of cases occur before the age of 6 with a secondary rise after the age of 40. It is estimated to affect 1 in 1500 children. […] Accounting for the broad age profiles of those affected, ALL newly occurs in about 1.7 per 100,000 people annually. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia represents approximately 20% of adults and 80% of childhood leukemias, making it the most common childhood cancer. […] Although 80 to 90% of children will have a long-term complete response with treatment, it remains the leading cause of cancer-related deaths among children. 85% of cases are of B-cell lineage and have an equal number of cases in both males and females. The remaining 15% of T-cell lineage have a male predominance. […] Globally, ALL typically occurs more often in Caucasians, Hispanics, and Latin Americans than in Africans. In the US, ALL is more common in children from Caucasian (36 cases/million) and Hispanic (41 cases/million) descent when compared to those from African (15 cases/million) descent.

• #35 Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) statistics | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/health-professional/cancer-statistics/statistics-by-cancer-type/leukaemia-all

  In females in the UK, acute lymphoblastic leukaemia accounts for around 100 deaths every year (2017-2019). […] In males in the UK, acute lymphoblastic leukaemia accounts for around 150 deaths every year (2017-2019). […] Mortality rates for acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in the UK are highest in people aged 75 to 79 (2017-2019). […] Each year a fifth of all acute lymphoblastic leukaemia deaths (20%) in the UK are in people aged 75 and over (2017-2019). […] Since the early 1970s, acute lymphoblastic leukaemia mortality rates have decreased by half (50%) in the UK. Rates in females have decreased by almost half (48%), and rates in males have decreased by more than half (52%) (2017-2019). […] Over the last decade, acute lymphoblastic leukaemia mortality rates have remained stable in the UK. Rates in females have remained stable, and rates in males have remained stable (2017-2019).

• #36 Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/NBK459149/

  Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) accounts for approximately 2 percent of lymphoid neoplasms in the United States and occurs slightly more frequently in males than females and three times as frequently in Caucasians as in African Americans. […] ALL accounts for approximately 2 percent of the lymphoid neoplasms diagnosed in the United States. Acute lymphocytic leukemia occurs slightly more frequently in males than females and three times as frequently in Whites as in Blacks. […] It is diagnosed in about 4000 people in the United States each year, with the majority being under the age of 18. It is the most common malignancy of childhood. The peak age of diagnosis is between two and ten years of age. Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia is more common in children with Trisomy 21 (Down syndrome), neurofibromatosis type 1, Bloom syndrome, and ataxia telangiectasia. […] The incidence of acute lymphocytic leukemia is about 3.3 cases per 100,000 children. Survival rates for ALL have improved dramatically since the 1980s, with a current five-year overall survival rate estimated at greater than 85 percent.

• #37 Epidemiology of Acute Leukemia among Children with Down Syndrome in Korea

  https://www.e-crt.org/DOIx.php?id=10.4143/crt.2021.368

  Children with Down syndrome (DS) show a higher risk of acute leukemia than those without DS. […] Our findings support the fact that the incidence of acute leukemia is higher among patients with DS than among those without DS in Korea. […] The risk of acute leukemia for patients with DS has been reported to be 10 to 20 times higher than that for patients without DS. […] The median incidence rate of leukemia with DS by year was 1.3% (range, 0.2% to 2.0%). […] Among all the Koreans born between 2007 and 2008, the incidences of acute leukemia, ALL, and AML were 49.25, 20.75, and 163.38 times higher, respectively, in the DS group than in the non-DS group. […] The 5-year overall survival was comparable between the DS and non-DS groups (88.0% vs. 81.9%, p=0.375). […] The incidence of acute leukemia was higher in the DS group than in the general population, a finding that is in accordance with those of previous studies.

• #38 Epidemiology of Acute Leukemia among Children with Down Syndrome in Korea

  https://www.e-crt.org/DOIx.php?id=10.4143/crt.2021.368

  Children with Down syndrome (DS) show a higher risk of acute leukemia than those without DS. […] Our findings support the fact that the incidence of acute leukemia is higher among patients with DS than among those without DS in Korea. […] The risk of acute leukemia for patients with DS has been reported to be 10 to 20 times higher than that for patients without DS. […] The median incidence rate of leukemia with DS by year was 1.3% (range, 0.2% to 2.0%). […] Among all the Koreans born between 2007 and 2008, the incidences of acute leukemia, ALL, and AML were 49.25, 20.75, and 163.38 times higher, respectively, in the DS group than in the non-DS group. […] The 5-year overall survival was comparable between the DS and non-DS groups (88.0% vs. 81.9%, p=0.375). […] The incidence of acute leukemia was higher in the DS group than in the general population, a finding that is in accordance with those of previous studies.

• #39 Epidemiology of Acute Leukemia among Children with Down Syndrome in Korea

  https://www.e-crt.org/DOIx.php?id=10.4143/crt.2021.368

  The exact mechanism by which trisomy 21 increases the incidence of leukemia has not been fully elucidated; however, this may be related to the gene dosage effect of the extra copy of chromosome 21. […] In conclusion, we demonstrated that the incidence of acute leukemia among patients with DS is higher than that among those without DS.

• #40 Acute lymphoblastic leukemia: an overview of etiology, epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment

  https://lymphoblastic-hub.com/medical-information/acute-lymphoblastic-leukemia-an-overview-of-etiology-epidemiology-pathophysiology-diagnosis-and-treatment/

  Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is a malignant neoplasm clinically characterized by uncontrolled proliferation of abnormal, immature lymphoid cells resulting in clonal accumulation in the bone marrow, blood, and extramedullary sites. […] Despite occurring in both children and adults, it is more frequent in children, with a peak incidence in those aged 14 years and the lowest incidence in those aged 25-45 years. […] The two main types of ALL are B-cell ALL (B-ALL) and T-cell ALL. […] Environmental risk factors include exposure to benzene, ionising radiation, or previous exposure to chemotherapy or radiotherapy. […] Pesticide exposure and certain solvents or infections, such as Epstein-Barr virus and human immunodeficiencies. […] ALL, acute lymphoblastic leukemia. […] Data from Malard, et al.; Terwilliger, et al.; Hu, et al.; American Cancer Society.

• #41 Acute lymphocytic leukemia – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/acute-lymphocytic-leukemia/symptoms-causes/syc-20369077

  Acute lymphocytic leukemia is the most common type of cancer in children, and treatments result in a good chance for a cure. Acute lymphocytic leukemia can also occur in adults, though the chance of a cure is greatly reduced. […] Factors that may increase the risk of acute lymphocytic leukemia include: […] Previous cancer treatment. Children and adults who’ve had certain types of chemotherapy and radiation therapy for other kinds of cancer may have an increased risk of developing acute lymphocytic leukemia. […] Exposure to radiation. People exposed to very high levels of radiation, such as survivors of a nuclear reactor accident, have an increased risk of developing acute lymphocytic leukemia. […] Genetic disorders. Certain genetic disorders, such as Down syndrome, are associated with an increased risk of acute lymphocytic leukemia.

• #42 Acute lymphoblastic leukemia: an overview of etiology, epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment

  https://lymphoblastic-hub.com/medical-information/acute-lymphoblastic-leukemia-an-overview-of-etiology-epidemiology-pathophysiology-diagnosis-and-treatment

  Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is a malignant neoplasm clinically characterized by uncontrolled proliferation of abnormal, immature lymphoid cells resulting in clonal accumulation in the bone marrow, blood, and extramedullary sites. […] Despite occurring in both children and adults, it is more frequent in children, with a peak incidence in those aged 14 years and the lowest incidence in those aged 25-45 years. […] The two main types of ALL are B-cell ALL (B-ALL) and T-cell ALL. […] Environmental risk factors include exposure to benzene, ionising radiation, or previous exposure to chemotherapy or radiotherapy. […] Pesticide exposure and certain solvents or infections, such as Epstein-Barr virus and human immunodeficiencies. […] Data from Malard, et al.; Terwilliger, et al.; Hu, et al.; American Cancer Society.

• #43 Pediatric Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/990113-overview

  Environmental risk factors such as exposure to ionizing radiation and electromagnetic fields and parental use of alcohol and tobacco have not been shown to cause pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia. In addition, no direct link has been established between viral exposure and the development of childhood leukemia.

• #44 Rates and Trends of Pediatric Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia — United States, 2001–2014 | MMWR

  https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/66/wr/mm6636a3.htm

  Overall incidence of pediatric ALL during 2001-2014 was 34.0 cases per 1 million persons and among all racial/ethnic groups was highest among Hispanics (42.9 per 1 million). Both overall and among Hispanics, pediatric ALL incidence increased during 2001-2008 and remained stable during 2008-2014. […] Pediatric ALL incidence rates in the 25% of U.S. counties with the highest economic status were higher than rates in the 25% of counties with the lowest economic status and were higher in metropolitan areas with 1 million persons than in nonmetropolitan areas. […] Overall pediatric ALL incidence increased 1.9% per year during 2001-2008, and then remained stable during 2008-2014. Incidence increased among males during 2001-2008 and among children aged 5-9 years and 10-14 years during 2001-2010 and 2001-2014, respectively, as well as in metropolitan areas with populations 1 million during 2001-2008.

• #45 Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) incidence statistics | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/health-professional/cancer-statistics/statistics-by-cancer-type/leukaemia-all/incidence

  Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia incidence rates (European age-standardised (AS) rates) in England in females are similar in the most deprived quintile compared with the least, and in males are similar in the most deprived quintile compared with the least (2013-2017). […] An estimated 8,200 people who had been diagnosed with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) between 1991 and 2010 were alive in the UK at the end of 2010.

• #46 Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) statistics | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/health-professional/cancer-statistics/statistics-by-cancer-type/leukaemia-all

  Over the last decade, acute lymphoblastic leukaemia incidence rates have remained stable in the UK. Rates in females have remained stable, and rates in males have remained stable (2017-2019). […] Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia incidence rates in England in females are similar in the most deprived quintile compared with the least, and in males are similar in the most deprived quintile compared with the least (2013-2017). […] Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia incidence rates for persons are higher in the Asian ethnic group, compared with the White ethnic group, in England (2013-2017). […] There are around 250 acute lymphoblastic leukaemia deaths in the UK every year, that’s around 5 every week (2017-2019). […] Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia accounts for less than 1% of all cancer deaths in the UK (2017-2019).

• #47 Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia — Cancer Stat Facts

  https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/alyl.html

  Estimated New Cases in 2025 6,100. […] Estimated Deaths in 2025 1,400. […] Acute lymphocytic leukemia represents 0.3% of all new cancer cases in the U.S. […] In 2025, it is estimated that there will be 6,100 new cases of acute lymphocytic leukemia and an estimated 1,400 people will die of this disease. […] The rate of new cases of acute lymphocytic leukemia was 1.9 per 100,000 men and women per year based on 20182022 cases, age-adjusted. […] The death rate was 0.4 per 100,000 men and women per year based on 20192023 deaths, age-adjusted. […] The percent of acute lymphocytic leukemia deaths is highest among people aged 6574. […] Keeping track of new cases, deaths, and survival over time (trends) can help scientists understand whether progress is being made and where additional research is needed to address challenges, such as improving screening or finding better treatments. […] Using statistical models for analysis, age-adjusted rates for new acute lymphocytic leukemia cases have not changed significantly over 20132022. Age-adjusted death rates have been falling on average 1.0% each year over 20142023.

• #48 Clinical Epidemiology of Leukemia in The Western Region of Saudi Arabia: A Retrospective Study (2015-2021)

  https://acquaintpublications.com/article/clinical_epidemiology_of_leukemia_in_the_western_region_of_saudi_arabia_a_retrospective_study_2015_2021

  The frequency of leukemia has been steadily rising in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia during the last several years. […] The Saudi Cancer Registry declared in 2017 that leukemia came in fifth place among other types of cancer in the Saudi population, with increasing incidence among people of different ages, sexes, and regions. […] Because of advancements in diagnostic and therapeutic techniques over the last several decades, the survival rate for the majority of leukemia types has risen. […] The majority of childhood leukemia are considered cured after five years of remission since they are unlikely to recur after that time. […] The current study aims to investigate leukemia trends and define the most common patterns of leukemia within the Saudi population of various ages and genders in a single center, Princess Norah Oncology Center at Western Region, using medical records from the BEST Care system from 2015 to 2021.

• #49 Rates and Trends of Pediatric Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia — United States, 2001–2014 | MMWR

  https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/66/wr/mm6636a3.htm

  Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most common cancer in children and adolescents in the United States. Past studies using 28% population coverage have described increasing incidence of pediatric ALL, especially in Hispanic populations. […] Analysis of data covering 98% of the U.S. population indicated that the incidence of pediatric ALL increased during 2001-2008 overall and for Hispanics, but then was stable during 2008-2014. The cause for the higher rates of ALL in Hispanic populations and the increase during 2001-2008 is unknown. Incidence of pediatric leukemia during 2001-2014 was highest in the West U.S. Census Region, possibly reflecting the high proportion of Hispanics in many of the regions constituent states. […] Increasing incidence of pediatric ALL in certain demographic groups might necessitate changes to cancer control planning, affecting treatment and survivorship care. Continued cancer surveillance will be important in guiding future research, including etiologic studies.

• #50 Rates and Trends of Pediatric Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia — United States, 2001–2014 | MMWR

  https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/66/wr/mm6636a3.htm

  This report documents higher rates of ALL in persons aged 20 years living in counties in metropolitan areas with 1 million population and in counties in the top 25th income percentile. […] These recent state-based demographic cancer data can help local and national cancer control programs assess needs, allocate resources, and guide policy and public health strategies that can reduce cancer risk and improve the care of children and adolescents with ALL.

• #51 Acute lymphoid and myeloid leukemia in a Brazilian Amazon population: Epidemiology and predictors of comorbidity and deaths | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0221518

  Amazonas has the greatest territorial extension of all the federal units and its capital, Manaus, was identified in 2010 as the capital with the second highest age adjusted incidence rate (under 14) of leukemia in children and adolescents. In 2011, it had the highest rate of incidence in the country, with 76.8 leukemia cases per million inhabitants, which further increased in 2016 to 87.1. However, there is only one center for diagnosis and treatment of leukemia in the State (Fundao Hospitalar de Hematologia e Hemoterapia do Amazonas [HEMOAM]); and this center faces challenges in its hematological vigilance of the region due to the vast size of the territory and since most inter-municipal access is via waterways. […] Our study describes the data of patients with acute leukemia in Amazonas, a remote region in the north of Brazil. In addition, it highlights the importance of hemovigilance in an Amazon region state, while focusing on peripheral areas which don’t have prevention, diagnosis and treatment tools for this disease.

• #52 Acute lymphoblastic leukemia: an overview of etiology, epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment

  https://lymphoblastic-hub.com/medical-information/acute-lymphoblastic-leukemia-an-overview-of-etiology-epidemiology-pathophysiology-diagnosis-and-treatment/

  Identification of prognostic factors and accurate risk stratification is important for treatment planning. […] Some favorable and adverse risk factors for ALL are summarized below. […] Although disease-risk stratification and intensive chemotherapy regimens have significantly improved survival rates, there is a lack of treatments in some low- and middle-income countries, leading to disparities in survival rates. […] Guidance on treatment may vary between countries.

• #53 Rates and trends of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia: an epidemiology study | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-63528-0

  In this study, we have discussed multiple features and risk factors of ALL and compared characteristics of ALL children in Syria in the Middle East with multiple studies from the Middle East and multiple regions across the globe. The results suggest high T-ALL, L2, and high risk prevalence which could reflect underlying factors and poor survival rates, especially that treatment protocols may have a higher mortality in developing countries when not adjusted to local variables. The different findings also enforce the importance of local studies in developing countries as they might have considerably different factors than the developed countries.

• #54 Rates and trends of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia: an epidemiology study | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-63528-0

  Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) is the most common childhood cancer and has a high survival rate when properly managed. Prognosis is correlated with many factors such as age, gender, white blood cell (WBC) count, CD10, French-American-British (FAB) classification, and many others. This study aims to demonstrate clinical and laboratory features of childhood ALL in Syria. Data of 203 patients who aged 0-14 years were obtained for this study. Most patients (48.8%) aged (5-9) years with a male predominance (60.9%). Many prognostic factors were significantly different from medical literature which emphasises the importance of local studies in developing countries. This study included a high prevalence of T-ALL, L2 FAB classification, high-risk and other variables which require further studies to evaluate the aetiology of these features, especially that treatment protocols may have a higher mortality in developing countries when not adjusted to local variables.

• #55 Rates and trends of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia: an epidemiology study | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-63528-0

  In this study, we have discussed multiple features and risk factors of ALL and compared characteristics of ALL children in Syria in the Middle East with multiple studies from the Middle East and multiple regions across the globe. The results suggest high T-ALL, L2, and high risk prevalence which could reflect underlying factors and poor survival rates, especially that treatment protocols may have a higher mortality in developing countries when not adjusted to local variables. The different findings also enforce the importance of local studies in developing countries as they might have considerably different factors than the developed countries.

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