Materiały źródłowe

• #1 AML Causes Landing Page | American Cancer Society | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/acute-myeloid-leukemia/causes-risks-prevention.html

  There is no way to completely prevent cancer. But there are things you can do that might lower your risk. […] Can Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) Be Prevented?

• #2 Leukemia Awareness and Prevention | Leukemia | UT Southwestern Medical Center

  https://utswmed.org/conditions-treatments/leukemia/leukemia-awareness-and-prevention/

  There is no known way to prevent leukemia, but avoiding tobacco and exposure to pesticides and industrial chemicals might help.

• #3 Can Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) Be Prevented? | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/acute-myeloid-leukemia/causes-risks-prevention/prevention.html

  Its not clear what causes most cases of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Many people with AML dont have risk factors that can be changed. […] Avoid smoking […] Avoid exposure to cancer-causing chemicals […] Smoking is by far the biggest controllable risk factor for AML, and quitting offers the best chance to reduce a persons risk of AML. […] Avoiding known cancer-causing chemicals, such as benzene and formaldehyde, might lower the risk of getting AML.

• #4 Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML): Symptoms, Treatment & Prognosis

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/6212-acute-myeloid-leukemia-aml

  Can AML be prevented? No, you cant prevent acute myeloid leukemia. Experts know that genetic mutations cause acute myeloid leukemia but they dont know what triggers them. They do know about risk factors that may cause AML. Risk factors you can modify include: […] Smoking, including exposure to second-hand smoke. If you smoke, try to quit. If you live or work around someone who smokes, try to limit how much time you spend with them when theyre smoking. […] Long-term exposure to certain carcinogenic chemicals, particularly benzene and formaldehyde. If you work around these carcinogens, be sure you follow all safety precautions, such as wearing protective clothing.

• #5 Tertiary Prevention and Treatment for Reducing Leukemia Relapse

  https://www.scientificarchives.com/article/tertiary-prevention-and-treatment-for-reducing-leukemia-relapse

  We have found little available information in the medical literature on the prevention and treatment of tertiary leukemia or patients’ prognosis. […] From the perspective of prevention, there are four levels of disease onset and progression: primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary. Primary prevention aims to prevent the initiation of illness or injury; examples include immunization to prevent infections associated with the development of leukemia and avoiding exposure to known risk factors, such as certain chemicals or ionizing radiation. […] Tertiary prevention focuses on reducing the effects of the disease once it has been established, rehabilitation after significant illness, and prevention of comorbidity. […] Tertiary prevention of leukemia includes the use of chemotherapy and other treatments aiming for its control or remission, as well as supportive care measures to minimize the side effects of treatment and improve the patients overall well-being.

• #6 Leukemia Prevention | Can Leukemia be Prevented | Risk Factors of Leukemia

  https://www.patientsengage.com/conditions/leukemia/prevention?page=2

  Preventing Leukemia Since the causes of leukemia are not known, it is difficult to define clear preventive measures. The best you can do is reduce impact of risk factors of Leukemia. Some types of leukemias can be prevented by avoiding high doses of radiation, smoking, tobacco use, chemical substances like benzene and certain chemotherapeutic agents used for other cancers. […] Preventing Leukemia Since the causes of leukemia are not known, it is difficult to define clear preventive measures. The best you can do is reduce impact of risk factors of Leukemia. Some types of leukemias can be prevented by avoiding high doses of radiation, smoking, tobacco use, chemical substances like benzene and certain chemotherapeutic agents used for other cancers.

• #7 Can Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) Be Prevented? | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/acute-myeloid-leukemia/causes-risks-prevention/prevention.html

  Its not clear what causes most cases of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Many people with AML dont have risk factors that can be changed. […] Avoid smoking […] Avoid exposure to cancer-causing chemicals […] Smoking is by far the biggest controllable risk factor for AML, and quitting offers the best chance to reduce a persons risk of AML. […] Avoiding known cancer-causing chemicals, such as benzene and formaldehyde, might lower the risk of getting AML.

• #8 Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML): Symptoms, Treatment & Prognosis

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/6212-acute-myeloid-leukemia-aml

  Can AML be prevented? No, you cant prevent acute myeloid leukemia. Experts know that genetic mutations cause acute myeloid leukemia but they dont know what triggers them. They do know about risk factors that may cause AML. Risk factors you can modify include: […] Smoking, including exposure to second-hand smoke. If you smoke, try to quit. If you live or work around someone who smokes, try to limit how much time you spend with them when theyre smoking. […] Long-term exposure to certain carcinogenic chemicals, particularly benzene and formaldehyde. If you work around these carcinogens, be sure you follow all safety precautions, such as wearing protective clothing.

• #9 Leukemia Prevention: Tips, Facts, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/leukemia/leukemia-prevention

  Unfortunately, without a cause or causes that can be pinpointed, there are no clear ways to prevent leukemia. This is true for both children and adults. […] But there are steps you can take to reduce your risk. Reducing your risk doesnt mean thats impossible for you to get leukemia, but it does make it less likely. […] Until more research is done that finds specific ways to prevent leukemia, the best method is to reduce the risk factors you can control. […] There are a few lifestyle changes you can make to reduce your risk of leukemia. These steps can also reduce your risk of other types of cancer. They include: […] Smoking increases your risk of multiple types of cancer, including leukemia. Never smoking or quitting smoking will lower your risk of leukemia. […] Having obesity is another risk for leukemia that you can control. Taking steps to keep a moderate weight can reduce your risk of leukemia.

• #10 Explore Acute myeloid leukaemia Prevention Risk factors and Prevention Measures at HCG Oncology

  https://www.hcgoncology.com/types-of-cancers/acute-myeloid-leukaemia-prevention/

  Several factors increase the risk of acute myeloid leukemia. […] Acute myeloid leukemia prevention measures include quitting smoking and avoiding exposure to harmful chemicals. […] Avoiding smoking is one of the most important acute myeloid leukemia prevention measures. Quitting smoking significantly lowers the risk of various types of cancer, including AML, as it avoids exposure to harmful chemicals present in cigarette smoke. […] Avoiding prolonged exposure to these chemicals is another important acute myeloid leukemia prevention measure. […] Acute myeloid leukemia prevention measures include quitting smoking and avoiding exposure to harmful chemicals, especially at the occupation site. […] However, certain steps, such as quitting smoking and avoiding exposure to carcinogens, lower the AML risk.

• #11 Prevention & Risk Factors | Saint Francis Health System

  https://www.saintfrancis.com/services/cancer-care/conditions-treatments/leukemia/prevention-risk-factors

  There is no proven way to prevent most types of leukemia. And, to date there are no standardized screening tests that have been shown to improve leukemia outcomes. However, the oncology specialists at the Saint Francis Cancer Center continually work to develop screening tests for those at risk. […] Nonetheless, studies indicate some types of leukemia may be prevented by avoiding high doses of radiation, exposure to the chemical benzene, smoking and other tobacco use, or certain types of chemotherapy used to treat other types of cancer. […] Smoking tobacco may be a risk factor for acute myeloid leukemia (AML).

• #12 Can Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) Be Prevented? | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/acute-myeloid-leukemia/causes-risks-prevention/prevention.html

  Its not clear what causes most cases of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Many people with AML dont have risk factors that can be changed. […] Avoid smoking […] Avoid exposure to cancer-causing chemicals […] Smoking is by far the biggest controllable risk factor for AML, and quitting offers the best chance to reduce a persons risk of AML. […] Avoiding known cancer-causing chemicals, such as benzene and formaldehyde, might lower the risk of getting AML.

• #13 Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML): Symptoms, Treatment & Prognosis

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/6212-acute-myeloid-leukemia-aml

  Can AML be prevented? No, you cant prevent acute myeloid leukemia. Experts know that genetic mutations cause acute myeloid leukemia but they dont know what triggers them. They do know about risk factors that may cause AML. Risk factors you can modify include: […] Smoking, including exposure to second-hand smoke. If you smoke, try to quit. If you live or work around someone who smokes, try to limit how much time you spend with them when theyre smoking. […] Long-term exposure to certain carcinogenic chemicals, particularly benzene and formaldehyde. If you work around these carcinogens, be sure you follow all safety precautions, such as wearing protective clothing.

• #14 What Causes Leukemia, Risk Factors and Prevention

  https://www.cancercenter.com/cancer-types/leukemia/risk-factors

  Is leukemia preventable? There is no confirmed way to prevent leukemia. Still, it may be possible to help reduce the risk for this type of cancer by making certain lifestyle changes and following healthy habits, including: […] Don’t smoke. Current smokers should seek help to quit. There are lots of free cessation programs available online or in the local community. Keep trying and find what works. […] Keep a healthy body weight. Lose weight if needed. Ask a doctor for advice on how to start a healthy weight loss program. […] Avoid or lower exposure to chemicals that may raise the risk for leukemia, such as benzene and formaldehyde. […] Lower any exposure to pesticides. […] Stay physically active and follow a healthy diet. Both these lifestyle elements have been proven to reduce cancer risk in general.

• #15 Acute Myeloid Leukemia Screening/Prevention

  https://www.texasoncology.com/types-of-cancer/leukemia/acute-myeloid-leukemia/acute-myeloid-leukemia-screeningprevention

  Cancer is largely a preventable illness. Two-thirds of cancer deaths in the U.S. can be linked to tobacco use, poor diet, obesity, and lack of exercise. All of these factors can be modified. Nevertheless, an awareness of the opportunity to prevent cancer through changes in lifestyle is still under-appreciated. […] The majority of cases of AML cannot be prevented since we do not know the cause. The few cases associated with benzene exposure are preventable with better workplace conditions. The exact number of cases of AML that could be prevented by avoiding exposure to automobiles is unknown, but this is impractical for the majority of people. […] Diet is a fertile area for immediate individual and societal intervention to decrease the risk of developing certain cancers. […] There is convincing evidence that excess body fat substantially increases the risk for many types of cancer.

• #16 Acute Myeloid Leukemia Screening/Prevention

  https://www.texasoncology.com/types-of-cancer/leukemia/acute-myeloid-leukemia/acute-myeloid-leukemia-screeningprevention

  Cancer is largely a preventable illness. Two-thirds of cancer deaths in the U.S. can be linked to tobacco use, poor diet, obesity, and lack of exercise. All of these factors can be modified. Nevertheless, an awareness of the opportunity to prevent cancer through changes in lifestyle is still under-appreciated. […] The majority of cases of AML cannot be prevented since we do not know the cause. The few cases associated with benzene exposure are preventable with better workplace conditions. The exact number of cases of AML that could be prevented by avoiding exposure to automobiles is unknown, but this is impractical for the majority of people. […] Diet is a fertile area for immediate individual and societal intervention to decrease the risk of developing certain cancers. […] There is convincing evidence that excess body fat substantially increases the risk for many types of cancer.

• #17 What Causes Leukemia, Risk Factors and Prevention

  https://www.cancercenter.com/cancer-types/leukemia/risk-factors

  Is leukemia preventable? There is no confirmed way to prevent leukemia. Still, it may be possible to help reduce the risk for this type of cancer by making certain lifestyle changes and following healthy habits, including: […] Don’t smoke. Current smokers should seek help to quit. There are lots of free cessation programs available online or in the local community. Keep trying and find what works. […] Keep a healthy body weight. Lose weight if needed. Ask a doctor for advice on how to start a healthy weight loss program. […] Avoid or lower exposure to chemicals that may raise the risk for leukemia, such as benzene and formaldehyde. […] Lower any exposure to pesticides. […] Stay physically active and follow a healthy diet. Both these lifestyle elements have been proven to reduce cancer risk in general.

• #18 Leukemia Prevention: Tips, Facts, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/leukemia/leukemia-prevention

  Unfortunately, without a cause or causes that can be pinpointed, there are no clear ways to prevent leukemia. This is true for both children and adults. […] But there are steps you can take to reduce your risk. Reducing your risk doesnt mean thats impossible for you to get leukemia, but it does make it less likely. […] Until more research is done that finds specific ways to prevent leukemia, the best method is to reduce the risk factors you can control. […] There are a few lifestyle changes you can make to reduce your risk of leukemia. These steps can also reduce your risk of other types of cancer. They include: […] Smoking increases your risk of multiple types of cancer, including leukemia. Never smoking or quitting smoking will lower your risk of leukemia. […] Having obesity is another risk for leukemia that you can control. Taking steps to keep a moderate weight can reduce your risk of leukemia.

• #19 Acute Myeloid Leukemia Screening/Prevention

  https://www.texasoncology.com/types-of-cancer/leukemia/acute-myeloid-leukemia/acute-myeloid-leukemia-screeningprevention

  Cancer is largely a preventable illness. Two-thirds of cancer deaths in the U.S. can be linked to tobacco use, poor diet, obesity, and lack of exercise. All of these factors can be modified. Nevertheless, an awareness of the opportunity to prevent cancer through changes in lifestyle is still under-appreciated. […] The majority of cases of AML cannot be prevented since we do not know the cause. The few cases associated with benzene exposure are preventable with better workplace conditions. The exact number of cases of AML that could be prevented by avoiding exposure to automobiles is unknown, but this is impractical for the majority of people. […] Diet is a fertile area for immediate individual and societal intervention to decrease the risk of developing certain cancers. […] There is convincing evidence that excess body fat substantially increases the risk for many types of cancer.

• #20 Acute Myeloid Leukemia Screening/Prevention – Virginia Cancer Institute

  https://www.vacancer.com/cancer/leukemia/acute-myeloid-leukemia/acute-myeloid-leukemia-screening-prevention/

  Information about the prevention of cancer and the science of screening appropriate individuals at high-risk of developing cancer is gaining interest. […] The majority of cases of AML cannot be prevented since we do not know the cause. The few cases associated with benzene exposure are preventable with better workplace conditions. […] Cancer is largely a preventable illness. Two-thirds of cancer deaths in the U.S. can be linked to tobacco use, poor diet, obesity, and lack of exercise. All of these factors can be modified. […] Diet is a fertile area for immediate individual and societal intervention to decrease the risk of developing certain cancers. […] High fruit and vegetable consumption has been associated with a reduced risk for developing at least 10 different cancers. […] Higher levels of physical activity may reduce the incidence of some cancers. […] Workers in the chemical or petroleum industry need regular screening. Screening consists of a routine blood count, which is part of an annual physical examination.

• #21 Acute Myeloid Leukemia Screening/Prevention

  https://www.texasoncology.com/types-of-cancer/leukemia/acute-myeloid-leukemia/acute-myeloid-leukemia-screeningprevention

  Cancer is largely a preventable illness. Two-thirds of cancer deaths in the U.S. can be linked to tobacco use, poor diet, obesity, and lack of exercise. All of these factors can be modified. Nevertheless, an awareness of the opportunity to prevent cancer through changes in lifestyle is still under-appreciated. […] The majority of cases of AML cannot be prevented since we do not know the cause. The few cases associated with benzene exposure are preventable with better workplace conditions. The exact number of cases of AML that could be prevented by avoiding exposure to automobiles is unknown, but this is impractical for the majority of people. […] Diet is a fertile area for immediate individual and societal intervention to decrease the risk of developing certain cancers. […] There is convincing evidence that excess body fat substantially increases the risk for many types of cancer.

• #22 What Causes Leukemia, Risk Factors and Prevention

  https://www.cancercenter.com/cancer-types/leukemia/risk-factors

  Is leukemia preventable? There is no confirmed way to prevent leukemia. Still, it may be possible to help reduce the risk for this type of cancer by making certain lifestyle changes and following healthy habits, including: […] Don’t smoke. Current smokers should seek help to quit. There are lots of free cessation programs available online or in the local community. Keep trying and find what works. […] Keep a healthy body weight. Lose weight if needed. Ask a doctor for advice on how to start a healthy weight loss program. […] Avoid or lower exposure to chemicals that may raise the risk for leukemia, such as benzene and formaldehyde. […] Lower any exposure to pesticides. […] Stay physically active and follow a healthy diet. Both these lifestyle elements have been proven to reduce cancer risk in general.

• #23 Pediatric Acute Myelocytic Leukemia Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Chemotherapy, Postinduction Therapy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/987228-treatment

  Deterrence/Prevention of Acute Myelocytic Leukemia […] The association of acute myelocytic leukemia with radiation, toxins, and drugs has been well documented. Reduced exposure to ionizing radiation should be an important maxim for every physician who orders diagnostic testing for patients, particularly pregnant women. […] Until more evidence is available, general avoidance of chemicals and toxins should be a priority. […] No dietary changes are known to affect a person’s risk of developing acute myelocytic leukemia. […] Prophylaxis […] Prophylactic antibiotics have helped to decrease the incidence of a number of infections. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole dramatically reduced the incidence of Pneumocystis (carinii) jiroveci pneumonia. In some centers, prophylactic penicillin has decreased the incidence serious systemic streptococcal sepsis in patients with severe mucositis. Acyclovir has been useful in preventing herpes simplex infections, particularly in patients who have undergone bone marrow transplantation. […] Reports have suggested that prophylactic levofloxacin decreases the incidence of sepsis and other life-threatening infections. […] Many centers routinely administer fluconazole or nystatin prophylaxis to reduce the risk of fungal infections. Because of the significant incidence of life-threatening Enterococcal infections in this patient population, prophylaxis with penicillin or cephalosporins have also been advised. […] Patients who develop GVHD that requires significant immunosuppressive therapy require more intense and more broadened infection prophylaxis.

• #24 AML vs. CML: Leukemia differences

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/aml-vs-cml

  Leukemia prevention involves changing any controllable risk factors. […] For AML, this means avoiding tobacco use. Smoking cessation also lowers a persons risk of developing other cancers and diseases, such as cardiovascular disease. […] Radiation and chemotherapy treatments for previous cancers may cause AML. However, the importance of treating those cancers outweighs the small risk of developing leukemia in the future. […] Avoiding occupational and environmental exposure to chemicals like benzene may also reduce the chance of AML. […] The only known way to prevent CML is to avoid exposure to high doses of radiation, but this is at levels that most people do not typically encounter.

• #25 AML vs. CML: Leukemia differences

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/aml-vs-cml

  Leukemia prevention involves changing any controllable risk factors. […] For AML, this means avoiding tobacco use. Smoking cessation also lowers a persons risk of developing other cancers and diseases, such as cardiovascular disease. […] Radiation and chemotherapy treatments for previous cancers may cause AML. However, the importance of treating those cancers outweighs the small risk of developing leukemia in the future. […] Avoiding occupational and environmental exposure to chemicals like benzene may also reduce the chance of AML. […] The only known way to prevent CML is to avoid exposure to high doses of radiation, but this is at levels that most people do not typically encounter.

• #26 Could acute myeloid leukemia be prevented? – Boston Children’s Answers

  https://answers.childrenshospital.org/preventing-acute-myeloid-leukemia/

  Acute myeloid leukemia (AML), a blood cancer affecting both adults and children, requires more than one genetic “hit” to develop. […] In new research, Armstrong and his colleagues suggest that interfering with this second hit, using a compound that is in preclinical studies and appears so far to be safe, could prevent AML before it gets started. […] The idea is that you would screen people and follow those who have clonal hematopoiesis, and treat people who develop the second mutation. […] When they introduced the second hit, a mutation in the gene NPM1, the mice went on to develop leukemia. But if these mice were treated early with a compound called VTP-50469, the premalignant blood cells stopped multiplying and leukemia never developed. […] This is one of first times we’ve had a molecule that’s effective and can act selectively on preleukemic cells rather than normal cells.

• #27 Could acute myeloid leukemia be prevented? – Boston Children’s Answers

  https://answers.childrenshospital.org/preventing-acute-myeloid-leukemia/

  Acute myeloid leukemia (AML), a blood cancer affecting both adults and children, requires more than one genetic “hit” to develop. […] In new research, Armstrong and his colleagues suggest that interfering with this second hit, using a compound that is in preclinical studies and appears so far to be safe, could prevent AML before it gets started. […] The idea is that you would screen people and follow those who have clonal hematopoiesis, and treat people who develop the second mutation. […] When they introduced the second hit, a mutation in the gene NPM1, the mice went on to develop leukemia. But if these mice were treated early with a compound called VTP-50469, the premalignant blood cells stopped multiplying and leukemia never developed. […] This is one of first times we’ve had a molecule that’s effective and can act selectively on preleukemic cells rather than normal cells.

• #28 Could acute myeloid leukemia be prevented? – Boston Children’s Answers

  https://answers.childrenshospital.org/preventing-acute-myeloid-leukemia/

  Acute myeloid leukemia (AML), a blood cancer affecting both adults and children, requires more than one genetic “hit” to develop. […] In new research, Armstrong and his colleagues suggest that interfering with this second hit, using a compound that is in preclinical studies and appears so far to be safe, could prevent AML before it gets started. […] The idea is that you would screen people and follow those who have clonal hematopoiesis, and treat people who develop the second mutation. […] When they introduced the second hit, a mutation in the gene NPM1, the mice went on to develop leukemia. But if these mice were treated early with a compound called VTP-50469, the premalignant blood cells stopped multiplying and leukemia never developed. […] This is one of first times we’ve had a molecule that’s effective and can act selectively on preleukemic cells rather than normal cells.

• #29 Could acute myeloid leukemia be prevented? – Boston Children’s Answers

  https://answers.childrenshospital.org/preventing-acute-myeloid-leukemia/

  While screening everyone over a certain age for clonal hematopoiesis may not be practical yet, one could imagine screening people who are thought to be at heightened risk for AML, such as those who have had chemotherapy before, or in whom problems in the blood system are suspected. […] You need to know which mutations are important, and the order of the mutations, and you need to have a drug that’s relatively nontoxic, since you’re talking about a patient that, at that time, isn’t sick. […] If you have a molecule that targets one of the early mutations, that’s really the holy grail: being able to intervene early in the cancer development process.

• #30 Updates in infection risk and management in acute leukemia

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7727589/

  Patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) have qualitative and quantitative deficits in granulocytes predisposing to bacterial and fungal infections. […] Antimicrobial prophylaxis is used to reduce the risk of life-threatening bacterial and fungal infections, particularly in patients with disruption of the gut mucosa. […] Invasive fungal infections (IFIs) are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with acute leukemia. Patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in particular are at increased risk of IFIs due to profound and prolonged duration of neutropenia, as well as the use of purine analogs in treatment. […] Posaconazole is now recommended for primary fungal prophylaxis in patients with AML undergoing induction chemotherapy. […] Although mold-active antifungal prophylaxis has become standard of care during neutropenic periods of most AML treatment regimens, there is no similar standardized recommendation during acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) treatment. […] As new antileukemic chemotherapy- or immune-based therapeutics are introduced into the armamentarium, vigilance in determining associated infection risk needs to be delineated so that appropriate caution and prophylaxis are considered.

• #31 Updates in infection risk and management in acute leukemia

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7727589/

  Patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) have qualitative and quantitative deficits in granulocytes predisposing to bacterial and fungal infections. […] Antimicrobial prophylaxis is used to reduce the risk of life-threatening bacterial and fungal infections, particularly in patients with disruption of the gut mucosa. […] Invasive fungal infections (IFIs) are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with acute leukemia. Patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in particular are at increased risk of IFIs due to profound and prolonged duration of neutropenia, as well as the use of purine analogs in treatment. […] Posaconazole is now recommended for primary fungal prophylaxis in patients with AML undergoing induction chemotherapy. […] Although mold-active antifungal prophylaxis has become standard of care during neutropenic periods of most AML treatment regimens, there is no similar standardized recommendation during acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) treatment. […] As new antileukemic chemotherapy- or immune-based therapeutics are introduced into the armamentarium, vigilance in determining associated infection risk needs to be delineated so that appropriate caution and prophylaxis are considered.

• #32 Updates in infection risk and management in acute leukemia

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7727589/

  Patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) have qualitative and quantitative deficits in granulocytes predisposing to bacterial and fungal infections. […] Antimicrobial prophylaxis is used to reduce the risk of life-threatening bacterial and fungal infections, particularly in patients with disruption of the gut mucosa. […] Invasive fungal infections (IFIs) are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with acute leukemia. Patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in particular are at increased risk of IFIs due to profound and prolonged duration of neutropenia, as well as the use of purine analogs in treatment. […] Posaconazole is now recommended for primary fungal prophylaxis in patients with AML undergoing induction chemotherapy. […] Although mold-active antifungal prophylaxis has become standard of care during neutropenic periods of most AML treatment regimens, there is no similar standardized recommendation during acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) treatment. […] As new antileukemic chemotherapy- or immune-based therapeutics are introduced into the armamentarium, vigilance in determining associated infection risk needs to be delineated so that appropriate caution and prophylaxis are considered.

• #33 Updates in infection risk and management in acute leukemia

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7727589/

  Patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) have qualitative and quantitative deficits in granulocytes predisposing to bacterial and fungal infections. […] Antimicrobial prophylaxis is used to reduce the risk of life-threatening bacterial and fungal infections, particularly in patients with disruption of the gut mucosa. […] Invasive fungal infections (IFIs) are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with acute leukemia. Patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in particular are at increased risk of IFIs due to profound and prolonged duration of neutropenia, as well as the use of purine analogs in treatment. […] Posaconazole is now recommended for primary fungal prophylaxis in patients with AML undergoing induction chemotherapy. […] Although mold-active antifungal prophylaxis has become standard of care during neutropenic periods of most AML treatment regimens, there is no similar standardized recommendation during acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) treatment. […] As new antileukemic chemotherapy- or immune-based therapeutics are introduced into the armamentarium, vigilance in determining associated infection risk needs to be delineated so that appropriate caution and prophylaxis are considered.

• #34

  https://haematologica.org/article/view/6271

  Posaconazole is effective as primary antifungal prophylaxis of invasive fungal diseases in patients with acute myeloid leukemia. […] Primary antifungal prophylaxis with posaconazole during front-line chemotherapy was effective in preventing invasive fungal diseases in a real-life scenario of patients with acute myeloid leukemia, resulted in an early but transitory survival advantage in younger patients and was economically advantageous. […] The high incidence of IFD prompted us to employ posaconazole PAP not only during induction but also during reinduction and consolidation treatment considering the significant number of IFD documented during these phases. […] Our study confirmed that posaconazole PAP effectively reduced IFD, including IA, in a real-life scenario of consecutive AML patients undergoing front-line chemotherapy.

• #35

  https://haematologica.org/article/view/6271

  Despite the significant reduction of IFD, the rate of breakthrough infections while under posaconazole PAP continued to be relevant. […] In conclusion, our experience highlights the importance of the knowledge of local epidemiology in order to define a good antifungal strategy, confirms the efficacy of posaconazole in the prevention of IFD, with a transitory survival advantage in younger patients, and suggests potential economic advantages of correct antifungal prophylaxis in a high-risk, real-life population outside of controlled trials.

• #36

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12281-023-00474-0

  This review will provide an overview of the potential drug-drug interactions (DDIs) that may occur when using small-molecule kinase inhibitors (SMKIs) for the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) with triazole antifungals. […] The continued need for PAP in patients receiving targeted chemotherapy depends heavily on their clinical circumstances. […] PAP with posaconazole is recommended if patients receive targeted therapies as part of a standard intensive RIC regimen. […] In such cases, continuation of posaconazole prophylaxis is recommended when SMKIs are administered as part of maintenance or consolidation. […] The inherent challenges of diagnosing fungal infections have long been used to support the practice of both prophylaxis and empiric antifungal therapy for fungal diseases in patients with hematological malignancies.

• #37

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12281-023-00474-0

  This review will provide an overview of the potential drug-drug interactions (DDIs) that may occur when using small-molecule kinase inhibitors (SMKIs) for the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) with triazole antifungals. […] The continued need for PAP in patients receiving targeted chemotherapy depends heavily on their clinical circumstances. […] PAP with posaconazole is recommended if patients receive targeted therapies as part of a standard intensive RIC regimen. […] In such cases, continuation of posaconazole prophylaxis is recommended when SMKIs are administered as part of maintenance or consolidation. […] The inherent challenges of diagnosing fungal infections have long been used to support the practice of both prophylaxis and empiric antifungal therapy for fungal diseases in patients with hematological malignancies.

• #38 Updated guidelines on antifungal prophylaxis in adult patients with acute myeloid leukemia

  https://aml-hub.com/medical-information/updated-guidelines-on-antifungal-prophylaxis-in-adult-patients-with-acute-myeloid-leukemia

  Treatment with a triazole is generally recommended for patients with AML, with posaconazole being the preferred therapeutic. However, the individual medical history of the patient, including previous chemotherapy, duration of neutropenia, and previous history of fungal disease should always be considered prior to prophylaxis.

• #39 Updated guidelines on antifungal prophylaxis in adult patients with acute myeloid leukemia

  https://aml-hub.com/medical-information/updated-guidelines-on-antifungal-prophylaxis-in-adult-patients-with-acute-myeloid-leukemia

  Patients diagnosed with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and receiving intensive chemotherapy treatment are at high risk of invasive fungal disease. […] While antifungal prophylaxis is strongly recommended during remission induction chemotherapy, optimal management of fungal disease in patients receiving novel targeted treatments is uncertain. […] The strength of evidence for antifungal prophylaxis is low and is not generally recommended for adult patients receiving azacitidine monotherapy. Antifungal prophylaxis may be considered; however, it should be limited to patients with neutropenia at treatment initiation, or those who have received intensive chemotherapy. […] Standard prophylaxis is not recommended but may be considered for patients with neutropenia at treatment initiation, or those who have received intensive chemotherapy.

• #40 Updated guidelines on antifungal prophylaxis in adult patients with acute myeloid leukemia

  https://aml-hub.com/medical-information/updated-guidelines-on-antifungal-prophylaxis-in-adult-patients-with-acute-myeloid-leukemia

  Since the drug-drug interactions are manageable, fungal prophylaxis is recommended, preferably with a triazole, for adult patients treated with venetoclax in combination with a HMA who are at high risk of invasive fungal disease. […] Adult patients who are at high risk of fungal infection during treatment should receive antifungal prophylaxis, preferably posaconazole; however, for those at a lower risk it is only a conditional recommendation, based on patient factors such as neutropenia, or history of fungal disease. […] Prophylaxis with triazoles is considered only in patients at high risk of fungal infection, and the treatment should otherwise be decided on the context of the individual patient. […] If ivosidenib is given as a monotherapy, there is a conditional recommendation against antifungal prophylaxis. If administered as part of a combination therapy, there is a strong recommendation for antifungal prophylaxis.

• #41 Effects of Levofloxacin Prophylaxis in Pediatric Patients With Acute Myeloid Leukemia, Relapsed Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia, or Patients Undergoing Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant

  https://jhoponline.com/issue-archive/2023-issues/august-2023-vol-13-no-4/effects-of-levofloxacin-prophylaxis-in-pediatric-patients-with-acute-myeloid-leukemia-relapsed-acute-lymphoblastic-leukemia-or-patients-undergoing-hematopoietic-stem-cell-transplant

  Prophylactic antibiotics are often used in pediatric patients for the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and relapsed acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), and for those undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) who are receiving intensive chemotherapy. […] To prevent infections, prophylactic antibiotics are often used during periods of neutropenia in pediatric patients with AML, relapsed ALL, and those undergoing autologous or allogeneic HSCT. The use of prophylactic agents is based on the current Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) guidance specific to pediatric cancer and HSCT. […] IDSA recommends the consideration of systemic antibacterial prophylaxis in children with AML and relapsed ALL if they are receiving intensive chemotherapy that is expected to result in severe neutropenia, which is defined as an absolute neutrophil count (ANC) of 500 cells/L for at least 7 days.

• #42 Effects of Levofloxacin Prophylaxis in Pediatric Patients With Acute Myeloid Leukemia, Relapsed Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia, or Patients Undergoing Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant

  https://jhoponline.com/issue-archive/2023-issues/august-2023-vol-13-no-4/effects-of-levofloxacin-prophylaxis-in-pediatric-patients-with-acute-myeloid-leukemia-relapsed-acute-lymphoblastic-leukemia-or-patients-undergoing-hematopoietic-stem-cell-transplant

  If the decision is made to initiate prophylactic antibiotics, IDSA strongly recommends levofloxacin over other fluoroquinolones because it has adequate coverage of viridans streptococci and Pseudomonas species. […] The use of levofloxacin prophylaxis did not result in a significant reduction in the incidence of bacteremia compared with the control group but did show a trend towards the reduction of bacteremia. […] Prophylaxis should still be strongly considered. However, as the use of levofloxacin increases, fluoroquinolone resistance may continue to rise and considerations of an alternative antibiotic treatment for prophylaxis may be necessary.

• #43 Pediatric Acute Myelocytic Leukemia Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Chemotherapy, Postinduction Therapy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/987228-treatment

  Deterrence/Prevention of Acute Myelocytic Leukemia […] The association of acute myelocytic leukemia with radiation, toxins, and drugs has been well documented. Reduced exposure to ionizing radiation should be an important maxim for every physician who orders diagnostic testing for patients, particularly pregnant women. […] Until more evidence is available, general avoidance of chemicals and toxins should be a priority. […] No dietary changes are known to affect a person’s risk of developing acute myelocytic leukemia. […] Prophylaxis […] Prophylactic antibiotics have helped to decrease the incidence of a number of infections. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole dramatically reduced the incidence of Pneumocystis (carinii) jiroveci pneumonia. In some centers, prophylactic penicillin has decreased the incidence serious systemic streptococcal sepsis in patients with severe mucositis. Acyclovir has been useful in preventing herpes simplex infections, particularly in patients who have undergone bone marrow transplantation. […] Reports have suggested that prophylactic levofloxacin decreases the incidence of sepsis and other life-threatening infections. […] Many centers routinely administer fluconazole or nystatin prophylaxis to reduce the risk of fungal infections. Because of the significant incidence of life-threatening Enterococcal infections in this patient population, prophylaxis with penicillin or cephalosporins have also been advised. […] Patients who develop GVHD that requires significant immunosuppressive therapy require more intense and more broadened infection prophylaxis.

• #44 Pediatric Acute Myelocytic Leukemia Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Chemotherapy, Postinduction Therapy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/987228-treatment

  Deterrence/Prevention of Acute Myelocytic Leukemia […] The association of acute myelocytic leukemia with radiation, toxins, and drugs has been well documented. Reduced exposure to ionizing radiation should be an important maxim for every physician who orders diagnostic testing for patients, particularly pregnant women. […] Until more evidence is available, general avoidance of chemicals and toxins should be a priority. […] No dietary changes are known to affect a person’s risk of developing acute myelocytic leukemia. […] Prophylaxis […] Prophylactic antibiotics have helped to decrease the incidence of a number of infections. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole dramatically reduced the incidence of Pneumocystis (carinii) jiroveci pneumonia. In some centers, prophylactic penicillin has decreased the incidence serious systemic streptococcal sepsis in patients with severe mucositis. Acyclovir has been useful in preventing herpes simplex infections, particularly in patients who have undergone bone marrow transplantation. […] Reports have suggested that prophylactic levofloxacin decreases the incidence of sepsis and other life-threatening infections. […] Many centers routinely administer fluconazole or nystatin prophylaxis to reduce the risk of fungal infections. Because of the significant incidence of life-threatening Enterococcal infections in this patient population, prophylaxis with penicillin or cephalosporins have also been advised. […] Patients who develop GVHD that requires significant immunosuppressive therapy require more intense and more broadened infection prophylaxis.

• #45 Treating Febrile Neutropenia in Acute Myeloid Leukemia

  https://www.hcplive.com/view/treating-febrile-neutropenia-in-acute-myeloid-leukemia

  Individuals with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) are at high risk for bacterial infection due to their disease and the absence of a functioning immune system to help cope with infections. […] Antibacterial prophylaxis is given to all patients who have high-risk AML, which includes the majority of this patient population due to standard AML chemotherapy regimens. […] Antibacterial prophylaxis should begin with the administration of extensive chemotherapy before patients become neutropenic, explains Golan. Commonly recommended agents used in prophylaxis are oral fluoroquinolone antibiotics, such as ciprofloxacin or levofloxacin.

• #46

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10147-023-02465-0

  Although granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) reduces the incidence, duration, and severity of neutropenia, its prophylactic use for acute myeloid leukemia (AML) remains controversial due to a theoretically increased risk of relapse. […] Therefore, the use of G-CSF as primary prophylaxis can be considered for adult AML patients with remission induction therapy who are at a high risk of infectious complications. […] The results of the meta-analysis also revealed that the use of G-CSF for primary prophylaxis did not correlate with infection-related mortality; however, it significantly shortened the duration of neutropenia. Furthermore, primary prophylaxis with G-CSF did not affect disease progression/recurrence, OS, or adverse events, such as musculoskeletal pain. […] Primary prophylaxis with G-CSF did not correlate with infection-related mortality in adult AML patients receiving remission induction therapy; however, G-CSF significantly shortened the duration of neutropenia. Furthermore, primary prophylaxis with G-CSF did not affect disease progression/recurrence, OS, or adverse events, such as musculoskeletal pain. Therefore, the use of G-CSF as a primary prophylactic during induction therapy only needs to be considered for adult AML patients who are at a high risk of infectious complications.

• #47

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10147-023-02465-0

  Although granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) reduces the incidence, duration, and severity of neutropenia, its prophylactic use for acute myeloid leukemia (AML) remains controversial due to a theoretically increased risk of relapse. […] Therefore, the use of G-CSF as primary prophylaxis can be considered for adult AML patients with remission induction therapy who are at a high risk of infectious complications. […] The results of the meta-analysis also revealed that the use of G-CSF for primary prophylaxis did not correlate with infection-related mortality; however, it significantly shortened the duration of neutropenia. Furthermore, primary prophylaxis with G-CSF did not affect disease progression/recurrence, OS, or adverse events, such as musculoskeletal pain. […] Primary prophylaxis with G-CSF did not correlate with infection-related mortality in adult AML patients receiving remission induction therapy; however, G-CSF significantly shortened the duration of neutropenia. Furthermore, primary prophylaxis with G-CSF did not affect disease progression/recurrence, OS, or adverse events, such as musculoskeletal pain. Therefore, the use of G-CSF as a primary prophylactic during induction therapy only needs to be considered for adult AML patients who are at a high risk of infectious complications.

• #48 Venous thromboembolism in patients with acute myeloid leukemia: development of a predictive model | Thrombosis Journal | Full Text

  https://thrombosisjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12959-024-00607-6

  Patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) are at increased risk of venous thromboembolic events (VTE). However, thromboprophylaxis is largely underused. […] We developed a novel and convenient tool that may assist clinicians in identifying patients whose VTE risk is high enough to warrant thromboprophylaxis. […] This model could identify patients whose VTE risk is high enough to warrant thromboprophylaxis. […] The high incidence of VTE in acute leukemias raises the question of whether primary VTE thromboprophylaxis is needed to prevent this complication. […] Consequently, determining VTE development risk factors in patients with acute leukemias will allow clinicians to risk-stratify patients and individualize patient surveillance and anticoagulant prophylaxis. […] Our study investigated the predictive value of 38 disease-, therapy-, and patient-related parameters for VTE development.

• #49 Venous thromboembolism in patients with acute myeloid leukemia: development of a predictive model | Thrombosis Journal | Full Text

  https://thrombosisjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12959-024-00607-6

  Patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) are at increased risk of venous thromboembolic events (VTE). However, thromboprophylaxis is largely underused. […] We developed a novel and convenient tool that may assist clinicians in identifying patients whose VTE risk is high enough to warrant thromboprophylaxis. […] This model could identify patients whose VTE risk is high enough to warrant thromboprophylaxis. […] The high incidence of VTE in acute leukemias raises the question of whether primary VTE thromboprophylaxis is needed to prevent this complication. […] Consequently, determining VTE development risk factors in patients with acute leukemias will allow clinicians to risk-stratify patients and individualize patient surveillance and anticoagulant prophylaxis. […] Our study investigated the predictive value of 38 disease-, therapy-, and patient-related parameters for VTE development.

• #50 Venous thromboembolism in patients with acute myeloid leukemia: development of a predictive model | Thrombosis Journal | Full Text

  https://thrombosisjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12959-024-00607-6

  The new International Initiative on Thrombosis and Cancer guidelines recommend thromboprophylaxis for patients with cancer at high risk for VTE development and low risk for bleeding. […] Our model showed a positive net benefit for probability thresholds between 8 and 20%. […] We developed a novel and simple tool to assist clinicians with identifying those patients with AML who might benefit from thromboprophylaxis.

• #51 Infection Prophylaxis in Acute Myeloid Leukemia

  https://www.onclive.com/view/infection-prophylaxis-in-acute-myeloid-leukemia

  Ruben A. Mesa, MD, FACP: In terms of prophylaxis. So in terms of infection prevention, dealing with neutropenic fever, NCCN Guidelines, other things; things that you’ve seen that folks have found helpful. […] I think the NCCN Guidelines are a great example of where actually putting on paper a standard treatment regimen is helpful, so that groups that don’t have as much experience can rely on the experience of others to help. […] The IDSA also has guidelines about treatment of neutropenic fever, when to add certain antibiotics and when not to overtreat, and when not to use MRSA treatment, for example, for prolonged periods of time and so on. […] As you say, we have a strong armamentarium. The posaconazole preventative data were very strong, but clearly things need to be individualized.

• #52 Prophylactic Measures During Induction for Acute Myeloid Leukemia.

  https://vivo.weill.cornell.edu/display/pubid28251490

  Improved management of infectious complications of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) has contributed substantially to the success of care over the past half century. An important approach to reducing infectious complications during the induction period of chemotherapy involves the use of prophylactic antibacterial, antiviral, and antifungal agents targeting likely pathogens. […] There is not a one-size-fits-all approach to prophylaxis; every patient undergoing induction therapy should be evaluated individually and within the context of local microbiologic epidemiology and host risk factors. Pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic interventions as well as novel diagnostic platforms can help mitigate the risk of life-threatening infection in patients with AML who undergo induction chemotherapy.

• #53 Infection Prophylaxis in Acute Myeloid Leukemia

  https://www.onclive.com/view/infection-prophylaxis-in-acute-myeloid-leukemia

  Ruben A. Mesa, MD, FACP: In terms of prophylaxis. So in terms of infection prevention, dealing with neutropenic fever, NCCN Guidelines, other things; things that you’ve seen that folks have found helpful. […] I think the NCCN Guidelines are a great example of where actually putting on paper a standard treatment regimen is helpful, so that groups that don’t have as much experience can rely on the experience of others to help. […] The IDSA also has guidelines about treatment of neutropenic fever, when to add certain antibiotics and when not to overtreat, and when not to use MRSA treatment, for example, for prolonged periods of time and so on. […] As you say, we have a strong armamentarium. The posaconazole preventative data were very strong, but clearly things need to be individualized.

• #54 Infection Prophylaxis in Acute Myeloid Leukemia

  https://www.onclive.com/view/infection-prophylaxis-in-acute-myeloid-leukemia

  I think the data on prevention are clear that posaconazole and voriconazole are better than fluconazole for sure. […] I think you raise an excellent point: that prevention is so key in this setting. […] Nipping those things in the bud is really essential because otherwise then we just have the mortality, not only from the disease, but really from the infectious causes that are related. […] As we look at individualized medicine, I think that part two will evolve. […] I certainly was very impressed by the 2007 New England Journal of Medicine article, the role of posaconazole compared to fluconazole and voriconazole was very strong.

• #55 Acute Myeloid Leukemia Screening/Prevention

  https://www.texasoncology.com/types-of-cancer/leukemia/acute-myeloid-leukemia/acute-myeloid-leukemia-screeningprevention

  High fruit and vegetable consumption has been associated with a reduced risk for developing at least 10 different cancers. […] There is strong evidence that moderate to high alcohol consumption also increases the risk of certain cancers. […] Higher levels of physical activity may reduce the incidence of some cancers. […] In order for screening to be effective, patients at risk need to be identifiable. With the exception of identifying a few genetic diseases, it is currently impossible to screen for AML. At this point, there is no evidence that early diagnosis of AML improves survival rates in comparison with those of later, symptomatic detection. […] Workers in the chemical or petroleum industry need regular screening. Screening consists of a routine blood count, which is part of an annual physical examination. It is important to realize that the average age for developing AML is over 65 years. People over the age of 65 should probably have a physical examination with routine blood counts every 6 months.

• #56 Acute Myeloid Leukemia Screening/Prevention

  https://www.texasoncology.com/types-of-cancer/leukemia/acute-myeloid-leukemia/acute-myeloid-leukemia-screeningprevention

  High fruit and vegetable consumption has been associated with a reduced risk for developing at least 10 different cancers. […] There is strong evidence that moderate to high alcohol consumption also increases the risk of certain cancers. […] Higher levels of physical activity may reduce the incidence of some cancers. […] In order for screening to be effective, patients at risk need to be identifiable. With the exception of identifying a few genetic diseases, it is currently impossible to screen for AML. At this point, there is no evidence that early diagnosis of AML improves survival rates in comparison with those of later, symptomatic detection. […] Workers in the chemical or petroleum industry need regular screening. Screening consists of a routine blood count, which is part of an annual physical examination. It is important to realize that the average age for developing AML is over 65 years. People over the age of 65 should probably have a physical examination with routine blood counts every 6 months.

• #57 Infection Prevention for AML Patients – HealthTree for Acute Myeloid Leukemia

  https://healthtree.org/aml/community/articles/infection-prevention-for-aml-patients

  AML patients have vulnerable immune systems and should take preventive measures to avoid infections. […] These patients are also encouraged to contact their healthcare provider with any questions they have whether big or small related to infections. […] Infection Prevention Measures include: Hand hygiene: Regularly wash hands or use hand sanitizer, Wearing masks: Especially in crowded places or medical facilities, Avoiding ill contacts: Stay away from those who are sick or recently exposed to infections, Dietary precautions: Avoid raw/undercooked meats and fish. For fruits and vegetables, it’s advised to wash them thoroughly before consumption, and be cautious about where one eats, Shaving risks: Avoid shaving with sharp razors to prevent micro-tears and nicks that can lead to infections. Use electric shavers instead, especially for those with a weakened immune system, Medications: Anti-viral (like Valtrex or Acyclovir), antibiotics (like Levaquin or Cipro), and anti-fungal (like Fluconazole), Vaccinations: Patients are recommended to get non-live versions of flu and COVID-19 vaccines. Timing is essential, so discuss with providers. Vaccines are most effective when blood counts are ideal, How to handle animal bites/scratches: Clean wounds immediately with an antiseptic and consult a healthcare provider. Animal bites or scratches, even from cats, can carry dangerous bacteria.

• #58 Infection Prevention for AML Patients – HealthTree for Acute Myeloid Leukemia

  https://healthtree.org/aml/community/articles/infection-prevention-for-aml-patients

  AML patients have vulnerable immune systems and should take preventive measures to avoid infections. […] These patients are also encouraged to contact their healthcare provider with any questions they have whether big or small related to infections. […] Infection Prevention Measures include: Hand hygiene: Regularly wash hands or use hand sanitizer, Wearing masks: Especially in crowded places or medical facilities, Avoiding ill contacts: Stay away from those who are sick or recently exposed to infections, Dietary precautions: Avoid raw/undercooked meats and fish. For fruits and vegetables, it’s advised to wash them thoroughly before consumption, and be cautious about where one eats, Shaving risks: Avoid shaving with sharp razors to prevent micro-tears and nicks that can lead to infections. Use electric shavers instead, especially for those with a weakened immune system, Medications: Anti-viral (like Valtrex or Acyclovir), antibiotics (like Levaquin or Cipro), and anti-fungal (like Fluconazole), Vaccinations: Patients are recommended to get non-live versions of flu and COVID-19 vaccines. Timing is essential, so discuss with providers. Vaccines are most effective when blood counts are ideal, How to handle animal bites/scratches: Clean wounds immediately with an antiseptic and consult a healthcare provider. Animal bites or scratches, even from cats, can carry dangerous bacteria.

• #59 Tertiary Prevention and Treatment for Reducing Leukemia Relapse

  https://www.scientificarchives.com/article/tertiary-prevention-and-treatment-for-reducing-leukemia-relapse

  We have found little available information in the medical literature on the prevention and treatment of tertiary leukemia or patients’ prognosis. […] From the perspective of prevention, there are four levels of disease onset and progression: primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary. Primary prevention aims to prevent the initiation of illness or injury; examples include immunization to prevent infections associated with the development of leukemia and avoiding exposure to known risk factors, such as certain chemicals or ionizing radiation. […] Tertiary prevention focuses on reducing the effects of the disease once it has been established, rehabilitation after significant illness, and prevention of comorbidity. […] Tertiary prevention of leukemia includes the use of chemotherapy and other treatments aiming for its control or remission, as well as supportive care measures to minimize the side effects of treatment and improve the patients overall well-being.

• #60 Tertiary Prevention and Treatment for Reducing Leukemia Relapse

  https://www.scientificarchives.com/article/tertiary-prevention-and-treatment-for-reducing-leukemia-relapse

  We have found little available information in the medical literature on the prevention and treatment of tertiary leukemia or patients’ prognosis. […] From the perspective of prevention, there are four levels of disease onset and progression: primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary. Primary prevention aims to prevent the initiation of illness or injury; examples include immunization to prevent infections associated with the development of leukemia and avoiding exposure to known risk factors, such as certain chemicals or ionizing radiation. […] Tertiary prevention focuses on reducing the effects of the disease once it has been established, rehabilitation after significant illness, and prevention of comorbidity. […] Tertiary prevention of leukemia includes the use of chemotherapy and other treatments aiming for its control or remission, as well as supportive care measures to minimize the side effects of treatment and improve the patients overall well-being.

• #61 Tertiary Prevention and Treatment for Reducing Leukemia Relapse

  https://www.scientificarchives.com/article/tertiary-prevention-and-treatment-for-reducing-leukemia-relapse

  Given the nature of leukemia, it is difficult to follow the standards of each level of prevention perfectly. However, the primary and tertiary levels have been substantially addressed. […] It is recommended that high doses of radiation, exposure to benzene, smoking or other tobacco use, and obesity/obesity-related lifestyles be avoided to decrease ones chances of developing leukemia. […] Although we found limited information in our literature search specific to tertiary prevention of leukemia and its relapse, we understand the potential bias of the search strategy we used in terms of the possibility of missing relevant articles with the limited data sources we searched. However, continuing research into more innovative treatments is needed to prolong the lifespan for all patients with leukemia. Further, we call for more research on immunotherapies to explore their effectiveness in tertiary and quaternary prevention of leukemias in populations of even more diverse age groups, including the elderly.

• #62 Updates in infection risk and management in acute leukemia

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7727589/

  Patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) have qualitative and quantitative deficits in granulocytes predisposing to bacterial and fungal infections. […] Antimicrobial prophylaxis is used to reduce the risk of life-threatening bacterial and fungal infections, particularly in patients with disruption of the gut mucosa. […] Invasive fungal infections (IFIs) are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with acute leukemia. Patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in particular are at increased risk of IFIs due to profound and prolonged duration of neutropenia, as well as the use of purine analogs in treatment. […] Posaconazole is now recommended for primary fungal prophylaxis in patients with AML undergoing induction chemotherapy. […] Although mold-active antifungal prophylaxis has become standard of care during neutropenic periods of most AML treatment regimens, there is no similar standardized recommendation during acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) treatment. […] As new antileukemic chemotherapy- or immune-based therapeutics are introduced into the armamentarium, vigilance in determining associated infection risk needs to be delineated so that appropriate caution and prophylaxis are considered.

• #63

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12281-023-00474-0

  Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) is the most direct method for detecting altered drug exposure in patients and can theoretically improve the accuracy and safety of SMKI dose adjustments. […] We have entered a transformative in the treatment of hematological malignancies with targeted therapies, immunotherapy, and precision medicine offering incredible potential for effective treatment with less toxicity and better outcomes.

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