Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Acute Myeloid Leukemia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507875/

  Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a rapidly progressing myeloid neoplasm characterized by the clonal expansion of primitive hematopoietic stem cells, known as blasts, in the bone marrow. […] The European LeukemiaNet (ELN) 2022 consensus recommendations offer a valuable framework for classifying AML based on mutational profile. […] Patients with high and very high-risk myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), clinically characterized by the presence of transfusion-dependent cytopenias and peripheral blasts, are at increased risk of AML evolution and necessitate vigilant surveillance. […] Patients with myeloproliferative neoplasms, which include myelofibrosis, essential thrombocythemia, polycythemia vera, and chronic myeloid leukemia, may also progress or evolve into a higher-grade myeloid neoplasm such as AML.

• #2 Acute myelogenous leukemia | Altru Health System

  https://www.altru.org/health-library/conditions/acute-myelogenous-leukemia

  It’s often not clear what causes acute myelogenous leukemia. […] Healthcare professionals know that it starts when something causes changes to the DNA inside cells in the bone marrow. […] The changes that lead to acute myelogenous leukemia are thought to happen in cells called myeloid cells. […] The DNA changes cause the myeloid cells to make a lot of immature white blood cells, called myeloblasts. […] Many people with AML have no known risk factors, and many people who have risk factors never develop the cancer.

• #3 What Causes Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML)? | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/acute-myeloid-leukemia/causes-risks-prevention/what-causes.html

  Some people with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) have one or more known risk factors. But it can be very hard to know if any of these factors actually caused the cancer. […] Cancer is caused by changes in the DNA inside our cells. DNA is the chemical in our cells that makes up our genes, which control how our cells function. […] Any of these types of DNA changes might lead to cells growing out of control, which might lead to cancer, including AML. For instance, changes in certain genes such as FLT3, c-KIT, and RAS are common in AML cells. […] Mutations in many different genes can be found in AML cells, but larger changes in one or more chromosomes are also common. […] Some changes seem to have more of an effect on a persons prognosis (outlook) than others. […] Although this can happen sometimes with AML, such as with the genetic syndromes discussed in Risk Factors for Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML), inherited mutations are not a common cause of AML. […] Most DNA changes related to AML are acquired during a persons lifetime, rather than having been inherited before birth. Some of these changes may have outside causes like radiation or cancer-causing chemicals, but most often the reason they occur isn’t clear.

• #4 Acute myeloid leukemia: Pathogenesis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/acute-myeloid-leukemia-pathogenesis

  Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) develops as the consequence of a series of genetic changes in a hematopoietic precursor cell. […] These changes alter normal hematopoietic growth and differentiation, resulting in an accumulation of large numbers of abnormal, immature myeloid cells in the bone marrow and peripheral blood. […] These cells are capable of dividing and proliferating, but cannot differentiate into mature hematopoietic cells (ie, neutrophils).

• #5 Acute myelogenous leukemia | Altru Health System

  https://www.altru.org/health-library/conditions/acute-myelogenous-leukemia

  It’s often not clear what causes acute myelogenous leukemia. […] Healthcare professionals know that it starts when something causes changes to the DNA inside cells in the bone marrow. […] The changes that lead to acute myelogenous leukemia are thought to happen in cells called myeloid cells. […] The DNA changes cause the myeloid cells to make a lot of immature white blood cells, called myeloblasts. […] Many people with AML have no known risk factors, and many people who have risk factors never develop the cancer.

• #6 Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML): Symptoms, Causes, Prognosis, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/acute-myeloid-leukemia

  Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is caused by abnormalities in the DNA that controls the development of cells in your bone marrow. […] Its not clear exactly what causes the DNA mutation. Some doctors believe it may be related to exposure to certain chemicals, radiation, and even drugs used for chemotherapy.

• #7 What Causes Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML)? | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/acute-myeloid-leukemia/causes-risks-prevention/what-causes.html

  Some people with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) have one or more known risk factors. But it can be very hard to know if any of these factors actually caused the cancer. […] Cancer is caused by changes in the DNA inside our cells. DNA is the chemical in our cells that makes up our genes, which control how our cells function. […] Any of these types of DNA changes might lead to cells growing out of control, which might lead to cancer, including AML. For instance, changes in certain genes such as FLT3, c-KIT, and RAS are common in AML cells. […] Mutations in many different genes can be found in AML cells, but larger changes in one or more chromosomes are also common. […] Some changes seem to have more of an effect on a persons prognosis (outlook) than others. […] Although this can happen sometimes with AML, such as with the genetic syndromes discussed in Risk Factors for Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML), inherited mutations are not a common cause of AML. […] Most DNA changes related to AML are acquired during a persons lifetime, rather than having been inherited before birth. Some of these changes may have outside causes like radiation or cancer-causing chemicals, but most often the reason they occur isn’t clear.

• #8 What Causes Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML)? | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/acute-myeloid-leukemia/causes-risks-prevention/what-causes.html

  Some people with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) have one or more known risk factors. But it can be very hard to know if any of these factors actually caused the cancer. […] Cancer is caused by changes in the DNA inside our cells. DNA is the chemical in our cells that makes up our genes, which control how our cells function. […] Any of these types of DNA changes might lead to cells growing out of control, which might lead to cancer, including AML. For instance, changes in certain genes such as FLT3, c-KIT, and RAS are common in AML cells. […] Mutations in many different genes can be found in AML cells, but larger changes in one or more chromosomes are also common. […] Some changes seem to have more of an effect on a persons prognosis (outlook) than others. […] Although this can happen sometimes with AML, such as with the genetic syndromes discussed in Risk Factors for Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML), inherited mutations are not a common cause of AML. […] Most DNA changes related to AML are acquired during a persons lifetime, rather than having been inherited before birth. Some of these changes may have outside causes like radiation or cancer-causing chemicals, but most often the reason they occur isn’t clear.

• #9 What Causes Acute Myeloid Leukemia? | MyLeukemiaTeam

  https://www.myleukemiateam.com/resources/what-causes-acute-myeloid-leukemia

  Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) also known as acute myelogenous leukemia is a type of cancer that begins in the bone marrow, where new red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets are made. […] Although the exact cause of AML is unknown, experts do understand risk factors for AML as well as how the cancer develops. […] AML results when cells are transformed into cancer cells in an abnormal bone-marrow environment. […] Genetic changes have been identified in more than 97 percent of AML cases. […] Genes that put a pause on the normal cycle of cell growth and division are mutated in more than 30 percent of AML cases. […] In about 50 percent of AML cases, genes that help cells progress to the normal cycle of growth and division are mutated. […] In about 40 percent of AML cases, mutations are present that do not affect the DNA but rather how and when DNA is read and expressed called epigenetic changes.

• #10 AML vs. CML: How Do These Leukemia Types and Their Treatments Differ? | MyLeukemiaTeam

  https://www.myleukemiateam.com/resources/aml-vs-cml-how-are-these-leukemia-types-different

  Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) develops when mutations (changes) in the DNA of bone marrow cells disrupt normal cell growth, division, or death. […] These mutations can occur spontaneously throughout a person’s lifetime or result from exposure to certain chemicals, radiation or other environmental factors. The risk of developing leukemia increases with age due to the accumulation of genetic changes over time. […] AML cells commonly have gene mutations that either prevent bone marrow cells from maturing or cause them to multiply uncontrollably. Examples of these genes include: FLT3, c-KIT, RAS, IDH1 and IDH2, TP53. […] In contrast, nearly all CML cells contain a genetic abnormality called the Philadelphia (Ph) chromosome. This occurs when parts of two chromosomes swap places, creating a fusion gene called BCR-ABL. This gene produces a protein called tyrosine kinase, which drives uncontrolled cell growth and division.

• #11 What Causes Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML)? | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/acute-myeloid-leukemia/causes-risks-prevention/what-causes.html

  Some people with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) have one or more known risk factors. But it can be very hard to know if any of these factors actually caused the cancer. […] Cancer is caused by changes in the DNA inside our cells. DNA is the chemical in our cells that makes up our genes, which control how our cells function. […] Any of these types of DNA changes might lead to cells growing out of control, which might lead to cancer, including AML. For instance, changes in certain genes such as FLT3, c-KIT, and RAS are common in AML cells. […] Mutations in many different genes can be found in AML cells, but larger changes in one or more chromosomes are also common. […] Some changes seem to have more of an effect on a persons prognosis (outlook) than others. […] Although this can happen sometimes with AML, such as with the genetic syndromes discussed in Risk Factors for Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML), inherited mutations are not a common cause of AML. […] Most DNA changes related to AML are acquired during a persons lifetime, rather than having been inherited before birth. Some of these changes may have outside causes like radiation or cancer-causing chemicals, but most often the reason they occur isn’t clear.

• #12 Acute Myeloid Leukemia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507875/

  Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a rapidly progressing myeloid neoplasm characterized by the clonal expansion of primitive hematopoietic stem cells, known as blasts, in the bone marrow. […] The European LeukemiaNet (ELN) 2022 consensus recommendations offer a valuable framework for classifying AML based on mutational profile. […] Patients with high and very high-risk myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), clinically characterized by the presence of transfusion-dependent cytopenias and peripheral blasts, are at increased risk of AML evolution and necessitate vigilant surveillance. […] Patients with myeloproliferative neoplasms, which include myelofibrosis, essential thrombocythemia, polycythemia vera, and chronic myeloid leukemia, may also progress or evolve into a higher-grade myeloid neoplasm such as AML.

• #13 Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) | LLS.org

  https://www.lls.org/leukemia/acute-myeloid-leukemia

  Exposure to very high doses of radiation: people exposed to very high levels of radiation are at increased risk of developing AML (for example, survivors of an atomic bomb blast or a nuclear reactor accident) […] Other blood cancers: certain blood disorders, such as myeloproliferative neoplasms or myelodysplastic syndromes, can evolve over time into AML […] Genetic disorders: genetic disorders present at birth that seem to increase the risk of AML include Down syndrome, neurofibromatosis type 1, Bloom syndrome, Trisomy 8, Fanconi anemia, Klinefelter syndrome, Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome, Kostmann syndrome, and Shwachman-Diamond syndrome […] Familial risk/germline predisposition: certain gene mutations present at birth may increase the risk of developing AML.

• #14 Acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) causes | Blood Cancer UK

  https://bloodcancer.org.uk/understanding-blood-cancer/leukaemia/acute-myeloid-leukaemia/aml-causes/

  If you have another condition which affects the production of myeloid blood cells, such as myelofibrosis or myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS), you can be at higher risk of getting AML. […] Some people develop AML after having chemotherapy, radiotherapy or other specific drugs in the past for another illness. […] Children with Down’s syndrome are at an increased risk of developing any type of acute leukaemia. […] There are also some rare inherited genetic mutations that can make a person more likely to develop AML, such as the genetic mutations RUNX1 and DDX41.

• #15 Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) | LLS.org

  https://www.lls.org/leukemia/acute-myeloid-leukemia

  Exposure to very high doses of radiation: people exposed to very high levels of radiation are at increased risk of developing AML (for example, survivors of an atomic bomb blast or a nuclear reactor accident) […] Other blood cancers: certain blood disorders, such as myeloproliferative neoplasms or myelodysplastic syndromes, can evolve over time into AML […] Genetic disorders: genetic disorders present at birth that seem to increase the risk of AML include Down syndrome, neurofibromatosis type 1, Bloom syndrome, Trisomy 8, Fanconi anemia, Klinefelter syndrome, Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome, Kostmann syndrome, and Shwachman-Diamond syndrome […] Familial risk/germline predisposition: certain gene mutations present at birth may increase the risk of developing AML.

• #16 Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML): Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/197802-overview

  Several factors have been implicated in the causation of AML, including antecedent hematologic disorders, familial syndromes, environmental exposures, and drug exposures. However, most patients who present with de novo AML have no identifiable risk factor. […] The most common risk factor for AML is the presence of an antecedent hematologic disorder, the most common of which is myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). […] Other antecedent hematologic disorders that predispose patients to AML include aplastic anemia and myeloproliferative disorders, especially myelofibrosis. […] Some congenital disorders that predispose patients to AML include Bloom syndrome, Down syndrome, congenital neutropenia, Fanconi anemia, and neurofibromatosis. […] More subtle genetic disorders, including polymorphisms of enzymes that metabolize carcinogens, also predispose patients to AML.

• #17 Pediatric Acute Myelocytic Leukemia: Practice Essentials, Background, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/987228-overview

  Children with Down syndrome (trisomy 21) have a 15-fold increased risk of developing leukemia, most commonly acute megakaryoblastic leukemia, compared with the general population. […] The risk of acute myeloid leukemia in patients with dyskeratosis congenita is nearly 200 times that of the normal population. […] These syndromes share features of poor DNA repair that are believed to predispose affected individuals to leukemogenic stimuli.

• #18 Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML): Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/197802-overview

  Likewise, polymorphisms in glutathione S-transferase are associated with secondary AML after chemotherapy for other malignancies. […] Germline mutations in the gene AML1 (RUNX1, CBFA2) occur in the familial platelet disorder with predisposition for AML, an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by moderate thrombocytopenia, a defect in platelet function, and propensity to develop AML. […] Mutation of CEBPA (the gene encoding CCAAT/enhancer binding protein alpha, a granulocytic differentiation factor and member of the bZIP family) was described in a family with 3 members affected by AML. […] Several studies demonstrate a relationship between radiation exposure and leukemia. […] Persons who smoke tobacco have a small but statistically significant (odds ratio, 1.5) increased risk of developing AML.

• #19 Acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) causes | Blood Cancer UK

  https://bloodcancer.org.uk/understanding-blood-cancer/leukaemia/acute-myeloid-leukaemia/aml-causes/

  If you have another condition which affects the production of myeloid blood cells, such as myelofibrosis or myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS), you can be at higher risk of getting AML. […] Some people develop AML after having chemotherapy, radiotherapy or other specific drugs in the past for another illness. […] Children with Down’s syndrome are at an increased risk of developing any type of acute leukaemia. […] There are also some rare inherited genetic mutations that can make a person more likely to develop AML, such as the genetic mutations RUNX1 and DDX41.

• #20 Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML): Symptoms, Treatment & Prognosis

  https://www.webmd.com/cancer/lymphoma/acute-myeloid-leukemia-symptoms-treatments

  When you have a genetic syndrome, you’re born with gene mutations. Some of these syndromes can raise your risk of AML. […] Having a parent, brother, or sister with AML increases your risk of getting it. If you’re an identical twin and your twin developed AML before you were 1 year old, you too have a high risk of developing AML.

• #21 Leukemia – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/leukemia/symptoms-causes/syc-20374373

  Exposure to certain chemicals. Exposure to certain chemicals, such as benzene which is found in gasoline and is used by the chemical industry is linked to an increased risk of some kinds of leukemia. […] Smoking. Smoking cigarettes increases the risk of acute myelogenous leukemia. […] Family history of leukemia. If members of your family have been diagnosed with leukemia, your risk of the disease may be increased.

• #22 Etiology of Acute Leukemia: A Review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8125807/

  A large number of environmental causes for the development of leukemia have been suggested. These mostly involve exposure to cancer-causing agents, including chemicals, infections and radiation during various stages of life. […] Direct and indirect exposure to chemicals and pesticides, in a variety of occupations, has been reported as a cause for the development of leukemia. […] The effects of ionizing radiation in the development of leukemia at various phases of life, including preconception, in utero, and post-natal exposures, have been proposed, and various examples have been published. […] Individuals who have received chemotherapy for the treatment of cancer, with or without radiation, have an increased risk of leukemia. […] Infections, including bacterial, viral and fungal agents alone, and in conjunction with genetic mutations, have been implicated in leukemogenesis.

• #23 Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) | LLS.org

  https://www.lls.org/leukemia/acute-myeloid-leukemia

  Exposure to very high doses of radiation: people exposed to very high levels of radiation are at increased risk of developing AML (for example, survivors of an atomic bomb blast or a nuclear reactor accident) […] Other blood cancers: certain blood disorders, such as myeloproliferative neoplasms or myelodysplastic syndromes, can evolve over time into AML […] Genetic disorders: genetic disorders present at birth that seem to increase the risk of AML include Down syndrome, neurofibromatosis type 1, Bloom syndrome, Trisomy 8, Fanconi anemia, Klinefelter syndrome, Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome, Kostmann syndrome, and Shwachman-Diamond syndrome […] Familial risk/germline predisposition: certain gene mutations present at birth may increase the risk of developing AML.

• #24 Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML): Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/197802-overview

  Likewise, polymorphisms in glutathione S-transferase are associated with secondary AML after chemotherapy for other malignancies. […] Germline mutations in the gene AML1 (RUNX1, CBFA2) occur in the familial platelet disorder with predisposition for AML, an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by moderate thrombocytopenia, a defect in platelet function, and propensity to develop AML. […] Mutation of CEBPA (the gene encoding CCAAT/enhancer binding protein alpha, a granulocytic differentiation factor and member of the bZIP family) was described in a family with 3 members affected by AML. […] Several studies demonstrate a relationship between radiation exposure and leukemia. […] Persons who smoke tobacco have a small but statistically significant (odds ratio, 1.5) increased risk of developing AML.

• #25

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/acute-myeloid-leukaemia/causes/

  It’s not clear what causes acute myeloid leukaemia (AML), but the myeloid stem cells produce more white blood cells than are needed. […] It’s not known what triggers the genetic mutation in AML, although a number of different things can increase your risk of developing the condition. […] Being exposed to a significant level of radiation can increase your chances of developing AML, although this usually requires exposure at very high levels. […] Exposure to the chemical benzene is a known risk factor for AML in adults. […] Treatment with radiotherapy and certain chemotherapy medicines for an earlier, unrelated cancer can increase your risk of developing AML many years later. […] People with certain blood disorders, such as myelodysplasia, myelofibrosis or polycythaemia vera, have an increased risk of developing AML. […] People with certain genetic conditions, including Down’s syndrome and Fanconi’s anaemia, have an increased risk of developing leukaemia.

• #26 Risks and causes of acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/acute-myeloid-leukaemia-aml/risks-causes

  We dont know what causes most cases of acute myeloid leukaemia (AML). But there are some factors that may increase your risk of developing it. Some of these include being older, smoking and ionising radiation. […] AML is more common in older people. The risk of AML increases from around 50 years and is greatest in those aged between 85 and 89 years. […] Smoking cigarettes can increase your risk of developing AML. There is benzene in cigarette smoke and this is likely to be a significant cause. […] Weve known for a long time that exposure to high energy (ionising) radiation increases acute leukaemia risk. AML is one type of acute leukaemia. […] Exposure to the chemical benzene at work over a long time increases the risk of developing acute leukaemia. […] Certain rare, inherited conditions can increase the risk of developing acute myeloid leukaemia.

• #27

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/acute-myeloid-leukaemia/causes/

  It’s not clear what causes acute myeloid leukaemia (AML), but the myeloid stem cells produce more white blood cells than are needed. […] It’s not known what triggers the genetic mutation in AML, although a number of different things can increase your risk of developing the condition. […] Being exposed to a significant level of radiation can increase your chances of developing AML, although this usually requires exposure at very high levels. […] Exposure to the chemical benzene is a known risk factor for AML in adults. […] Treatment with radiotherapy and certain chemotherapy medicines for an earlier, unrelated cancer can increase your risk of developing AML many years later. […] People with certain blood disorders, such as myelodysplasia, myelofibrosis or polycythaemia vera, have an increased risk of developing AML. […] People with certain genetic conditions, including Down’s syndrome and Fanconi’s anaemia, have an increased risk of developing leukaemia.

• #28 Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML): Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/197802-overview

  Exposure to benzene is associated with aplastic anemia and pancytopenia. […] As more patients with cancer survive their primary malignancy and more patients receive intensive chemotherapy (including bone marrow transplantation [BMT]), the number of patients with AML increases because of exposure to chemotherapeutic agents.

• #29 Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML): Symptoms, Treatment & Prognosis

  https://www.webmd.com/cancer/lymphoma/acute-myeloid-leukemia-symptoms-treatments

  Benzene is one of the most widely used industrial chemicals in the U.S. […] Studies show that exposure to benzene may increase your risk for AML, but this is usually when you have long-term exposure at work. […] Formaldehyde is used as an industrial disinfectant and as a preservative in funeral homes and medical labs. […] Some studies show that exposure to formaldehyde at your job may increase your risk for AML. […] Chemotherapy drugs, such as alkylating agents and topoisomerase II inhibitors, have been linked to AML risk years after your treatment. […] People who are exposed to low levels of radiation, such as from X-rays or CT scans, especially at a very young age, may have an increased risk of leukemia. […] Chronic myeloproliferative disorders, such as polycythemia vera, essential thrombocythemia, and idiopathic myelofibrosis, may increase your risk for AML, especially if you have chemotherapy or radiation therapy to treat them.

• #30 Risks and causes of acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/acute-myeloid-leukaemia-aml/risks-causes

  We dont know what causes most cases of acute myeloid leukaemia (AML). But there are some factors that may increase your risk of developing it. Some of these include being older, smoking and ionising radiation. […] AML is more common in older people. The risk of AML increases from around 50 years and is greatest in those aged between 85 and 89 years. […] Smoking cigarettes can increase your risk of developing AML. There is benzene in cigarette smoke and this is likely to be a significant cause. […] Weve known for a long time that exposure to high energy (ionising) radiation increases acute leukaemia risk. AML is one type of acute leukaemia. […] Exposure to the chemical benzene at work over a long time increases the risk of developing acute leukaemia. […] Certain rare, inherited conditions can increase the risk of developing acute myeloid leukaemia.

• #31 Leukemia – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/leukemia/symptoms-causes/syc-20374373

  Exposure to certain chemicals. Exposure to certain chemicals, such as benzene which is found in gasoline and is used by the chemical industry is linked to an increased risk of some kinds of leukemia. […] Smoking. Smoking cigarettes increases the risk of acute myelogenous leukemia. […] Family history of leukemia. If members of your family have been diagnosed with leukemia, your risk of the disease may be increased.

• #32 Acute myeloid leukemia – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acute_myeloid_leukemia

  High amounts of ionizing radiation exposure, such as that used for radiotherapy used to treat some forms of cancer, can increase the risk of AML. […] Most cases of AML arise spontaneously, however there are some genetic mutations associated with an increased risk. […] Being overweight and obese increase the risk of developing AML, as does any amount of active smoking. […] The rate of therapy-related AML (AML caused by previous chemotherapy) is expected to rise with an increase in the use of chemotherapy, an ageing population and more patients surviving their initial chemotherapy treatment; therapy-related disease accounts for just under 10% of all cases of AML.

• #33 Acute Myeloid Leukemia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507875/

  Another group of patients at risk for AML includes patients who have previously received chemotherapy for other malignancies. […] Additional environmental exposures, including radiation, tobacco smoke, and benzene, also contribute to the risk of AML. […] Despite these known risk factors, most cases of AML still arise de novo without an attributable etiology. […] Based on its etiology, AML can be categorized into 3 main types: de novo AML, which arises spontaneously; secondary AML (s-AML), which evolves from prior myeloproliferative disorders or MDS; and therapy-related AML, resulting from exposure to chemotherapeutic agents, radiation therapy, or toxins.

• #34 Acute myeloid leukemia – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acute_myeloid_leukemia

  High amounts of ionizing radiation exposure, such as that used for radiotherapy used to treat some forms of cancer, can increase the risk of AML. […] Most cases of AML arise spontaneously, however there are some genetic mutations associated with an increased risk. […] Being overweight and obese increase the risk of developing AML, as does any amount of active smoking. […] The rate of therapy-related AML (AML caused by previous chemotherapy) is expected to rise with an increase in the use of chemotherapy, an ageing population and more patients surviving their initial chemotherapy treatment; therapy-related disease accounts for just under 10% of all cases of AML.

• #35 Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML): Symptoms, Treatment & Prognosis

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/6212-acute-myeloid-leukemia-aml

  Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a rare cancer that affects your bone marrow and blood. It typically happens when certain genes or chromosomes mutate (change). […] Experts aren’t sure what causes acute myeloid leukemia. They do know the condition happens when certain genes or chromosomes mutate (change), creating abnormal blood cells. These genetic changes may happen: During your lifetime when something changes your DNA. […] While experts don’t know exactly what triggers the genetic mutations that cause AML, they do know about risk factors that increase your chance of developing the disease. Acute myeloid leukemia risk factors include: Age. About half of all people with AML are 65 or older when they’re diagnosed. […] Researchers know some inherited genetic mutations increase people’s risk for developing AML, including: Down syndrome. […] Some people who have myeloproliferative neoplasms (myeloproliferative disorders) may develop acute myeloid leukemia. […] No, you can’t prevent acute myeloid leukemia. Experts know that genetic mutations cause acute myeloid leukemia but they don’t know what triggers them.

• #36 Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML): Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/197802-overview

  Exposure to benzene is associated with aplastic anemia and pancytopenia. […] As more patients with cancer survive their primary malignancy and more patients receive intensive chemotherapy (including bone marrow transplantation [BMT]), the number of patients with AML increases because of exposure to chemotherapeutic agents.

• #37 Risks and causes of acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/acute-myeloid-leukaemia-aml/risks-causes

  People who have had treatment for Hodgkin lymphoma or breast cancer with particular chemotherapy drugs (such as chlorambucil, melphalan or cyclophosphamide) have a slightly increased risk of developing blood changes. […] Some types of blood disorder make you more likely to get leukaemia than people without those blood disorders. […] Research has found that people with particular immune disorders have an increased risk of AML.

• #38 Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) – Hematology and Oncology – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/hematology-and-oncology/leukemias/acute-myeloid-leukemia-aml

  In acute myeloid leukemia (AML), malignant transformation and uncontrolled proliferation of an abnormally differentiated, long-lived myeloid progenitor cell results in high circulating numbers of immature blood cells and replacement of normal marrow by malignant cells. […] Similar to acute lymphoblastic leukemia, acute myeloid leukemia is caused by a series of acquired genetic aberrations. […] Acute myeloid leukemia has a number of subtypes and precursor neoplasms that are distinguished from each other by morphology, immunophenotype, cytochemistry, and genetic abnormalities […] Therapy-related AML (t-AML) is a subtype of AML caused by prior treatment with certain antineoplastic drugs (eg, alkylating agents, hydroxyurea, and topoisomerase II inhibitors). […] The DNA methyltransferase inhibitors decitabine and azacitidine are pyrimidine nucleoside analogs that modulate DNA by reducing methylation of the promoter region of tumor suppressor genes. […] Molecular genetic abnormalities are also important in refining prognosis and therapy in AML. Many different mutations exist; these are categorized into groups based on their effect on prognosis and treatment.

• #39 Acute myeloid leukaemia | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/cancer/cancer-types-in-adults/acute-myeloid-leukaemia/

  The main risk factors for AML are outlined below. […] Exposure to the chemical benzene is a known risk factor for AML in adults. […] Treatment with radiotherapy and certain chemotherapy medications for an earlier, unrelated cancer can increase your risk of developing AML many years later. […] People with certain blood disorders such as myelodysplasia, myelofibrosis or polycythaemia vera (PCV) have an increased risk of developing AML. […] People with certain genetic disorders, including Downs syndrome and Fanconis anaemia, have an increased risk of developing leukaemia.

• #40 Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML): Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/197802-overview

  Several factors have been implicated in the causation of AML, including antecedent hematologic disorders, familial syndromes, environmental exposures, and drug exposures. However, most patients who present with de novo AML have no identifiable risk factor. […] The most common risk factor for AML is the presence of an antecedent hematologic disorder, the most common of which is myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). […] Other antecedent hematologic disorders that predispose patients to AML include aplastic anemia and myeloproliferative disorders, especially myelofibrosis. […] Some congenital disorders that predispose patients to AML include Bloom syndrome, Down syndrome, congenital neutropenia, Fanconi anemia, and neurofibromatosis. […] More subtle genetic disorders, including polymorphisms of enzymes that metabolize carcinogens, also predispose patients to AML.

• #41 Acute Myeloid Leukemia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507875/

  Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a rapidly progressing myeloid neoplasm characterized by the clonal expansion of primitive hematopoietic stem cells, known as blasts, in the bone marrow. […] The European LeukemiaNet (ELN) 2022 consensus recommendations offer a valuable framework for classifying AML based on mutational profile. […] Patients with high and very high-risk myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), clinically characterized by the presence of transfusion-dependent cytopenias and peripheral blasts, are at increased risk of AML evolution and necessitate vigilant surveillance. […] Patients with myeloproliferative neoplasms, which include myelofibrosis, essential thrombocythemia, polycythemia vera, and chronic myeloid leukemia, may also progress or evolve into a higher-grade myeloid neoplasm such as AML.

• #42

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/acute-myeloid-leukaemia/causes/

  It’s not clear what causes acute myeloid leukaemia (AML), but the myeloid stem cells produce more white blood cells than are needed. […] It’s not known what triggers the genetic mutation in AML, although a number of different things can increase your risk of developing the condition. […] Being exposed to a significant level of radiation can increase your chances of developing AML, although this usually requires exposure at very high levels. […] Exposure to the chemical benzene is a known risk factor for AML in adults. […] Treatment with radiotherapy and certain chemotherapy medicines for an earlier, unrelated cancer can increase your risk of developing AML many years later. […] People with certain blood disorders, such as myelodysplasia, myelofibrosis or polycythaemia vera, have an increased risk of developing AML. […] People with certain genetic conditions, including Down’s syndrome and Fanconi’s anaemia, have an increased risk of developing leukaemia.

• #43 Acute myeloid leukaemia | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/cancer/cancer-types-in-adults/acute-myeloid-leukaemia/

  The main risk factors for AML are outlined below. […] Exposure to the chemical benzene is a known risk factor for AML in adults. […] Treatment with radiotherapy and certain chemotherapy medications for an earlier, unrelated cancer can increase your risk of developing AML many years later. […] People with certain blood disorders such as myelodysplasia, myelofibrosis or polycythaemia vera (PCV) have an increased risk of developing AML. […] People with certain genetic disorders, including Downs syndrome and Fanconis anaemia, have an increased risk of developing leukaemia.

• #44 Acute myelogenous leukemia – Knowledge and References – Taylor & Francis

  https://taylorandfrancis.com/knowledge/Medicine_and_healthcare/Oncology/Acute_myelogenous_leukemia/

  Acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) is a type of cancer that originates from immature myeloid cells and results in an excessive production of white blood cells. Risk factors for AML include exposure to ionizing radiation, viruses, chemicals such as benzene, and cytotoxic chemotherapy. […] The symptoms of AML are caused by the clonal expansion of malignant myeloid precursor cells in the marrow and blood, causing bone marrow failure and infiltration of other organs. […] Among the risk factors for AML are ARCH/CHIP, chronic myeloproliferative diseases, MDS, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH), and therapy-related causes, such as radiotherapy and drugs. […] Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a hematologic malignancy that results from a clonal proliferation of myeloid blasts, with extreme underlying genetic heterogeneity in the disease, involving sporadic or de novo genesis, and secondary to preexisting myelodysplastic syndromes.

• #45 Acute Myeloid Leukemia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507875/

  Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a rapidly progressing myeloid neoplasm characterized by the clonal expansion of primitive hematopoietic stem cells, known as blasts, in the bone marrow. […] The European LeukemiaNet (ELN) 2022 consensus recommendations offer a valuable framework for classifying AML based on mutational profile. […] Patients with high and very high-risk myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), clinically characterized by the presence of transfusion-dependent cytopenias and peripheral blasts, are at increased risk of AML evolution and necessitate vigilant surveillance. […] Patients with myeloproliferative neoplasms, which include myelofibrosis, essential thrombocythemia, polycythemia vera, and chronic myeloid leukemia, may also progress or evolve into a higher-grade myeloid neoplasm such as AML.

• #46 Acute Myeloid Leukemia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507875/

  Another group of patients at risk for AML includes patients who have previously received chemotherapy for other malignancies. […] Additional environmental exposures, including radiation, tobacco smoke, and benzene, also contribute to the risk of AML. […] Despite these known risk factors, most cases of AML still arise de novo without an attributable etiology. […] Based on its etiology, AML can be categorized into 3 main types: de novo AML, which arises spontaneously; secondary AML (s-AML), which evolves from prior myeloproliferative disorders or MDS; and therapy-related AML, resulting from exposure to chemotherapeutic agents, radiation therapy, or toxins.

• #47 Acute Myeloid Leukemia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507875/

  Another group of patients at risk for AML includes patients who have previously received chemotherapy for other malignancies. […] Additional environmental exposures, including radiation, tobacco smoke, and benzene, also contribute to the risk of AML. […] Despite these known risk factors, most cases of AML still arise de novo without an attributable etiology. […] Based on its etiology, AML can be categorized into 3 main types: de novo AML, which arises spontaneously; secondary AML (s-AML), which evolves from prior myeloproliferative disorders or MDS; and therapy-related AML, resulting from exposure to chemotherapeutic agents, radiation therapy, or toxins.

• #48 Acute myelogenous leukemia – Knowledge and References – Taylor & Francis

  https://taylorandfrancis.com/knowledge/Medicine_and_healthcare/Oncology/Acute_myelogenous_leukemia/

  The primary causes of AML are genetic and cytogenetic alterations. […] AML could develop ‘de novo’ or as the consequence of previous hematological disorder or therapy (e.g. chemotherapy with alkylating agents). […] AML has been reported to be closely correlated with several risk factors, such as drug exposures, environmental exposures, familial syndromes, and antecedent hematologic disorders. However, most de novo AML patients show no identifiable risk factors, suggesting the complex molecular mechanism of this disease.

• #49 Acute myelogenous leukemia – Knowledge and References – Taylor & Francis

  https://taylorandfrancis.com/knowledge/Medicine_and_healthcare/Oncology/Acute_myelogenous_leukemia/

  The primary causes of AML are genetic and cytogenetic alterations. […] AML could develop ‘de novo’ or as the consequence of previous hematological disorder or therapy (e.g. chemotherapy with alkylating agents). […] AML has been reported to be closely correlated with several risk factors, such as drug exposures, environmental exposures, familial syndromes, and antecedent hematologic disorders. However, most de novo AML patients show no identifiable risk factors, suggesting the complex molecular mechanism of this disease.

• #50 Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML): Symptoms, Treatment & Prognosis

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/6212-acute-myeloid-leukemia-aml

  Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a rare cancer that affects your bone marrow and blood. It typically happens when certain genes or chromosomes mutate (change). […] Experts aren’t sure what causes acute myeloid leukemia. They do know the condition happens when certain genes or chromosomes mutate (change), creating abnormal blood cells. These genetic changes may happen: During your lifetime when something changes your DNA. […] While experts don’t know exactly what triggers the genetic mutations that cause AML, they do know about risk factors that increase your chance of developing the disease. Acute myeloid leukemia risk factors include: Age. About half of all people with AML are 65 or older when they’re diagnosed. […] Researchers know some inherited genetic mutations increase people’s risk for developing AML, including: Down syndrome. […] Some people who have myeloproliferative neoplasms (myeloproliferative disorders) may develop acute myeloid leukemia. […] No, you can’t prevent acute myeloid leukemia. Experts know that genetic mutations cause acute myeloid leukemia but they don’t know what triggers them.

• #51 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Acute-Myeloid-Leukemia-Causes.aspx

  AML is slightly more common in males than in females and the reasons are not clear. […] AML is seen more commonly among Caucasians than in African Americans. […] Other unproven risk factors include exposure to electromagnetic fields like living near power grids and cell phone towers etc, exposure to pesticides, and certain other chemicals, hair dyes and bleaches and cigarette smoke.

• #52 Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) | LLS.org

  https://www.lls.org/leukemia/acute-myeloid-leukemia

  Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a cancer of the bone marrow and the blood that progresses rapidly without treatment. […] For most people who have AML, there are no known cause or obvious reasons (risk factors) why they developed the disease. […] While the cause of AML is unknown, several factors are associated with an increased risk of developing AML, including the following: […] Age: the risk of developing AML increases with age […] Sex: males are more likely than females to develop AML […] Exposure to dangerous chemicals: long-term exposure to high levels of certain chemicals, such as benzene, is linked to a greater risk of AML […] Smoking: AML is linked to exposure to tobacco smoke, which contains benzene and other cancer-causing agents […] Previous cancer treatment: people who received radiation therapy or chemotherapy have an increased risk of developing AML, called „treatment-related” or „therapy-related” AML

• #53 Risks and causes of acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/acute-myeloid-leukaemia-aml/risks-causes

  We dont know what causes most cases of acute myeloid leukaemia (AML). But there are some factors that may increase your risk of developing it. Some of these include being older, smoking and ionising radiation. […] AML is more common in older people. The risk of AML increases from around 50 years and is greatest in those aged between 85 and 89 years. […] Smoking cigarettes can increase your risk of developing AML. There is benzene in cigarette smoke and this is likely to be a significant cause. […] Weve known for a long time that exposure to high energy (ionising) radiation increases acute leukaemia risk. AML is one type of acute leukaemia. […] Exposure to the chemical benzene at work over a long time increases the risk of developing acute leukaemia. […] Certain rare, inherited conditions can increase the risk of developing acute myeloid leukaemia.

• #54 Acute Myeloid Leukemia Treatment – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/leukemia/patient/adult-aml-treatment-pdq

  Adult acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a type of cancer in which the bone marrow makes a large number of abnormal blood cells. […] Smoking, previous chemotherapy treatment, and exposure to radiation may increase the risk of AML. […] AML is caused by certain changes to the way blood stem cells function, especially how they grow and divide into new cells. A risk factor is anything that increases the chance of getting a disease. Some risk factors for AML, like smoking, can be changed. However, risk factors also include things people cannot change, like their genetics, getting older, and their health history. […] There are many risk factors for AML, but many do not directly cause cancer. Instead, they increase the chance of DNA damage in cells that may lead to AML. […] Possible risk factors for AML include: being male, older age, smoking, having had treatment with chemotherapy or radiation therapy in the past, being exposed to radiation in the environment (such as nuclear radiation) or to the chemical benzene, having a personal history of a blood disorder such as myelodysplastic syndrome, having certain syndromes or inherited disorders.

• #55 Pediatric Acute Myelocytic Leukemia: Practice Essentials, Background, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/987228-overview

  Although the cause of acute myeloid leukemia is unknown in most patients, several factors are associated with its development. […] This pattern suggests that these factors trigger the malignant transformation of cells, perhaps due to the action of one or more oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes. […] Defects in deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) repair mechanisms also contribute to the development of acute myeloid leukemia. […] Acute leukemia is believed to begin in a single somatic hematopoietic progenitor that transforms to a cell incapable of normal differentiation. […] Acute myeloid leukemia is a very heterogeneous disease from a molecular standpoint; oncogenic transformation into a leukemic stem cell may occur at different stages of normal hematopoietic cellular maturation, from the most primitive hematopoietic stem cell to later stages, including myeloid/monocytoid progenitor cells and promyelocytes.

• #56 What Causes Acute Myeloid Leukemia? | MyLeukemiaTeam

  https://www.myleukemiateam.com/resources/what-causes-acute-myeloid-leukemia

  Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) also known as acute myelogenous leukemia is a type of cancer that begins in the bone marrow, where new red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets are made. […] Although the exact cause of AML is unknown, experts do understand risk factors for AML as well as how the cancer develops. […] AML results when cells are transformed into cancer cells in an abnormal bone-marrow environment. […] Genetic changes have been identified in more than 97 percent of AML cases. […] Genes that put a pause on the normal cycle of cell growth and division are mutated in more than 30 percent of AML cases. […] In about 50 percent of AML cases, genes that help cells progress to the normal cycle of growth and division are mutated. […] In about 40 percent of AML cases, mutations are present that do not affect the DNA but rather how and when DNA is read and expressed called epigenetic changes.

• #57 What Causes Acute Myeloid Leukemia? | MyLeukemiaTeam

  https://www.myleukemiateam.com/resources/what-causes-acute-myeloid-leukemia

  Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) also known as acute myelogenous leukemia is a type of cancer that begins in the bone marrow, where new red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets are made. […] Although the exact cause of AML is unknown, experts do understand risk factors for AML as well as how the cancer develops. […] AML results when cells are transformed into cancer cells in an abnormal bone-marrow environment. […] Genetic changes have been identified in more than 97 percent of AML cases. […] Genes that put a pause on the normal cycle of cell growth and division are mutated in more than 30 percent of AML cases. […] In about 50 percent of AML cases, genes that help cells progress to the normal cycle of growth and division are mutated. […] In about 40 percent of AML cases, mutations are present that do not affect the DNA but rather how and when DNA is read and expressed called epigenetic changes.

• #58 What Causes Acute Myeloid Leukemia? | MyLeukemiaTeam

  https://www.myleukemiateam.com/resources/what-causes-acute-myeloid-leukemia

  Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) also known as acute myelogenous leukemia is a type of cancer that begins in the bone marrow, where new red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets are made. […] Although the exact cause of AML is unknown, experts do understand risk factors for AML as well as how the cancer develops. […] AML results when cells are transformed into cancer cells in an abnormal bone-marrow environment. […] Genetic changes have been identified in more than 97 percent of AML cases. […] Genes that put a pause on the normal cycle of cell growth and division are mutated in more than 30 percent of AML cases. […] In about 50 percent of AML cases, genes that help cells progress to the normal cycle of growth and division are mutated. […] In about 40 percent of AML cases, mutations are present that do not affect the DNA but rather how and when DNA is read and expressed called epigenetic changes.

• #59 What Causes Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML)? | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/acute-myeloid-leukemia/causes-risks-prevention/what-causes.html

  Some people with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) have one or more known risk factors. But it can be very hard to know if any of these factors actually caused the cancer. […] Cancer is caused by changes in the DNA inside our cells. DNA is the chemical in our cells that makes up our genes, which control how our cells function. […] Any of these types of DNA changes might lead to cells growing out of control, which might lead to cancer, including AML. For instance, changes in certain genes such as FLT3, c-KIT, and RAS are common in AML cells. […] Mutations in many different genes can be found in AML cells, but larger changes in one or more chromosomes are also common. […] Some changes seem to have more of an effect on a persons prognosis (outlook) than others. […] Although this can happen sometimes with AML, such as with the genetic syndromes discussed in Risk Factors for Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML), inherited mutations are not a common cause of AML. […] Most DNA changes related to AML are acquired during a persons lifetime, rather than having been inherited before birth. Some of these changes may have outside causes like radiation or cancer-causing chemicals, but most often the reason they occur isn’t clear.

• #60 What Causes Acute Myeloid Leukemia? | MyLeukemiaTeam

  https://www.myleukemiateam.com/resources/what-causes-acute-myeloid-leukemia

  These mutations can happen spontaneously over time (acquired mutations) or can be passed down from your parents (inherited mutations). […] The incidence of AML increases with age. […] According to Mayo Clinic, men are more likely to be diagnosed with AML than women. […] Some inherited and acquired disorders related to impaired bone-marrow function (such as bone marrow failure syndrome) are associated with a higher risk of AML development. […] Prior exposure to radiation therapy or chemotherapy (which often happens during cancer treatment) has been linked to an increased risk of developing AML. […] In most cases, the cause of AML is unknown. […] The biggest controllable risk factor for AML development is smoking, and quitting smoking may reduce your risk.

• #61 Acute myelogenous leukemia | Altru Health System

  https://www.altru.org/health-library/conditions/acute-myelogenous-leukemia

  It’s often not clear what causes acute myelogenous leukemia. […] Healthcare professionals know that it starts when something causes changes to the DNA inside cells in the bone marrow. […] The changes that lead to acute myelogenous leukemia are thought to happen in cells called myeloid cells. […] The DNA changes cause the myeloid cells to make a lot of immature white blood cells, called myeloblasts. […] Many people with AML have no known risk factors, and many people who have risk factors never develop the cancer.

• #62 Etiology of Acute Leukemia: A Review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8125807/

  Acute leukemias are some of the most common cancers affecting all age groups. Despite a significant improvement made in the treatment of acute leukemias, their cause remains unknown. A number of genetic and environmental factors for the development of acute leukemias have been proposed, but none have been proven. […] The role of a variety of factors, including pre-existing and acquired genetic mutations, exposure to radiation and various chemicals during preconception, pregnancy and throughout life, have been explored. […] The exact nature, timing, sequence of the events and mechanisms resulting in the occurrence of leukemia requires further investigations. […] Undoubtedly, genetics plays a major role in the etiology of leukemia. […] While for the majority of leukemia cases there are no obvious known predisposing factors, some genetic and acquired germline mutations and clonal chromosomal abnormalities are associated with increased incidence of leukemia.

• #63 Acute Myeloid Leukemia Treatment – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/leukemia/patient/adult-aml-treatment-pdq

  Adult acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a type of cancer in which the bone marrow makes a large number of abnormal blood cells. […] Smoking, previous chemotherapy treatment, and exposure to radiation may increase the risk of AML. […] AML is caused by certain changes to the way blood stem cells function, especially how they grow and divide into new cells. A risk factor is anything that increases the chance of getting a disease. Some risk factors for AML, like smoking, can be changed. However, risk factors also include things people cannot change, like their genetics, getting older, and their health history. […] There are many risk factors for AML, but many do not directly cause cancer. Instead, they increase the chance of DNA damage in cells that may lead to AML. […] Possible risk factors for AML include: being male, older age, smoking, having had treatment with chemotherapy or radiation therapy in the past, being exposed to radiation in the environment (such as nuclear radiation) or to the chemical benzene, having a personal history of a blood disorder such as myelodysplastic syndrome, having certain syndromes or inherited disorders.

• #64 Acute myeloid leukaemia | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/cancer/cancer-types-in-adults/acute-myeloid-leukaemia/

  Acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) is caused by a DNA mutation in the stem cells in your bone marrow that produce red blood cells, platelets and infection-fighting white blood cells. […] The mutation causes the stem cells to produce many more white blood cells that are needed. […] Its not clear exactly why this happens and, in most cases, theres no identifiable cause. However, a number of factors that can increase your risk of developing AML have been identified. These include: previous chemotherapy or radiotherapy, exposure to very high levels of radiation (including previous radiotherapy treatment), exposure to benzene a chemical used in manufacturing thats also found in cigarette smoke, having an underlying blood disorder or genetic disorder, such as Downs syndrome. […] A number of different factors that can increase your risk of developing the condition have been identified.

• #65 Acute Myeloid Leukemia | AML | MedlinePlus

  https://medlineplus.gov/acutemyeloidleukemia.html

  Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a type of acute leukemia. „Acute” means that the leukemia usually gets worse quickly if it’s not treated. In AML, the bone marrow makes abnormal myeloblasts (a type of white blood cell), red blood cells, or platelets. When the abnormal cells crowd out the healthy cells, it can lead to infection, anemia, and easy bleeding. The abnormal cells can also spread outside the blood to other parts of the body. […] AML happens when there are changes in the genetic material (DNA) in bone marrow cells. The cause of these genetic changes is unknown. However, there are certain factors that raise your risk of AML. […] The factors that raise your risk of AML include: Being male, Smoking, especially after age 60, Having had chemotherapy or radiation therapy, Treatment for acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) as a child, Exposure to the chemical benzene, A history of another blood disorder such as myelodysplastic syndrome.

• #66

• #67 What Is Acute Myelogenous Leukemia?

  https://www.icliniq.com/articles/cancer/acute-myelogenous-leukemia

  Acute myelogenous leukemia is a severe variant of leukemia that might cause severe symptoms. […] The exact reason is not identified. […] Even though the exact cause of acute myelogenous leukemia is not identified, some factors are known to increase the risk for the occurrence of acute myelogenous leukemia. […] Individuals who have a higher degree of radiation exposure have a higher risk of developing acute myelogenous leukemia. […] If a person is exposed to harmful chemicals like benzene, they have a higher degree of risk for acute myelogenous leukemia. […] Patients who have blood disorders like myelofibrosis, polycythemia vera, and myelodysplasia are known to suffer from acute myelogenous leukemia. […] The hazardous material present in the cigarette is known to contain components of benzene.

• #68 Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) | LLS.org

  https://www.lls.org/leukemia/acute-myeloid-leukemia

  Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a cancer of the bone marrow and the blood that progresses rapidly without treatment. […] For most people who have AML, there are no known cause or obvious reasons (risk factors) why they developed the disease. […] While the cause of AML is unknown, several factors are associated with an increased risk of developing AML, including the following: […] Age: the risk of developing AML increases with age […] Sex: males are more likely than females to develop AML […] Exposure to dangerous chemicals: long-term exposure to high levels of certain chemicals, such as benzene, is linked to a greater risk of AML […] Smoking: AML is linked to exposure to tobacco smoke, which contains benzene and other cancer-causing agents […] Previous cancer treatment: people who received radiation therapy or chemotherapy have an increased risk of developing AML, called „treatment-related” or „therapy-related” AML

• #69

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/acute-myeloid-leukaemia/

  It’s not clear exactly what causes AML and, in most cases, there’s no identifiable cause. […] But some things can increase your risk of getting AML, including: previous chemotherapy or radiotherapy, exposure to very high levels of radiation (including previous radiotherapy treatment), smoking and other exposure to benzene, a chemical used in manufacturing that’s also found in cigarette smoke, having a blood disorder or some genetic conditions, such as Down’s syndrome.

• #70 What Causes Acute Myeloid Leukemia? | MyLeukemiaTeam

  https://www.myleukemiateam.com/resources/what-causes-acute-myeloid-leukemia

  These mutations can happen spontaneously over time (acquired mutations) or can be passed down from your parents (inherited mutations). […] The incidence of AML increases with age. […] According to Mayo Clinic, men are more likely to be diagnosed with AML than women. […] Some inherited and acquired disorders related to impaired bone-marrow function (such as bone marrow failure syndrome) are associated with a higher risk of AML development. […] Prior exposure to radiation therapy or chemotherapy (which often happens during cancer treatment) has been linked to an increased risk of developing AML. […] In most cases, the cause of AML is unknown. […] The biggest controllable risk factor for AML development is smoking, and quitting smoking may reduce your risk.

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