Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Pediatric Obstructive Sleep Apnea – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557610/

  Pediatric obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a childhood disorder in which there is upper airway dysfunction causing complete or partial airway obstruction during sleep leading to decreased oxygen saturation or arousals from sleep. It can have dramatic effects on childhood behavior, neurodevelopment, metabolism, and overall health. Early recognition, evaluation, and treatment are important to prevent long-term consequences.[1] […] Before diagnosis, parents should be educated at well-child checks to be vigilant about signs and symptoms of pediatric OSA, including loud nightly snoring, frequent nighttime awakenings, secondary nocturnal enuresis, and behavioral changes in their children. Additionally, parents of overweight and obese children should be educated about the consequences of obesity and the increased risk of pediatric OSA. Providers must inform caregivers about sleep issues because they might not always recognize when the sleep pattern is dysfunctional.[4]

• #2 Medical Treatment of Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Children

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10419369/

  Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is characterized by recurrent complete or partial obstruction of the upper airway. The prevalence is 14% in children aged between 2 and 8 years and rising due to the increase in obesity rates in children. […] The aim of this review article is to summarize medical treatment options for OSA in children. […] The objectives of OSA treatment in children are to reduce daytime symptoms, improve quality of life and sleep, and avoid short- and long-term consequences. […] Therefore, adenotonsillectomy (AT) is commonly the primary treatment option for children with OSA. […] Additional assessment and medical treatment strategies are frequently required when AT is not indicated or if there is persistent OSA after surgery, as well as when complex medical issues are present.

• #3 Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Children | Bangkok International Hospital (Brain x Bone)

  https://www.bangkokinternationalhospital.com/health-articles/disease-treatment/obstructive-sleep-apnea-in-children

  Obstructive sleep apnea is common and affects between 1-5% of children, while snoring can be found in 4-12% especially in 2-6 years olds. […] If your child makes noise when breathing during sleep or snoring becomes noticeable, you should consult a doctor. […] Consequences of untreated obstructive sleep apnea include failure to thrive, attention-deficit disorder, behavioral problems, poor academic performance, and cardiopulmonary diseases. […] The common causes of the disease are: Enlarged adenoids and tonsils, Obesity, Airway obstruction or neuromuscular weakness. […] Obstructive sleep apnea is a common condition during childhood and can result in severe complications such as cardiovascular disease if left untreated. […] Surgical removal of the adenoids and tonsils is the most common treatment for pediatric obstructive sleep apnea.

• #4 Pediatric obstructive sleep apnea – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pediatric-sleep-apnea/symptoms-causes/syc-20376196

  Pediatric obstructive sleep apnea is a condition in which a child’s breathing is partly or completely blocked during sleep. […] It’s important for healthcare professionals to find and treat pediatric obstructive sleep apnea as soon as possible. Early treatment helps prevent other health conditions called complications. […] The first treatment may be surgery to remove enlarged tonsils and adenoids. But some children may get better using medical devices or taking medicines. […] The main risk factor for pediatric obstructive sleep apnea is enlarged tonsils and adenoids, especially in younger children. Obesity also is an important a risk factor, mainly among teenagers. […] Without treatment, pediatric obstructive sleep apnea can lead to other health conditions called complications. […] But in most children, treatment can help manage complications.

• #5 Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Children | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2004/0301/p1147.html

  Obstructive sleep-disordered breathing is common in children. From 3 percent to 12 percent of children snore, while obstructive sleep apnea syndrome affects 1 percent to 10 percent of children. […] Consequences of untreated obstructive sleep apnea include failure to thrive, enuresis, attention-deficit disorder, behavior problems, poor academic performance, and cardiopulmonary disease. […] The most common etiology of obstructive sleep apnea is adenotonsillar hypertrophy. […] Treatment includes the use of continuous positive airway pressure and weight loss in obese children. […] Adenotonsillectomy is curative in most patients. […] Children with craniofacial syndromes, neuromuscular diseases, medical comorbidities, or severe obstructive sleep apnea, and those younger than three years are at increased risk of developing postoperative complications and should be monitored overnight in the hospital.

• #6 Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Children | Bangkok International Hospital (Brain x Bone)

  https://www.bangkokinternationalhospital.com/health-articles/disease-treatment/obstructive-sleep-apnea-in-children

  Obstructive sleep apnea is common and affects between 1-5% of children, while snoring can be found in 4-12% especially in 2-6 years olds. […] If your child makes noise when breathing during sleep or snoring becomes noticeable, you should consult a doctor. […] Consequences of untreated obstructive sleep apnea include failure to thrive, attention-deficit disorder, behavioral problems, poor academic performance, and cardiopulmonary diseases. […] The common causes of the disease are: Enlarged adenoids and tonsils, Obesity, Airway obstruction or neuromuscular weakness. […] Obstructive sleep apnea is a common condition during childhood and can result in severe complications such as cardiovascular disease if left untreated. […] Surgical removal of the adenoids and tonsils is the most common treatment for pediatric obstructive sleep apnea.

• #7 Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) in Children – Pulmonary Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pulmonary-disorders/sleep-apnea/obstructive-sleep-apnea-osa-in-children

  Risk factors for childhood obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) include obesity, enlarged tonsils or adenoids, anatomic (including craniofacial) abnormalities, genetic abnormalities, medications, and disorders causing hypertonia or hypotonia. […] Problems with learning and behavior are potentially serious complications. […] Diagnose childhood OSA based on caregiver-confirmed symptoms and the results of polysomnography. […] Correct anatomic causes of obstruction (eg, by adenotonsillectomy or correction of micrognathia). […] Consider continuous positive airway pressure and/or weight loss if surgery is not indicated or not completely effective.

• #8 Jornal Brasileiro de Pneumologia – Pediatric obstructive sleep apnea: diagnosis and management

  https://www.jornaldepneumologia.com.br/details/3981/en-US/pediatric-obstructive-sleep-apnea–diagnosis-and-management;

  Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a respiratory disorder characterized by a reduction in or cessation of airflow in the airways during sleep. It is known to be present in 1-5% of the pediatric population. Therefore, OSA is now common in childhood, especially given the significant increase in childhood obesity, which constitutes a significant risk factor for this pathology. Another main risk factor is adenotonsillar hypertrophy. Consequently, in the pediatric population, OSA is more common in children between two and six years of age. In addition, prematurity, craniofacial anomalies, neuromuscular diseases, genetic syndromes (such as Down, Prader-Willi, and Crouzon syndromes), asthma, and allergic rhinitis are considered risk factors for the development of pediatric OSA. […] To mitigate the adverse effects of this pathology, preventive measures such as addressing modifiable risk factors can be employed. There are some ways to minimize the risk of SDB: avoiding smoking in the home, treating asthma or allergic rhinitis, assisting with weight reduction (if the child is overweight or obese), and performing surgery for enlarged tonsils and adenoids on the children for whom surgical intervention is indicated.

• #9 Childhood Sleep Apnea, Pediatric Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA)

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/14312-obstructive-sleep-apnea-in-children

  Most causes of childhood sleep apnea cant be prevented. […] You can help your child reduce their risk of obstructive sleep apnea by: Exercising regularly. Avoiding areas where theres tobacco smoke. Managing seasonal allergies. […] Your childs provider can make personalized recommendations to help your child reduce their risk, especially if the condition runs in your biological family history.

• #10 American Academy of Pediatrics publishes clinical guideline on sleep apnea in children – American Academy of Sleep Medicine – Association for Sleep Clinicians and Researchers

  https://aasm.org/american-academy-of-pediatrics-publishes-clinical-guideline-on-sleep-apnea-in-children/

  A new American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) guideline recommends that children who frequently snore should be tested for obstructive sleep apnea. The guideline recommends in-lab polysomnography for children with daytime learning problems, labored breathing during sleep and disturbed sleep with frequent gasps, snorts or pauses. […] The guidelines also call for children and adolescents to be screened for snoring as part of routine physician visits. The AAP recommends adenotonsillectomy as the first-line treatment for children with sleep apnea. Pediatricians may also recommend weight loss in obese patients or CPAP if surgery is ineffective or not conducted.

• #11 Childhood Sleep Apnea Clinical Presentation: History, Physical Examination, Complications of Childhood Sleep Apnea

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1004104-clinical

  Although no specific prevention has been reported, a high index of suspicion in patients with predisposing conditions or suggestive history is necessary for early detection. […] The need for increased awareness of and screening for obstructive sleep apnea among primary care providers is significant. […] History obtained during preventive health visits should include questions regarding snoring (frequency, quality), obvious nocturnal airway obstruction or apnea, restless sleep, mouth breathing, daytime inattention, hyperactivity or hypersomnolence, and family history of obstructive sleep apnea. […] Loud snoring 3 or more nights per week warrants further investigation. […] Early diagnosis and prevention of such morbidities are fundamental aspects of adequate pediatric care in the community.

• #12 Pediatric Obstructive Sleep Apnea – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557610/

  Any patient with a reversible risk factor for OSA, especially obesity, should be counseled on reversing the issue. Weight loss can improve OSA and can be considered adjunctive therapy in older children.[9] Parents should also be advised to limit children’s exposure to second-hand smoke and tobacco use in the house.

• #13 Medical Treatment of Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Children

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10419369/

  Children with OSA who cannot tolerate the CPAP masks may benefit from HFNC treatment. […] For children with persistent OSA, PT can be a simple, cheap, and low-risk treatment option. […] Myofunctional therapy (MT) is based on isotonic and isometric exercises that enhance the orofacial tissues coordination and strength. […] Considering the significant effects of obesity on OSA and the poor response to adenotonsillectomy in children with obesity, weight loss should be part of the treatment plan for all children with obesity and OSA.

• #14 Childhood Sleep Apnea Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Positive-Pressure Ventilation, Oral Appliances

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1004104-treatment

  Obstructive sleep apnea in pediatric patients generally responds to adenotonsillectomy. However, not all children with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) are surgical candidates. […] Adenotonsillectomy, along with weight normalization, is considered the first line of therapy in children and adolescents with obstructive sleep apnea. […] Children with obstructive sleep apnea who are obese generally require follow-up polysomnography 8-12 weeks following adenotonsillectomy to assess for residual sleep apnea and determine whether other interventions (eg, continuous positive airway pressure [CPAP]) are needed. […] Caloric intake limitation and dietary counseling are necessary if obesity complicates obstructive apnea. […] Weight reduction is most successful with the aid of a nutritionist or an established weight reduction program.

• #15 How to Treat Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Kids and Teens

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/sleep-apnea-treatment-for-teens-adolescents-4082952

  Obstructive sleep apnea is often due to facial anatomy that contributes to a blockage of the airway. It may be worsened by allergies, colds, or exposure to tobacco smoke. […] In children who are overweight or obese, a weight loss plan with improved nutrition and increased exercise may be indicated. These changes should be made with the supervision of a pediatrician. […] Exercises of the tongue and lips may increase the muscle tone of the airway, promote nasal breathing, and reduce the risk of snoring and sleep apnea. […] Children or teenagers with allergic rhinitis (hay fever) may have congestion, a runny nose, watery or itchy eyes, or post-nasal drip. When the nose is blocked, mouth breathing is more likely to occur. This may contribute to the risk of snoring and sleep apnea. […] If you are concerned about obstructive sleep apnea in your child, speak with your pediatrician and seek the advice of a trusted board-certified pediatric sleep specialist who can provide further evaluation, guidance, and referrals as needed. Obstructive sleep apnea can be treated effectively and the role of a motivated parent in maximizing the impact of these interventions cannot be overstated.

• #16 Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Children | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2004/0301/p1147.html

  Adenotonsillectomy should be considered first-line treatment for sleep-disordered breathing in children when there is physical evidence of adenotonsillar hypertrophy. […] Adenotonsillectomy, a routine procedure, has been shown to improve snoring, OSA, weight problems, enuresis, and behavior problems in children who have the entire clinical spectrum of sleep-disordered breathing. […] In obese children, weight loss is an excellent therapeutic measure, but it can be a difficult process. […] Allergy testing and treatment of rhinitis are important in children with OSA secondary to nasal obstruction. […] Tracheotomy must be considered in children for whom traditional surgery is unlikely to be of benefit, such as those with Pierre Robin syndrome.

• #17 Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Children | Bangkok International Hospital (Brain x Bone)

  https://www.bangkokinternationalhospital.com/health-articles/disease-treatment/obstructive-sleep-apnea-in-children

  Other treatment options such as positive airway pressure considered the first line of treatment for those children who are not candidates for surgery. […] Weight management in children with obesity. […] Avoid tobacco smoke, pollutants, and allergens. […] Obstructive sleep apnea in children generally responds to adenotonsillectomy.

• #18 SciELO Brasil – Pediatric obstructive sleep apnea: diagnosis and management Pediatric obstructive sleep apnea: diagnosis and management

  https://www.scielo.br/j/jbpneu/a/Brvtdq9SSmB4vs4BwChXYtr/?lang=en

  Clinicians need to be aware of the possibility of OSA symptoms in children and adolescents. […] To mitigate the adverse effects of this pathology, preventive measures such as addressing modifiable risk factors can be employed. There are some ways to minimize the risk of SDB: avoiding smoking in the home, treating asthma or allergic rhinitis, assisting with weight reduction (if the child is overweight or obese), and performing surgery for enlarged tonsils and adenoids on the children for whom surgical intervention is indicated.

• #19 Sleep Apnea in Children- Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Natural Treatment

  https://www.resmed.co.in/blogs/how-to-diagnose-treat-sleep-apnea-in-children

  Pediatric Obstructive Sleep Apnea refers to a condition where kids fail to rest peacefully at night because of pauses in breathing. […] Another way to improve obstructive sleep apnea in children is to practise mouth and throat exercises, also known as myofunctional therapy. […] Since obesity is a risk factor for OSA, losing weight can alleviate its symptoms. For this, children are advised to follow a healthy diet plan and exercise regularly. […] Avoiding the causes of allergic rhinitis like pollen and mould can help reduce sleep apnea symptoms. […] When sleep apnea results from resting on the back, elevating the head of the bed and resting on the side can improve the condition. […] While one method of managing Obstructive sleep apnea in Children involves wearing dental devices or CPAP, natural remedies like losing weight, avoiding allergens, and trying positional therapy can also prove helpful.

• #20 Sleep Apnea in Children: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatments | Rejuvenation Dentistry

  https://www.rejuv-health.com/sleep-apnea/sleep-apnea-children/

  How to prevent childhood sleep apnea: Your child should keep active, to prevent obesity and lower stress levels both of which are risk factors for pediatric sleep apnea. […] Make sure your child doesn’t drink caffeinated beverages within a few hours of bedtime. […] Your child should not spend much time around smokers. […] Avoid giving your child any muscle relaxants. […] At their twice-yearly visit to the dentist, make sure the dentist looks for signs of teeth grinding. […] Know the signs and symptoms, so you can address sleep apnea before it causes major problems. Look for hyperactivity, sleepwalking, and bedwetting. Listen for loud snoring and interrupted breathing during sleep. Pay attention to complaints from your child about headaches, jaw pain, or a sore throat.

• #21 Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA): Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24443-obstructive-sleep-apnea-osa

  You cant prevent all cases of OSA. But you can take steps to reduce your risk and improve your overall sleep by: […] Eating nutritious foods and participating in regular physical activities […] Maintaining a healthy weight […] Practicing good sleep hygiene (like setting a bedtime routine and turning off electronic devices before bed) […] Managing any existing health conditions, such as high cholesterol, high blood pressure and Type 2 diabetes […] Not smoking and not drinking beverages that contain alcohol before bed […] Seeing your healthcare provider annually for a check-up.

• #22 Pediatric Sleep Apnea: Treatment and Prevention

  https://sistemmacpap.com/blog/pediatric-sleep-apnea-treatment-and-prevention?srsltid=AfmBOoqk8yrgeRlKdMqQoaGyA0P5cZh70Nq4h6tHcKstgsqDi3QsZRpg

  All children can benefit from avoidance of environmental allergens or irritants such as tobacco smoke, car exhaust, or toxins associated with factory food production. […] As a general rule, doctors recommend that children 1 to 2 years of age should sleep between 10 and 14 hours a day (including naps) for optimal health conditions, and children 3 to 5 years of age should sleep 9 to 11 hours.

• #23 Pediatric Sleep Apnea: Treatment and Prevention

  https://sistemmacpap.com/blog/pediatric-sleep-apnea-treatment-and-prevention?srsltid=AfmBOoqk8yrgeRlKdMqQoaGyA0P5cZh70Nq4h6tHcKstgsqDi3QsZRpg

  Doctor Colin Sullivan, the inventor of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), once told an interviewer from the National Sleep Foundation that addressing the problem of sleep apnea should be as much about prevention as treatment. […] But as a disorder with a large number of comorbidities, many of which can last into adulthood, there is still a sufficient need for more public awareness about such things as warning signs, treatment options, and preventive measures that can improve the health of children and possibly save their lives. […] For this reason and many others, doctors recommend breastfeeding at least six months after birth. […] Healthy diets, exercise, and quality sleep habits can do more than prevent sleep apnea, but can promote healthy aging and a higher quality of life for years to come.

• #24 Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Children – Amerisleep

  https://amerisleep.com/blog/obstructive-sleep-apnea-in-children/

  If obesity is the cause of obstructive sleep apnea in the child, weight loss treatment is another solution. A pediatrician or dietician can assist with putting together a diet and exercise plan suitable to the childs needs. […] In more mild cases of obstructive sleep apnea, steroid nasal sprays, saline rinses, or other allergy medications can reduce inflammation allowing improved breathing while asleep. However, such treatments can also work in conjunction with other treatments such as breathing training or other solutions. […] Additionally, a firm mattress with an adjustable base shows results in improving obstructive pediatric sleep apnea. A firm mattress can reduce pressure on the chest and body while sleeping. Head-of-bed elevation has also demonstrated improvement in OSA problems in children.

• #25 Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Pediatric Patients | RT

  https://respiratory-therapy.com/disorders-diseases/sleep-medicine/obstructive-sleep-apnea-in-pediatric-patients/

  Early recognition, accurate diagnosis, and appropriate treatment help to alleviate much of the childhood morbidity associated with obstructive sleep apnea. […] Diagnosis of OSA requires a careful and detailed history and physical examination. Polysomnography is required to determine the nature of the problem, the magnitude of the physiologic disturbance, and (ultimately) the significance of the problem for the child. Earlier recognition, accurate diagnosis, and appropriate treatment all should alleviate much of the childhood morbidity associated with these conditions. […] There is no consensus on what constitutes a clinically significant event in children, although it has been repeatedly demonstrated that adult criteria for the clinical significance of apnea fail in predicting clinically significant infant and childhood sleep apnea.

• #26 Pediatric Obstructive Sleep Apnea – Houston Sleep Solutions

  https://houstonsleepsolutions.com/blog/pediatric-obstructive-sleep-apnea/

  Obstructive sleep disorder (OSA) is a potentially serious sleep disorder in which a child’s breathing stops and starts again during sleep. […] Dentofacial orthopedics is another option for early treatment and even prevention of OSA. This orthopedics can open the air passage by 10mm or more by creating a face profile in the best position, which is a method to increase the air space. […] It is very important to get fitted by a dentist specializing in sleep apnea. […] It is very important to be fitted by a dentist who specializes in sleep apnea. […] Dr. Montz, Dr. Maher, or Dr. Dunwody at Houston Sleep Solutions South will be able to help you determine if sleep apnea treatment is right for you.

• #27 Pediatric Sleep Apnea Treatment- correct the root cause

  https://tmjsleepandbreathecenter.com/how-to-cure-pediatric-sleep-apnea/

  Pediatric obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is caused by a partial blockage of the airway during sleep. This condition, not exclusive to adults, underscores the importance of considering obstructive sleep apnea osa in pediatric health as it affects children too. […] Dentists play a key role in identifying sleep-disordered breathing in children by observing tonsil size during oral examinations and referring patients for further assessment. They can also provide oral appliances, such as mouthguards, that have become increasingly popular in the treatment of pediatric obstructive sleep apnea and mouth breathing. […] Orthodontic interventions can be incredibly helpful in managing pediatric sleep apnea. One such intervention is the use of a palatal expander, which is designed to gradually widen the upper jaw, increasing the size of the nasal cavity and potentially reducing obstructive events during sleep.

• #28 Treatment for Pediatric Obstructive Sleep Apnea – Airway & Sleep Group

  https://airwayandsleepgroup.com/blog/treatment-for-pediatric-obstructive-sleep-apnea/

  Obstructive sleep apnea in children is characterized by disordered breathing during sleep which consists of prolonged partial upper airway obstruction or complete obstruction, disrupting normal breathing patterns. The prevalence of pediatric OSA is rising due to the increase in childhood obesity. […] Research has shown that early treatment is imperative in order to combat the destructive effects of pediatric OSA. […] Treatment options for pediatric OSA that have been studied for the past two decades include; Rapid maxillary expansion, oral appliances and distraction osteogenesis. […] RME significantly reduces the problems associated with OSA and has long lasting results. […] In children, mandibular advancement is a type of orthodontic therapy that helps improve and expand upper airway space and may be permanent if used early enough. […] Distraction osteogenesis has been proven to improve upper airway obstruction and other functional problems.

• #29 Sleep Apnea in Children Natural Treatment in Brookline, MA

  https://smilebrookline.com/child-airway/

  Dr. Sara Stock DDS and her Airway Sleep Dental Team treat mild-to-moderate sleep apnea, snoring, and sleep-disordered breathing using Vivos oral appliance therapy (OAT) in both adults and children. […] Many parents dont realize sleep-disordered breathing and sleep apnea affects children as well as adults. […] Left untreated, sleep-disordered breathing can impair your childs physical development and well-being. […] The Vivos System includes specific preventative treatment protocols for children who demonstrate early signs such as crooked or crowded teeth using a series of Vivos Guides. […] With Dr. Stocks guidance, your child can start to address the underlying causes of sleep disordered breathing with the Vivos oral appliance. […] When you help your child follow their treatment plan, as directed, you can help them improve their quality of sleep and overall health.

• #30 Sleep Apnea in Children Natural Treatment in Brookline, MA

  https://smilebrookline.com/child-airway/

  Oral appliance therapy offers a non-invasive treatment option for children with mild to moderate sleep apnea. […] These custom-fitted devices gently reposition the lower jaw to prevent airway obstruction at the back of the mouth. […] Oral appliances may also help address underlying issues contributing to pediatric obstructive sleep apnea, such as mouth breathing and improper jaw development. […] Positional therapy encourages side sleeping to reduce airway obstruction. […] The treatment of OSA in children depends on several factors, including age, severity, and underlying health conditions. […] If your child is struggling with sleep disorders, poor concentration, or symptoms associated with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, early intervention is key. […] The Vivos Guides are made to work with your childs natural growth cycles, guiding and promoting their growth in the right direction. […] Oral appliance therapy enables deeper sleep, better tooth eruption patterns, easier swallowing, and a wider airway for breathing. […] We don’t want just to fix the problem you have; we want to figure out what caused it so we can prevent future problems from occurring.

• #31 Pediatric Sleep Apnea Treatment- correct the root cause

  https://tmjsleepandbreathecenter.com/how-to-cure-pediatric-sleep-apnea/

  Our advanced treatments use specialized orthodontic appliances to increase the space in the mouth, nose and throat to allow for better oxygenation during the day and at night during sleep. […] By creating more space for airflow and oxygenation, the root cause of kids sleep apnea can be corrected naturally without surgery. […] Our practice focuses on treatments that not only address the symptoms of mouth breathing but also tackle the underlying causes. By using palatal expanders to widen the nasal passageway and treating TOTs with laser frenectomies, we can help children breathe more easily through their nose at night, reducing the incidence of mouth breathing and its associated problems. […] Myofunctional therapy focuses on strengthening the tongue and other mouth muscles. This therapy teaches children how to properly use these muscles, promoting healthier breathing patterns and correcting mouth breathing, which is often linked to sleep apnea.

• #32 ATS Pediatric OSA Guideline Targets Post-Adenotonsillectomy Apnea in Children – Pulmonology Advisor

  https://www.pulmonologyadvisor.com/features/ats-guideline-targets-post-adenotonsillectomy-pediatric-osa/

  The guideline includes recommendations on 6 areas related to managing children with persistent OSA: use of CPAP in children with persistent OSA; orthodontic/dentofacial orthopedic treatment; weight loss intervention; lingual tonsillar hypertrophy; supraglottoplasty; and intranasal steroids and montelukast. […] Clinicians confronted with children with persistent OSA should personalize treatment decisions based on symptoms, relative benefits vs risks, and medical comorbidity, as suggested by these recommendations. […] In recommendation #3, the guideline suggests that children with obesity and persistent OSA have weight loss intervention (conditional recommendation, very low certainty in estimates of the effect). The panel suggests using weight-loss interventions including diet, exercise, and behavioral modification as part of a multidisciplinary weight-loss program for obese children with persistent OSA.

• #33

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40746-015-0022-8

  Recent guidelines recommend that children with severe co-morbid medical conditions such as obesity, sickle cell disease, and Trisomy 21 undergo PSG prior to surgical therapy. […] PSG confirms the diagnosis of OSA and provides important information about risk stratification. […] Weight monitoring and nutritional counseling in children being considered for adenotonsillectomy is important.

• #34 Treatment and management of a child with obstructive sleep apnea: an overview • New Medicine 3/2021 • Czytelnia Medyczna BORGIS

  https://www.czytelniamedyczna.pl/7172,treatment-and-management-of-a-child-with-obstructive-sleep-apnea-an-overview.html

  Obturacyjny bezdech senny (OBS) jest czstym schorzeniem u dzieci charakteryzujcym si nawracajcymi epizodami obturacji grnych drg oddechowych w trakcie snu. […] Dziecko ze zdiagnozowanym OBS powinno jak najszybciej otrzyma odpowiednie leczenie aby zapobiec powanym negatywnym skutkom zdrowotnym. […] Obecne i nowe chirurgiczne i niechirurgiczne metody leczenia s cigle rozwijane i mog by uyte szczeglnie u zoonych pacjentw z wielopoziomow obturacj oraz tych z przetrwaym OBS. […] W tym artykule przegldowym omawiamy dostpne zabiegowe i niezabiegowe metody leczenia OBS i kiedy ich uy. […] Aby zapobiec krótkoterminowym i potencjalnie długoterminowym negatywnym skutkom OBS u dzieci, obecne i nowe metody leczenia powinny by intensywnie badane.

• #35 Pediatric Sleep Apnea: Does it Affect Children?

  https://www.tmjtexas.com/pediatric-sleep-apnea

  Pediatric OSA is more common than you think. It’s estimated that it may affect up to 10 percent of children. […] It’s vital to understand how children can get pediatric obstructive sleep apnea, what symptoms to look for, and how essential early diagnosis and treatment are to prevent serious complications. […] Childhood obesity, which has reached epidemic proportions in the United States, is a significant risk factor contributing to OSA. […] The sooner your child gets treated, the better. […] It’s vital to get children diagnosed and treated as soon as possible.

• #36 Pediatric obstructive sleep apnea | UM Health-Sparrow

  https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/pediatric-obstructive-sleep-apnea

  Pediatric obstructive sleep apnea is a condition in which a child’s breathing is partly or completely blocked during sleep. […] It’s important for healthcare professionals to find and treat pediatric obstructive sleep apnea as soon as possible. Early treatment helps prevent other health conditions called complications. […] The main risk factor for pediatric obstructive sleep apnea is enlarged tonsils and adenoids, especially in younger children. […] Without treatment, pediatric obstructive sleep apnea can lead to other health conditions called complications. […] Your child’s healthcare professional works with you to find the right treatment for your child’s pediatric obstructive sleep apnea. […] You can take the following steps at home to help your child with pediatric obstructive sleep apnea: Stay away from airway irritants and allergens. […] If your child is obese, ask your child’s healthcare professional about a weight-loss plan. […] Some children may outgrow their obstructive sleep apnea while their healthcare professionals track their health.

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