Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Pediatric obstructive sleep apnea – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pediatric-sleep-apnea/symptoms-causes/syc-20376196

  Pediatric obstructive sleep apnea is caused by muscles in the back of the throat relaxing and blocking the upper airway. […] Various conditions can raise the risk of the upper airway becoming blocked during sleep. Commonly, enlarged tonsils in the back of the mouth and enlarged adenoids in the back of the nose can cause a blockage. […] The main risk factor for pediatric obstructive sleep apnea is enlarged tonsils and adenoids, especially in younger children. Obesity also is an important a risk factor, mainly among teenagers. […] Other possible causes include being born with a birth defect related to the shape of the face or head and certain health conditions.

• #1 Sleep Apnea in Children: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment | SleepApnea.org

  https://www.sleepapnea.org/sleep-apnea-in-children/?srsltid=AfmBOopmGNDMz4niJqu1Bme2HtCg2hxJkzq3AwHqvrPCtr_JNutJilpa

  Pediatric obstructive sleep apnea is a sleep-related breathing disorder in which a blockage or narrowing of the upper portion of a child’s airway limits the amount of air that reaches the lungs. As a result, breathing may be impaired or compromised. […] Like adults, obstructive sleep apnea in children is caused by the narrowing or complete closure of the upper airway during sleep, making it harder for air to pass through. […] Several conditions can cause a child to have a narrowing or blockage of their upper airway, which can lead to obstructive sleep apnea. […] Enlarged adenoids and tonsils: From ages 2 to 8, the adenoids and tonsils in a child’s throat are larger in comparison to the rest of the airway, often due to respiratory infections and inflammation. This tissue is prone to partially blocking the airway during times of relaxation.

• #1 Obstructive sleep apnea – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obstructive_sleep_apnea

  Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is the most common sleep-related breathing disorder and is characterized by recurrent episodes of complete or partial obstruction of the upper airway leading to reduced or absent breathing during sleep. […] OSA in children, unlike adults, is often caused by obstructive tonsils and adenoids and may sometimes be cured with tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy. […] If adenotonsillar hypertrophy remains the most common cause of OSA in children, obesity can also play a role in the pathophysiology of upper airway obstruction during sleep which can lead to OSA, making obese children more likely to develop the condition. […] The recent epidemic increase of obesity prevalence has thus contributed to changes in the prevalence and in the characteristics of pediatric OSA, the severity of OSA being proportional to the degree of obesity.

• #1 Obstructive Sleep Apnoea in Children | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/obstructive-sleep-apnoea-syndrome-in-children

  There is a peak incidence of about 2% in children between 28 years of age due to adenotonsillar hypertrophy. […] Tonsillar and adenoid hypertrophy, male gender, obesity and habitual snoring are considered important factors in the development of OSAS. […] Congenital abnormalities associated with narrow pharyngeal airways (eg, Down’s syndrome or achondroplasia) have an increased risk of OSAS. […] Adenotonsillar hypertrophy. However, many children with adenotonsillar hypertrophy do not have OSAS. […] Obesity – the likelihood of an obese child developing OSAS is four to five times greater than in a non-obese child. […] Neck-to-waist ratio, an index of body fat distribution, predicts OSAS in older children and youth, especially in those who are overweight or obese. […] Neuromuscular diseases – eg, presence of craniofacial abnormalities. […] A small maxilla and/or mandible may predispose children to OSAS.

• #1 Childhood Sleep Apnea, Pediatric Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA)

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/14312-obstructive-sleep-apnea-in-children

  Childhood sleep apnea is a common condition that causes a pause in your child’s breathing pattern while they sleep. Your child’s breathing changes due to an obstruction or blockage in their airway or because their brain isn’t communicating with their breathing muscles. […] An obstruction or blockage in your child’s airways causes obstructive childhood sleep apnea. A miscommunication from your child’s brain to the muscles in your child’s airway causes central sleep apnea. Sometimes the use of a CPAP machine may cause a more complex sleep apnea. […] Blockages or obstructions caused by obstructive sleep apnea can be the result of: Enlarged tonsils or adenoids. These are glands located in the back of your throat. They can get bigger if your child has an infection or inflammation. A genetic trait can make their glands larger than normal. Muscle tone changes. Certain genetic conditions, like Down syndrome or cerebral palsy, can cause muscle tone changes in your child’s head and neck. Your child may have a normal muscle tone during the day but their muscle tone decreases at night, allowing tissue to come closer together and block the airway. Bone structure abnormalities. A narrow facial bone structure like a small jaw or an overbite can affect your child’s air intake. Tumor. A growth in the airways may cause an obstruction. This is very rare. […] Your child may be more at risk of sleep apnea if they have: Allergies. Asthma. Cleft palate or pharyngeal flap surgery. Exposure to tobacco smoke. A record of sleep apnea in their biological family history (genetic predisposition). Obesity. Acid reflux. An upper respiratory infection.

• #1 Risk Factors for Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome in Children: State of the Art

  https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/16/18/3235

  Even though adenotonsillectomy (AT) represents the first line therapy for these children, several studies have reported that obesity increases the risk of persistent OSAS after surgery. […] Adenoid and/or tonsil hypertrophy are the most common causes of upper airway lumen reduction in children. […] Adenotonsillar hypertrophy leads to mouth breathing, nasal congestion, hyponasal speech, snoring, chronic sinusitis, and recurrent otitis media, as well as poor brain development and emotional disturbances. […] It is believed that allergic rhinitis (AR) can affect sleep through different mechanisms. […] Craniofacial abnormalities can also be a cause of upper airway obstruction syndrome. […] The exact role of genetics in the pathogenesis of pediatric OSAS is still a matter of debate. […] It is believed that inflammation and OSAS are strongly related. […] Many studies have suggested the involvement of the NF-κB-related inflammatory pathway in the pathogenesis of OSAS. […] In conclusion, obstructive sleep apnea in children is a condition with a multi-factorial etiology.

• #1 Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome in children: Epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis and sequelae

  https://www.e-cep.org/journal/view.php?doi=10.3345/kjp.2010.53.10.863

  The prevalence of pediatric obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is approximately 3% in children. Adenotonsillar hypertrophy is the most common cause of OSAS in children, and obesity, hypotonic neuromuscular diseases, and craniofacial anomalies are other major risk factors. […] The main risk factors for OSAS in adults are obesity and male sex, which are related to the propensity for repetitive upper airway collapse. In younger children, the major risk factor for the development of OSAS is adenotonsillar hypertrophy. […] Nowadays, obesity is a major cause of pediatric OSAS in the western countries due to the dramatic increase of the prevalence of obesity in children. A large epidemiologic study showed that obesity is the most significant risk factor for developing OSAS in children between 2 and 18 years of age, with an odds ratio of 4.5. […] Craniofacial anomalies such as midfacial hypoplasia, small nasopharynx, and/or micrognathia in Pierre Robin sequence, Apert syndrome, and Marfan syndrome are also important risk factors for developing OSAS. […] Genetic risk factors have been identified in the development of OSAS.

• #1 Pathophysiology of Pediatric Obstructive Sleep Apnea

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2645256/

  Understanding the pathophysiology of pediatric OSA may permit more precise clinical phenotyping, and therefore improve or target therapies related to anatomy, neuromuscular compensation, ventilatory control, and/or arousal threshold. […] The contribution of skeletal abnormalities to the development of OSA in otherwise normal children is controversial. […] The importance of increased upper airway resistance is evident by the improvement in OSA in selected populations after turbinectomy, septal repair, administration of intranasal corticosteroids, and rapid maxillary expansion. […] Together, these studies indicate that adenotonsillar hypertrophy is only one of several important determinants of OSA in children. […] The risk of OSA in obese children is high at 36%, and may exceed 60% if habitual snoring is present. Most obese children with OSA will also have adenotonsillar hypertrophy.

• #1 Sleep Apnea in Children: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment | SleepApnea.org

  https://www.sleepapnea.org/sleep-apnea-in-children/?srsltid=AfmBOopmGNDMz4niJqu1Bme2HtCg2hxJkzq3AwHqvrPCtr_JNutJilpa

  Obesity: Children with OSA are more likely to have difficulty breathing at night if they are overweight or have obesity. Much like overweight adults with obstructive sleep apnea, overweight young people have more fat in the face and neck, which puts pressure on the upper airway. […] Differences in facial structure: Especially among infants with OSA, an atypical bone and muscle structure increases the chance of the airway collapsing overnight. Children with small lower jaws or an overbite also have a higher risk of developing sleep apnea. […] Certain neurological or genetic conditions: Children with conditions such as Down syndrome, cerebral palsy, muscular dystrophy, and Prader-Willi syndrome should also be assessed for OSA due to the effects these conditions can have on the airway muscles.

• #1 Risk Factors for Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome in Children: State of the Art

  https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/16/18/3235

  The diagnosis of pediatric OSAS includes a detailed clinical history, focusing on physical findings, especially in the ENT district, nocturnal and diurnal symptoms and comorbidities followed by specific questionnaires administered to parents. […] To our knowledge, few papers have been published on the risk factors linked to OSAS, especially in the pediatric age. […] The aim of this paper is devoted to analyzing the state of the art on this specific and its impact on diagnosis and treatment. […] Obesity is one of the most important risk factors for OSAS in both the adult and pediatric populations. […] Each increment in body mass index (BMI) above the 50th percentile is associated with around a 10% increased risk for OSAS. […] Overweight or obese children have a higher risk of developing OSAS compared with normal-weighted children.

• #1 Obstructive sleep apnea – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obstructive_sleep_apnea

  Obesity leads to the narrowing of upper airway structure due to fatty infiltration and fat deposits in the anterior neck region and cervical structures. […] The obesity-related obstruction of upper airway structure has led some authors to distinguish between two types of OSA in children: type I is associated with marked lymphadenoid hypertrophy without obesity and type II is first associated with obesity and with milder upper airway lymphadenoid hyperplasia.

• #1 Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Children – Amerisleep

  https://amerisleep.com/blog/obstructive-sleep-apnea-in-children/

  Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Children: Symptoms and Causes […] Causes of Childhood OSA: The most common cause of pediatric OSA is the enlargement of tonsils or adenoids, which are lymphatic tissues located at the back of the throat. Obesity can also contribute to OSA in children. Additionally, factors like jaw abnormalities, genetic predisposition, and certain medical conditions like Downs syndrome and cerebral palsy can increase the risk of pediatric OSA. […] While weight can contribute to obstructive sleep apnea in children, the most common cause of obstructive sleep apnea in children is enlarged tonsils or adenoids. These glands are both lymph tissue located at the back of the throat and responsible for part of the bodys immune system. […] Obesity can be one of the risk factors for OSA in children. Studies show that childhood sleep with obstructive pediatric sleep apnea occurs in 60 percent of children who are obese. […] Factors increasing a childs likelihood of having OSA encompass a family history of OSA, being overweight, birth defects or medical conditions like Down syndrome or cerebral palsy, and issues in the mouth, jaw, or throat that narrow the airway, along with a large tongue that may obstruct the airway during sleep. […] The primary cause of OSA is the enlargement of lymph glands such as tonsils and adenoids.

• #1 Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) in Children – Pulmonary Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pulmonary-disorders/sleep-apnea/obstructive-sleep-apnea-osa-in-children

  Risk factors for obstructive sleep apnea in children include the following: […] Obesity (the most common cause) […] Enlarged tonsils or adenoids […] Allergic rhinitis (ie, causing significant nasal congestion) […] Craniofacial abnormalities (eg, micrognathia, retrognathia, midfacial hypoplasia, excessively angled skull base) […] Certain medications (eg, sedatives, opioids) […] Mucopolysaccharidoses […] Disorders causing hypotonia or hypertonia (eg, Down syndrome, cerebral palsy, muscular dystrophies) […] Possibly genetic factors (eg, congenital central hypoventilation disorders that can include both obstructive and central sleep apneas, and Prader-Willi syndrome and others). […] Risk factors for childhood obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) include obesity, enlarged tonsils or adenoids, anatomic (including craniofacial) abnormalities, genetic abnormalities, medications, and disorders causing hypertonia or hypotonia.

• #1 Sleep Apnea Causes

  https://www.webmd.com/sleep-disorders/sleep-apnea/obstructive-sleep-apnea-causes

  In children, causes of obstructive sleep apnea often include enlarged tonsils or adenoids and dental conditions such as a large overbite. Less common causes include a tumor or growth in the airway, and birth defects such as Down syndrome and Pierre-Robin syndrome. […] Down syndrome causes enlargement of the tongue, adenoids, and tonsils, and there is less muscle tone in the upper airway. Those who have Pierre-Robin syndrome have a small lower jaw, and the tongue tends to ball up and fall to the back of the throat. […] Although childhood obesity may cause obstructive sleep apnea, it’s much less commonly linked to the condition than adult obesity.

• #1 The Causes and Risk Factors of Pediatric Sleep Apnea

  https://loudounorthodontics.com/pediatric-sleep-apnea-causes-risk-factors/

  Several factors contribute to the development of sleep apnea in children. […] Lack of Activity: Less active children might gain weight, which can increase the risk of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). […] Being Overweight: In children, excess body weight can lead to fat deposits around the upper airway, causing it to narrow and become obstructed during sleep. […] Genetics: If there’s a genetic predisposition to conditions like obesity or a family history of obstructive sleep apnea, a child may be at a higher risk for developing this condition. […] Not Getting Enough Sleep: When children don’t get enough sleep, their throat muscles can relax excessively, which may lead to airway obstruction. This can worsen mild sleep apnea or trigger central sleep apnea episodes, where the brain fails to send the proper signals to initiate breathing. […] The Lower Jaw is Too Far Back: A small or recessed lower jaw is a common physical cause of obstructive sleep apnea in children. When the jaw is positioned too far back, it can narrow the airway, leading to breathing difficulties during sleep.

• #1 Pediatric Obstructive Sleep Apnea > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/pediatric-obstructive-sleep-apnea

  If your child snores, sleeps with his or her mouth open, has a poor attention span and/or behavioral issues, obstructive sleep apnea may be the problem. […] Obesity is a common factor associated with obstructive sleep apnea in adults. In children, however, the most common cause of the problem is enlarged tonsils and adenoids. […] Additional causes of obstructive sleep apnea in children include „low airway tone as in cerebral palsy or Down syndrome,” Dr. Canapari notes.

• #1 How to Treat Sleep Apnea in Children | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/blog/pediatric-obstructive-sleep-apnea.html

  If your child sounds like an elderly person snoring or a freight train when they sleep, they might have pediatric obstructive sleep apnea. […] Obstructive sleep apnea, the type discussed here, occurs when the airway is partly or fully blocked for some period during sleep. […] Obstructive sleep apnea is estimated to affect about 1% to 4% of children. […] There are two reasons children may have obstructive sleep apnea. The first occurs when there’s not enough space in the back of the throat for air to flow easily into their windpipe to get into their lungs. This is commonly caused by large tonsils or adenoids but can also be caused by craniofacial disorders. […] The second is often caused by neuromuscular problems, where the child doesn’t have normal muscle tone and the back of the throat collapses as they try to breathe. Children with Down syndrome are more at risk, with an estimated 53% to 76% having sleep apnea.

• #1 Childhood Sleep Apnea: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1004104-overview

  Chronic nasal obstruction, including choanal stenosis, severe septal deviation, allergic rhinitis, nasal polyps, and rare nasal and/or pharyngeal tumors. […] Down syndrome. […] Pierre Robin anomaly. […] Crouzon syndrome. […] Treacher Collins syndrome. […] Klippel-Feil syndrome. […] Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome. […] Apert syndrome. […] Prader Willi syndrome. […] Morbid obesity. […] Marfan syndrome. […] Achondroplasia. […] Laryngomalacia. […] Mucopolysaccharidoses. […] Conditions involving neuromuscular weakness, including Duchenne muscular dystrophy, Werdnig-Hoffman disease, late-onset spinal muscular atrophy, Guillain Barr syndrome, myotonic dystrophy, and myotubular myopathy. […] Chiari malformation. […] Cerebral palsy. […] Sickle cell diseases. […] Hypothyroidism. […] Hallermann-Streiff syndrome. […] Osteopetrosis. […] Oropharyngeal papillomatosis.

• #1 Obstructive Sleep Apnea (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/apnea.html

  Sleep apnea is when a person stops breathing during sleep. It usually happens because something obstructs, or blocks, the upper airway. This is called obstructive sleep apnea (AP-nee-uh). […] When we sleep, our muscles relax. This includes the muscles in the back of the throat that help keep the airway open. In obstructive sleep apnea, these muscles can relax too much and block the airway, making it hard to breathe. […] This is especially true if someone has large tonsils or adenoids, which can block the airway during sleep. […] Other things that can make a child likely to have OSA include: a family history of OSA, being overweight, medical conditions such as Down syndrome or cerebral palsy, problems of the mouth, jaw, or throat that narrow the airway, a large tongue, which can fall back and block the airway during sleep.

• #1 Pediatric Obstructive Sleep Apnea – Conditions and Treatments | Children’s National Hospital

  https://www.childrensnational.org/get-care/health-library/obstructive-sleep-apnea

  Obstructive sleep apnea is when a child briefly stops breathing while sleeping. It often occurs because of a blockage in the airway. The most common cause is large tonsils and adenoids in the upper airway. […] In children, the most common cause for such a blockage is enlarged tonsils and adenoids. These glands are located at the back and to the sides of the throat. They may grow too large. Or an infection may cause them to swell. They may then briefly block the airway during sleep. […] Obstructive sleep apnea may also be caused by: Being overweight, A tumor or growth in the airway, Certain syndromes or birth defects, such as Down syndrome and Pierre-Robin syndrome.

• #1 Pathophysiology of Pediatric Obstructive Sleep Apnea

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2645256/

  Sleep-disordered breathing is a common and serious cause of metabolic, cardiovascular, and neurocognitive morbidity in children. The essential feature of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in children is increased upper airway resistance during sleep. Airway narrowing may be due to craniofacial abnormalities and/or soft tissue hypertrophy. The pathophysiology of OSA in children is a complex interaction between an airway predisposed toward collapse and neuromuscular compensation. Anatomic measures of the airway lumen, soft tissue, and skeleton are of critical importance to the development of OSA, although they do not completely account for the pattern of sleep-disordered breathing. Increased upper airway resistance is correlated with the severity of OSA in children. In addition to adenotonsillar hypertrophy, causes of airway narrowing include allergic rhinitis, turbinate hypertrophy, deviated septum, and maxillary constriction.

• #1 Pediatric Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) | Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/health/o/obstructive-sleep-apnea

  Enlarged tonsils and adenoids […] An abnormality in the face or jaw […] Down syndrome or other congenital abnormalities […] African American race […] Obesity […] Premature birth […] Family history of OSA […] Sedative medicines, which can promote snoring or slow breathing. […] A childs treatment plan depends on whats causing the pediatric obstructive sleep apnea. Treatments may include: Surgery: If enlarged tonsils and adenoids are causing the condition, your doctor will recommend removing them. This surgery is called an adenoidectomy or tonsillectomy. Your doctor may also recommend other surgeries if the condition is caused by different structural issues. […] Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP): A CPAP machine provides air pressure that keeps the throat from closing during sleep. Your child will wear a small mask over their nose during sleep. A CPAP machine may be helpful when surgery is not possible. […] Weight loss: If weight is the cause of pediatric OSA, your doctor may recommend a weight loss plan. The plan may include diet changes and exercise. […] Medications: Your doctor may recommend a nasal steroid or allergy medicine.

• #1 Sleep Apnea in Children: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment, More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/sleep-apnea-in-children

  While both obstructive and central sleep apnea can occur in children, it often has different causes than in adults. […] OSA is caused by a blockage in the back of the throat or nose. […] Obstructive sleep apnea affects 1% to 6% of children and adolescents. Obstructive sleep apnea makes up about 95% of diagnosed sleep apnea cases in children. […] The risk factors for OSA in children often differ from the risk factors for adults. […] Being overweight can also contribute to obstructive sleep apnea in children. However, in some children, the condition is most likely caused by enlarged tonsils or adenoids. The extra tissue can completely or partially block their airways. […] Research suggests that African American children have higher rates of obstructive sleep apnea, and more severe apnea, than children of other races.

• #1 Pediatric Sleep Apnea Treatment- correct the root cause

  https://tmjsleepandbreathecenter.com/how-to-cure-pediatric-sleep-apnea/

  Pediatric obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is caused by a partial blockage of the airway during sleep. […] There is no one-size-fits-all when it comes to the causes and risk factors of pediatric sleep apnea. It could be due to: enlarged tonsils and adenoids, partial narrowing of the airway, obesity, neuromuscular disorders, birth defects affecting facial structure and muscle function. […] Adenotonsillar hypertrophy, an enlargement of the tonsils and adenoids, is one of the primary anatomical causes of obstructive sleep apnea in children. […] Certain facial features such as a small jaw or a flat bridge of the nose may impact airway anatomy and contribute to sleep apnea. […] Allergies can also exacerbate obstructive sleep apnea by causing swelling or the presence of polyps in the nasal passages, leading to nasal obstruction.

• #1 Pediatric Obstructive Sleep Apnea – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557610/

  Sleep apnea is divided into separate categories based on two causes; central or obstructive. […] Obstructive sleep apnea, 95% of diagnosed sleep apnea, is due to complete collapse of the upper airway or partial collapse, resulting in arousal from sleep or 3% or more oxygen desaturation. Anything that can decrease airway diameter or integrity can contribute to OSA, including anatomic, genetic, or neuromuscular issues. […] The upper airway can have an increased risk of abnormal collapse due to both intrinsic and extrinsic factors. The intrinsic factors are based on the critical pressure in the airway that is needed to maintain patency. The extrinsic factors are fat deposits, hypertrophy of tissues, and craniofacial features that stray from normal anatomy that contribute to increased incidence of collapse.

• #1 Obstructive Sleep Apnea | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/conditions-diseases/obstructive-sleep-apnea

  Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) occurs when a child stops breathing during sleep. The cessation of breathing usually occurs because there is a blockage (obstruction) in the airway. […] The most common cause of obstructive sleep apnea in children is enlarged tonsils and/or adenoids. Both the tonsils and adenoids are lymph tissue. […] During sleep, there is a considerable decrease in muscle tone, which affects the airway and breathing. […] Many of these children have little difficulty breathing when awake; however, with decreased muscle tone during sleep, the airway becomes smaller, and the tonsils and adenoids block the airway. […] Sleep apnea is more common in children who are overweight. However, some children with enlarged tonsils and/or adenoids may even be underweight. Other children who are at high risk for sleep apnea include those with a small jaw, craniofacial syndromes, muscle weakness (hypotonia), or Down syndrome.

• #1 Sleep Apnea in Children: Signs, Symptoms, and Causes

  https://www.houstonent.com/blog/sleep-apnea-in-children-signs-symptoms-and-causes

  While your child may not struggle to breathe while they’re awake, during sleep when their muscle tone decreases, their airway shrinks causing their tonsils and adenoids to block their airway. […] A published study in the American College of Chest Physicians CHEST journal reported that kids who snore loudly were two times as likely to have problems with learning. […] OSA tends to run in families. Children are at greater risk of developing OSA if they have enlarged tonsils and adenoids. […] Other factors include being obese. […] Also worth mentioning is the rapid increase in the number of pediatric obesity cases over the last 20 years. […] While only 15 percent of children who habitually snored were obese in the early 1990s, over 50 percent met criteria for suspected OSA in the past few years in various sleep centers. […] If left untreated for an extended period of time, it could cause more malformations like retrognathia in your child’s upper airway, further complicating their airway.

• #1 Pediatric obstructive sleep apnea | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/pediatric-obstructive-sleep-apnea?content_id=CON-20376186

  Pediatric obstructive sleep apnea is caused by muscles in the back of the throat relaxing and blocking the upper airway. In children, this leads to pauses in breathing that last about twice as long as the typical breath. […] Various conditions can raise the risk of the upper airway becoming blocked during sleep. Commonly, enlarged tonsils in the back of the mouth and enlarged adenoids in the back of the nose can cause a blockage. Other possible causes include being born with a birth defect related to the shape of the face or head and certain health conditions. […] The main risk factor for pediatric obstructive sleep apnea is enlarged tonsils and adenoids, especially in younger children. Obesity also is an important a risk factor, mainly among teenagers.

• #1 Pediatric Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) | Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/health/o/obstructive-sleep-apnea

  Pediatric obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a common, treatable condition. Obstructive sleep apnea causes breathing difficulties while sleeping. Some children do snore, only a small percentage (two percent) has obstructive sleep apnea. […] In some children with OSAS, the throat muscles relax so much that it interferes with breathing. Other children with OSAS have a very narrow throat passage that causes problems with breathing during sleep. […] In some children with pediatric obstructive sleep apnea, the throat muscles relax so much that it affects breathing. Other children with this condition can have a very narrow throat passage that causes breathing problems during sleep. […] Pediatric obstructive sleep apnea can share symptoms with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Because of this, some children with pediatric OSA are misdiagnosed as having ADHD. Some children may have both conditions. Pediatric obstructive sleep apnea can also sometimes worsen ADHD symptoms.

• #1 Pediatric Sleep Apnea: Signs, Risks, and Treatment Options | Medanta

  https://www.medanta.org/patient-education-blog/pediatric-sleep-apnea-signs-risks-and-treatment-options

  Children with Pediatric Obstructive sleep apnea experience breathing disruptions while they sleep, but unlike adults, they may not exhibit visible sleep apnea symptoms, making diagnosis difficult. […] Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a condition that affects 1 to 5 percent of children. […] Behavioral problems are more common in children with sleep apnea in infant than in adults who frequently suffer daytime drowsiness. […] Obesity is a prevalent cause in adults, but larger tonsils and adenoids are commonly associated with it in children. […] It is imperative to identify and treat this disease as soon as possible to avoid problems that might affect a child’s growth, cognitive development, and behaviour. […] Risk factors of sleep apnea in children include obesity, Down syndrome, skull or face birth defects, cerebral palsy, sickle cell disease, neuromuscular disease, low birth weight history, and family history.

• #1 Obstructive Sleep Apnea | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/conditions-diseases/obstructive-sleep-apnea

  The treatment for obstructive sleep apnea is based on its cause. Since enlarged tonsils and adenoids are the most common cause of obstructive sleep apnea in children, surgical removal of the tonsils (tonsillectomy) and adenoids (adenoidectomy) is usually the recommended treatment. […] If left untreated, obstructive sleep apnea can cause poor growth („failure to thrive”), high blood pressure, and heart problems. Obstructive sleep apnea can also affect behavior and cognition. Therefore, it is important to get it evaluated early.

• #1 Sleep Apnea in Children: Signs, Symptoms, and Causes

  https://www.houstonent.com/blog/sleep-apnea-in-children-signs-symptoms-and-causes

  According to the National Sleep Foundation, one sleep-related breathing condition that affects over 18 million people in the U.S., including two to three percent of children of all ages is obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). OSA runs in families and occurs more in children with enlarged tonsils and adenoids (lymph nodes behind the nose and in the throat). […] Pediatric patients with OSA typically show symptoms different from adults. […] Studies suggest that nearly 25 percent of children who received a diagnosis of ADHD might actually have symptoms of OSA. […] Enlarged tonsils and adenoids are the leading cause of obstructive sleep apnea in children. […] When their tonsils and adenoids become infected, they can cause more harm than good by potentially causing repeated bacterial infections or airway obstructions.

• #2

  https://cpapeu.com/blogs/news/what-is-pediatric-obstructive-sleep-apnea

  Pediatric obstructive sleep apnea is a clinical syndrome in which repeated partial or complete obstruction of the upper airway occurs during sleep for various reasons, causing apnoea and/or hypoventilation and disturbing the normal ventilation and sleep structure of the child, resulting in a series of pathophysiological changes in the body. […] The causes of OSAHS in children include adenoids, enlarged tonsils, obesity, various nasal stenosis, chronic rhinitis, underdevelopment or retraction of the mandible, hypertrophy of the tongue, some congenital deformities or genetic syndromes that affect the development of the jaw, such as Cleft lip and palate (especially after surgery), Downs syndrome, Crozon syndrome, etc., and various diseases that cause laryngeal stenosis, etc. […] OSAHS in children has an obvious age-concentrated trend, showing two peaks at 3-6 years old and 12-14 years old. The former is related to hypertrophy of the pharyngeal lymphatic ring, and the latter is related to fat deposition in adolescence according to analysis.

• #2 Pediatric Obstructive Sleep Apnea > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/pediatric-obstructive-sleep-apnea

  If your child snores, sleeps with his or her mouth open, has a poor attention span and/or behavioral issues, obstructive sleep apnea may be the problem. […] Obesity is a common factor associated with obstructive sleep apnea in adults. In children, however, the most common cause of the problem is enlarged tonsils and adenoids. […] Additional causes of obstructive sleep apnea in children include „low airway tone as in cerebral palsy or Down syndrome,” Dr. Canapari notes.

• #2 Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome in children: Epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis and sequelae

  https://www.e-cep.org/journal/view.php?doi=10.3345/kjp.2010.53.10.863

  The prevalence of pediatric obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is approximately 3% in children. Adenotonsillar hypertrophy is the most common cause of OSAS in children, and obesity, hypotonic neuromuscular diseases, and craniofacial anomalies are other major risk factors. […] The main risk factors for OSAS in adults are obesity and male sex, which are related to the propensity for repetitive upper airway collapse. In younger children, the major risk factor for the development of OSAS is adenotonsillar hypertrophy. […] Nowadays, obesity is a major cause of pediatric OSAS in the western countries due to the dramatic increase of the prevalence of obesity in children. A large epidemiologic study showed that obesity is the most significant risk factor for developing OSAS in children between 2 and 18 years of age, with an odds ratio of 4.5. […] Craniofacial anomalies such as midfacial hypoplasia, small nasopharynx, and/or micrognathia in Pierre Robin sequence, Apert syndrome, and Marfan syndrome are also important risk factors for developing OSAS. […] Genetic risk factors have been identified in the development of OSAS.

• #2 Current Concepts in Pediatric Obstructive Sleep Apnea

  https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9067/10/3/480

  In young healthy children, the main etiology of OSA is related to adenoid and/or tonsillar hypertrophy. However, other factors such as malocclusion or other causes of inflammation such as allergic rhinitis and asthma may also play a significant role. Obesity is increasingly more prevalent in the pediatric population and is a significant risk factor for OSA especially in the adolescent group.

• #2 Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Pediatric Patients | RT

  https://respiratory-therapy.com/disorders-diseases/sleep-medicine/obstructive-sleep-apnea-in-pediatric-patients/

  Enlarged tonsils and adenoids are the leading cause of OSA in children. […] SDB is a consequence of childhood obesity for which aggressive evaluation and therapy are warranted. Obese children and adolescents have a high incidence of SDB, although, in many cases, it is mild. […] In children, OSA is usually attributable to adenotonsillar hypertrophy.

• #2 Sleep Apnea in Children: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment | SleepApnea.org

  https://www.sleepapnea.org/sleep-apnea-in-children/?srsltid=AfmBOopmGNDMz4niJqu1Bme2HtCg2hxJkzq3AwHqvrPCtr_JNutJilpa

  Obesity: Children with OSA are more likely to have difficulty breathing at night if they are overweight or have obesity. Much like overweight adults with obstructive sleep apnea, overweight young people have more fat in the face and neck, which puts pressure on the upper airway. […] Differences in facial structure: Especially among infants with OSA, an atypical bone and muscle structure increases the chance of the airway collapsing overnight. Children with small lower jaws or an overbite also have a higher risk of developing sleep apnea. […] Certain neurological or genetic conditions: Children with conditions such as Down syndrome, cerebral palsy, muscular dystrophy, and Prader-Willi syndrome should also be assessed for OSA due to the effects these conditions can have on the airway muscles.

• #2 Sleep Apnea in Children: Signs, Symptoms, and Causes

  https://www.houstonent.com/blog/sleep-apnea-in-children-signs-symptoms-and-causes

  While your child may not struggle to breathe while they’re awake, during sleep when their muscle tone decreases, their airway shrinks causing their tonsils and adenoids to block their airway. […] A published study in the American College of Chest Physicians CHEST journal reported that kids who snore loudly were two times as likely to have problems with learning. […] OSA tends to run in families. Children are at greater risk of developing OSA if they have enlarged tonsils and adenoids. […] Other factors include being obese. […] Also worth mentioning is the rapid increase in the number of pediatric obesity cases over the last 20 years. […] While only 15 percent of children who habitually snored were obese in the early 1990s, over 50 percent met criteria for suspected OSA in the past few years in various sleep centers. […] If left untreated for an extended period of time, it could cause more malformations like retrognathia in your child’s upper airway, further complicating their airway.

• #2 Childhood Sleep Apnea: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1004104-overview

  Chronic nasal obstruction, including choanal stenosis, severe septal deviation, allergic rhinitis, nasal polyps, and rare nasal and/or pharyngeal tumors. […] Down syndrome. […] Pierre Robin anomaly. […] Crouzon syndrome. […] Treacher Collins syndrome. […] Klippel-Feil syndrome. […] Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome. […] Apert syndrome. […] Prader Willi syndrome. […] Morbid obesity. […] Marfan syndrome. […] Achondroplasia. […] Laryngomalacia. […] Mucopolysaccharidoses. […] Conditions involving neuromuscular weakness, including Duchenne muscular dystrophy, Werdnig-Hoffman disease, late-onset spinal muscular atrophy, Guillain Barr syndrome, myotonic dystrophy, and myotubular myopathy. […] Chiari malformation. […] Cerebral palsy. […] Sickle cell diseases. […] Hypothyroidism. […] Hallermann-Streiff syndrome. […] Osteopetrosis. […] Oropharyngeal papillomatosis.

• #2 Pathophysiology of Pediatric Obstructive Sleep Apnea

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2645256/

  Understanding the pathophysiology of pediatric OSA may permit more precise clinical phenotyping, and therefore improve or target therapies related to anatomy, neuromuscular compensation, ventilatory control, and/or arousal threshold. […] The contribution of skeletal abnormalities to the development of OSA in otherwise normal children is controversial. […] The importance of increased upper airway resistance is evident by the improvement in OSA in selected populations after turbinectomy, septal repair, administration of intranasal corticosteroids, and rapid maxillary expansion. […] Together, these studies indicate that adenotonsillar hypertrophy is only one of several important determinants of OSA in children. […] The risk of OSA in obese children is high at 36%, and may exceed 60% if habitual snoring is present. Most obese children with OSA will also have adenotonsillar hypertrophy.

• #2 Childhood Sleep Apnea: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1004104-overview

  Obesity and hypertrophy of tonsils and/or adenoids account for most cases of obstructive sleep apnea in children. […] However, any anomaly of the upper airway may produce intermittent obstructive symptoms during sleep. […] Neuromuscular diseases contribute to obstructive sleep apnea because of abnormal muscle tone in the pharyngeal constrictors, which are responsible for maintaining airway patency. […] Individuals with obesity typically have fatty infiltration of the soft tissues of the throat, limiting airway caliber and predisposing them to obstructive apnea. […] Disorders associated with childhood obstructive sleep apnea include, but are not limited to, the following: Adenotonsillar hypertrophy, which is the most common cause of obstructive sleep apnea in children (however, the size of the tonsils and adenoids alone does not predict the presence or severity of obstructive sleep apnea).

• #2 Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Children | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2004/0301/p1147.html

  Obstructive sleep-disordered breathing is common in children. […] The most common etiology of obstructive sleep apnea is adenotonsillar hypertrophy. […] OSA often results from adenotonsillar hypertrophy, neuromuscular disease, and craniofacial abnormalities. […] This finding suggests that the etiology of OSA in children may result from a complex interplay between adenotonsillar hypertrophy and loss of neuromuscular tone. […] In children with trisomy 21, a narrow upper airway combined with macroglossia and hypotonic musculature predisposes them to OSA.

• #2 Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/obstructive-sleep-apnea-osa

  If your child snores or has trouble breathing at night, he or she may not just be a noisy sleeper. It could be a sign of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), a condition in which breathing is repeatedly blocked during sleep. OSA occurs when the upper airway in the back of the nose or throat is blocked, preventing the normal amount of air from entering the lungs. […] OSA is caused by a blockage of the upper airway in the back of the throat. Common reasons for the blockage include: […] Enlargement of the tonsils and adenoids (spongy tissues at the back of the throat) […] Fat deposits around the upper airway due to being overweight or obese […] Allergies, asthma, sinus infections, or gastroesophageal reflux […] Certain medical conditions, such as Down syndrome and Prader-Willi syndrome […] Craniofacial conditions such as Pierre Robin sequence, Apert syndrome, and Crouzon syndrome […] Neuromuscular disorders that affect muscle tone and function, such as muscular dystrophy and cerebral palsy.

• #2 Risk Factors for Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome in Children: State of the Art

  https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/16/18/3235

  Even though adenotonsillectomy (AT) represents the first line therapy for these children, several studies have reported that obesity increases the risk of persistent OSAS after surgery. […] Adenoid and/or tonsil hypertrophy are the most common causes of upper airway lumen reduction in children. […] Adenotonsillar hypertrophy leads to mouth breathing, nasal congestion, hyponasal speech, snoring, chronic sinusitis, and recurrent otitis media, as well as poor brain development and emotional disturbances. […] It is believed that allergic rhinitis (AR) can affect sleep through different mechanisms. […] Craniofacial abnormalities can also be a cause of upper airway obstruction syndrome. […] The exact role of genetics in the pathogenesis of pediatric OSAS is still a matter of debate. […] It is believed that inflammation and OSAS are strongly related. […] Many studies have suggested the involvement of the NF-κB-related inflammatory pathway in the pathogenesis of OSAS. […] In conclusion, obstructive sleep apnea in children is a condition with a multi-factorial etiology.

• #2 Sleep Apnea in Children: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment | SleepApnea.org

  https://www.sleepapnea.org/sleep-apnea-in-children/?srsltid=AfmBOopmGNDMz4niJqu1Bme2HtCg2hxJkzq3AwHqvrPCtr_JNutJilpa

  Besides these physical features, other risk factors also increase the likelihood of pediatric OSA. […] Family history: OSA is more common in children with biological relatives diagnosed with a sleep-related breathing disorder. […] Birth conditions: Children born prematurely or alongside siblings, as with twins or triplets, are more likely to develop OSA. […] Smoke exposure: Tobacco smoke in the home can lead to snoring, breathing difficulties, and OSA.

• #2 Pathophysiology of Pediatric Obstructive Sleep Apnea

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2645256/

  Sleep-disordered breathing is a common and serious cause of metabolic, cardiovascular, and neurocognitive morbidity in children. The essential feature of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in children is increased upper airway resistance during sleep. Airway narrowing may be due to craniofacial abnormalities and/or soft tissue hypertrophy. The pathophysiology of OSA in children is a complex interaction between an airway predisposed toward collapse and neuromuscular compensation. Anatomic measures of the airway lumen, soft tissue, and skeleton are of critical importance to the development of OSA, although they do not completely account for the pattern of sleep-disordered breathing. Increased upper airway resistance is correlated with the severity of OSA in children. In addition to adenotonsillar hypertrophy, causes of airway narrowing include allergic rhinitis, turbinate hypertrophy, deviated septum, and maxillary constriction.

• #2 Pediatric Apnea: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/800032-overview

  Apnea is a symptom that has large possibility of etiologies. In this article, some of the major etiologies of apneic events that an emergency physician or primary care physician will encounter are discussed, namely, apnea of prematurity, BRUE, obstructive sleep apnea, and miscellaneous forms of apnea that are toxin mediated, secondary to head trauma, or caused by infections. […] Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is the most common form of obstructive apnea in children. Obstructive sleep apnea is on the sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) spectrum. […] Apnea due to reflux often may be a mixed apnea with both central and obstructive tendencies. In older patients with gastroesophageal reflux (GER), apnea is most likely a result of laryngospasm. GER occurs in more than two-thirds of all infants. […] Neurologic causes of apnea include the following: Increased intracranial pressure: Such as occurs in congenital hydrocephalus.

• #2 Sleep apnea in children: Causes, treatment, and more

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/sleep-apnea-in-children

  Sleep apnea in children involves a dysfunction of the upper airway, causing a child to stop and restart breathing multiple times during sleep. […] There are two types of sleep apnea in children: central sleep apnea and obstructive sleep apnea. […] A review of research from 2023 suggests that approximately 95% of sleep apnea in children is obstructive sleep apnea. Additionally, children who are born prematurely may be more at risk of developing sleep apnea. […] Other research indicates that the most common cause of sleep apnea in children is enlarged tonsils and adenoids, which frequently feature in children with obesity. […] Several other factors may lead to sleep apnea in children, including obesity, infections, and congenital abnormalities.

• #2 Obstructive sleep apnea | Children’s Wisconsin

  https://childrenswi.org/medical-care/pulmonary-medicine/specialty-programs/sleep-disorders/obstructive-sleep-apnea

  In children, the most common cause of obstructive sleep apnea is enlarged tonsils and adenoids in the upper airway. […] A rare cause of obstructive sleep apnea in children is a tumor or growth in the airway. […] Certain syndromes or birth defects, such as Down syndrome and Pierre-Robin syndrome, may be at higher risk for obstructive sleep apnea.

• #2 Pediatric Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) | Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/health/o/obstructive-sleep-apnea

  Enlarged tonsils and adenoids […] An abnormality in the face or jaw […] Down syndrome or other congenital abnormalities […] African American race […] Obesity […] Premature birth […] Family history of OSA […] Sedative medicines, which can promote snoring or slow breathing. […] A childs treatment plan depends on whats causing the pediatric obstructive sleep apnea. Treatments may include: Surgery: If enlarged tonsils and adenoids are causing the condition, your doctor will recommend removing them. This surgery is called an adenoidectomy or tonsillectomy. Your doctor may also recommend other surgeries if the condition is caused by different structural issues. […] Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP): A CPAP machine provides air pressure that keeps the throat from closing during sleep. Your child will wear a small mask over their nose during sleep. A CPAP machine may be helpful when surgery is not possible. […] Weight loss: If weight is the cause of pediatric OSA, your doctor may recommend a weight loss plan. The plan may include diet changes and exercise. […] Medications: Your doctor may recommend a nasal steroid or allergy medicine.

• #2 Pediatric Apnea: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/800032-overview

  Toxin-related central apnea: Certain drugs are known to cause respiratory depression (opiates, benzodiazepines, and barbiturates) and thus place the patient at risk for central apnea; however, in most pediatric apnea cases, the patient has no history of drug exposure. […] Cardiac arrhythmias can cause central apnea by disrupting the perfusion of the brain and lungs. […] In an ill-appearing infant, apnea may have many potential causes, including the following: Infection (eg, sepsis, meningitis, bronchiolitis, infant botulism). […] Apnea of prematurity frequently persists beyond term gestation in infants delivered at prior to 28 weeks’ gestational age. These persistent apnea events may contribute to prolonged hospitalization and mortality. […] Untreated obstructive sleep apnea can result in failure to thrive, cor pulmonale, and loss of intellectual quotient points.

• #2 Sleep Apnea in Children: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatments | Rejuvenation Dentistry

  https://www.rejuv-health.com/sleep-apnea/sleep-apnea-children/

  Pediatric obstructive sleep apnea is a sleep disorder in which a child’s breathing is partially or completely obstructed during sleep. The condition is caused by the blockage of the upper airway while a child is sleeping, sometimes due to large tonsils or weak muscle tone. […] The most common risk factors for sleep apnea in children are: Enlarged tonsils and adenoids, Down syndrome, Cerebral palsy, Sickle cell disease, Obesity, excess weight, Chronic nasal congestion, nasal allergies, Asthma, Exposure to adults who smoke, Structural jaw or airway abnormalities, Tongue tie, Family history of sleep apnea. […] Obstructive sleep apnea is caused by an upper airway obstruction in the back of the throat that stops the child’s breathing during sleep.

• #2 Pediatric Obstructive Sleep Apnea (Sleep Apnea in Kids) – MD Searchlight

  https://mdsearchlight.com/lung-disease-respiratory-health/pediatric-obstructive-sleep-apnea-sleep-apnea-in-kids/

  Pediatric obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a health condition in children where the upper airway doesn’t function properly, causing a complete or partial blockage in the airway while the child is sleeping. […] On the other hand, obstructive sleep apnea, which accounts for 95% of sleep apnea diagnoses, is caused by a full or partial blockage of the upper airway. This blockage disrupts sleep and leads to a drop in oxygen levels of 3% or more. Things like physical abnormalities, genetic issues, or problems with the nerves and muscles can reduce the size or stability of the airway and contribute to obstructive sleep apnea. […] The likelihood of your upper airway blocking or collapsing is determined by intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Intrinsic factors are based on the amount of pressure in your airway necessary to keep it open. Extrinsic factors such as fat deposits, enlarged tissues, and facial features that deviate from normal anatomy can make your airway more prone to collapsing.

• #2 Obstructive Sleep Apnea (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/apnea.html

  Sleep apnea is when a person stops breathing during sleep. It usually happens because something obstructs, or blocks, the upper airway. This is called obstructive sleep apnea (AP-nee-uh). […] When we sleep, our muscles relax. This includes the muscles in the back of the throat that help keep the airway open. In obstructive sleep apnea, these muscles can relax too much and block the airway, making it hard to breathe. […] This is especially true if someone has large tonsils or adenoids, which can block the airway during sleep. […] Other things that can make a child likely to have OSA include: a family history of OSA, being overweight, medical conditions such as Down syndrome or cerebral palsy, problems of the mouth, jaw, or throat that narrow the airway, a large tongue, which can fall back and block the airway during sleep.

• #2 Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Pediatric Patients | RT

  https://respiratory-therapy.com/disorders-diseases/sleep-medicine/obstructive-sleep-apnea-in-pediatric-patients/

  Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is underdiagnosed in infants and children. In addition to causing physical ailments that range from failure to thrive to cor pulmonale, OSA is often an unrecognized cause of failure in school or of behavioral disorders. […] OSA occurs when airflow is absent in the presence of chest-wall movement. In children, more than one obstructive apnea of any length per hour of sleep should be considered abnormal. […] There are many predisposing factors for OSA. OSA may be caused by the same disproportionate anatomy found in adult OSA patients. In addition, it may also be due to impaired coordination of the muscles of the respiratory tract (and, especially, between the diaphragm and dilators of the respiratory tract) or congenital anomalies, whether anatomic and neurologic.

• #2 Pediatric Sleep Apnea: Signs, Risks, and Treatment Options | Medanta

  https://www.medanta.org/patient-education-blog/pediatric-sleep-apnea-signs-risks-and-treatment-options

  Children with Pediatric Obstructive sleep apnea experience breathing disruptions while they sleep, but unlike adults, they may not exhibit visible sleep apnea symptoms, making diagnosis difficult. […] Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a condition that affects 1 to 5 percent of children. […] Behavioral problems are more common in children with sleep apnea in infant than in adults who frequently suffer daytime drowsiness. […] Obesity is a prevalent cause in adults, but larger tonsils and adenoids are commonly associated with it in children. […] It is imperative to identify and treat this disease as soon as possible to avoid problems that might affect a child’s growth, cognitive development, and behaviour. […] Risk factors of sleep apnea in children include obesity, Down syndrome, skull or face birth defects, cerebral palsy, sickle cell disease, neuromuscular disease, low birth weight history, and family history.

• #2 Sleep Apnea Causes

  https://www.webmd.com/sleep-disorders/sleep-apnea/obstructive-sleep-apnea-causes

  In children, causes of obstructive sleep apnea often include enlarged tonsils or adenoids and dental conditions such as a large overbite. Less common causes include a tumor or growth in the airway, and birth defects such as Down syndrome and Pierre-Robin syndrome. […] Down syndrome causes enlargement of the tongue, adenoids, and tonsils, and there is less muscle tone in the upper airway. Those who have Pierre-Robin syndrome have a small lower jaw, and the tongue tends to ball up and fall to the back of the throat. […] Although childhood obesity may cause obstructive sleep apnea, it’s much less commonly linked to the condition than adult obesity.

• #2 Pediatric Obstructive Sleep Apnea

  https://www.pedistat.com/blog/pediatric-obstructive-sleep-apnea?ed3bd777_page=1

  The repeated interruptions in breathing during sleep can lead to poor-quality sleep, resulting in daytime sleepiness and fatigue. […] Additionally, POSA can contribute to various health issues in children. It may lead to high blood pressure, heart problems, and an increased risk of developing metabolic disorders such as obesity and diabetes. […] Without appropriate diagnosis and treatment, POSA can have long-term consequences for children. The chronic sleep deprivation and oxygen deprivation associated with POSA can lead to persistent health problems and developmental delays. […] Furthermore, studies have shown that children with untreated POSA are at a higher risk of developing cardiovascular diseases later in life.

• #3 Obstructive sleep apnea – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obstructive_sleep_apnea

  Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is the most common sleep-related breathing disorder and is characterized by recurrent episodes of complete or partial obstruction of the upper airway leading to reduced or absent breathing during sleep. […] OSA in children, unlike adults, is often caused by obstructive tonsils and adenoids and may sometimes be cured with tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy. […] If adenotonsillar hypertrophy remains the most common cause of OSA in children, obesity can also play a role in the pathophysiology of upper airway obstruction during sleep which can lead to OSA, making obese children more likely to develop the condition. […] The recent epidemic increase of obesity prevalence has thus contributed to changes in the prevalence and in the characteristics of pediatric OSA, the severity of OSA being proportional to the degree of obesity.

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