Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Pediatric Obstructive Sleep Apnea – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557610/

  Pediatric obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a childhood disorder in which there is upper airway dysfunction causing complete or partial airway obstruction during sleep leading to decreased oxygen saturation or arousals from sleep. It can have dramatic effects on childhood behavior, neurodevelopment, metabolism, and overall health. Early recognition, evaluation, and treatment are important to prevent long-term consequences.[1] […] The incidence of pediatric OSA peaks between 2 to 8 years of age due to the increased growth of tonsils and adenoids relative to the size of the upper airway in this age group. Risk factors for early-onset OSA include prematurity, Down syndrome, African American race, and daycare attendance. The severity can be increased in those with obesity, tobacco exposure, and reduced family income. Boys are at an increased risk after puberty, but the prepubertal risk is equal among boys and girls.[3]

• #2 Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Children | Bangkok International Hospital (Brain x Bone)

  https://www.bangkokinternationalhospital.com/health-articles/disease-treatment/obstructive-sleep-apnea-in-children

  Obstructive sleep apnea is common and affects between 1-5% of children, while snoring can be found in 4-12% especially in 2-6 years olds. […] The signs of sleep apnea can be observed during your child’s sleep, while some of the symptoms may manifest during the day. […] Snore at some points while sleeping […] Loud breathing […] Breathing pauses during sleep […] Frequent awakenings or restlessness […] Obstructive sleep apnea is a common condition during childhood and can result in severe complications such as cardiovascular disease if left untreated. […] Surgical removal of the adenoids and tonsils is the most common treatment for pediatric obstructive sleep apnea. […] Obstructive sleep apnea in children generally responds to adenotonsillectomy.

• #3 How to Treat Sleep Apnea in Children | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/blog/pediatric-obstructive-sleep-apnea.html

  Sleep apnea can occur at any age, but is most common between ages 2 and 8 during the period of peak tonsil growth. […] However, obesity is a risk factor for sleep apnea in children. […] The first occurs when there’s not enough space in the back of the throat for air to flow easily into their windpipe to get into their lungs. […] The second is often caused by neuromuscular problems, where the child doesn’t have normal muscle tone and the back of the throat collapses as they try to breathe. […] Children with Down syndrome are more at risk, with an estimated 53% to 76% having sleep apnea. […] For children who have moderate to severe sleep apnea, the gold standard of treatment is to remove part or all of the tonsils and the adenoids. […] CPAP machines can also be a treatment option for patients who have already gotten a tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy but still have significant sleep apnea. […] Children who tend to have moderate and severe sleep apnea, however, often don’t get better until they have surgical treatment (removing part or all of the tonsils and adenoids).

• #4 Pediatric obstructive sleep apnea – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pediatric-sleep-apnea/symptoms-causes/syc-20376196

  Pediatric obstructive sleep apnea is a condition in which a child’s breathing is partly or completely blocked during sleep. Breathing can briefly stop and start again many times a night. The condition happens when the upper airway narrows or is blocked during sleep. […] During sleep, symptoms of pediatric obstructive sleep apnea can include: Snoring. Pauses in breathing. Restless sleep. Snorting, gasping, coughing or choking. Mouth breathing. Nighttime sweating. Bed-wetting that starts after a long period of dry overnights. […] Infants and young children with obstructive sleep apnea don’t always snore. They might just have disturbed sleep. […] During the day, children with sleep apnea might: Get headaches in the morning. Breathe through the mouth or have trouble breathing through the nose. Have trouble learning and paying attention. Do poorly in school. Have behavior issues such as acting hyper, impulsive or aggressive. Have poor weight gain. Talk about feeling sleepy, or fall asleep during school or during short car or bus rides.

• #5 Childhood Sleep Apnea, Pediatric Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA)

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/14312-obstructive-sleep-apnea-in-children

  Childhood sleep apnea is a common condition that causes a pause in your childs breathing pattern while they sleep. Your childs breathing changes due to an obstruction or blockage in their airway or because their brain isnt communicating with their breathing muscles. […] While brief, these interruptions affect your childs sleeping pattern. As a result, your child may be more tired during the daytime. […] The signs and symptoms of childhood sleep apnea may include the following, which happen during sleep: Mouth breathing, loud breathing or snoring. Pauses or moments when breathing stops. Coughing or choking. Tossing and turning (restless sleep). Night sweats. Sleepwalking or sleep talking. Bedwetting. […] During the daytime, you may notice the following behaviors, which may be clues that your child has sleep apnea: Fatigue. Inattentiveness or lack of focus. Irritable mood, aggressiveness or other emotional or behavioral problems. Morning headaches.

• #6 Pediatric obstructive sleep apnea – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pediatric-sleep-apnea/symptoms-causes/syc-20376196

  Pediatric obstructive sleep apnea is a condition in which a child’s breathing is partly or completely blocked during sleep. Breathing can briefly stop and start again many times a night. The condition happens when the upper airway narrows or is blocked during sleep. […] During sleep, symptoms of pediatric obstructive sleep apnea can include: Snoring. Pauses in breathing. Restless sleep. Snorting, gasping, coughing or choking. Mouth breathing. Nighttime sweating. Bed-wetting that starts after a long period of dry overnights. […] Infants and young children with obstructive sleep apnea don’t always snore. They might just have disturbed sleep. […] During the day, children with sleep apnea might: Get headaches in the morning. Breathe through the mouth or have trouble breathing through the nose. Have trouble learning and paying attention. Do poorly in school. Have behavior issues such as acting hyper, impulsive or aggressive. Have poor weight gain. Talk about feeling sleepy, or fall asleep during school or during short car or bus rides.

• #7 Sleep Apnea in Children: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment, More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/sleep-apnea-in-children

  Pediatric sleep apnea is a sleep disorder that causes children to have pauses in their breathing while they sleep. […] Obstructive sleep apnea affects 1% to 6% of children and adolescents. Obstructive sleep apnea makes up about 95% of diagnosed sleep apnea cases in children. […] Common symptoms for children with sleep apnea include: loud snoring, coughing or choking while asleep, pauses in breathing, breathing through the mouth, sleep terrors, bedwetting, sleeping in unusual positions. […] Symptoms of sleep apnea don’t only occur at night, though. If your child has a restless night’s sleep because of this disorder, daytime symptoms can include: fatigue, falling asleep, difficulty waking in the morning. […] Infants and young children who have sleep apnea may not snore, especially those with CSA. Sometimes the only sign of sleep apnea in this age group is troubled or disturbed sleep.

• #8 Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Children

  https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/conditions/health-library/obstructive-sleep-apnea-in-children

  Obstructive sleep apnea is when a child briefly stops breathing while sleeping. It happens because of a blockage in the upper airway. This is the passages through the nose and mouth to the windpipe and lungs. The pause in breathing may occur many times in a night, disrupting the childs sleep. Most children will snore, but other symptoms, such as wetting the bed or sleep walking, may also occur. […] Symptoms can occur a bit differently in each child. They can include: Loud snoring or noisy breathing (gasping or snorting) during sleep, Pauses in breathing, lasting usually a few seconds up to a minute, Mouth breathing, A nasal voice, Restlessness during sleep, Too much daytime sleepiness or irritability, Hyperactivity during the day, Behavioral problems, Sleep walking or night terrors, Bed wetting, Need for a nap past the age of napping, Learning problems, Morning headaches. […] Loud snoring or noisy breathing while sleeping is a main symptom. Your child may also be irritable, sleepy, or hyperactive during the day.

• #9 Pediatric Obstructive Sleep Apnea – Conditions and Treatments | Children’s National Hospital

  https://www.childrensnational.org/get-care/health-library/obstructive-sleep-apnea

  Obstructive sleep apnea is when a child briefly stops breathing while sleeping. It often occurs because of a blockage in the airway. The most common cause is large tonsils and adenoids in the upper airway. […] Common symptoms of obstructive sleep apnea are: Loud snoring, Noisy breathing while sleeping, Irritability, Sleepiness, Hyperactivity during the day. […] Symptoms can occur a bit differently in each child. They can include: Loud snoring or noisy breathing (gasping or snorting) while sleeping, Pauses in breathing, lasting usually a few seconds up to a minute, Mouth breathing, A nasal voice, Restlessness during sleep, Too much daytime sleepiness or irritability, Hyperactivity during the day, Behavioral problems, Sleep walking or night terrors, Bed wetting, Need for a nap past the age of napping, Learning problems, Morning headaches.

• #10 Obstructive Sleep Apnea | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/conditions-diseases/obstructive-sleep-apnea

  Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) occurs when a child stops breathing during sleep. The cessation of breathing usually occurs because there is a blockage (obstruction) in the airway. Obstructive sleep apnea affects many children and is most commonly found in children between 2 and 6 years of age, but can occur at any age. […] The following are the most common symptoms of obstructive sleep apnea. However, every child is different and symptoms may vary. Symptoms may include: […] Snoring loud snoring or noisy breathing during sleep. […] Periods of not breathing although the chest wall is moving, no air or oxygen is moving through the nose or mouth into the lungs. The duration of these periods is variable and measured in seconds. […] Mouth breathing the passage to the nose may be completely blocked by enlarged tonsils and adenoids leading to the child only being able to breathe through his mouth.

• #11 Pediatric sleep apnea Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/pediatric-sleep-apnea

  With pediatric sleep apnea, a child’s breathing pauses during sleep because the airway has become narrowed or partly blocked. […] Loud snoring is a telltale symptom of sleep apnea. Snoring is caused by air squeezing through the narrowed or blocked airway. However, not every child who snores has sleep apnea. […] Children with sleep apnea also have the following symptoms at night: Long silent pauses in breathing followed by snorts, choking, and gasps for air; Breathing mainly though the mouth; Restless sleep; Waking up often; Sleepwalking; Sweating; Bedwetting. […] During the daytime, children with sleep apnea may: Feel sleepy or drowsy throughout the day; Act grumpy, impatient, or irritable; Have trouble concentrating in school; Have hyperactive behavior. […] In most cases, treatment completely relieves symptoms and problems from sleep apnea. […] Untreated pediatric sleep apnea may lead to: High blood pressure; Heart or lung problems; Slow growth and development. […] Contact your provider if: You notice symptoms of sleep apnea in your child; Symptoms don’t improve with treatment, or new symptoms develop.

• #12 Obstructive Sleep Apnea | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/conditions-diseases/obstructive-sleep-apnea

  Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) occurs when a child stops breathing during sleep. The cessation of breathing usually occurs because there is a blockage (obstruction) in the airway. Obstructive sleep apnea affects many children and is most commonly found in children between 2 and 6 years of age, but can occur at any age. […] The following are the most common symptoms of obstructive sleep apnea. However, every child is different and symptoms may vary. Symptoms may include: […] Snoring loud snoring or noisy breathing during sleep. […] Periods of not breathing although the chest wall is moving, no air or oxygen is moving through the nose or mouth into the lungs. The duration of these periods is variable and measured in seconds. […] Mouth breathing the passage to the nose may be completely blocked by enlarged tonsils and adenoids leading to the child only being able to breathe through his mouth.

• #13 Childhood Sleep Apnea, Pediatric Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA)

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/14312-obstructive-sleep-apnea-in-children

  Childhood sleep apnea is a common condition that causes a pause in your childs breathing pattern while they sleep. Your childs breathing changes due to an obstruction or blockage in their airway or because their brain isnt communicating with their breathing muscles. […] While brief, these interruptions affect your childs sleeping pattern. As a result, your child may be more tired during the daytime. […] The signs and symptoms of childhood sleep apnea may include the following, which happen during sleep: Mouth breathing, loud breathing or snoring. Pauses or moments when breathing stops. Coughing or choking. Tossing and turning (restless sleep). Night sweats. Sleepwalking or sleep talking. Bedwetting. […] During the daytime, you may notice the following behaviors, which may be clues that your child has sleep apnea: Fatigue. Inattentiveness or lack of focus. Irritable mood, aggressiveness or other emotional or behavioral problems. Morning headaches.

• #14 Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/obstructive-sleep-apnea-osa

  If your child snores or has trouble breathing at night, he or she may not just be a noisy sleeper. It could be a sign of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), a condition in which breathing is repeatedly blocked during sleep. OSA affects about 2 to 5 percent of children and teenagers. […] OSA can cause children to be tired, irritable, or hyperactive during the day and to perform below their potential at school. […] The symptoms of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) are sometimes difficult to detect in children. Children with OSA may not look sleepy, even if they’re not sleeping well. Symptoms of OSA can also vary depending on the child and the severity of the problem. […] Common symptoms may include: Snoring, Breathing pauses during sleep that last about 10 to 20 seconds and often end in a gasp, snore, snort, or sigh, Sleeping with the mouth open or neck extended, Restless sleep, Waking often during the night, Sweating during sleep, Tiredness, moodiness, irritability, or hyperactivity during the day, Difficulty waking in the morning, Dry mouth or headaches in the morning, Nighttime bed wetting that returns after months or years of the child being dry at night. […] If you think your child might have OSA, talk with your primary care provider. He or she may refer you to a sleep specialist for a full evaluation and sleep study.

• #15 Obstructive Sleep Apnea (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/apnea.html

  Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) interrupts sleep and can make the body’s oxygen levels fall or carbon dioxide levels rise. This can make kids miss out on healthy, restful sleep. Untreated obstructive sleep apnea can lead to learning, behavior, growth, and heart problems. […] Signs of obstructive sleep apnea in kids include: snoring, often with pauses, snorts, or gasps; heavy breathing while sleeping; very restless sleep and sleeping in unusual positions; bedwetting (especially if a child had stayed dry at night); daytime sleepiness or behavior/learning problems; sleepwalking or night terrors. […] Because it’s hard for them to get a good night’s sleep, kids might have a hard time waking up in the morning, be tired or fall asleep during the day, have trouble paying attention or be hyperactive. […] As a result, obstructive sleep apnea can hurt school performance. Teachers and others may think a child has ADHD or learning problems.

• #16 Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA)

  https://www.rch.org.au/kidsinfo/fact_sheets/Childhood_obstructive_sleep_apnoea_OSA/

  Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) is a medical condition that involves breathing difficulties in children when they are asleep. When children (and adults) fall asleep, their muscles relax. This includes muscles in the upper airway, which can become either partly or totally blocked by the adenoids and tonsils in sleeping children. You may notice snoring and pauses in your child’s breathing while they are sleeping. […] OSA disrupts sleep. If your child has OSA, they may feel tired in the day, and they may have learning, behavioural and/or medical problems. […] If your child has OSA, you may notice that your child: has loud snoring, pauses in breathing and difficulty breathing during sleep, chokes, gasps or snorts in their sleep, is restless and sweaty while asleep, sleeps in unusual positions, e.g. propped up high on pillows, breathes through their mouth instead of their nose at night, has headaches and/or is tired in the morning, has a blocked nose, poor appetite and/or problems swallowing.

• #17 Pediatric obstructive sleep apnea – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pediatric-sleep-apnea/symptoms-causes/syc-20376196

  Pediatric obstructive sleep apnea is a condition in which a child’s breathing is partly or completely blocked during sleep. Breathing can briefly stop and start again many times a night. The condition happens when the upper airway narrows or is blocked during sleep. […] During sleep, symptoms of pediatric obstructive sleep apnea can include: Snoring. Pauses in breathing. Restless sleep. Snorting, gasping, coughing or choking. Mouth breathing. Nighttime sweating. Bed-wetting that starts after a long period of dry overnights. […] Infants and young children with obstructive sleep apnea don’t always snore. They might just have disturbed sleep. […] During the day, children with sleep apnea might: Get headaches in the morning. Breathe through the mouth or have trouble breathing through the nose. Have trouble learning and paying attention. Do poorly in school. Have behavior issues such as acting hyper, impulsive or aggressive. Have poor weight gain. Talk about feeling sleepy, or fall asleep during school or during short car or bus rides.

• #18 Pediatric Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) | Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/health/o/obstructive-sleep-apnea

  Pediatric obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a common, treatable condition. Obstructive sleep apnea causes breathing difficulties while sleeping. Some children do snore, only a small percentage (two percent) has obstructive sleep apnea. […] Children with pediatric obstructive sleep apnea have trouble sleeping at night. Because theyre tired, they often show behavioral problems during the day. If left undiagnosed, this condition can lead to problems at school and delayed growth. In extreme cases, it can cause heart failure. Heart failure happens when blood oxygen levels drop. […] Symptoms of pediatric obstructive sleep apnea can be hard to notice. They may include: Sleeping in odd positions, often with the head propped up or off the bed, Snoring loudly and continuously, Losing weight or not gaining weight, Stopping breathing at night for a short period, followed by snorting and gasping or waking up, Sweating heavily during sleep, Acting out at home or school, Sleeping problems (restlessness), Having trouble waking up even though the child should have had enough sleep, Having headaches during the day, particularly in the morning, Being irritable, aggressive and cranky, Falling asleep or daydreaming in school or at home, Wetting the bed at an unusual age, Inability to concentrate at school, Being hyperactive during the day.

• #19 Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA)

  https://www.rch.org.au/kidsinfo/fact_sheets/Childhood_obstructive_sleep_apnoea_OSA/

  Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) is a medical condition that involves breathing difficulties in children when they are asleep. When children (and adults) fall asleep, their muscles relax. This includes muscles in the upper airway, which can become either partly or totally blocked by the adenoids and tonsils in sleeping children. You may notice snoring and pauses in your child’s breathing while they are sleeping. […] OSA disrupts sleep. If your child has OSA, they may feel tired in the day, and they may have learning, behavioural and/or medical problems. […] If your child has OSA, you may notice that your child: has loud snoring, pauses in breathing and difficulty breathing during sleep, chokes, gasps or snorts in their sleep, is restless and sweaty while asleep, sleeps in unusual positions, e.g. propped up high on pillows, breathes through their mouth instead of their nose at night, has headaches and/or is tired in the morning, has a blocked nose, poor appetite and/or problems swallowing.

• #20 Pediatric Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) | Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/health/o/obstructive-sleep-apnea

  Pediatric obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a common, treatable condition. Obstructive sleep apnea causes breathing difficulties while sleeping. Some children do snore, only a small percentage (two percent) has obstructive sleep apnea. […] Children with pediatric obstructive sleep apnea have trouble sleeping at night. Because theyre tired, they often show behavioral problems during the day. If left undiagnosed, this condition can lead to problems at school and delayed growth. In extreme cases, it can cause heart failure. Heart failure happens when blood oxygen levels drop. […] Symptoms of pediatric obstructive sleep apnea can be hard to notice. They may include: Sleeping in odd positions, often with the head propped up or off the bed, Snoring loudly and continuously, Losing weight or not gaining weight, Stopping breathing at night for a short period, followed by snorting and gasping or waking up, Sweating heavily during sleep, Acting out at home or school, Sleeping problems (restlessness), Having trouble waking up even though the child should have had enough sleep, Having headaches during the day, particularly in the morning, Being irritable, aggressive and cranky, Falling asleep or daydreaming in school or at home, Wetting the bed at an unusual age, Inability to concentrate at school, Being hyperactive during the day.

• #21 Pediatric obstructive sleep apnea – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pediatric-sleep-apnea/symptoms-causes/syc-20376196

  Pediatric obstructive sleep apnea is a condition in which a child’s breathing is partly or completely blocked during sleep. Breathing can briefly stop and start again many times a night. The condition happens when the upper airway narrows or is blocked during sleep. […] During sleep, symptoms of pediatric obstructive sleep apnea can include: Snoring. Pauses in breathing. Restless sleep. Snorting, gasping, coughing or choking. Mouth breathing. Nighttime sweating. Bed-wetting that starts after a long period of dry overnights. […] Infants and young children with obstructive sleep apnea don’t always snore. They might just have disturbed sleep. […] During the day, children with sleep apnea might: Get headaches in the morning. Breathe through the mouth or have trouble breathing through the nose. Have trouble learning and paying attention. Do poorly in school. Have behavior issues such as acting hyper, impulsive or aggressive. Have poor weight gain. Talk about feeling sleepy, or fall asleep during school or during short car or bus rides.

• #22 Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/obstructive-sleep-apnea-osa

  If your child snores or has trouble breathing at night, he or she may not just be a noisy sleeper. It could be a sign of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), a condition in which breathing is repeatedly blocked during sleep. OSA affects about 2 to 5 percent of children and teenagers. […] OSA can cause children to be tired, irritable, or hyperactive during the day and to perform below their potential at school. […] The symptoms of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) are sometimes difficult to detect in children. Children with OSA may not look sleepy, even if they’re not sleeping well. Symptoms of OSA can also vary depending on the child and the severity of the problem. […] Common symptoms may include: Snoring, Breathing pauses during sleep that last about 10 to 20 seconds and often end in a gasp, snore, snort, or sigh, Sleeping with the mouth open or neck extended, Restless sleep, Waking often during the night, Sweating during sleep, Tiredness, moodiness, irritability, or hyperactivity during the day, Difficulty waking in the morning, Dry mouth or headaches in the morning, Nighttime bed wetting that returns after months or years of the child being dry at night. […] If you think your child might have OSA, talk with your primary care provider. He or she may refer you to a sleep specialist for a full evaluation and sleep study.

• #23 Obstructive Sleep Apnea (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/apnea.html

  Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) interrupts sleep and can make the body’s oxygen levels fall or carbon dioxide levels rise. This can make kids miss out on healthy, restful sleep. Untreated obstructive sleep apnea can lead to learning, behavior, growth, and heart problems. […] Signs of obstructive sleep apnea in kids include: snoring, often with pauses, snorts, or gasps; heavy breathing while sleeping; very restless sleep and sleeping in unusual positions; bedwetting (especially if a child had stayed dry at night); daytime sleepiness or behavior/learning problems; sleepwalking or night terrors. […] Because it’s hard for them to get a good night’s sleep, kids might have a hard time waking up in the morning, be tired or fall asleep during the day, have trouble paying attention or be hyperactive. […] As a result, obstructive sleep apnea can hurt school performance. Teachers and others may think a child has ADHD or learning problems.

• #24 Pediatric Obstructive Sleep Apnea – Conditions and Treatments | Children’s National Hospital

  https://www.childrensnational.org/get-care/health-library/obstructive-sleep-apnea

  Obstructive sleep apnea is when a child briefly stops breathing while sleeping. It often occurs because of a blockage in the airway. The most common cause is large tonsils and adenoids in the upper airway. […] Common symptoms of obstructive sleep apnea are: Loud snoring, Noisy breathing while sleeping, Irritability, Sleepiness, Hyperactivity during the day. […] Symptoms can occur a bit differently in each child. They can include: Loud snoring or noisy breathing (gasping or snorting) while sleeping, Pauses in breathing, lasting usually a few seconds up to a minute, Mouth breathing, A nasal voice, Restlessness during sleep, Too much daytime sleepiness or irritability, Hyperactivity during the day, Behavioral problems, Sleep walking or night terrors, Bed wetting, Need for a nap past the age of napping, Learning problems, Morning headaches.

• #25 Pediatric Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) | Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/health/o/obstructive-sleep-apnea

  Pediatric obstructive sleep apnea can share symptoms with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Because of this, some children with pediatric OSA are misdiagnosed as having ADHD. Some children may have both conditions. Pediatric obstructive sleep apnea can also sometimes worsen ADHD symptoms. […] It’s important to treat pediatric obstructive sleep apnea as soon as possible. Treating it early can help the child maintain normal growth and development.

• #26 Childhood Sleep Apnea: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1004104-overview

  Childhood obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) syndrome is characterized by episodic upper airway obstruction that occurs during sleep. The airway obstruction may be complete or partial. […] Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome was described more than a century ago, but obstructive sleep apnea in children was first described in the 1970s. It is a common but underdiagnosed condition in children that may ultimately lead to substantial morbidity if left untreated. […] Childhood sleep apnea differs from adult obstructive sleep apnea in that adults with sleep apnea frequently present with hypersomnia, whereas children often demonstrate short attention spans, emotional lability, and behavioral problems. […] Major morbidities associated with childhood obstructive sleep apnea include failure to thrive, difficulty concentrating and/or developmental delay, behavioral problems, hypertension, pulmonary hypertension, and, ultimately, cor pulmonale.

• #27 Pediatric obstructive sleep apnea – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pediatric-sleep-apnea/symptoms-causes/syc-20376196

  Pediatric obstructive sleep apnea is a condition in which a child’s breathing is partly or completely blocked during sleep. Breathing can briefly stop and start again many times a night. The condition happens when the upper airway narrows or is blocked during sleep. […] During sleep, symptoms of pediatric obstructive sleep apnea can include: Snoring. Pauses in breathing. Restless sleep. Snorting, gasping, coughing or choking. Mouth breathing. Nighttime sweating. Bed-wetting that starts after a long period of dry overnights. […] Infants and young children with obstructive sleep apnea don’t always snore. They might just have disturbed sleep. […] During the day, children with sleep apnea might: Get headaches in the morning. Breathe through the mouth or have trouble breathing through the nose. Have trouble learning and paying attention. Do poorly in school. Have behavior issues such as acting hyper, impulsive or aggressive. Have poor weight gain. Talk about feeling sleepy, or fall asleep during school or during short car or bus rides.

• #28 Pediatric Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Asthma: Clinical Implications

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6340144/

  Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and asthma are common conditions in children with preventable long-term consequences. […] Pediatric OSA is defined as disordered breathing during sleep characterized by prolonged partial upper airway obstruction and/or intermittent complete obstruction (ie, obstructive apnea) that disrupts normal ventilation during sleep and normal sleep patterns. […] The symptoms of OSA in pediatric patients usually include a history of snoring, gasping, and pauses in breathing that may result in sudden arousals during sleep. […] Daytime symptoms of OSA may include excessive daytime sleepiness, but children are often not sleepy and may be more likely to suffer from poor attention and behavioral problems. […] Untreated OSA in childhood may be associated with a number of consequences. Neurobehavioral manifestations are common findings in pediatric OSA.

• #29 Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) in Children – Pulmonary Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pulmonary-disorders/sleep-apnea/obstructive-sleep-apnea-osa-in-children

  Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is episodes of partial or complete closure of the upper airway that occur during sleep and lead to breathing cessation. Symptoms include snoring and sometimes restless sleep, nocturnal sweating, morning headache, and problems concentrating. […] In most children with OSA, parents note snoring; however, snoring may not be reported even when OSA is severe. Other sleep symptoms may include restless sleep, sweating at night, and observed apnea. Children may have nocturnal enuresis. Daytime signs and symptoms may include nasal obstruction, mouth breathing, morning headache, problems concentrating, and hyperactivity (ie, as a manifestation of sleepiness). Waketime sleepiness is less common than among adults with OSA. […] Complications of OSA may include problems with learning, problems with behavior, cor pulmonale, pulmonary hypertension, and growth disturbance.

• #30 Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Children | Valley Children’s Healthcare

  https://www.valleychildrens.org/services/pulmonology/conditions-we-treat/obstructive-sleep-apnea

  Obstructive sleep apnea is when a child briefly stops breathing while sleeping. It happens because of a blockage in the upper airway. This is the passages through the nose and mouth to the windpipe and lungs. The pause in breathing may occur many times in a night, disrupting the childs sleep. Most children will snore, but other symptoms, such as wetting the bed or sleep walking, may also occur. […] Symptoms can occur a bit differently in each child. They can include: […] Loud snoring or noisy breathing (gasping or snorting) during sleep. […] Pauses in breathing, lasting usually a few seconds up to a minute. […] Too much daytime sleepiness or irritability. […] Hyperactivity during the day. […] Behavioral problems. […] Sleep walking or night terrors. […] Bed wetting. […] Morning headaches.

• #31 Pediatric obstructive sleep apnea – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pediatric-sleep-apnea/symptoms-causes/syc-20376196

  Pediatric obstructive sleep apnea is a condition in which a child’s breathing is partly or completely blocked during sleep. Breathing can briefly stop and start again many times a night. The condition happens when the upper airway narrows or is blocked during sleep. […] During sleep, symptoms of pediatric obstructive sleep apnea can include: Snoring. Pauses in breathing. Restless sleep. Snorting, gasping, coughing or choking. Mouth breathing. Nighttime sweating. Bed-wetting that starts after a long period of dry overnights. […] Infants and young children with obstructive sleep apnea don’t always snore. They might just have disturbed sleep. […] During the day, children with sleep apnea might: Get headaches in the morning. Breathe through the mouth or have trouble breathing through the nose. Have trouble learning and paying attention. Do poorly in school. Have behavior issues such as acting hyper, impulsive or aggressive. Have poor weight gain. Talk about feeling sleepy, or fall asleep during school or during short car or bus rides.

• #32 Childhood Sleep Apnea, Pediatric Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA)

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/14312-obstructive-sleep-apnea-in-children

  Childhood sleep apnea is a common condition that causes a pause in your childs breathing pattern while they sleep. Your childs breathing changes due to an obstruction or blockage in their airway or because their brain isnt communicating with their breathing muscles. […] While brief, these interruptions affect your childs sleeping pattern. As a result, your child may be more tired during the daytime. […] The signs and symptoms of childhood sleep apnea may include the following, which happen during sleep: Mouth breathing, loud breathing or snoring. Pauses or moments when breathing stops. Coughing or choking. Tossing and turning (restless sleep). Night sweats. Sleepwalking or sleep talking. Bedwetting. […] During the daytime, you may notice the following behaviors, which may be clues that your child has sleep apnea: Fatigue. Inattentiveness or lack of focus. Irritable mood, aggressiveness or other emotional or behavioral problems. Morning headaches.

• #33 Sleep Apnea in Children: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment | SleepApnea.org

  https://www.sleepapnea.org/sleep-apnea-in-children/?srsltid=AfmBOoraCL5C0kbJDoF0q1-WVn0HoQLWzOpQYOSG9a2BjBQ61fi5Hnn-

  While it’s more common in older adults, obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) also affects up to 5% of children, particularly those between the ages of 2 and 6. Possible signs of childhood sleep apnea include snoring, nighttime restlessness, and daytime sleepiness. […] Early detection of obstructive sleep apnea is important, as treatment may prevent behavioral issues, slow growth, excessive sleepiness, heart disorders, and other complications. […] Nighttime symptoms of obstructive sleep apnea in children include: Snoring, Mouth breathing, Nocturnal coughing or choking, Periods of no breathing or difficulty breathing, Restless sleep, Bedwetting, Night sweats. […] Daytime symptoms of OSA include: Behavioral changes, such as aggression, trouble paying attention, or hyperactivity, Daytime fatigue or the need for more frequent naps, Morning headaches, A voice that sounds “nasal”, Lack of appropriate growth milestones in infants.

• #34 Pediatric obstructive sleep apnea – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pediatric-sleep-apnea/symptoms-causes/syc-20376196

  Pediatric obstructive sleep apnea is a condition in which a child’s breathing is partly or completely blocked during sleep. Breathing can briefly stop and start again many times a night. The condition happens when the upper airway narrows or is blocked during sleep. […] During sleep, symptoms of pediatric obstructive sleep apnea can include: Snoring. Pauses in breathing. Restless sleep. Snorting, gasping, coughing or choking. Mouth breathing. Nighttime sweating. Bed-wetting that starts after a long period of dry overnights. […] Infants and young children with obstructive sleep apnea don’t always snore. They might just have disturbed sleep. […] During the day, children with sleep apnea might: Get headaches in the morning. Breathe through the mouth or have trouble breathing through the nose. Have trouble learning and paying attention. Do poorly in school. Have behavior issues such as acting hyper, impulsive or aggressive. Have poor weight gain. Talk about feeling sleepy, or fall asleep during school or during short car or bus rides.

• #35 Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) in Children – Pulmonary Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pulmonary-disorders/sleep-apnea/obstructive-sleep-apnea-osa-in-children

  Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is episodes of partial or complete closure of the upper airway that occur during sleep and lead to breathing cessation. Symptoms include snoring and sometimes restless sleep, nocturnal sweating, morning headache, and problems concentrating. […] In most children with OSA, parents note snoring; however, snoring may not be reported even when OSA is severe. Other sleep symptoms may include restless sleep, sweating at night, and observed apnea. Children may have nocturnal enuresis. Daytime signs and symptoms may include nasal obstruction, mouth breathing, morning headache, problems concentrating, and hyperactivity (ie, as a manifestation of sleepiness). Waketime sleepiness is less common than among adults with OSA. […] Complications of OSA may include problems with learning, problems with behavior, cor pulmonale, pulmonary hypertension, and growth disturbance.

• #36 Pediatric obstructive sleep apnea – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pediatric-sleep-apnea/symptoms-causes/syc-20376196

  Pediatric obstructive sleep apnea is a condition in which a child’s breathing is partly or completely blocked during sleep. Breathing can briefly stop and start again many times a night. The condition happens when the upper airway narrows or is blocked during sleep. […] During sleep, symptoms of pediatric obstructive sleep apnea can include: Snoring. Pauses in breathing. Restless sleep. Snorting, gasping, coughing or choking. Mouth breathing. Nighttime sweating. Bed-wetting that starts after a long period of dry overnights. […] Infants and young children with obstructive sleep apnea don’t always snore. They might just have disturbed sleep. […] During the day, children with sleep apnea might: Get headaches in the morning. Breathe through the mouth or have trouble breathing through the nose. Have trouble learning and paying attention. Do poorly in school. Have behavior issues such as acting hyper, impulsive or aggressive. Have poor weight gain. Talk about feeling sleepy, or fall asleep during school or during short car or bus rides.

• #37 Sleep apnoea in the child

  https://www.racgp.org.au/afp/2015/june/sleep-apnoea-in-the-child

  Snoring or noisy breathing during sleep is the cardinal symptom of OSA, and should be specifically sought in children with disturbed sleep, nasal obstruction and large tonsils. […] About one-third of children snore; about 10% snore most nights and this is the cardinal symptom of OSA. […] Symptoms of OSA should be sought in any child with enlarged tonsils and/or disturbed or unrefreshing sleep. […] The relationship of OSA with impairments in memory, attention, learning and behaviour has been recognised for many years. […] One early study in the US demonstrated OSA in 18% of children performing in the lowest 10% of the first grade (aged approximately 6 years), with subsequent improvement in performance after adenotonsillectomy. […] Children with persistent snoring or noisy breathing during sleep, present during three or more nights/week in the absence of an upper respiratory tract infection, are at risk of OSA.

• #38 Pediatric obstructive sleep apnea – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pediatric-sleep-apnea/symptoms-causes/syc-20376196

  Pediatric obstructive sleep apnea is a condition in which a child’s breathing is partly or completely blocked during sleep. Breathing can briefly stop and start again many times a night. The condition happens when the upper airway narrows or is blocked during sleep. […] During sleep, symptoms of pediatric obstructive sleep apnea can include: Snoring. Pauses in breathing. Restless sleep. Snorting, gasping, coughing or choking. Mouth breathing. Nighttime sweating. Bed-wetting that starts after a long period of dry overnights. […] Infants and young children with obstructive sleep apnea don’t always snore. They might just have disturbed sleep. […] During the day, children with sleep apnea might: Get headaches in the morning. Breathe through the mouth or have trouble breathing through the nose. Have trouble learning and paying attention. Do poorly in school. Have behavior issues such as acting hyper, impulsive or aggressive. Have poor weight gain. Talk about feeling sleepy, or fall asleep during school or during short car or bus rides.

• #39 Childhood Sleep Apnea Clinical Presentation: History, Physical Examination, Complications of Childhood Sleep Apnea

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1004104-clinical

  Paradoxically, some children with obstructive sleep apnea develop signs of hyperactivity rather than daytime somnolence. […] Most children with obstructive sleep apnea have tonsillar hypertrophy, adenoid hypertrophy, or both. […] Historical features suggestive of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome are typically absent from children without obstructive sleep apnea syndrome but poorly distinguish between obstructive sleep apnea and primary snoring. […] A prominent clinical manifestation of increased work of breathing in children with obstructive sleep apnea is failure to thrive (FTT). […] Neurobehavioral disturbances and diminished learning capabilities, stunted growth, altered respiratory load response patterns, and pulmonary hypertension are major consequences of obstructive sleep apnea in childhood.

• #40 Childhood Sleep Apnea, Pediatric Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA)

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/14312-obstructive-sleep-apnea-in-children

  Childhood sleep apnea is a common condition that causes a pause in your childs breathing pattern while they sleep. Your childs breathing changes due to an obstruction or blockage in their airway or because their brain isnt communicating with their breathing muscles. […] While brief, these interruptions affect your childs sleeping pattern. As a result, your child may be more tired during the daytime. […] The signs and symptoms of childhood sleep apnea may include the following, which happen during sleep: Mouth breathing, loud breathing or snoring. Pauses or moments when breathing stops. Coughing or choking. Tossing and turning (restless sleep). Night sweats. Sleepwalking or sleep talking. Bedwetting. […] During the daytime, you may notice the following behaviors, which may be clues that your child has sleep apnea: Fatigue. Inattentiveness or lack of focus. Irritable mood, aggressiveness or other emotional or behavioral problems. Morning headaches.

• #41 Pediatric Obstructive Sleep Apnea – Conditions and Treatments | Children’s National Hospital

  https://www.childrensnational.org/get-care/health-library/obstructive-sleep-apnea

  Obstructive sleep apnea is when a child briefly stops breathing while sleeping. It often occurs because of a blockage in the airway. The most common cause is large tonsils and adenoids in the upper airway. […] Common symptoms of obstructive sleep apnea are: Loud snoring, Noisy breathing while sleeping, Irritability, Sleepiness, Hyperactivity during the day. […] Symptoms can occur a bit differently in each child. They can include: Loud snoring or noisy breathing (gasping or snorting) while sleeping, Pauses in breathing, lasting usually a few seconds up to a minute, Mouth breathing, A nasal voice, Restlessness during sleep, Too much daytime sleepiness or irritability, Hyperactivity during the day, Behavioral problems, Sleep walking or night terrors, Bed wetting, Need for a nap past the age of napping, Learning problems, Morning headaches.

• #42 Pediatric obstructive sleep apnea – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pediatric-sleep-apnea/symptoms-causes/syc-20376196

  Pediatric obstructive sleep apnea is a condition in which a child’s breathing is partly or completely blocked during sleep. Breathing can briefly stop and start again many times a night. The condition happens when the upper airway narrows or is blocked during sleep. […] During sleep, symptoms of pediatric obstructive sleep apnea can include: Snoring. Pauses in breathing. Restless sleep. Snorting, gasping, coughing or choking. Mouth breathing. Nighttime sweating. Bed-wetting that starts after a long period of dry overnights. […] Infants and young children with obstructive sleep apnea don’t always snore. They might just have disturbed sleep. […] During the day, children with sleep apnea might: Get headaches in the morning. Breathe through the mouth or have trouble breathing through the nose. Have trouble learning and paying attention. Do poorly in school. Have behavior issues such as acting hyper, impulsive or aggressive. Have poor weight gain. Talk about feeling sleepy, or fall asleep during school or during short car or bus rides.

• #43 Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Pediatric Patients | RT

  https://respiratory-therapy.com/disorders-diseases/sleep-medicine/obstructive-sleep-apnea-in-pediatric-patients/

  The clinical consequences of disrupted sleep architecture and hypoxemia as a result of SDB in children are becoming defined in the pediatric population. Neurodevelopmental complications include developmental delay, poor school performance, hyperactivity, aggressive behavior, and social withdrawal. […] Poor growth is a common complication of childhood OSA; early reports cited the prevalence of failure to thrive as being as much as 50%. […] Enlarged tonsils and adenoids are the leading cause of OSA in children. Although symptoms usually appear early, diagnosis is often delayed owing to underestimation of clinical features and to the apparently normal daytime behavior of these children. […] It is important that all health care professionals who treat children be familiar with the symptoms of OSA. The most common nocturnal symptom of OSA in children is snoring.

• #44 Childhood Sleep Apnea: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1004104-overview

  Childhood obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) syndrome is characterized by episodic upper airway obstruction that occurs during sleep. The airway obstruction may be complete or partial. […] Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome was described more than a century ago, but obstructive sleep apnea in children was first described in the 1970s. It is a common but underdiagnosed condition in children that may ultimately lead to substantial morbidity if left untreated. […] Childhood sleep apnea differs from adult obstructive sleep apnea in that adults with sleep apnea frequently present with hypersomnia, whereas children often demonstrate short attention spans, emotional lability, and behavioral problems. […] Major morbidities associated with childhood obstructive sleep apnea include failure to thrive, difficulty concentrating and/or developmental delay, behavioral problems, hypertension, pulmonary hypertension, and, ultimately, cor pulmonale.

• #45 Sleep Apnea in Children: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment, More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/sleep-apnea-in-children

  Untreated sleep apnea leads to long periods of disturbed sleep, resulting in chronic daytime fatigue. […] A child with untreated sleep apnea may have difficulty paying attention in school. This can result in learning problems and poor academic performance. […] Some children also develop hyperactivity, causing them to be misdiagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). […] If left untreated, sleep apnea can worsen and interfere with your child’s quality of life. It can become difficult for them to concentrate in school. If it persists into adulthood, this disorder may put them at risk for complications such as stroke or heart disease. […] If you observe any of the following symptoms in your child, speak with their doctor about the possibility of sleep apnea: loud snoring, pauses in breathing while they sleep, severe daytime fatigue, hyperactivity.

• #46 Pediatric obstructive sleep apnea – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pediatric-sleep-apnea/symptoms-causes/syc-20376196

  Without treatment, pediatric obstructive sleep apnea can lead to other health conditions called complications. Rarely, pediatric obstructive sleep apnea can cause infants and young children not to grow as much as those who don’t have the condition. Children who don’t receive treatment also may have a higher risk of later complications such as: High blood pressure. High cholesterol. A higher than typical blood sugar level that raises the risk of diabetes. Other heart and blood vessel conditions.

• #47 Pediatric Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) | Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/health/o/obstructive-sleep-apnea

  Pediatric obstructive sleep apnea can share symptoms with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Because of this, some children with pediatric OSA are misdiagnosed as having ADHD. Some children may have both conditions. Pediatric obstructive sleep apnea can also sometimes worsen ADHD symptoms. […] It’s important to treat pediatric obstructive sleep apnea as soon as possible. Treating it early can help the child maintain normal growth and development.

• #48 Pediatric Obstructive Sleep Apnea – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557610/

  If left untreated, pediatric OSA can have serious morbidities and long-term complications. Sustained hypoxia can increase pulmonary vasoconstriction and lead to pulmonary hypertension and right heart failure at an early age. Cognitive dysfunction, impaired learning, and poor school performance are associated with undiagnosed and untreated pediatric OSA. Additionally, increased work of breathing can be associated with failure to thrive seen in younger populations.[2]

• #49 Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Pediatric Patients | RT

  https://respiratory-therapy.com/disorders-diseases/sleep-medicine/obstructive-sleep-apnea-in-pediatric-patients/

  The clinical consequences of disrupted sleep architecture and hypoxemia as a result of SDB in children are becoming defined in the pediatric population. Neurodevelopmental complications include developmental delay, poor school performance, hyperactivity, aggressive behavior, and social withdrawal. […] Poor growth is a common complication of childhood OSA; early reports cited the prevalence of failure to thrive as being as much as 50%. […] Enlarged tonsils and adenoids are the leading cause of OSA in children. Although symptoms usually appear early, diagnosis is often delayed owing to underestimation of clinical features and to the apparently normal daytime behavior of these children. […] It is important that all health care professionals who treat children be familiar with the symptoms of OSA. The most common nocturnal symptom of OSA in children is snoring.

• #50 Childhood Sleep Apnea: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1004104-overview

  Children with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, as well as children with a history of loud habitual snoring, appear to be at risk for developing deficits of executive function. […] The incidence of cor pulmonale and death due to obstructive sleep apnea is unknown. Once pulmonary hypertension has developed, it is usually reversible if the underlying obstructive sleep apnea is effectively treated. […] In children with enlarged tonsils and adenoids that lead to obstructive sleep apnea, an adenotonsillectomy usually results in complete cure, although no definitive studies have clearly demonstrated this issue.

• #51 Pediatric Obstructive Sleep Apnea Diagnosis and Treatment: What You Need to Know – Pediatrics Nationwide

  https://pediatricsnationwide.org/2024/12/18/pediatric-obstructive-sleep-apnea-diagnosis-and-treatment-what-you-need-to-know/

  Children with OSA can experience many health consequences, such as insulin resistance, blood pressure dysregulation, cognitive impairment and attention disorders. […] Unfortunately, “We are not looking for sleep disorders as much as we should, leading to underdiagnosis,” Dr. Kalra says. […] “Children with classic symptoms, risk factors or daytime problems that can be attributed to OSA should be referred to a specialist,” Dr. Kalra advised. […] Medical, dental and surgical approaches are available to treat OSA, but each case requires a personalized approach. […] “Pediatric sleep-disordered breathing has a complex pathophysiology, with some factors contributing more heavily than others. This highlights the need for personalized medicine to treat conditions like OSA,” Dr. Kalra notes.

• #52 Obstructive Sleep Apnea | Loma Linda University Children’s Health

  https://lluch.org/conditions/obstructive-sleep-apnea

  Morning headaches. […] The symptoms of obstructive sleep apnea can be like other health conditions. Have your child see their healthcare provider for a diagnosis. […] Sometimes the condition can cause your child to have less oxygen in the blood than normal. This is because the condition can make it hard for air and oxygen to flow in and out of the lungs. If this pattern continues, your child’s lungs and heart may have permanent damage. Chronic sleep apnea can also lead to poor growth and development. Research studies show that some children who are hyperactive, may actually have sleep apnea as the possible cause of their attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. […] Loud snoring or noisy breathing while sleeping is a main symptom. Your child may also be irritable, sleepy, or hyperactive during the day. […] A sleep study is the best way to diagnose the condition.

• #53 Sleep apnoea in the child

  https://www.racgp.org.au/afp/2015/june/sleep-apnoea-in-the-child

  Snoring or noisy breathing during sleep is the cardinal symptom of OSA, and should be specifically sought in children with disturbed sleep, nasal obstruction and large tonsils. […] About one-third of children snore; about 10% snore most nights and this is the cardinal symptom of OSA. […] Symptoms of OSA should be sought in any child with enlarged tonsils and/or disturbed or unrefreshing sleep. […] The relationship of OSA with impairments in memory, attention, learning and behaviour has been recognised for many years. […] One early study in the US demonstrated OSA in 18% of children performing in the lowest 10% of the first grade (aged approximately 6 years), with subsequent improvement in performance after adenotonsillectomy. […] Children with persistent snoring or noisy breathing during sleep, present during three or more nights/week in the absence of an upper respiratory tract infection, are at risk of OSA.

• #54 Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Children – Amerisleep

  https://amerisleep.com/blog/obstructive-sleep-apnea-in-children/

  Difficulty concentrating: Going hand in hand with mood and anxiety issues from lack of sleep, your child can have symptoms similar to ADHD or hyperactivity. […] School problems: Behavior problems and attention issues will undoubtedly lead to problems at school. […] Bedwetting: There can be several causes for bedwetting or nocturnal enuresis; however, it’s possible for sleep apnea in children to leave them too tired to get up or cause them to sleep through the discomfort. […] Obstructive sleep apnea causes the body’s oxygen levels to drop, which leads to the child waking up. OSA can happen several times per night, adversely affecting a child’s sleep cycle. Children who do not get proper sleep can suffer harmful effects such as more frequent illness, learning disorders, and attention problems. In severe cases, there can be growth problems and heart trouble.

• #55 Dangers of Pediatric Sleep Apnea – ASAP Pathway

  https://asappathway.com/dangers-of-pediatric-sleep-apnea/

  Nothing is more basic to life than breathing. And for a child, sleep is particularly important. Sleep is critical to healthy development, and it helps them have the energy they need to deal with the challenging parts of their day, such as focusing on schoolwork or doing what theyre told when theyd much rather be doing something else. […] If you think your child has sleep-disordered breathing such as pediatric sleep apnea, an ASAP Pathway dentist can help. […] Just as with adults, children with sleep apnea experience both immediate problems related to their sleep apnea, as well as long-term complications that can follow them for life. Some of the recognizable immediate complications of sleep apnea include: Behavioral problems, Hyperactivity, Learning difficulties, Low mood and depression.

• #56 How to Recognize the Symptoms of Pediatric Sleep Apnea

  https://patuxentorthodontics.com/pediatric-sleep-apnea-symptoms/

  Poor sleep can lead to trouble focusing, memory problems, and behavioral issues, all of which can negatively impact school performance. Children with sleep apnea may struggle with bad grades due to frequent disruptions in their sleep. […] Children with untreated sleep apnea might develop a high-arched palate, misaligned teeth, or a small lower jaw, which can further exacerbate its symptoms. […] Chronic lack of oxygen and poor sleep quality can also lead to other health issues, such as high blood pressure, behavior problems, and even heart disease later in life.

• #57 Obstructive Sleep Apnea (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/apnea.html

  Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) interrupts sleep and can make the body’s oxygen levels fall or carbon dioxide levels rise. This can make kids miss out on healthy, restful sleep. Untreated obstructive sleep apnea can lead to learning, behavior, growth, and heart problems. […] Signs of obstructive sleep apnea in kids include: snoring, often with pauses, snorts, or gasps; heavy breathing while sleeping; very restless sleep and sleeping in unusual positions; bedwetting (especially if a child had stayed dry at night); daytime sleepiness or behavior/learning problems; sleepwalking or night terrors. […] Because it’s hard for them to get a good night’s sleep, kids might have a hard time waking up in the morning, be tired or fall asleep during the day, have trouble paying attention or be hyperactive. […] As a result, obstructive sleep apnea can hurt school performance. Teachers and others may think a child has ADHD or learning problems.

• #58 Pediatric Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) | Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/health/o/obstructive-sleep-apnea

  Pediatric obstructive sleep apnea can share symptoms with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Because of this, some children with pediatric OSA are misdiagnosed as having ADHD. Some children may have both conditions. Pediatric obstructive sleep apnea can also sometimes worsen ADHD symptoms. […] It’s important to treat pediatric obstructive sleep apnea as soon as possible. Treating it early can help the child maintain normal growth and development.

• #59 Pediatric obstructive sleep apnea – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pediatric-sleep-apnea/symptoms-causes/syc-20376196

  Without treatment, pediatric obstructive sleep apnea can lead to other health conditions called complications. Rarely, pediatric obstructive sleep apnea can cause infants and young children not to grow as much as those who don’t have the condition. Children who don’t receive treatment also may have a higher risk of later complications such as: High blood pressure. High cholesterol. A higher than typical blood sugar level that raises the risk of diabetes. Other heart and blood vessel conditions.

• #60 Pediatric Obstructive Sleep Apnea – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557610/

  If left untreated, pediatric OSA can have serious morbidities and long-term complications. Sustained hypoxia can increase pulmonary vasoconstriction and lead to pulmonary hypertension and right heart failure at an early age. Cognitive dysfunction, impaired learning, and poor school performance are associated with undiagnosed and untreated pediatric OSA. Additionally, increased work of breathing can be associated with failure to thrive seen in younger populations.[2]

• #61 Pediatric Obstructive Sleep Apnea – Conditions and Treatments | Children’s National Hospital

  https://www.childrensnational.org/get-care/health-library/obstructive-sleep-apnea

  The condition is most commonly found in children ages 3 to 6. […] Sometimes the condition can cause your child to have less oxygen in the blood than normal. This is because the condition can make it hard for air and oxygen to flow in and out of the lungs. If this pattern continues, your child’s lungs and heart may have permanent damage. Chronic sleep apnea can also lead to poor growth and development.

• #62 Sleep Apnea in Children: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment | SleepApnea.org

  https://www.sleepapnea.org/sleep-apnea-in-children/?srsltid=AfmBOoraCL5C0kbJDoF0q1-WVn0HoQLWzOpQYOSG9a2BjBQ61fi5Hnn-

  Compared to adults with OSA, pediatric sleep apnea is more likely to accompany behavioral changes that prompt caregivers to seek help from a medical professional. […] Having one or more of these symptoms does not necessarily mean that a child has sleep apnea. Likewise, a child may have OSA but not exhibit common symptoms like snoring. Only a qualified health care provider can assess a child’s symptoms and evaluate their potential cause. […] Pediatric sleep apnea can result in both physical and psychological complications if left untreated. Behavioral problems associated with OSA can impact a child’s learning and socialization, while a lack of quality sleep can impede their growth and physical development. […] Some complications of sleep apnea in children include: Impaired growth and weight gain, High blood pressure, Reduced heart function, Struggles with schoolwork and emotions.

• #63 Pediatric obstructive sleep apnea – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pediatric-sleep-apnea/symptoms-causes/syc-20376196

  Without treatment, pediatric obstructive sleep apnea can lead to other health conditions called complications. Rarely, pediatric obstructive sleep apnea can cause infants and young children not to grow as much as those who don’t have the condition. Children who don’t receive treatment also may have a higher risk of later complications such as: High blood pressure. High cholesterol. A higher than typical blood sugar level that raises the risk of diabetes. Other heart and blood vessel conditions.

• #64 Pediatric sleep apnea Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/pediatric-sleep-apnea

  With pediatric sleep apnea, a child’s breathing pauses during sleep because the airway has become narrowed or partly blocked. […] Loud snoring is a telltale symptom of sleep apnea. Snoring is caused by air squeezing through the narrowed or blocked airway. However, not every child who snores has sleep apnea. […] Children with sleep apnea also have the following symptoms at night: Long silent pauses in breathing followed by snorts, choking, and gasps for air; Breathing mainly though the mouth; Restless sleep; Waking up often; Sleepwalking; Sweating; Bedwetting. […] During the daytime, children with sleep apnea may: Feel sleepy or drowsy throughout the day; Act grumpy, impatient, or irritable; Have trouble concentrating in school; Have hyperactive behavior. […] In most cases, treatment completely relieves symptoms and problems from sleep apnea. […] Untreated pediatric sleep apnea may lead to: High blood pressure; Heart or lung problems; Slow growth and development. […] Contact your provider if: You notice symptoms of sleep apnea in your child; Symptoms don’t improve with treatment, or new symptoms develop.

• #65 Pediatric obstructive sleep apnea | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/pediatric-obstructive-sleep-apnea?content_id=CON-20376186

  Without treatment, pediatric obstructive sleep apnea can lead to other health conditions called complications. Rarely, pediatric obstructive sleep apnea can cause infants and young children not to grow as much as those who don’t have the condition. […] Children who don’t receive treatment also may have a higher risk of later complications such as: High blood pressure, High cholesterol, A higher than typical blood sugar level that raises the risk of diabetes, Other heart and blood vessel conditions. […] Some kids get better without sleep apnea treatments. It’s possible for some children with mild to moderate obstructive sleep apnea to outgrow the condition. […] Your child’s healthcare professional works with you to find the right treatment for your child’s pediatric obstructive sleep apnea. Most often, the first treatment for the condition is surgery to remove enlarged tonsils and adenoids. […] Adenotonsillectomy to remove the tonsils and adenoids might improve obstructive sleep apnea by opening the airway. It’s often a treatment option for children with moderate to severe obstructive sleep apnea.

• #66 Childhood Sleep Apnea: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1004104-overview

  Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in children is characterized by episodic upper airway obstruction that occurs during sleep. The airway obstruction may be complete or partial. […] The clinical presentation of a child with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is nonspecific and requires increased awareness by the primary care physician. OSA symptoms in children can include the following: Abnormal breathing during sleep, Frequent awakenings or restlessness, Frequent nightmares, Enuresis, Difficulty awakening, Excessive daytime sleepiness, Hyperactivity/behavior problems, Daytime mouth breathing, Poor or irregular sleep patterns. […] Complications of OSA in children can generally be divided into the 4 following immediate consequences of upper airway obstruction during sleep: Sleep fragmentation, Increased work of breathing, Alveolar hypoventilation, Intermittent hypoxemia.

• #67 Pediatric Obstructive Sleep Apnea – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557610/

  If left untreated, pediatric OSA can have serious morbidities and long-term complications. Sustained hypoxia can increase pulmonary vasoconstriction and lead to pulmonary hypertension and right heart failure at an early age. Cognitive dysfunction, impaired learning, and poor school performance are associated with undiagnosed and untreated pediatric OSA. Additionally, increased work of breathing can be associated with failure to thrive seen in younger populations.[2]

• #68 Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) in Children – Pulmonary Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pulmonary-disorders/sleep-apnea/obstructive-sleep-apnea-osa-in-children

  Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is episodes of partial or complete closure of the upper airway that occur during sleep and lead to breathing cessation. Symptoms include snoring and sometimes restless sleep, nocturnal sweating, morning headache, and problems concentrating. […] In most children with OSA, parents note snoring; however, snoring may not be reported even when OSA is severe. Other sleep symptoms may include restless sleep, sweating at night, and observed apnea. Children may have nocturnal enuresis. Daytime signs and symptoms may include nasal obstruction, mouth breathing, morning headache, problems concentrating, and hyperactivity (ie, as a manifestation of sleepiness). Waketime sleepiness is less common than among adults with OSA. […] Complications of OSA may include problems with learning, problems with behavior, cor pulmonale, pulmonary hypertension, and growth disturbance.

• #69 Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Pediatric Patients | RT

  https://respiratory-therapy.com/disorders-diseases/sleep-medicine/obstructive-sleep-apnea-in-pediatric-patients/

  Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is underdiagnosed in infants and children. In addition to causing physical ailments that range from failure to thrive to cor pulmonale, OSA is often an unrecognized cause of failure in school or of behavioral disorders. […] The incidence of snoring in the general pediatric population ranges from 7% to 12%, and snoring is the most common presenting symptom of OSA. Not all snoring children, however, have OSA. […] OSA lies further along the severity continuum than UARS and has an incidence, among children, of 1% to 3%. More than 2 million children in the United States have OSA or other debilitating sleep disorders, yet only 20% of pediatricians screen for these problems. […] The clinical consequences of OSA are the direct result of the disorders two fundamental abnormalities. First, the repeated arousals from sleep needed to reestablish the patency of the collapsed upper airway lead to sleep fragmentation and a loss of sleeps restorative nature. Second, the apneic episodes represent periods of asphyxia that can result in hypoxemia, hypercapnia, acidemia, and profound hemodynamic alterations.

• #70 Pediatric Obstructive Sleep Apnea Diagnosis and Treatment: What You Need to Know – Pediatrics Nationwide

  https://pediatricsnationwide.org/2024/12/18/pediatric-obstructive-sleep-apnea-diagnosis-and-treatment-what-you-need-to-know/

  Children with OSA can experience many health consequences, such as insulin resistance, blood pressure dysregulation, cognitive impairment and attention disorders. […] Unfortunately, “We are not looking for sleep disorders as much as we should, leading to underdiagnosis,” Dr. Kalra says. […] “Children with classic symptoms, risk factors or daytime problems that can be attributed to OSA should be referred to a specialist,” Dr. Kalra advised. […] Medical, dental and surgical approaches are available to treat OSA, but each case requires a personalized approach. […] “Pediatric sleep-disordered breathing has a complex pathophysiology, with some factors contributing more heavily than others. This highlights the need for personalized medicine to treat conditions like OSA,” Dr. Kalra notes.

• #71 Pediatric obstructive sleep apnea – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pediatric-sleep-apnea/symptoms-causes/syc-20376196

  Without treatment, pediatric obstructive sleep apnea can lead to other health conditions called complications. Rarely, pediatric obstructive sleep apnea can cause infants and young children not to grow as much as those who don’t have the condition. Children who don’t receive treatment also may have a higher risk of later complications such as: High blood pressure. High cholesterol. A higher than typical blood sugar level that raises the risk of diabetes. Other heart and blood vessel conditions.

• #72 Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Children – Amerisleep

  https://amerisleep.com/blog/obstructive-sleep-apnea-in-children/

  Difficulty concentrating: Going hand in hand with mood and anxiety issues from lack of sleep, your child can have symptoms similar to ADHD or hyperactivity. […] School problems: Behavior problems and attention issues will undoubtedly lead to problems at school. […] Bedwetting: There can be several causes for bedwetting or nocturnal enuresis; however, it’s possible for sleep apnea in children to leave them too tired to get up or cause them to sleep through the discomfort. […] Obstructive sleep apnea causes the body’s oxygen levels to drop, which leads to the child waking up. OSA can happen several times per night, adversely affecting a child’s sleep cycle. Children who do not get proper sleep can suffer harmful effects such as more frequent illness, learning disorders, and attention problems. In severe cases, there can be growth problems and heart trouble.

• #73 Signs of Pediatric Obstructive Sleep Apnea – Well Rested Wee Ones

  https://www.wellrestedweeones.com/pediatric-obstructive-sleep-apnea/

  Sleep disruptions can also cause mood and behavior changes which are some of the most common manifestations in children. You may see hyperactivity, inability to hold still, or aggressive behavior. […] Poor sleep quality can also affect the hormones that affect our appetite and that tell our body when we are full after eating which is why poor sleep has been linked to obesity. On the opposite end, sleep apnea can lead to poor growth in children because of the lack of growth hormone released due to repeated disruptions.

• #74 Childhood Sleep Apnea, Pediatric Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA)

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/14312-obstructive-sleep-apnea-in-children

  With treatment, childhood sleep apnea symptoms can go away and wont have a long-term effect on your child as they grow. Untreated sleep apnea may be dangerous and can affect your childs growth and development. Some children will have lingering symptoms as they age and may need lifelong management throughout adulthood. […] For certain causes, treatment is available to eliminate symptoms of obstructive sleep apnea in children. If your child has mild symptoms of sleep apnea, they may grow out of it. This can happen when tissue in the back of their throat shrinks as they get older, which opens their airways. Symptoms of obstructive sleep apnea may return if your child develops a new blockage in their airway.

• #75 Pediatric obstructive sleep apnea – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pediatric-sleep-apnea/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20376199

  Diagnosis involves the steps that a healthcare professional takes to find out if your child has pediatric obstructive sleep apnea. A healthcare professional reviews your child’s symptoms and health history and does a physical exam. Your child’s healthcare professional likely will look at your child’s head, neck, nose, mouth and tongue. […] The right treatment plan for your child depends on your child’s sleep apnea symptoms and risk factors. For most children, treatment includes adenotonsillectomy, but your child’s healthcare professional may recommend other treatments if this surgery isn’t right for your child. Other treatments also may be needed if the surgery doesn’t fully treat your child’s obstructive sleep apnea. […] Some kids get better without sleep apnea treatments. It’s possible for some children with mild to moderate obstructive sleep apnea to outgrow the condition. A healthcare professional may recommend closely watching a child for up to six months to see if the symptoms get better. This is called watchful waiting. If the child also has allergies or other conditions that irritate the airway, watchful waiting can include treatment for those.

• #76 Childhood Sleep Apnea, Pediatric Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA)

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/14312-obstructive-sleep-apnea-in-children

  With treatment, childhood sleep apnea symptoms can go away and wont have a long-term effect on your child as they grow. Untreated sleep apnea may be dangerous and can affect your childs growth and development. Some children will have lingering symptoms as they age and may need lifelong management throughout adulthood. […] For certain causes, treatment is available to eliminate symptoms of obstructive sleep apnea in children. If your child has mild symptoms of sleep apnea, they may grow out of it. This can happen when tissue in the back of their throat shrinks as they get older, which opens their airways. Symptoms of obstructive sleep apnea may return if your child develops a new blockage in their airway.

• #77 Pediatric obstructive sleep apnea – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pediatric-sleep-apnea/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20376199

  Diagnosis involves the steps that a healthcare professional takes to find out if your child has pediatric obstructive sleep apnea. A healthcare professional reviews your child’s symptoms and health history and does a physical exam. Your child’s healthcare professional likely will look at your child’s head, neck, nose, mouth and tongue. […] The right treatment plan for your child depends on your child’s sleep apnea symptoms and risk factors. For most children, treatment includes adenotonsillectomy, but your child’s healthcare professional may recommend other treatments if this surgery isn’t right for your child. Other treatments also may be needed if the surgery doesn’t fully treat your child’s obstructive sleep apnea. […] Some kids get better without sleep apnea treatments. It’s possible for some children with mild to moderate obstructive sleep apnea to outgrow the condition. A healthcare professional may recommend closely watching a child for up to six months to see if the symptoms get better. This is called watchful waiting. If the child also has allergies or other conditions that irritate the airway, watchful waiting can include treatment for those.

• #78 How to Treat Sleep Apnea in Children | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/blog/pediatric-obstructive-sleep-apnea.html

  Sleep apnea can occur at any age, but is most common between ages 2 and 8 during the period of peak tonsil growth. […] However, obesity is a risk factor for sleep apnea in children. […] The first occurs when there’s not enough space in the back of the throat for air to flow easily into their windpipe to get into their lungs. […] The second is often caused by neuromuscular problems, where the child doesn’t have normal muscle tone and the back of the throat collapses as they try to breathe. […] Children with Down syndrome are more at risk, with an estimated 53% to 76% having sleep apnea. […] For children who have moderate to severe sleep apnea, the gold standard of treatment is to remove part or all of the tonsils and the adenoids. […] CPAP machines can also be a treatment option for patients who have already gotten a tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy but still have significant sleep apnea. […] Children who tend to have moderate and severe sleep apnea, however, often don’t get better until they have surgical treatment (removing part or all of the tonsils and adenoids).

• #79 Pediatric Obstructive Sleep Apnea (Sleep Apnea in Kids) – MD Searchlight

  https://mdsearchlight.com/lung-disease-respiratory-health/pediatric-obstructive-sleep-apnea-sleep-apnea-in-kids/

  Pediatric obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a health condition in children where the upper airway doesn’t function properly. This problem causes a complete or partial blockage in the airway while the child is sleeping, resulting in lower levels of oxygen or waking up from sleep. It can heavily impact a child’s behavior, brain development, metabolism, and general health. Identifying, assessing, and treating OSA early can help prevent lasting health issues. […] Pediatric Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA), a sleep disorder in children, is most commonly seen in kids aged 2 to 8. This is because, during these ages, the tonsils and adenoids (glands in the throat area) tend to grow faster compared to the upper airway. […] Signs and symptoms of Pediatric Obstructive Sleep Apnea (Sleep Apnea in Kids) include: – Behavioral changes – Snoring – Mouth breathing – Witnessed pauses in breathing – Waking up frequently during the night – Bedwetting – Tiredness or overactivity during a physical exam – Allergy-related dark circles under the eyes – Swollen nasal tissue – Micrognathia (small jaw) – Macroglossia (large tongue) – High arched palate – Physical signs suggestive of enlarged adenoids – Enlarged tonsils – Hyponasal speech (speech sounds as if the nose is blocked) and nasal congestion – Increased risk of OSA in childhood obesity. Each kg/m^2 increase in BMI above the 50th percentile increases the risk for OSA by 12%. – Increased risk of OSA in children with abnormalities of the head and face, Down Syndrome, and neuromuscular disorders. – Increased risk of OSA in children who were born prematurely, even if they don’t have other risk factors. Almost 9.4% of school-aged children born prematurely end up being diagnosed with OSA.

• #80 Childhood Sleep Apnea, Pediatric Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA)

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/14312-obstructive-sleep-apnea-in-children

  With treatment, childhood sleep apnea symptoms can go away and wont have a long-term effect on your child as they grow. Untreated sleep apnea may be dangerous and can affect your childs growth and development. Some children will have lingering symptoms as they age and may need lifelong management throughout adulthood. […] For certain causes, treatment is available to eliminate symptoms of obstructive sleep apnea in children. If your child has mild symptoms of sleep apnea, they may grow out of it. This can happen when tissue in the back of their throat shrinks as they get older, which opens their airways. Symptoms of obstructive sleep apnea may return if your child develops a new blockage in their airway.

• #81 Dangers of Pediatric Sleep Apnea – ASAP Pathway

  https://asappathway.com/dangers-of-pediatric-sleep-apnea/

  Over the long-term, children can experience complications that affect and follow them for life: Dental problems, Failure to thrive, Obesity and diabetes, Heart problems, Premature death. […] Children who have sleep apnea never get a full nights sleep, no matter how many hours they spend in bed at night. […] Children with sleep apnea are often diagnosed with attention-deficit / hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) because the symptoms are similar. However, children with sleep apnea respond either poorly or not at all to typical ADHD managements. […] While a child may not become taller, they might put on weight. Obesity is one of the potential causes of pediatric sleep apnea, but its also a potential effect of it. […] Sleep apnea can strain the heart. Every time a childs breathing stops, the heart works extra hard to try to pump what little oxygen there is to the body, and this leads to heart strain, high blood pressure, and long-term heart damage. […] These complications can even lead to premature death for a child, either in childhood or as a young adult.

• #82 Progression of Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome in Pediatric Patients with Prader–Willi Syndrome

  https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9067/9/6/912

  Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is one of the most common comorbidities in patients with Prader–Willi syndrome (PWS) and causes significant consequences. This observational study was conducted to investigate the progression of OSAS in pediatric patients with PWS, who had not undergone upper airway surgery, through a longitudinal follow-up of their annual polysomnography results. […] During the 4-year follow-up, only two patients had a spontaneous resolution of OSAS. […] In conclusion, OSAS is common in patients with PWS, and rarely resolved spontaneously. Watchful waiting may not be the best OSAS management strategy. Weight maintenance and careful selection of surgical candidates are important for OSAS treatment in patients with PWS. […] The prevalence of OSAS was high in these patients, and only a few patients showed spontaneous resolution during the 4-year PSG follow-up.

• #83 Progression of Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome in Pediatric Patients with Prader–Willi Syndrome

  https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9067/9/6/912

  Our result indicated that watchful waiting is possibly not the best strategy to manage OSAS in patients with PWS, and it is necessary to consider aggressive interventions, including adenotonsillectomy, CPAP, and oral appliance therapy, earlier in this special group of patients. […] In our study, obesity and deletion genotype were the two risk factors for OSAS in patients with PWS. […] Our data suggested that a higher BMI z-score during longitudinal follow-up was associated with a higher risk of OSAS.

• #84 Pediatric Obstructive Sleep Apnea – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557610/

  Children can present in ways that often differ from the classic adult OSA presentation, most notably resulting in behavioral changes. Parents often endorse a history of snoring, mouth breathing, witnessed apneas, frequent nighttime awakenings, and secondary nocturnal enuresis. Children with OSA have disrupted sleep, which can lead to behavioral issues, including hyperactivity, irritability, or even aggression. These issues are often what prompts parents to bring children to the doctor for evaluation.[2] […] Patient populations that are at a higher risk of having OSA have an increased risk of neurocognitive disability later in life compared to their peers if OSA is left untreated.[5] If identified and managed promptly, patients will not suffer long-term consequences or complications of pediatric OSA.[2]

• #85 How To Tell If Your Child Has Sleep Apnea | Arkansas Children’s Blog

  https://www.archildrens.org/blog/how-to-tell-if-your-child-has-sleep-apnea

  Sleep apnea in infants, children and teenagers can negatively impact health and learning if untreated. […] Early diagnosis and management are crucial for preventing long-term health issues. […] Both types of sleep apnea can cause daytime symptoms like being overly tired, attention deficit, behavioral or performance problems (both in school and with extracurricular activities) and mood issues. […] Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is less common in infants. […] Diagnosing OSA requires an overnight polysomnogram, where sensors detect breathing rate, airflow, heart rate and oxygen, as well as carbon dioxide levels. […] While Central sleep apnea can be seen in children, obstructive sleep apnea is the most common type in children and teenagers. […] Common causes of OSA in toddlers and younger children are enlarged tonsils or adenoids.

• #86 Pediatric Obstructive Sleep Apnea – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557610/

  Children can present in ways that often differ from the classic adult OSA presentation, most notably resulting in behavioral changes. Parents often endorse a history of snoring, mouth breathing, witnessed apneas, frequent nighttime awakenings, and secondary nocturnal enuresis. Children with OSA have disrupted sleep, which can lead to behavioral issues, including hyperactivity, irritability, or even aggression. These issues are often what prompts parents to bring children to the doctor for evaluation.[2] […] Patient populations that are at a higher risk of having OSA have an increased risk of neurocognitive disability later in life compared to their peers if OSA is left untreated.[5] If identified and managed promptly, patients will not suffer long-term consequences or complications of pediatric OSA.[2]

• #87 Obstructive Sleep Apnoea in Children | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/obstructive-sleep-apnoea-syndrome-in-children

  Obstructive sleep apnoea/hypopnoea syndrome’ (OSAHS) is a sleep-related breathing disorder characterised by recurrent episodes of complete or partial obstruction of the upper airway during sleep, causing apnoea (complete airflow obstruction with temporary absence or cessation of breathing) or hypopnoea (decreased airflow). […] OSAS in children is a similar condition to obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome in adults. […] Suspect a diagnosis of OSAS in a child with: […] Witnessed snoring and breathing pauses while sleeping (apnoeas), which may be followed by a gasp or snort. […] Daytime symptoms, eg, tiredness, sleepiness, behavioural problems, irritability, hyperactivity, reduced concentration, reduced school performance, mouth breathing. […] If left untreated, OSAS is associated with adverse effects on growth and development, including deleterious cognitive and behavioural outcomes. […] School-aged children are at risk of developing future obesity if they have OSAS. […] Treatment is associated with improved learning and behaviour and quality of life. […] Adenotonsillectomy improves short-term and long-term quality of life in children with OSAS.

• #88 Pediatric Sleep-disordered Breathing – ENT Health

  https://www.enthealth.org/conditions/pediatric-sleep-disordered-breathing/

  If you notice any of the symptoms described in this article, have your child checked by an ENT (ear, nose, and throat) specialist, or otolaryngologist. […] The sleep study, or polysomnography (PSG), is an objective test for SDB. Wires are attached to the head and body to monitor brain waves, muscle tension, eye movement, breathing, and the level of oxygen in the blood. […] Surgical removal of the tonsils and adenoids, called tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy (TA), is generally considered the first line treatment for pediatric SDB if the symptoms are significant, and the tonsils and adenoids are enlarged. […] Many children with OSA show both short- and long-term improvement in their sleep and behavior after TA. […] A post-operative sleep study may be necessary, especially in children with persistent symptoms or increased risk factors for persistent apnea after TA such as obesity, craniofacial anomalies or neuromuscular problems. Additional treatments such as weight loss, the use of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), or additional surgical procedures may sometimes be required.

• #89 Childhood Sleep Apnea: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1004104-overview

  Children with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, as well as children with a history of loud habitual snoring, appear to be at risk for developing deficits of executive function. […] The incidence of cor pulmonale and death due to obstructive sleep apnea is unknown. Once pulmonary hypertension has developed, it is usually reversible if the underlying obstructive sleep apnea is effectively treated. […] In children with enlarged tonsils and adenoids that lead to obstructive sleep apnea, an adenotonsillectomy usually results in complete cure, although no definitive studies have clearly demonstrated this issue.

• #90 Sleep apnoea in the child

  https://www.racgp.org.au/afp/2015/june/sleep-apnoea-in-the-child

  Snoring or noisy breathing during sleep is the cardinal symptom of OSA, and should be specifically sought in children with disturbed sleep, nasal obstruction and large tonsils. […] About one-third of children snore; about 10% snore most nights and this is the cardinal symptom of OSA. […] Symptoms of OSA should be sought in any child with enlarged tonsils and/or disturbed or unrefreshing sleep. […] The relationship of OSA with impairments in memory, attention, learning and behaviour has been recognised for many years. […] One early study in the US demonstrated OSA in 18% of children performing in the lowest 10% of the first grade (aged approximately 6 years), with subsequent improvement in performance after adenotonsillectomy. […] Children with persistent snoring or noisy breathing during sleep, present during three or more nights/week in the absence of an upper respiratory tract infection, are at risk of OSA.

• #91 Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Children | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2004/0301/p1147.html

  Obstructive sleep-disordered breathing is common in children. From 3 percent to 12 percent of children snore, while obstructive sleep apnea syndrome affects 1 percent to 10 percent of children. The majority of these children have mild symptoms, and many outgrow the condition. […] OSA often results from adenotonsillar hypertrophy, neuromuscular disease, and craniofacial abnormalities. […] The mildest form of OSA in children is upper airway resistance syndrome. Affected children have symptoms of OSA but lack the accompanying polysomnographic findings. While many children demonstrate intermittent snoring and mouth breathing, true OSA results in detrimental clinical sequelae such as failure to thrive, behavior problems, enuresis, and cor pulmonale. […] Children five years and older commonly exhibit enuresis, behavior problems, deficient attention span, and failure to thrive, in addition to snoring. […] Poor growth and failure to thrive are more common in children with sleep-disordered breathing. […] Enuresis associated with OSA often resolves after successful treatment of sleep-disordered breathing. […] Behavior and cognitive deficits can recur in children with OSA.

• #92 Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA)

  https://www.rch.org.au/kidsinfo/fact_sheets/Childhood_obstructive_sleep_apnoea_OSA/

  Sometimes, the only problems that a child with OSA may show are difficulties with paying attention, behavioural problems and learning difficulties. […] Children with OSA may feel sleepy in the daytime, have learning difficulties, behaviour problems or medical problems. […] Most children will be cured by removal of the tonsils and adenoids.

• #93 Childhood Sleep Apnea: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1004104-overview

  Children with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, as well as children with a history of loud habitual snoring, appear to be at risk for developing deficits of executive function. […] The incidence of cor pulmonale and death due to obstructive sleep apnea is unknown. Once pulmonary hypertension has developed, it is usually reversible if the underlying obstructive sleep apnea is effectively treated. […] In children with enlarged tonsils and adenoids that lead to obstructive sleep apnea, an adenotonsillectomy usually results in complete cure, although no definitive studies have clearly demonstrated this issue.

• #94 Pediatric Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Asthma: Clinical Implications

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6340144/

  The diagnosis of OSA in childhood commonly involves utilization of polysomnography (PSG). […] The decision to treat OSA in children should be based on a combination of the history, physical examination, PSG results, and the degree of daytime functional impairment. […] Pediatric OSA and asthma are two common conditions with significant long-term consequences.

• #95 Diagnosis and Treatment of Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Pediatric Individuals | BCBSND

  https://www.bcbsnd.com/providers/policies-precertification/medical-policy/d/diagnosis-and-treatment-of-obstructive-sleep-apnea-in-pediatric-individuals

  Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) in pediatric individuals is a disorder of breathing during sleep characterized by prolonged partial upper airway obstruction and/or intermittent complete obstruction (obstructive apnea) that disrupts normal ventilation during sleep and normal sleep patterns. […] Left untreated, OSA can result in complications, which may include neurocognitive impairment, behavioral problems, failure to thrive, or cor pulmonale, particularly in severe cases. […] Diagnosis of OSA in pediatric individuals is made when ALL of the following criteria are met: […] The caregiver reports EITHER: Snoring; or Labored, obstructive or paradoxical breathing; or and […] The caregiver observed ONE OR MORE of the following: Aggressive behavior; or Diaphoresis; or Excessive daytime sleepiness; or Hyperactivity; or Morning headaches; or Movement arousals; or Neck hyperextension during sleep; or Paradoxical rib cage motion during inspiration; or Secondary enuresis; or Slow growth; and

• #96 Pediatric Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Asthma: Clinical Implications

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6340144/

  The diagnosis of OSA in childhood commonly involves utilization of polysomnography (PSG). […] The decision to treat OSA in children should be based on a combination of the history, physical examination, PSG results, and the degree of daytime functional impairment. […] Pediatric OSA and asthma are two common conditions with significant long-term consequences.

• #97 Childhood Sleep Apnea Clinical Presentation: History, Physical Examination, Complications of Childhood Sleep Apnea

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1004104-clinical

  Not only do manifestations of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) differ between children and adults, they also frequently vary from one child to another. Not every child with obstructive sleep apnea has the exact same constellation of symptoms. […] The clinical presentation of a child with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) syndrome is nonspecific and requires increased awareness by the primary care physician. […] History of loud snoring 3 or more nights per week should increase suspicion of obstructive sleep apnea. […] Parents occasionally comment on breathing difficulties during sleep (eg, gasps or heroic snorts), unusual sleeping positions, morning headaches, daytime fatigue, irritability, poor growth and weight gain, and behavioral problems. […] Excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) may lead to falling grades, mood changes, and inattentiveness.

• #98 Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Children | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2004/0301/p1147.html

  Obstructive sleep-disordered breathing is common in children. From 3 percent to 12 percent of children snore, while obstructive sleep apnea syndrome affects 1 percent to 10 percent of children. The majority of these children have mild symptoms, and many outgrow the condition. […] OSA often results from adenotonsillar hypertrophy, neuromuscular disease, and craniofacial abnormalities. […] The mildest form of OSA in children is upper airway resistance syndrome. Affected children have symptoms of OSA but lack the accompanying polysomnographic findings. While many children demonstrate intermittent snoring and mouth breathing, true OSA results in detrimental clinical sequelae such as failure to thrive, behavior problems, enuresis, and cor pulmonale. […] Children five years and older commonly exhibit enuresis, behavior problems, deficient attention span, and failure to thrive, in addition to snoring. […] Poor growth and failure to thrive are more common in children with sleep-disordered breathing. […] Enuresis associated with OSA often resolves after successful treatment of sleep-disordered breathing. […] Behavior and cognitive deficits can recur in children with OSA.

• #99 Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Pediatric Patients | RT

  https://respiratory-therapy.com/disorders-diseases/sleep-medicine/obstructive-sleep-apnea-in-pediatric-patients/

  Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is underdiagnosed in infants and children. In addition to causing physical ailments that range from failure to thrive to cor pulmonale, OSA is often an unrecognized cause of failure in school or of behavioral disorders. […] The incidence of snoring in the general pediatric population ranges from 7% to 12%, and snoring is the most common presenting symptom of OSA. Not all snoring children, however, have OSA. […] OSA lies further along the severity continuum than UARS and has an incidence, among children, of 1% to 3%. More than 2 million children in the United States have OSA or other debilitating sleep disorders, yet only 20% of pediatricians screen for these problems. […] The clinical consequences of OSA are the direct result of the disorders two fundamental abnormalities. First, the repeated arousals from sleep needed to reestablish the patency of the collapsed upper airway lead to sleep fragmentation and a loss of sleeps restorative nature. Second, the apneic episodes represent periods of asphyxia that can result in hypoxemia, hypercapnia, acidemia, and profound hemodynamic alterations.

• #100 Pediatric obstructive sleep apnea – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pediatric-sleep-apnea/symptoms-causes/syc-20376196

  Pediatric obstructive sleep apnea is a condition in which a child’s breathing is partly or completely blocked during sleep. Breathing can briefly stop and start again many times a night. The condition happens when the upper airway narrows or is blocked during sleep. […] During sleep, symptoms of pediatric obstructive sleep apnea can include: Snoring. Pauses in breathing. Restless sleep. Snorting, gasping, coughing or choking. Mouth breathing. Nighttime sweating. Bed-wetting that starts after a long period of dry overnights. […] Infants and young children with obstructive sleep apnea don’t always snore. They might just have disturbed sleep. […] During the day, children with sleep apnea might: Get headaches in the morning. Breathe through the mouth or have trouble breathing through the nose. Have trouble learning and paying attention. Do poorly in school. Have behavior issues such as acting hyper, impulsive or aggressive. Have poor weight gain. Talk about feeling sleepy, or fall asleep during school or during short car or bus rides.

• #101 Sleep Apnea in Children: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment, More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/sleep-apnea-in-children

  Pediatric sleep apnea is a sleep disorder that causes children to have pauses in their breathing while they sleep. […] Obstructive sleep apnea affects 1% to 6% of children and adolescents. Obstructive sleep apnea makes up about 95% of diagnosed sleep apnea cases in children. […] Common symptoms for children with sleep apnea include: loud snoring, coughing or choking while asleep, pauses in breathing, breathing through the mouth, sleep terrors, bedwetting, sleeping in unusual positions. […] Symptoms of sleep apnea don’t only occur at night, though. If your child has a restless night’s sleep because of this disorder, daytime symptoms can include: fatigue, falling asleep, difficulty waking in the morning. […] Infants and young children who have sleep apnea may not snore, especially those with CSA. Sometimes the only sign of sleep apnea in this age group is troubled or disturbed sleep.

• #102 Sleep Apnea in Children: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment | SleepApnea.org

  https://www.sleepapnea.org/sleep-apnea-in-children/?srsltid=AfmBOoraCL5C0kbJDoF0q1-WVn0HoQLWzOpQYOSG9a2BjBQ61fi5Hnn-

  Compared to adults with OSA, pediatric sleep apnea is more likely to accompany behavioral changes that prompt caregivers to seek help from a medical professional. […] Having one or more of these symptoms does not necessarily mean that a child has sleep apnea. Likewise, a child may have OSA but not exhibit common symptoms like snoring. Only a qualified health care provider can assess a child’s symptoms and evaluate their potential cause. […] Pediatric sleep apnea can result in both physical and psychological complications if left untreated. Behavioral problems associated with OSA can impact a child’s learning and socialization, while a lack of quality sleep can impede their growth and physical development. […] Some complications of sleep apnea in children include: Impaired growth and weight gain, High blood pressure, Reduced heart function, Struggles with schoolwork and emotions.

• #103 Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/obstructive-sleep-apnea-osa

  If your child snores or has trouble breathing at night, he or she may not just be a noisy sleeper. It could be a sign of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), a condition in which breathing is repeatedly blocked during sleep. OSA affects about 2 to 5 percent of children and teenagers. […] OSA can cause children to be tired, irritable, or hyperactive during the day and to perform below their potential at school. […] The symptoms of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) are sometimes difficult to detect in children. Children with OSA may not look sleepy, even if they’re not sleeping well. Symptoms of OSA can also vary depending on the child and the severity of the problem. […] Common symptoms may include: Snoring, Breathing pauses during sleep that last about 10 to 20 seconds and often end in a gasp, snore, snort, or sigh, Sleeping with the mouth open or neck extended, Restless sleep, Waking often during the night, Sweating during sleep, Tiredness, moodiness, irritability, or hyperactivity during the day, Difficulty waking in the morning, Dry mouth or headaches in the morning, Nighttime bed wetting that returns after months or years of the child being dry at night. […] If you think your child might have OSA, talk with your primary care provider. He or she may refer you to a sleep specialist for a full evaluation and sleep study.

• #104 Pediatric sleep disordered breathing (SDB) – Children’s Health

  https://www.childrens.com/specialties-services/conditions/sleep-disorder-breathing

  Pediatric sleep disordered breathing (SDB) disorders cause breathing to stop or become shallow while sleeping. SDBs include conditions such as obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). While common in adults, obstructive sleep apnea affects only between 2% and 3 % of children. […] A child can stop breathing during sleep if something is blocking their air flow. This causes oxygen levels in the body to fall, triggering the brain to wake and take a breath. This condition is known as obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). […] This may happen for a few seconds at a time and occur multiple times during a sleep cycle. The disorder can be dangerous and lead to complications, including behavioral, heart, and lung problems, or in rare instances, it can be life-threatening. […] Symptoms of obstructive sleep apnea in children are dependent on the child’s age, as outlined below.

• #105 Sleep Apnea in Children: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment | SleepApnea.org

  https://www.sleepapnea.org/sleep-apnea-in-children/?srsltid=AfmBOoraCL5C0kbJDoF0q1-WVn0HoQLWzOpQYOSG9a2BjBQ61fi5Hnn-

  Compared to adults with OSA, pediatric sleep apnea is more likely to accompany behavioral changes that prompt caregivers to seek help from a medical professional. […] Having one or more of these symptoms does not necessarily mean that a child has sleep apnea. Likewise, a child may have OSA but not exhibit common symptoms like snoring. Only a qualified health care provider can assess a child’s symptoms and evaluate their potential cause. […] Pediatric sleep apnea can result in both physical and psychological complications if left untreated. Behavioral problems associated with OSA can impact a child’s learning and socialization, while a lack of quality sleep can impede their growth and physical development. […] Some complications of sleep apnea in children include: Impaired growth and weight gain, High blood pressure, Reduced heart function, Struggles with schoolwork and emotions.

• #106 Sleep Apnea in Children: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment | SleepApnea.org

  https://www.sleepapnea.org/sleep-apnea-in-children/?srsltid=AfmBOoraCL5C0kbJDoF0q1-WVn0HoQLWzOpQYOSG9a2BjBQ61fi5Hnn-

  Compared to adults with OSA, pediatric sleep apnea is more likely to accompany behavioral changes that prompt caregivers to seek help from a medical professional. […] Having one or more of these symptoms does not necessarily mean that a child has sleep apnea. Likewise, a child may have OSA but not exhibit common symptoms like snoring. Only a qualified health care provider can assess a child’s symptoms and evaluate their potential cause. […] Pediatric sleep apnea can result in both physical and psychological complications if left untreated. Behavioral problems associated with OSA can impact a child’s learning and socialization, while a lack of quality sleep can impede their growth and physical development. […] Some complications of sleep apnea in children include: Impaired growth and weight gain, High blood pressure, Reduced heart function, Struggles with schoolwork and emotions.

• #107 Evaluation of suspected obstructive sleep apnea in children – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/evaluation-of-suspected-obstructive-sleep-apnea-in-children

  Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is characterized by episodes of complete or partial upper airway obstruction during sleep, often resulting in gas exchange abnormalities and disrupted sleep. Untreated OSA is associated with learning and behavioral problems, cardiovascular complications, and impaired growth (including failure to thrive) […] Early diagnosis and treatment of OSA may decrease morbidity. However, diagnosis is frequently delayed.

• #108 Pediatric sleep apnea Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/pediatric-sleep-apnea

  With pediatric sleep apnea, a child’s breathing pauses during sleep because the airway has become narrowed or partly blocked. […] Loud snoring is a telltale symptom of sleep apnea. Snoring is caused by air squeezing through the narrowed or blocked airway. However, not every child who snores has sleep apnea. […] Children with sleep apnea also have the following symptoms at night: Long silent pauses in breathing followed by snorts, choking, and gasps for air; Breathing mainly though the mouth; Restless sleep; Waking up often; Sleepwalking; Sweating; Bedwetting. […] During the daytime, children with sleep apnea may: Feel sleepy or drowsy throughout the day; Act grumpy, impatient, or irritable; Have trouble concentrating in school; Have hyperactive behavior. […] In most cases, treatment completely relieves symptoms and problems from sleep apnea. […] Untreated pediatric sleep apnea may lead to: High blood pressure; Heart or lung problems; Slow growth and development. […] Contact your provider if: You notice symptoms of sleep apnea in your child; Symptoms don’t improve with treatment, or new symptoms develop.

• #109

  https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/aftercareinformation/pages/conditions.aspx?hwid=acd3114

  Sleep apnea means that your child stops breathing during sleep. It can be mild to severe, based on the number of times an hour that it happens. In general, most experts say that if a child stops breathing 1 to 5 times an hour, they may have mild sleep apnea. Moderate sleep apnea means breathing stops 5 to 10 times an hour. With severe sleep apnea, a child stops breathing 10 or more times an hour. […] It’s called obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) when blocked or narrowed airways in the nose, mouth, or throat keep a child from getting normal airflow. […] Your child may have symptoms such as: Snoring (sometimes with pauses in breathing). Tossing and turning during sleep. Feeling sleepy during the day. Wetting the bed. Having headaches. Having trouble paying attention. Having behavioural problems. […] Your child has new or worse symptoms of sleep apnea. These may include snoring, feeling sleepy during the day, headaches, or trouble paying attention.

• #110 Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/obstructive-sleep-apnea-osa

  If your child snores or has trouble breathing at night, he or she may not just be a noisy sleeper. It could be a sign of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), a condition in which breathing is repeatedly blocked during sleep. OSA affects about 2 to 5 percent of children and teenagers. […] OSA can cause children to be tired, irritable, or hyperactive during the day and to perform below their potential at school. […] The symptoms of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) are sometimes difficult to detect in children. Children with OSA may not look sleepy, even if they’re not sleeping well. Symptoms of OSA can also vary depending on the child and the severity of the problem. […] Common symptoms may include: Snoring, Breathing pauses during sleep that last about 10 to 20 seconds and often end in a gasp, snore, snort, or sigh, Sleeping with the mouth open or neck extended, Restless sleep, Waking often during the night, Sweating during sleep, Tiredness, moodiness, irritability, or hyperactivity during the day, Difficulty waking in the morning, Dry mouth or headaches in the morning, Nighttime bed wetting that returns after months or years of the child being dry at night. […] If you think your child might have OSA, talk with your primary care provider. He or she may refer you to a sleep specialist for a full evaluation and sleep study.

• #111 Pediatric sleep disordered breathing (SDB) – Children’s Health

  https://www.childrens.com/specialties-services/conditions/sleep-disorder-breathing

  Symptoms in infants (birth to 1 year): Breathing through the mouth only, Cyanosis (blue or gray skin or fingernails), Choking or gurgling sounds, Daytime sleepiness, Difficult to wake in the morning, Failure to thrive, Have patterns of repeated pauses in breathing that last less than or longer than 20 seconds, Have related problems, such as low oxygen or a slow heartbeat, Have needed resuscitation or other urgent care, Snoring. […] Symptoms in children older than 1 year: Behavioral and attention problems, Breathing that stops for a few seconds at a time during sleep, Breathing through the mouth only, Daytime sleepiness, Difficult to wake in the morning, Gasping noises during sleep, Hyperactive behavior when awake, Irritability from lack of quality sleep, Loud breathing during sleep, Restless sleep (moves around a lot), Snoring, Unusual sleeping positions, Wetting the bed.

• #112 Pediatric sleep disordered breathing (SDB) – Children’s Health

  https://www.childrens.com/specialties-services/conditions/sleep-disorder-breathing

  Symptoms in infants (birth to 1 year): Breathing through the mouth only, Cyanosis (blue or gray skin or fingernails), Choking or gurgling sounds, Daytime sleepiness, Difficult to wake in the morning, Failure to thrive, Have patterns of repeated pauses in breathing that last less than or longer than 20 seconds, Have related problems, such as low oxygen or a slow heartbeat, Have needed resuscitation or other urgent care, Snoring. […] Symptoms in children older than 1 year: Behavioral and attention problems, Breathing that stops for a few seconds at a time during sleep, Breathing through the mouth only, Daytime sleepiness, Difficult to wake in the morning, Gasping noises during sleep, Hyperactive behavior when awake, Irritability from lack of quality sleep, Loud breathing during sleep, Restless sleep (moves around a lot), Snoring, Unusual sleeping positions, Wetting the bed.

• #113 Top 10 Signs and Symptoms of Sleep Apnea in Children

  https://www.houstonent.com/blog/top-10-signs-and-symptoms-of-sleep-apnea-in-children

  Since sleep apnea also causes sleep-related problems, it goes without saying that sleep apnea could cause the sleepwalking. […] As alarming as it can be to see in your child, it is not usually a cause for concern, though it can be one of the symptoms of sleep apnea to consider. […] One of the most alarming symptoms for parents of children who may have sleep apnea is one known as failure to thrive. […] One common treatment, particularly for infants suffering from failure to thrive resulting from OSA is an adenotonsillectomy which effectively clears the airway allowing infants to breathe more easily.

• #114 Pediatric sleep apnea Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/pediatric-sleep-apnea

  With pediatric sleep apnea, a child’s breathing pauses during sleep because the airway has become narrowed or partly blocked. […] Loud snoring is a telltale symptom of sleep apnea. Snoring is caused by air squeezing through the narrowed or blocked airway. However, not every child who snores has sleep apnea. […] Children with sleep apnea also have the following symptoms at night: Long silent pauses in breathing followed by snorts, choking, and gasps for air; Breathing mainly though the mouth; Restless sleep; Waking up often; Sleepwalking; Sweating; Bedwetting. […] During the daytime, children with sleep apnea may: Feel sleepy or drowsy throughout the day; Act grumpy, impatient, or irritable; Have trouble concentrating in school; Have hyperactive behavior. […] In most cases, treatment completely relieves symptoms and problems from sleep apnea. […] Untreated pediatric sleep apnea may lead to: High blood pressure; Heart or lung problems; Slow growth and development. […] Contact your provider if: You notice symptoms of sleep apnea in your child; Symptoms don’t improve with treatment, or new symptoms develop.

• #115

  https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/aftercareinformation/pages/conditions.aspx?hwid=acd3114

  Sleep apnea means that your child stops breathing during sleep. It can be mild to severe, based on the number of times an hour that it happens. In general, most experts say that if a child stops breathing 1 to 5 times an hour, they may have mild sleep apnea. Moderate sleep apnea means breathing stops 5 to 10 times an hour. With severe sleep apnea, a child stops breathing 10 or more times an hour. […] It’s called obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) when blocked or narrowed airways in the nose, mouth, or throat keep a child from getting normal airflow. […] Your child may have symptoms such as: Snoring (sometimes with pauses in breathing). Tossing and turning during sleep. Feeling sleepy during the day. Wetting the bed. Having headaches. Having trouble paying attention. Having behavioural problems. […] Your child has new or worse symptoms of sleep apnea. These may include snoring, feeling sleepy during the day, headaches, or trouble paying attention.

• #116 Pediatric Obstructive Sleep Apnea – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557610/

  Children can present in ways that often differ from the classic adult OSA presentation, most notably resulting in behavioral changes. Parents often endorse a history of snoring, mouth breathing, witnessed apneas, frequent nighttime awakenings, and secondary nocturnal enuresis. Children with OSA have disrupted sleep, which can lead to behavioral issues, including hyperactivity, irritability, or even aggression. These issues are often what prompts parents to bring children to the doctor for evaluation.[2] […] Patient populations that are at a higher risk of having OSA have an increased risk of neurocognitive disability later in life compared to their peers if OSA is left untreated.[5] If identified and managed promptly, patients will not suffer long-term consequences or complications of pediatric OSA.[2]

• #117 How To Tell If Your Child Has Sleep Apnea | Arkansas Children’s Blog

  https://www.archildrens.org/blog/how-to-tell-if-your-child-has-sleep-apnea

  Sleep apnea in infants, children and teenagers can negatively impact health and learning if untreated. […] Early diagnosis and management are crucial for preventing long-term health issues. […] Both types of sleep apnea can cause daytime symptoms like being overly tired, attention deficit, behavioral or performance problems (both in school and with extracurricular activities) and mood issues. […] Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is less common in infants. […] Diagnosing OSA requires an overnight polysomnogram, where sensors detect breathing rate, airflow, heart rate and oxygen, as well as carbon dioxide levels. […] While Central sleep apnea can be seen in children, obstructive sleep apnea is the most common type in children and teenagers. […] Common causes of OSA in toddlers and younger children are enlarged tonsils or adenoids.

• #118 SciELO Brasil – Pediatric obstructive sleep apnea: diagnosis and management Pediatric obstructive sleep apnea: diagnosis and management

  https://www.scielo.br/j/jbpneu/a/Brvtdq9SSmB4vs4BwChXYtr/?lang=en

  Clinicians need to be aware of the possibility of OSA symptoms in children and adolescents. The potential consequences of untreated pediatric OSA include neurobehavioral deficits, metabolic alterations, cardiovascular disease (elevated blood pressure, ventricular dysfunction, or pulmonary hypertension), and exacerbation of comorbidities (e.g. asthma), as well as growth impairment.

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